For a mechanical device to be called a car, its design must include certain elements, systems and mechanisms.

The main elements of the car (shown in Figure 3.1):

• Body
• Engine
• Chassis

Figure 3.1

Body

If the design provides that the body is a load-bearing element, then the rest of the parts and assemblies are installed on it. An engine with a gearbox is installed in the engine compartment, the suspension is connected to the sides (directly or through a subframe - more on this in Chapter 6), and the wheels on which the car rests are connected to it. The space for passengers is equipped with cladding elements, the dashboard, steering wheel, seats are installed, all this is sheathed with leather (depending on the cost of the vehicle configuration).

Engine

This is the heart of the entire vehicle. Inside the engine, the energy of the combustible fuel is converted into rotation, which is then transmitted to the wheels through the transmission, and they, in turn, pushing off the road, transfer movement to the entire car. Mostly engines are used on cars. internal combustion(ICE), which are distinguished by what kind of fuel is used to obtain the coveted energy conversion, namely: diesel, gasoline or gas. Also, an internal combustion engine can be installed on a car together with an electric motor, in which case the car is said to be with a hybrid power plant... The internal combustion engine and the electric motor on such vehicles work in turn or simultaneously, depending on the driving mode. It also happens that an electric motor is installed exclusively, powered by rechargeable batteries.

Chassis

This is a set of units, elements and vehicle control systems. It includes undercarriage(suspension), transmission, brake system and steering.

For your information

Every now and then we hear from various specialized media: "The car is built on a platform of such and such ..." or "Such and such a platform is based on ...". The concept of "platform" is quite wide, in a nutshell, we can say that this is the bottom of the body, the cross member separating the engine compartment from the passenger compartment, all power elements and body overlays for the installation and fastening of suspension elements and a power unit (engine + gearbox). In a broader sense of the word, a platform is a set of basic elements, components, structural and technological solutions of a car.

The set of components that are included in the platform is not standardized, so it may differ from manufacturer to manufacturer (but the basic set almost always remains the same - see above). The so-called modular platforms have appeared in the modern world. So, each platform consists of several modules that can be combined with other modules, while not spending hundreds of millions to develop something new.

Figure 3.2

Where did this "platform" come from? The fact is that a load-bearing body is the most complex and expensive element of a car's design to develop. This is due to the fact that the body must combine the incompatible, namely: it must be light so that the engine has enough power for its transportation and rather strong in order to save the lives of passengers and the driver in an accident, in addition, it must be of a certain shape, content and purpose. ... Therefore, in order to somehow reduce the cost of the car, when designing and manufacturing it, manufacturing firms came up with the lower part of the body - this very platform - to use as a "cloned" part, that is, several models can be created on one platform.

Figure 3.3

So, now one platform can underlie two or more cars of different classes - from golf class to crossover. Have lived to the point that some firms enter into contracts and partnerships in order to use ready-made platforms for the production of models under various names. On the one hand, it seems like a hoax, but on the other hand, it is a completely justified attempt to unify cars as much as possible and, as a result, to reduce the cost of their production and subsequent maintenance. However, if they say that two cars are created on the same platform, this does not mean that the cars are structurally identical - the suspension design and geometric parameters may differ radically.

Transmission

It is a set of elements and mechanisms that transmit rotation from the engine to the wheels. It includes the clutch, gearbox, drive shafts and final drive with differential.

Chassis

This is a set of elements by means of which the wheel is attached to the body, it includes an elastic (for example, a spring) and a damping / damping (shock absorber) element.

Steering and braking system

These are mechanisms and systems designed to control a car - change the direction and speed of movement. If any control system fails, the vehicle is prohibited from moving, except on a tow truck.

When you get into the cabin of any car, you find yourself in a space filled with switches, indicators, levers and details, the presence of which is typical for all passenger vehicles.

Figure 3.4

In this chapter, we will consider in order the main controls located in the passenger compartment, using the example of the shown figure 3.4.

1. Instrument panel

The instrument panel displays information about the state of all vehicle systems: at what speed the car is moving, at what speed the engine is running, which gear is engaged, what is the temperature of the engine coolant, the fuel level in the fuel tank, etc. on-board computer, then it is possible to display information about instantaneous fuel consumption, daily mileage, approximate mileage until the next refueling, tips about maintenance car and many more useful data.

2. Steering wheel

The rotation of the steering wheel is transmitted to the steering mechanism, which in turn turns the steered wheels in the corresponding direction. On modern cars on wheel remote control buttons for additional vehicle systems are installed, such as: multimedia (audio system / radio), cruise control, on-board computer control, etc., depending on the wishes of the buyer and the imagination of the automaker.

