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Graduate work

Zone reconstruction project Maintenance trucks

INTRODUCTION

1. TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF THE DESIGN TASK

1.1 Brief description of Avtopark LLP

1.2 Technical and economic indicators of the enterprise "Avtopark" LLP

2. TECHNOLOGICAL CALCULATION OF ATP

2.1 Choice of source data

2.2 Calculation of the annual volume of work and the number of production workers

2.3 Technological calculation of production areas, areas and warehouses

2.4 Selection of equipment

3. BUILDING REQUIREMENTS

3.1 Requirements for the master plan

4 ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PRODUCTION

4.1 Principles and methods of enterprise management

4.2 Form of management of Avtopark LLP

4.3 Enterprise management LLP "Avtopark"

5. DESIGN OF TO-1 ZONE

5.1 Description of the TO-1 zone of Avtopark LLP and the proposed works

5.2 Organization of production in the TO-1 zone

5.3 Calculated part

5.4 Selection of equipment for TO-1 zone

6. DESIGN AND CALCULATION PART

6.1 Analysis of existing designs of solid blowers

6.2 Calculated part 53

7 . SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT

7.1 Safety precautions when performing basic work

7.2 Test methods for toxicity of gasoline engines

8. CALCULATION OF ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY

8.1 Calculation of capital investments

8.2 Determination of income and profit

CONCLUSION

LIST OF USED LITERATURE

workshop maintenance car

INTRODUCTION

The purpose road transport, as part of the country's transport complex, is to meet the needs of agriculture and the country's population in freight transport at the minimum cost of all types of resources. This overarching goal is achieved as a result of improved performance indicators for road transport: an increase in transport capacity and productivity. Vehicle; reducing the cost of transportation; increasing the productivity of personnel; ensuring the environmental friendliness of the transport process.

Technical operation as a subsystem of road transport should contribute to the implementation of the goals of road transport of the agro-industrial complex and have controllable indicators of the efficiency of the system, i.e., the road transport of the agro-industrial complex.

Knowledge of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the regularities of changing the parameters of the technical state of units, assemblies and the car as a whole allows you to control the operability and technical condition of the car during operation, that is, to maintain and restore its operability.

The need to maintain a high level of operability requires that most of the faults be prevented, that is, the operability of the product has been restored before the onset of the fault. Therefore, the task of maintenance is mainly to prevent the occurrence of failures and malfunctions, and repair - to eliminate them.

The following requirements are imposed on the vehicle maintenance and repair system:

· Ensuring the specified levels of operational reliability of the vehicle fleet with rational material and labor costs;

· Resource-saving and environmental orientation;

· Planning and regulatory nature, which allows planning and organizing maintenance and repairs at all levels;

· Obligation for all organizations and enterprises that own road transport, regardless of their departmental subordination;

· Concreteness, availability and suitability for management and decision-making by all links of the engineering and technical service of road transport;

· Stability of basic principles and flexibility of specific standards, taking into account changes in operating conditions, design and reliability of vehicles, as well as the economic mechanism;

· Taking into account the variety of vehicle operating conditions.

Ensuring the required level of technical readiness of the rolling stock to carry out transportation with the lowest labor and material costs is the main requirement of the production and technical base of road transport of the agro-industrial complex system.

The relevance of the topic of our research is due to the fact that the level of development of the PTB has a significant impact on the performance of the ATP, and therefore on the entire process of work on maintenance and repair. The quality of TEA works is directly related to the level of development of the PTB. The technical readiness of the vehicle fleet and its reliability, productivity will increase with the increase in performance and the development of PTB. One of the main goals of the maintenance and repair system is the quality of the work performed, reliability, the level of equipment of the workplace, post. Paying special attention to the development of FTB in the environment of the material and technical base is now more than ever relevant for the road transport of our country. The continuous development of the automotive industry of foreign countries only enhances the need to develop the material and technical base of road transport in our republic.

The practical value of the results of our work is confirmed by the presence of the act of implementation.

The theoretical value of our thesis is in the calculation and its detailed description.