3. Ignition lock or recent trend - button for turning on the ignition and starting / stopping the engine

The key in the lock can be set in several positions, each of which has a specific purpose. In one position, power is turned on for all auxiliary electrical systems, that is, electricity is supplied to all consumers - from the audio system to interior lighting and power windows (usually this position is called ACC), and the steering wheel is unlocked. If you turn the key further - to the ON position - the engine ignition system will turn on and self-diagnosis of all vehicle systems will begin (this usually takes 2-4 seconds).

Unlike a lock, the button has no fixed positions. Often, to turn on the ignition, you need to press the button and release it within 1-2 seconds, and to start the engine, you will need to press and hold the same button a second time until the engine starts. On cars of the premium segment, it is not necessary to hold the button to start the engine; it is enough to press it briefly after turning on the ignition.

Some manufacturers, paying tribute to the sport, install a separate ignition switch and a separate engine start button ("hello" from Porsche).

4. Universal paddle switches

These switches are empowered to control the exterior lighting system, direction indicators, wipers and washers. Sometimes additional functions appear on the levers of the switch - it all depends on the philosophy of the developer.

5. Pedal assembly

6. Center console

It usually has a panel for the cladding of the gear lever (on vehicles with manual gearbox) or the selector for selecting the operating mode (on vehicles with automatic gearbox). The center console is also a surface for various auxiliary switches, additional containers, ashtrays, armrest and more. additional equipment... Sometimes on cars with automatic transmission, the selector as such is absent, instead of it on the center console, in the most honorable place, a washer for switching the automatic transmission operating modes is installed.

Also, a parking brake lever (in colloquial speech - "handbrake") or a brake activation button (if the parking brake is electromechanical) can be installed on the console.

For a note
The gear lever / mode selector, depending on the design, can be located in different ways: on the center console, on the central control panel and on dashboard under the steering wheel.

7. Central control panel (in slang - "beard")

Typically, this panel contains switches and regulators for ventilation, heating and air conditioning (if such is provided by the package). Also, as a blueprint, automakers place on this panel the head unit of the audio system (slang name - "head"), with all the controls and switches. The screen of the multimedia system is also mounted here, which, in combination, can display information from the navigation system (depending on the vehicle configuration).

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Load-bearing body, typical for most passenger cars, contains hollow elements made of sheet steel, on which body panels are installed and welded. Depending on the type of vehicle, about 5000 welding spots should be made along the welding flanges with a total length of 120… 200 m. The width of the welding flange is 10-18 mm. Other parts (front fenders, doors, bonnet, boot lid) are bolted or spot welded to the body support structures. There are also skeletal and skeletal body types.

Thin sheet steel is used as the material for the bodies. The most prevalent thickness is 0.75 ... 1 mm, however, individual parts of the body can have a thickness of 0.6 to 3.0 mm.

For the manufacture of highly stressed structural elements, it is used high strength low alloy steel sheet... Some body parts, for example, bumpers, moldings, hatches, spoilers, radiator grilles, wheel arch liners, caps, etc. can be made of plastic.

General body structure passenger car shown in the figure.

Rice. Car body:
1 - window sill beam; 2 - front roof beam; 3 - roof spar; 4 - rear roof beam; 5 - rear pillar body; 6 - back panel; 7 - floor in the rear part of the body; 8 - rear spar; 9 - middle pillar of the body; 10 - cross member under the rear seat; 11 - front pillar; 12 - cross member under the driver's seat; 13 - threshold; 14 - wheel well niche; 15 - transverse beam of engine mounts; 16 - front spar; 17 - front cross member; 18 - radiator cross member

To protect the body from corrosion, the following measures are applied during body manufacture:

• minimizing flange connections, sharp edges and corners
• elimination of areas where dust and moisture can accumulate
• making holes for preliminary anticorrosion treatment and electrophoresis treatment
• ensuring accessibility to body elements for the introduction of corrosion inhibitors
• ventilation of hollow elements
• preventing the penetration of dust and moisture into hidden cavities
• making drain holes
• reduction to a minimum of areas exposed to stone impacts
• covering the lower part of the body and those parts of the body that are most susceptible to corrosion (doors and structural elements in the front of the car) with special protective equipment

To reduce the weight of the body, while maintaining its strength, in modern cars use high-strength steel, the share of which in the upper and lower parts of the body is 50 ... 60%. The use of high-strength sheet steel can reduce the weight of the used body parts by 25%.

Steel sheet material of modern cars is electrolytically or thermally galvanized. The connection of individual body parts is made using laser welding, which ensures absolutely smooth seams.