Purpose of work: to create a project of a maintenance area for trucks.

In accordance with the goal, the following tasks were set:

- to collect and analyze theoretical material about LLP "Avtopark";

- collect and analyze theoretical material on the issues of technological calculation of ATP;

- collect and analyze material about the organization and management of production, the principles and methods of enterprise management;

- create a project for the TO-1 zone;

- calculate the economic efficiency of the project.

The tasks set and the order of their solution determined the structure of the thesis.

To solve these problems and in accordance with the purpose of the work, the following methods were used:

Theoretical: analysis of scientific, technical, regulatory and educational literature on the research topic, systematization of the collected and analyzed data.

Practical: calculation, methods of mathematical statistics, experiment.

1 . TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF DESIGN JOB

1.1 BriefI characteristic of Avtopark LLP

Avtopark LLP is located in the industrial zone of the city and occupies an area of ​​26 hectares, on which there is a powerful repair base, zone TO-1, TO-2, a car wash, warm boxes for parking, shower and utility rooms, a dining room.

The fleet of trucks, as a public transport, carries out the transportation of goods and agricultural products in the district and region. The car park has a wide range of services, motor transport provides the growing transport needs of the population and households associated with high speed and urgency of movement, delivery of goods directly from the point of departure to the destination, serves areas with an underdeveloped network of road transport routes.

The company provides services for the maintenance of organizations, provides services to both the population and enterprises for maintenance and repair.

Trucks of the GAZ-53 brand of all modifications are used as a rolling stock for the transportation of goods. ZIL-131 and Gaz-52 vehicles serve cargo transportation for all economic entities of the region.

The cars are equipped with radio stations, which allows for a more perfect form of service for the population and households of the region with cargo transportation.

Acceptance of orders is accepted under contracts concluded between business entities and the fleet, as well as a dispatch service that works around the clock.

When leaving the line, the car undergoes a control examination of the technical condition, the driver at the medical center a medical examination of the state of health.

In the repair area, maintenance is carried out, repairs not only of our own, but also of private rolling stock.

A technical inspection is being carried out at Avtopark LLP freight transport of all brands, replacement of numbers, driver's licenses, purchase and sale of cars.

At present, Avtopark LLP is a stable and profitable enterprise.

1.2 Technical and economic indicators of the enterprise "Avtopark" LLP

Below are the technical and economic indicators of Avtopark LLP for 2006-2010.

Table 1.1 Technical and economic indicators of Avtoopark LLP

Indicators
Average payroll
Auto days at work
Technical readiness factor
Release rate per line
Total mileage, thousand km
Average daily mileage, km
Time in dress
Car watch in the outfit, t. Hour
Traffic volume: for trucks
Operational speed, km / h
Degree of vehicle wear
Auto days on the farm
Income thousand tenge Consumption thousand tenge

Analysis of technical and economic indicators

The ratio of car groups in an enterprise is shown below using a pie chart as an example:

Figure 1.1 The structure of the rolling stock "Avtopark"

Figure 1.2 Availability and release factors

Technical readiness factor in the period 2006-2010 fluctuates in the range of 0.6-0.8, and, as can be seen from the graph, the value of the coefficient over the past two years does not fall below 0.8. The output coefficient is increasing with each one, which testifies to the outlined positive tendencies at the enterprise. On average over these years, it was 0.6.

Figure 1.3 List of cars

The number of cars on the list has decreased in recent years from 150 to just over 100, which is associated with the physical and moral wear and tear of the rolling stock, with an objective decrease in production capacity at the enterprise.

Figure 1.4 Total mileage of the vehicle fleet

The total mileage of the enterprise's vehicle fleet for the period under review only increased and in 2010 amounted to more than 4.5 thousand kilometers, which is due to the increase in the operating time of vehicles on the line.

Figure 1.5 The time spent by the car in the order

The time spent by the car in the dress is on average 8 hours. Full employment of drivers on the line has been observed in recent years, as can be seen from the graph - in 2009 the highest indicator. The increase in the duration of the work of drivers occurs with the correct organization of work.

Figure 1.6 Number of Vehicle-Days in Operation

The change in the number of car-days in operation during this period occurred with varying success, making jumps and falls. So if in 2006, 2007 and 2010 it reached its peak values, then in the interval of these years the readings decreased.

Figure 1.7 Cruising speed

The operating speed, as can be seen from the graph, has only been increasing at the enterprise in recent years. This is due to the fact that the necessary measures are being taken to reduce the downtime at each stop when transporting goods and some increases in the length of service routes.

Figure 1.8 Traffic volume

Figure 1.9 Dynamics of expenses and income

In general, the change in expenses and income is the same. Their performance increased every year. But as can be seen from the graph, the difference between these indicators in the last year has changed towards an increase in income.

2 . TECHNOLOGICAL CALCULATION OF ATP

2.1 Selection of source data

To calculate the production program and the scope of work of the ATP, the following initial data are required: the type and number of rolling stock, the average daily mileage of vehicles and their technical condition, road and climatic conditions of operation, operating mode of rolling stock and modes of maintenance and repair.

Table 2.1 Initial data for "Avtopark" LLP

Calculation of the production program for maintenance

Calculation of the program for GAZ cars

To calculate the program, we select the standard values ​​of the rolling stock mileage to KR and the frequency of TO-1 and TO-2, which are established by the Regulations.

Lk = 300,000 km;

L2 = 20,000 km;

The number of technical impacts on one car per cycle is determined by the ratio of the cycle run to the run up to a given type of impact. Since the cycle mileage is taken to be equal to the vehicle mileage to overhaul, then the number of KP of one car per cycle will be equal to one. The next last one for the TO-2 cycle is not carried out, and the car is sent to the Kyrgyz Republic. TO-2 includes maintenance of TO-1, which is performed simultaneously with TO-2. therefore, in this calculation, the number of TO-1 per cycle does not include maintenance of TO-2. Frequency of execution daily services taken equal to the average daily mileage:

KR number:

Nk = Lc / Lk = Lk / Lk; (1)

Nk = 300000/300000 = 1;

Number TO-1:

N1 = Lk / L1- (Nk + N2); (2)

N1 = 300000 / 5000- (1 + 14) = 45;

Number TO-2:

N2 = Lk / L2-Nk 4; (3)

N2 = (300000/20000) -1 = 1;

EO number:

NEO = Lk / Lcc; (4)

NEO = 300000/209 = 1435.

Since the production program of the enterprise is calculated for a year, then to determine the number of maintenance for the year, we will make the appropriate recalculation of the obtained values ​​of NEO, N1 and N2 per cycle, using the coefficient of transition from cycle to year. In order to determine the conversion factor, we first need to calculate the technical readiness factor bt and the annual mileage of one car Lg. The technical readiness factor is calculated by the formula:

bt = 1 / (1 + lcc (DTO-TP / 1000 + Dk / Lk)), (5)

bt = 1 / (1 + 209 (0.2 / 1000 + 15/300000)) = 0.95;

here D TO-TR is the specific vehicle idle time in TO and TR in days per 1000 km of run;

Дк - the number of days the vehicle is idle in the Kyrgyz Republic.

Determine the annual mileage:

Lg = D slave · Lcc · bt; (6)

Lg = 356 * 209 * 0.95 = 72 470.75 km;

Then we find the coefficient of transition from cycle to year:

zg = Lg / Lk; (7)

sr = 72470.75 / 300000 = 0.24;

The annual number of EO, TO-1, and TO-2 for one list car will be:

NEO.g = NEO * zg; (eight)

NEOG = 1435 * 0.24 = 344.4;

N1.d = N1 * zg; (nine)

N1.g = 45 * 0.24 = 10.8;

N2.d = N2 * 3g; (ten)

N2.g = 14 * 0.24 = 3.36;

For the whole group of cars:

Y NEO.g = NEO.g * Au; (eleven)

Nk = 344.4 * 40 = 13776;

Y N1.g = N1.g * Au; (12)

For N1.g = 10.8 * 40 = 432;

Y N2.g = N2.g * Au; (13)

For N2.g = 3.36 * 40 = 134.4;

where Ai is the list of cars.