Flanges subject to active corrosive attack are treated with special pastes (polyvinyl chloride or epoxy resin) in the area of ​​spot seams.

A promising direction in development car bodies is an application of aluminum and in 2005 the weight of aluminum parts per vehicle in Europe is 130 kg. Among the new materials that are actively conquering the automotive industry, foam aluminum should be called - extremely light, tough, with high energy absorption in a collision. Metallic foam structures have and high performance, providing noise insulation and heat resistance, however, the cost of parts made of such material is higher than that of steel, by about 20%.

Developed by new material "AAS" a three-layer structure capable of drastically changing the body structure and reducing its weight by up to 50%.

The concept cars of the companies "Audi" and "Daimler-Benz" use frames made of extruded aluminum profiles. Due to this, the weight of the body of the Audi A8 model has been reduced to 810 kg.

The structure of the front part of modern passenger cars is designed in such a way that in the event of a minor accident (speed up to 15 km / h), it is necessary to change only the bumper cross member 5 and deformation energy absorbers 1 attached to it. If the damage to the car structure is more significant, then it may be necessary replacement of side members, for this you also need to unscrew the bolted connection. Any significant damage to the front of the vehicle can only be repaired by welding the appropriate original parts.

Rice. Lower section of an Audi passenger car:
1 - energy absorber; 2 - spar 1; 3 - spar 2; 4 - bolted connection; 5 - bumper cross member

The new plastic material under the brand name "Fibropur"... Its structure contains polyurethane and natural fibers (flax and sisal in equal proportions). Parts made of such plastic are lightweight, stiff, impact-resistant and less expensive than polyurethane.

Replacing metal assemblies and parts with plastic ones made it possible to reduce the cost of their production. As a result, already at the present stage, conditions are being created to reduce the cost of a car by 20 ... 30%.

Currently 48% of all plastic parts in a passenger car, it is the interior trim of the body. However, plastics are also used in other car units - for example, self-adhesive sheet materials to increase the rigidity and strength of the body made of thin steel sheets, polycarbonate window panes, which are 40% lighter, and polyamide suction pipes on engines.

Recently, vehicle manufacturers are paying more and more attention to the chemical methods of joining car assemblies and parts. For example, Chrysler is developing a concept car (CCV) with a thermoplastic body bonded to the frame with a special adhesive.

Car body glass perform multilayer with high heat reflectance. Such glasses effectively protect from external heat influences, and the heat reflectivity does not affect their transparency in any way. They reduce the intensity of ultraviolet rays and have sound insulating properties. For this, protective and reflective interlayers are provided in the multilayer glass structure. The multi-layer construction is injury-free, because there is a protective film between the layers of glass, preventing the formation of fragments.

Car manufacturers pay great attention to injury-free body structures, which are described in the section "".

General information about car device

TO Category:

Car maintenance

General information about the car device

The term "car" includes a car, a truck and a bus. Despite a number of fundamental design differences, they have a lot in common: an internal combustion engine, a support system with suspension and tires, controls, and a brake system.

At automobile factories, the final product of production can be both assembled cars and their individual component parts (engines, rear axles, fuel equipment, etc.), which include a large number of parts, assemblies, mechanisms and systems.

A part is an inseparable element made from a whole workpiece (a piece of material). Parts are, for example, bolts, gears, shafts, etc. Parts from which the assembly of assemblies, mechanisms or assemblies begins are called basic parts (for example, a cylinder block).

A simple assembly is several parts connected to each other using threaded, riveted, welded and other connections (for example, a gear mounted on a shaft using a key).

In cars, there are many complex assemblies, consisting of several simple ones, the assembly of which is also carried out using the above connections (for example, a piston assembly with rings, connected by a pin to a connecting rod assembly).

A mechanism is a movably interconnected parts or units that perform certain predetermined movements under the action of forces applied to them (for example, crank mechanism, in which the piston connected to the connecting rod and crankshaft, reciprocates).

An aggregate is several mechanisms or complex assemblies, united by various connections into one whole with a base part [for example, a gearbox, consisting of a housing (base part), with shafts installed in it, gear wheels, bearings, etc.

A system is a number of units, mechanisms that interact with each other and perform certain functions during operation (for example, ignition, cooling, power supply systems, etc.).

All mechanisms, assemblies and systems included in the car can be conditionally divided into three main parts: engine, chassis and body.

The engine (Fig. 1) is the source of mechanical energy needed to move the vehicle. Internal combustion engines are most widely used in automobiles.

The chassis unites all the units and mechanisms of the car, designed to transfer power from the engine to the driving wheels, to control the car and move it. The chassis consists of a transmission, carrier system and controls.

The transmission consists of mechanisms that convert and transmit the torque supplied from the engine to the drive wheels. The transmission consists of a clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft and drive axle, which combines the main gear, differential and axle shafts. The torque from the main gear through the differential is transmitted to the drive wheels by means of axle shafts. Modern cars can have one, two or more drive axles.

Carrying system trucks consists of a frame to which it is attached front axle with shock absorbers and steering wheels mounted on it, rear drive axle with suspension and wheels.

Controls include steering, which changes the position of the front wheels in relation to the frame or body, which allows you to change the direction of the vehicle, and the braking system, which reduces the speed of movement, quickly stops the vehicle, and also holds it in place.

The body is designed to accommodate payload and people. Trucks usually have a cargo platform for cargo and a cab for the driver and passengers.

Rice. 1. General device car: a - truck: b - passenger

Passenger cars and buses have bodies, consisting of a passenger compartment, in which the driver and passengers are accommodated, a luggage compartment and an engine compartment.

The role of the frame in the supporting system of cars and buses is performed by the body (Fig. 1).

The device of most cars is made according to the scheme discussed above. However, other layouts of the engine, chassis and body are also used. For example, to increase the cross-country ability of cars, the rear and front wheels are made leading. Additional mechanisms are introduced into the transmission of such cars - transfer case and center differential, which distribute the torque between the driving axles.

To increase the passenger capacity and comfort of city buses, a wagon-type body with a rear engine is used. For the same purpose, bodies with an enlarged glazing surface and with an engine located in front across the longitudinal axis of the vehicle are installed on modern passenger cars, which makes it possible to increase the area of ​​the passenger compartment of the body. The transfer of forces from the engine is carried out to the front drive wheels through the drive shafts. In this case, the clutch, gearbox and main gear are mounted in a single power unit attached to the engine. With such a layout, a tunnel (box) is not required for cardan transmission inside the car, so the body becomes more comfortable and lighter. Moreover, the absence cardan shaft reduces the metal consumption of the structure and allows lowering the floor of the body, i.e., to obtain a lower location of the center of gravity of the vehicle, which ensures its better longitudinal and lateral stability when driving.

Rolling stock classification road transport

The rolling stock of road transport is divided into freight, passenger and special (Fig. 2). Freight rolling stock includes trucks, towing vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers for the transport of goods. different types.

Passenger rolling stock includes buses, cars, passenger trailers and semi-trailers.

Rice. 2. An approximate scheme for the classification of the rolling stock of road transport

Special rolling stock includes cars, trailers, semitrailers designed to perform various, mainly non-transport operations and having the appropriate equipment or special bodies (sanitary, auto repair shops, truck cranes, firefighters, etc.).

Freight rolling stock. The main part of freight rolling stock are trucks, which can be classified as follows (Fig. 3).

They are divided into cars according to their purpose. general purpose and specialized.

General purpose vehicles have bodies in the form of a platform with sides and are used to transport all types of goods, except for liquid (without containers).

Specialized vehicles are equipped with bodies adapted for the carriage of goods of a certain type. These are cars with self-unloading bodies (dump trucks), tank cars for cement, oil products, milk, vehicles with bodies for transporting animals, etc.

By cross-country ability, that is, by the degree of adaptation to work in certain road conditions, road (normal), high and high cross-country vehicles are distinguished. Road (normal) cross-country vehicles are used mainly on roads with an improved (asphalt) surface. Cars off-road and off-road vehicles are primarily designed to operate in difficult road conditions and off-road conditions. The most common are road vehicles.

In cars, the number of driving wheels is characterized by the wheel arrangement. For example, 4 × 2 and 6 × 4 means in the first case the total number of 4 wheels driving 2, in the second - the total number of 6 wheels driving 4. In this case, the paired wheels installed on each side of the car on the rear and middle axles are considered as one wheel.

According to their adaptability to climatic conditions, cars are divided for operation in temperate, cold (northern) and hot (tropical) climates.

For temperate climates, mass-produced cars are produced in serial performance. On the basis of these cars, cars in northern and tropical versions are created.

By the nature of their use, single cars and tractor vehicles for towing trailers and semi-trailers are distinguished.

Single vehicles are used without trailers and semi-trailers.

Rice. 3. Classification of trucks

A towing vehicle or truck with one or more trailers forms a road train.

The use of road trains allows increasing the productivity of rolling stock and reducing the cost of transportation. Automobile trains, by the type of connection of a tractor with trailed links, are divided into trailed, saddled and dismantled.

Trailer road trains consist of a vehicle equipped with an onboard platform or a special body and one or more trailers. Trucks of road, off-road and off-road vehicles are used as tractors in trailed road trains.