According to the regulation, as a separate type of service, it is not planned and the work on diagnosing the rolling stock is included in the scope of maintenance and repair work. At the same time, depending on the method of organization, diagnostics of cars can be carried out at separate posts or be combined with the maintenance process. Therefore, the number of diagnostic impacts is determined for the subsequent calculation of diagnostic posts and their organization.

At the ATP, in accordance with the Regulations, it is envisaged to diagnose the D-1 and D-2 rolling stock.

Diagnostics D-1 is intended mainly to determine the technical condition of units, assemblies and systems of the vehicle that ensure traffic safety. D-1 is carried out, as a rule, with the frequency of TO-1.

Diagnosis D-1:

U Nd-1g = Y N1.g + 0.1 Y N1.g + Y N2.g; (fourteen)

For Nd-1r = 432 + 0.1 * 432 + 134.4 = 609.6;

Diagnosis D-2:

Y Nd-2g = Y N2.g + 0.2 Y N2.g; (15)

For Nd-2r = 134.4 + 0.2 * 134.4 = 161.

Calculation of the production program for maintenance for cars of the "ZIL" brand.

First, we find the technical readiness coefficient bt according to the formula:

bt = 1 / (1 + lcc (DTO-TP / 1000 + Dk / Lk) = 1 / (1 + 67 (0.2 / 1000 + 12/300000) = 0.98;

Lg = D work. · L cc · bt = 365 * 67 * 0.98 = 23965.9 km;

Coefficient zg = Lg / Lk = 23965.9 / 300000 = 0.08;

The annual number of EO, TO-1, and TO-2 for one list car and the entire fleet will be: NEO.g = NEO * zg = 1435 * 0.08 = 114.8;

N1.g = N1 * zg = 45 * 0.08 = 3.6;

N2.r = N2 * sr = 14 * 0.08 = 1.12;

NEO.g = NEO.g * Au = 114.8 * 75 = 8610;

N1.g = N1.g * Au = 3.6 * 75 = 270;

N2.g = N2.g * Au = 1.12 * 75 = 84;

Determination of the number of D-1 and D-2 diagnostic impacts on the ZIL car park per year.

Diagnosis D-1:

U Nd-1g = At N1.g + 0.1 At N1.g + At N2.g = 270 + 0.1 * 270 + 84 = 381;

Diagnosis D-2:

For Nd-2g = For N2.g + 0.2 For N2.g = 84 + 0.2 * 84 = 101.

2. 2 Calculation of the annual scope of work and the numberproduction workers

Cars of the brand "Gas".

To calculate the annual volume of work, we preliminarily set the standard labor intensity of TO and TR in accordance with the Regulations for the rolling stock designed by the ATP, and then adjust them taking into account the specific operating conditions. The standards of labor intensity of TO and TR are established by the Regulations for the following set of conditions: I category of operating conditions; basic models cars; the climatic region is temperate; the mileage of the rolling stock from the beginning of operation is equal to 50-70% of the mileage before overhaul; at the ATP, maintenance and repair of 200-300 units is carried out. rolling stock comprising three technologically compatible groups; ATP is equipped with means of mechanization according to the table of technological equipment.

t EO = t EO (n) * K4 * Km; (16)

t EO = 0.7 * 0.45 * 1.15 = 0.36 man-h;

t 1 = t 1 (n) * K4; (17)

t 1 = 5.5 * 1.15 = 6.3 man-h;

t 2 = t 2 (n) * K4; (eighteen)

t 2 = 18 * 1.15 = 20.7 people-h;

t tr = t tr (n) * K1 * K2 * K3 * K4; (19)

t tr = 5.5 * 1.1 * 1.2 * 1.6 * 1.15 = 13.4 man-hours.

t CO = (d / 100) * t 2; (twenty)

where d is the proportion of these works depending on the climatic region. In our case, q = 20%.

t CO = (20/100) * 20.7 = 4.14 man-h,

Diagnosis D-1:

t 1 + d-1 = 1.1t 1; (21)

t 1 + d-1 = 1.1 * 6.3 = 6.93 man-h;

t d-1 = 0.25t 1; (22)

t d-1 = 0.25 * 6.3 = 1.6 man-h;

t `1 = 0.85t 1; (23)

t `1 = 0.85 * 6.3 = 5.4 man-hours.