Semitrailer trains consist of a semitrailer and a semitrailer.

Dissolving road trains consist of a tractor-trailer and a dismantling trailer equipped with support beams (bunks) for securing long loads (pipes, long products, timber, etc.).

The fundamental difference between trailers and semi-trailers is that trailers are connected to towing vehicles with a towing hitch, and semitrailers are connected to a fifth wheel coupling.

Trailers and semitrailers are distinguished by purpose (body type) and number of axles (carrying capacity), as well as by axle drive.

By designation, they can be general-purpose and specialized.

General purpose trailers and semitrailers are used for the transportation of all types of national economic goods, except for liquid (without containers). Specialized (panel carriers, container carriers, etc.) - for the carriage of goods of a certain type.

According to the number of axles, trailers and semi-trailers differ into one-, two- and multi-axle.

Single-axle and biaxial trailers and semi-trailers of general purpose (Fig. 4, a, b, c) with bodies in the form of platforms, used for the transportation of various containerized and bulk cargo, as well as semi-trailers with a closed body of the van type for transportation of industrial and food cargo, including those requiring protection from the effects of atmospheric precipitation. A significant part of such trailers and semi-trailers are produced for agriculture. Their specialized bodies are adapted to transport livestock, poultry, feed, etc.

Multi-axle low loader trailers of large overall length (Fig. 4, d) are used to transport heavy indivisible loads, and dismantling trailers (Fig. 4, e) - for transportation of long construction materials.

Trailers and semi-trailers differ in axle drive with and without active drives.

The most efficient are trailers and semi-trailers with active, i.e. driving, axles (wheels), which are driven by the engine of a tractor-vehicle or an autonomous engine mounted on a trailer link.

The active drive of the axles of the trailed link can be mechanical, hydraulic, electric or mixed. The type of drive is selected depending on the composition of the road train (trailed, semitrailer), its length and areas of application.

Trailers and semi-trailers that do not have active drive to the axles are called trailers and semi-trailers without active drive. These trailers do not have drive wheels.

All trailers and semi-trailers, regardless of the drive, must have wheel brakes with hydraulic, pneumatic or combined drive. The brakes of the trailed links must act simultaneously with the brakes of the towing vehicle or independently in the event of a detachment of the trailer.

One of the important conditions for the effective use of road trains is interoperability, which is understood as the possibility of coupling a towing vehicle with different types trailed links (trailers and semi-trailers).

Each base truck model is assigned a four-digit index.

The trailer train designation system also consists of a four-digit number. In this case, for various types (models) of trailers and semitrailers, strictly defined first indices are given (the first two digits out of four).

The letter designation of the manufacturer is placed in front of the digital index. For example, a heavy-duty trailer ChMEAP-8390 means that this trailer is manufactured by the Chelyabinsk Machine-Building Plant of Automobile Trailers, cargo, with a gross weight of over 24 tons. The OdAZ-9771 semi-trailer means that it is manufactured by the Odessa Automobile Assembly Plant, a van weighing in the range from 16 to 25 T ( full mass semi-trailer OdAZ-9771 is 17.5 t).

Passenger rolling stock.

Passenger rolling stock includes cars and buses. Cars that can accommodate no more than eight people, including the driver, are called cars, and those that can accommodate more than eight people are called buses.

Cars are produced in two types: road and off-road. Off-road vehicles are mainly used for agriculture. They can be created both on the basis of passenger cars of road traffic as a result of an increase in the number of driving wheels, and as a result of creating original structures, for example, for geological exploration, etc.

The most widespread is the classification of passenger cars according to the weight not from the dressed car and the working volume of the engine (Table 1).

In the presented classification, the first three classes include cars of the ZAZ, VAZ, Moskvich and GAZ families with rear-wheel drive (VAZ-2104, 2105, -2106, Moskvich-2140, GAZ-ZYU2, Volga, etc.). ), as well as front-wheel drive vehicles ZAZ-1102 "Tavria", VAZ-2108 "Sputnik", AZLK -2141 "Moskvich".

In the designations of basic models of passenger cars, the first two digits of the four-digit number indicate the car index (11, 21, 31, 41), depending on the engine displacement, and the last two - the model number. The letters in front of the numbers indicate the manufacturer. For example, VAZ-2108, "Sputnik" means that the car is made by the Volga Automobile Plant, small class, with an engine capacity of 1.1-1.8 liters, 08 is the model number.

According to the general layout, cars are divided into cars made according to the classic, rear-wheel drive and front-wheel drive schemes.

With a classic layout, the engine is located in front of the car, the rear wheels are driving.