Diagnosis D-2:

t d-2 = 0.17t 2; (24)

t d-2 = 0.17 * 20.7 = 3.5 man-hours.

The annual scope of work on maintenance and repair. The volume of work on EO, TO-1, TO-2 per year is determined by the product of the number of maintenance and the standard (adjusted) value of the labor intensity of this type of maintenance:

T EOG = Y NEOG * t EO; (25)

T EOr = 13776 * 0.36 = 4959.4 man-h;

If TO-1 and D-1 are carried out together, then the total annual volume is found by the formula:

T 1 + d-1 = Y N1g * t 1 + d-1 + (0.1 Y N1.g + Y N2.g) * t d-1; (26)

T 1 + d-1 = 432 * 6.93 + (0.1432 + 134.4) * 1.6 = 3277.9 man-h;

T 1g = Y N1g * t 1; (27)

T 1g = 432 * 6.3 = 2722 man-h;

Annual volume of D-1:

T d-1g = U Nd-1g * td-1; (28)

T d-1d = 609 * 1.6 = 974.4 man-h;

Annual scope of work on TO-2:

T 2g = Y N2g * t 2+ Au * t CO; (29)

T 2g = 134.4 * 20.7 + 40 * 4.14 = 2948 man-h;

T d-2d = U Nd-2g * t d-2d; (thirty)

T d-2g = 161 * 3.5 = 564 man-h;

Annual scope of work of TR:

T TP = (Au * Lg / 1000) * t TP; (31)

T TR = (40 * 72470.75 / 1000) * 13.4 = 38844.3 man-h;

The total annual volume of work on the enterprise for gas vehicles:

T PR = T EOG + T 1g + T d-1g + T 2g + T d-2g + T TP; (32)

T PR = 4959.4 + 2722 + 974.4 + 2948 + 564 + +38844.3 = 51012 man-hours;

ZIL cars. The annual scope of work for ATP is determined in man-hours and includes the scope of work for EO, ​​TO-1, TO-2, TR and self-service of the enterprise. On the basis of these volumes, the number of working production zones and sections is determined.

Selection and adjustment of normative labor intensity. To calculate the annual volume of work, we preliminarily set the normative labor intensity of TO and TR in accordance with the Regulations for the rolling stock (ZIL) of the designed ATP, and then we correct them taking into account the specific operating conditions.

t EO = t EO (n) * K4 * Km = 0.5 * 0.45 * 1.15 = 0.26 man-h;

t 1 = t 1 (n) * K4 = 2.9 * 1.15 = 3.3 man-h;

t 2 = t 2 (n) * K4 = 11.7 * 1.15 = 13.5 man-h;

t tr = t tr (n) * K1 * K2 * K3 * K4 = 3.2 * 1.1 * 1.2 * 2.0 * 1.15 = 9.7 man-hours.

Labor intensity of seasonal service:

t CO = (d / 100) * t 2 = (20/100) * 13.5 = 2.7 man-h,

Distribution of the scope of work on diagnosing D-1 and D-2.

Diagnosis D-1:

t 1 + d-1 = 1.1 t 1 = 1.1 * 3.3 = 3.63 man-h;

t d-1 = 0.25 t 1 = 0.25 * 3.3 = 0.83 man-h;

t `1 = 0.85t 1 = 0.85 * 3.3 = 2.8 man-hours.

Diagnosis D-2:

t d-2 = 0.17t 2 = 0.17 * 13.5 = 2.3 man-hours.

Annual scope of maintenance and repair works:

T EOr = Y NEOr * t EO = 8610 * 0.26 = 2239 man-h;

If TO-1 and D-1 are carried out jointly:

T 1 + d-1 = Y N1g * t 1 + d-1 + (0.1 Y N1.g + Y N2.g) * t d-1 = 270 * 3.63 + (27 + 84) * 0 , 83 = 1072 people-h;

If separately, then the annual volume of TO-1:

T 1g = Y N1g * t 1 = 270 * 3.3 = 891 man-h;

Annual volume of D-1:

T d-1g = U Nd-1g * td-1 = 381 * 0.83 = 316 man-h;

Annual scope of work on TO-2:

T 2g = Y N2g * t 2+ Au * t CO = 84 * 13.5 + 75 * 2.7 = 1337 man-hours;

The annual scope of work for diagnosing D-2:

T d-2g = U Nd-2g * t d-2g = 101 * 2.3 = 232 man-h;

Annual scope of work of TR:

T TR = (Au * Lg / 1000) * t TR = (75 * 23232.25 / 1000) * 9.7 = 16902 man-h;

The total annual scope of work for the enterprise:

T PR = T EOg + T 1g + T d-1g + T 2g + T d-2g + T TR = 2239 + 891 +316 + 1337 + 232 + 16902 = 21917 man-hours.

Annual scope of work on self-service of the enterprise... According to the Regulations, in addition to maintenance and repair work, auxiliary work is carried out in the ATP, the volume of which (TSP) is 20-30% of the total volume of maintenance and repair work of the rolling stock. The auxiliary work includes self-service work of the enterprise (maintenance and repair of technological equipment of zones and sections, maintenance of utilities, maintenance and repair of buildings, manufacture and repair of non-standard equipment and tools), which are carried out in independent departments or in corresponding production areas. The scope of auxiliary work consists of the scope of work generally accepted and self-service work. We carry out calculations for the entire ATP, therefore, we take into account both groups of cars:

T sp = T total + T itself (33)

T sp = B * T pr (34)

where B is the share of auxiliary work depending on the number of cars of the enterprise. In our case, B = 0.3 for ATP with the number of cars up to 200. Then we get: T vp = 0.3 * 21917 = 6575 man-h;

T total = 0.38 * 6575 = 2499 man-h; T itself = 0.62 * 6575 = 4076 man-h;

Distribution of the scope of TO and TR by production zones and areas. The scope of TO and TR is distributed according to the place of its implementation, according to technological and organizational characteristics. MOT and TR are performed at posts and production sites (departments).

Taking into account the peculiarities of the production technology, work on EO and TO-1 is carried out in separate zones. Post work on TO-2, carried out at universal posts, and TR are usually carried out in a common area. In some cases, TO-2 is performed at the posts of the TO-1 line, but on a different shift. Work on diagnosing D-1 is carried out at independent posts (lines) or combined with work performed at TO-1 posts. diagnosis of D-2 is usually performed at separate posts.

Considering all of the above, we distribute and enter the values ​​into the table.

Table 2.3 Distribution of annual volumes of work of EO, TO-1, TO-2, TR and self-service by type for the entire ATP

						volume
Guards
1. Harvesting
2. Washing rooms
3. Wipers
4. Diagnostic
5. Fasteners
6. Adjusting
7. Lubricating, refueling cleaning
8. Electrical
9. Power system maintenance
10. Tire
11. Bodywork
12. Disassembly and assembly
Precinct
1. Aggregate
2. Locksmith and mechanical
3. Electrical
4. Rechargeable
5. Power system repair
6. Tire
7. Vulcanizing
8. Forging and spring
9. Mednitsky
10. Welding
11. Tinsky
12. Rebar
13. Woodworking
14. Painting
15. Wallpaper
Self-service areas
1. Electrical
2. Pipeline
3. Repair and construction

Calculation of the number of production workers.

Production workers include work areas and sections directly performing maintenance and repair work on rolling stock. Distinguish between the technologically necessary (attendance) and staff (payroll) number of workers. The technologically necessary number of workers ensures the implementation of the daily, and the regular - the annual production programs (work volumes) for maintenance and repair.