The rear-wheel drive scheme is characterized by the fact that the engine is located at the rear and the rear wheels are driving.

At front-wheel drive scheme the engine is located at the front, the front wheels are driven and steered.

Domestic cars VAZ-2104, 2105, 2106, 2107, "Zhiguli" and "Moskvich-2140" have a classic layout with a front engine, from which torque is transmitted to the rear drive wheels. Along with these cars, front-wheel drive cars VAZ-2108 "Sputnik", AZLK-2141 "Moskvich" and ZAZ-1102 "Tavria" with a front longitudinal or transverse engine arrangement are produced, from which the torque is transmitted to the front drive wheels.

Buses are created on the basis of units of basic serial production trucks. However, in the structures of bus chassis, special bus units are used - U-shaped rear axles, hydromechanical gearboxes with a horizontal layout, independent wheel suspensions, etc. Minibuses produced on the basis of passenger cars are also widely used.

Common signs of bus classification are their general layout and features of the body structure.

The general layout of buses is determined by their purpose, body shape, passenger capacity, number of axles, wheel arrangement and engine location.

By appointment, buses are divided into urban (intracity and suburban), local communication (for rural transport), intercity and tourist.

By the shape of the body (the presence of the hood), buses are divided into carriage type, bonnet and short-cockapot (Fig. 5, a, b).

Carriage-type buses are created by increasing the length of the body. To ensure the maneuverability of such a bus, its body is made of two or three articulated (articulated) links.

Bonnet and short-bonnet buses are created on the basis of the chassis of light and medium-duty trucks with a classic layout of the units.

By passenger capacity, buses are divided into five classes depending on their overall length in meters: extra small - up to 5.0, small - 6.0-7.5, medium - 8-9.5 large - 10.5-12 , especially large - 16.5-24. The last class includes two- and three-link (articulated) buses.

By the number of axles, buses can be two, three and four-axle.

According to the wheel formula - all-wheel drive (with all driving wheels) 4X4.6X6 and part-wheel drive 4X2.6X4 and 8X4.

According to the location of the engine, the layout of buses is divided with a front or rear engine, and sometimes with an engine with opposing cylinders located between the frame side members under the floor of the body.

According to the features of the body structure, buses differ in the number of floors and body sealing.

By the number of floors, buses can be single-decker 1-7 (Fig. 5, a, b,), 1/4-decker (Fig. 5, c), when the roof and windows are raised above a part of the body, half-decker, when in the rear part of the body there is a superstructure in the form of a storey with a low ceiling and a passage height of 1700-1800 mm and two-storey 10.

Rice. 5. Classification of buses on the basis of general characteristics: a - carriage type: 1, 2 - single; 3- articulated with a trailed link; b - bonnet (4) and short-bonnet (5-7); c - storey: 8-11 - storey; 9 - one and a half storey; 10-two-storey; d - open: 11 - without a roof; 12- with roof

In the domestic bus industry, mainly single-decker buses are used, which provide the best layout of seats in the body cabin with the necessary comfort for passengers.

By sealing the body-in, buses are divided into closed and open. The most widespread are closed bodies. With an air conditioning unit, the windows are completely sealed. In other cases, closed bodies have opening windows.

Open bodies 11 and 12 are used on buses (Fig. 5, d) used in the southern regions. They can be without a roof or with a roof, but, as a rule, with a removable awning.

Each new bus model is assigned a four-digit index.

For example, LiAZ-5256, manufactured by Likinsky bus factory length within 10.5-12 m, 2 - bus, 56 - model number. (The length of the LiAZ-5256 bus is 11.4 m.).

Special rolling stock. Special vehicles are created on the basis of the chassis of trucks, cars and buses as a result of the installation of special equipment on them or as a result of changes in the design of the vehicles themselves. Special vehicles perform various, strictly defined functions. So, for example, special vehicles on a truck chassis are concrete mixers, aerial platforms, autocompressors, fire trucks, etc.

On the basis of trucks, vehicles-mechanisms for public utilities are also produced, which include water-washers, garbage trucks, sand-spreaders, snow-loaders, etc.

Special cars based on passenger cars are created as ambulances medical care, cars-laboratories of the traffic police, police, etc.

Special vehicles based on buses are used to create mobile television stations, photo and film laboratories, sanitary and veterinary vehicles, etc.

Special cars with an original design and made according to special requirements include racing cars of various types. Img src =

TO Category: - Car maintenance

For a long time, the car all over the world has firmly taken the status of the most common vehicle... Every year, millions of cars leave the conveyors of automakers, the device of which is constantly being improved in all respects - speed, comfort, safety,. In general, a car as a means of transportation is a rather complex set of different systems, which are also updated and improved annually. And, of course, every car enthusiast should have an idea of ​​the principles of operation of these systems, since knowledge about the device of a car can greatly facilitate car care, making it possible to detect a malfunction in a timely manner and take measures to eliminate it.

This article will provide information about both the classic systems of each passenger car, and about modern innovations that have appeared in automobile use relatively recently - CCD (ESP), ABS (ABS), PBS (ASR) and others.

So, the most important for proper safe operation are the braking system, the fuel system and the engine cooling system of the vehicle. Of course, no less important is the correct operation of other devices that are equipped with a modern vehicle, so any car needs timely and prevention of possible breakdowns.

Brake

The braking system serves to offset the speed and / or to stop the car completely. In addition, the braking system is necessary to keep the machine stationary when parked on a flat surface or on a slope. The complete set of the brake system includes various cables, hoses, pipelines, as well as the main brake cylinder, brake lever and brake pedal. It is with the help of the brake pedal and the lever that the entire brake system is controlled.

Modern cars are often equipped with several brake systems at the same time - this innovation significantly increases the level of safety during the movement of the car. At the same time, the work of the main, service brakes is used in each mode of movement / immobility of the car.

In addition to the main one, there is also a spare brake system, which is used in case of a breakdown of the working one. Of course, its operation is less efficient, but it avoids an accident in the event of a failure of the main braking system. Usually the working mission of the spare brakes is taken over by the parking system or that part working system that was not affected by the breakdown.

The parking brakes are used to prevent the vehicle from moving away spontaneously, for example, when parking on a slope. The parking brake system is controlled by the hand brake lever.

It is very important to periodically check the condition of the brakes in a timely manner - after all, the conditions of their operation are quite harsh: jolts, impacts, water and dirt - all this leads to wear and tear of parts of the brake system. Do not forget about proper care of the brakes - after all, the safety of the driver, passengers and people around them depends on their serviceability.

Vehicle fuel system

The automotive fuel supply system is used for fueling the engine and for cleaning and storing the engine. The fuel system includes the fuel tank, pump and filter, fuel gauge, injection system, and fuel lines. By the way, the device of gasoline and diesel car engines almost the same - the main differences are, only, in the injection system.

The vehicle's fuel tank is used to store fuel and is usually located at the rear of the vehicle body. The capacity of the tank usually allows you to store in it a supply of fuel required for approximately 500 km of run. The fuel tank is equipped with a vapor recovery system that provides the necessary ventilation (the tank is isolated from the external atmosphere).

Maintaining the desired pressure level in the fuel system of the vehicle and supplying fuel to the injection system ensures fuel pump... It is located in the fuel tank and is electrically operated. Sometimes, if necessary, an additional booster pump is also included in the work.

The fuel level sensor, like the pump, is built into the fuel tank. The fuel gauge is equipped with a potentiometer and a float to obtain information on the amount of fuel stored. When the fuel level in the tank changes, the float moves and the position of the potentiometer changes - then the resistance in the circuit increases, and the voltage on the fuel gauge decreases.

In the system, the fuel is circulated through the fuel drives - drain and supply. At the same time, operating pressure is maintained in the supply pressure, and surplus fuel is removed into the tank through the drain. An injection system is used to obtain a fuel-air mixture.

In general, the principle of operation fuel system the car is as follows:

• the ignition is turned on and the pump starts pumping fuel into the system;
• the fuel is cleaned by passing through the fuel filter;
• the fuel reaches the injection system and is atomized to form an air / fuel mixture.

On some machines operating pressure in the fuel system is formed when the driver's door is opened, due to the fact that at this moment the fuel pump is turned on.

Car engine cooling system

Cooling of the vehicle engine is necessary to ensure the most optimal temperature when the engine is running. After all, when the fuel mixture burns out, the temperature level in the engine cylinder rises to 2000 degrees Celsius! The average temperature is also impressive: 800–1000 C. Certainly, in the absence of a cooling system, the engine would fail in just a couple of operating sessions due to overheating of metal parts. Overheating of the engine leads to rapid wear of parts, melting of the bearing shells, destruction of the crankshaft journals and other unpleasant moments, for example, to an increase in fuel consumption, burnout of lubricant and, as a result, to a decrease in engine power. It is worth noting here that overcooling the engine is almost as harmful to it as overheating - this is due to the thickening of the lubricant and, as a result, an increase in the friction of engine parts.

In addition to maintaining the correct temperature balance, the car engine cooling system also accelerates the warm-up of a cold engine and, in general, the reliability of the engine and its efficiency depend on the correct operation of this system.