Technologically required number of workers:

Pt = T g / F t; (35)

where T g is the annual volume of work in the maintenance zone, TR or section, man-h;

F t - annual fund the time of the technologically necessary worker for 1-shift work, h. Ft, we take equal to 2070 h.

Staff number of workers:

Psh = T g / F w; (36)

Ф w is the annual fund of time for a "regular" worker, h. Ф w is taken equal to 1830 hours.

In design practice, to calculate the technologically necessary number of workers, the annual fund of time Ft is taken equal to 2070 hours for industries with normal working conditions and 1830 hours for industries with harmful conditions. Using these formulas, we find the number of workers and enter it in table 2.4.

Table 2.4 Number of production workers

Names of zones and sections	Annual volume of work in a zone or section, man-h	The estimated number of technological required Workers	Adopted number of technologically necessary workers,	The annual fund of time for a full-time worker, fr. 4	Number of full-time workers,
Maintenance and repair areas Zone TR (posts)
Production new sites Aggregate Electrical engineering Rechargeable By system Tire Vulcanization Mednitsky Welding Forging spring Locksmith- mechanical Joiner

2.3 Technological calculation of production areas, areas and warehouses

Calculation of the areas of maintenance and repair zones:

Fz = fa * Xz * Kp; (37)

where fa is the area occupied by the car in the plan (in terms of overall dimensions), m2;

Xz is the number of posts;

Kp - the coefficient of the density of the arrangement of posts.

The coefficient Kp is the ratio of the area occupied by cars, driveways, aisles, workplaces, to the sum of the areas of cars in the plan. The value of Kp depends on the dimensions of the vehicle and the location of the posts.

Calculation of production areas.

The area of ​​production sites can be calculated in 3 ways:

1. By the area of ​​the room occupied by the equipment, and the density coefficient of its arrangement:

Fу = f about * Kp; (38)

f about - the area of ​​equipment.

To calculate Fу, a list of equipment is preliminarily drawn up on the basis of the Timesheet and the catalogs of technological equipment and its total area f about for the site is determined.

2. At the specific rate for 1 worker and subsequent:

Fuch = fр1 + fр2 * (Pt-1); (39)

where fр1 is the specific area per 1 worker;

fр2 - specific area of ​​subsequent ones;

Рт - the number of workers in this area.

3. The GIPROAVTOTRANS method.

Calculation of warehouse areas.

Warehouses are calculated using two methods:

1. By the stored stock:

Fsc = fob * Kp; (40)

2. Specific rate per 1 million km of run:

Fsk = (Lg * Au * fud) / 106 * Kp * Kraz * Kps; (41)

where Lg is the annual mileage;

fud is the specific rate of the stock of lubricants;

Kр - coefficient taking into account the size of the ATP;

Kraz is a coefficient that takes into account the difference in size;

Kps - coefficient taking into account the type of rolling stock.

Calculation of the area of ​​the storage area.

The storage area is determined by the formula

Fхр = Au * fa * Kхр; (42)

where fa is the area occupied by the car in the plan;

Kхр - coefficient taking into account the location. Kxp = 3.0

Calculation of the area of ​​auxiliary rooms

Рт = Ррр + Рмог + Рв + Ритр; (43)

2.4 Equipment selection

The technological equipment includes stationary and portable machines, stands, instruments, fixtures and production equipment (workbenches, racks, tables, cabinets) necessary to ensure the production process of the ATU. Technological equipment for production purposes is divided into basic (machine, dismantling and assembly, etc.), complete, lifting and inspection and lifting and transport, general purpose(workbenches, racks, etc.) and warehouse.

When selecting equipment, use the "Table of technological equipment and specialized tools", catalogs, reference books, etc. indicative list equipment for performing various maintenance and repair works and its number, depending on the type and list number of vehicles at the ATP. The nomenclature and quantity of technological equipment given in the Table are set for average conditions. Therefore, the nomenclature and the number of individual types of equipment for the designed ATP can be adjusted by calculation taking into account the specifics of the enterprise's work (accepted methods of organizing work, the number of posts, the operating mode of zones and sections, etc.).