The car engine cooling system is completed with a radiator with an expansion tank, a fan, a thermostat, a centrifugal pump, a 6 cylinder block cooling jacket, connecting hoses and pipes.

Water and antifreeze are usually used as a cooling substance. The coolant is directed primarily to the hottest parts - spark plugs, exhaust valves, cylinders and combustion chamber walls. The liquid takes over the temperature of these parts and releases it into the atmosphere, entering the radiator reservoir and, through hoses and nozzles, into the water pump.

The function of blowing off the engine is performed by a fan consisting of several blades and, most often, located next to the water pump. The pump circulates coolant in the vehicle engine cooling system. The temperature of the engine that controls the coolant.

For proper operation of the cooling system, it is worth adhering to some simple recommendations:

• check the coolant level from time to time expansion tank... If it is not enough, top up until the full volume is reached. This usually needs to be done every 2-3 months, however, if the liquid has to be topped up constantly, it may be leaking;
• do not allow the engine to run overheated. This is fraught with deformation of its parts and an upcoming overhaul (and in some cases even buying a new engine, which can cause an unexpected blow to your budget);
• do not use ordinary water as a coolant - with the onset of cold weather, drain it and replace it with good old antifreeze or other non-freezing liquid.

With these tips in mind, your car's cooling system will serve you well and for a long time.

Modern automotive systems

Thanks to technological advances, modern cars are equipped with systems of devices that the average car enthusiast could not even dream of fifty years ago. These systems greatly facilitate the solution of various tasks while driving and increase the level of driving comfort. Let's consider some of them:

• ADK system (Abstandsdistanzkontrolle) - controls the distance while parking. With ultrasonic sensors this system able to determine the distance to nearby obstacles by feeding. The pauses between these signals become shorter as the obstacle approaches, and when the distance is reduced to 20 cm, the signal becomes continuous. The ADK system can also be identified with the abbreviation PDC (Parking distance control) or the Parktronik mark.
• ABS system (ABS - Anti-Blockier-System) - as the name implies, this system prevents blocking of the braked wheels of the car. It also maintains the vehicle's handling and directional stability. If an ABS system is installed in your car, then you no longer need to personally control the force of the brakes on the pedals in order to avoid blocking - the system will take over this function. The ABS electronic unit, through a hydromodulator, acts on the vehicle's braking system, based on the analysis of the signals that come from the wheel rotation sensors.

• traction control system ASR (Antriebs-Schlupf-Regelung) - designed to control the slippage of the driving wheels. This system prevents slipping during acceleration, while increasing traction on the drive wheels. PBS ASR is directly connected to the sensors of the ABS system, receiving information from them about the speed of all wheels of the vehicle (both driving and driven).
• anti-skid system ESP (Elektronisches Stabilitats Programm) is one of the most useful helpers on the road, especially in difficult situations. This system is able to compensate for the excessively harsh reaction of the driver in extreme driving conditions and to ensure the stability of the vehicle. CCD ESP is able to recognize and compensate for violations of vehicle stability. In addition to the abbreviation ESP, similar systems can also be called VSA (Vehicle Stability Assist), ASMS (Automatisches Stabilitats Management System), DSC (Dynamic Stability Control), FDR (Fahrdynamik-Regelung) or VSC (Vehicle Stability Control).
• electronic system, EDB (EDS, Elektronische Differentialsperre) - also associated with ABS system, representing a logical addition to anti-lock wheels. With the help of EBD increases, especially during intensive acceleration, climbing, starting off, when driving in extreme weather conditions, etc. If necessary, the EBD locks the differential, and the wheels, in turn, can transmit a higher tractive effort. This is necessary in the case of a mismatch in angular velocities - the ELB brakes the skid wheel until it equals the non-skid wheel in terms of rotation frequency.

By the way, the ELB system works in the event of movement. reverse but does not fire when cornering.

• electronic brake force distributor, RTS (EBV, Elektronishe Bremskraftverteilung). This unit distributes the braking forces when the vehicle starts to brake. It is at this moment, due to the effect of inertia, the load between the wheels of the front and rear axles is partially redistributed. РТС EBV, based on the data from the ABS sensors and the brake pedal position sensor, distributes the braking force to the wheels in the most correct way, based on the load acting on them. The RTS is able to turn on when the ABS fails due to its breakdown, or before the ABS starts to work.

Video - How ABS Works

Video - How the ESP System Works

Video - Electronic system brake force distribution

Conclusion!

In addition to the common ones listed, there are still quite a few modern car systems, thanks to which the indicators of its power and safety are growing every day, and driving the car becomes more and more comfortable.

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