The amount of the main equipment is determined either by the labor intensity of work and the fund of working hours of the equipment or by the degree of use of the equipment and its productivity.

Table 2.5 Technological equipment of the workplace

	Name	Type or model	Overall dimensions, mm	Quantity, pcs	Cost, tenge
	Car wash brush
	Compressed air gun
	Parts washing plant		1900CH2200CH2000
	Installation for car wash		6500CH3500CH3000
	Grease blower
	Grease blower
	Oil dispensing tank
	Installation for filling with transmission oil
	Installation for anti-corrosion coatings
	Tip for air dispensing hose
	Air dispensing column for cars
	Compressor
	Compressometer
	Device for determining the technical condition of the cylinder-piston group of engines
	Engine Cylinder Efficiency Meter
	A device for testing the fuel pump of carburetor engines
	Battery probes
	Battery probes
	Set of instruments and tools for batteries
	Device for checking the anchors of starter and electric motors
	Distributor breaker testing devices
	Spark Plug Cleaning and Inspection Kit
	Stand for testing generators, relay-regulators and starters
	Device for checking and adjusting car headlights
	Installation for rapid charging of batteries
	Universal unit for starting engines in cold weather
	Front wheel alignment ruler
	Stand for control and adjustment of car installation angles
	Car wheel balancing machine
	Vehicle Steering Tester
	Deselerometer
	Test stand for hydraulic brakes and clutch drives
	Car brake test stand
	Diagnostic equipment complex
	Set of double-sided wrenches with open jaws
	Combination wrench set
	Socket wrenches
	Fitter's tool kit
	Big Fitter's Tool Kit
	Carburetor regulator tool kit
	Auto mechanic tool kit	I131, I132, I133
	A set of tools for adjusting the angles of installation of steering wheels of cars
	Hydraulic Power Steering Tool Kit
	Car electrical tool kit
	Sets of tools and accessories with hydraulic drive for car body straightening
	Wrench for wheel nuts
	Drill for grinding engine valves
	Stand for assembling and disassembling car engines
	Disassembly and assembly stand front axle car
	Pressing and machine tools
	Machine for boring brake drums and turning brake pads
	Stand for mounting and dismounting tires of car wheels

Table 2.6 Technological equipment

	Name	Model or GOST	Quantity	Cost, tenge
	Locksmith vice	GOST 4045-57
	Bench hammer, 500 g	GOST-2310-54
	Copper hammer weighing 500 g	PNM 1468-17-370
	Portable flaw detector
	Magnetometer
	Wooden hammer (mallet)
	The machine for hand hacksaws is dense
	Hacksaw blade 300Ch13Ch0.8 mm
	Straight tweezers, length 175 mm	Normal VNII
	Locksmith chisel 15 ° C60 °	GOST 2711-54
	Hair brush
	Hand taps М4чМ12	GOST 10903-64
	Load fork	NIIAT-LE-2
	Acid meter
	Electric soldering iron	GOST 7219-54
	Funnel for filling electrolyte
	Hotplate
	Ceramic mug
	Lead spill bucket
	Drying cabinet
	Hand drill	GOST 2310-54
	Air hose with pressure gauge	GOST 9921-61
	Roughing tool kit

Table 2.7 Organizational rigging

	Name	Type or model	Overall dimensions in plan, mm	Quantity	Cost, tenge
	Battery repair workbench
	Cabinet for devices and fixtures
	Rack for devices and fixtures
	Fume hood for melting lead and mastic
	Equipment stand
	Acid bottle stand	NIIAT-AR-2
	Sand box
	Locksmith workbench
	Rack for storing tires and wheels		2000CH1000CH2000
	Storage area for cameras	Own production
	Workwear storage cabinet	Article 245
	Camera repair workbench
	Waste bin

3 . CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS

3.1 Master plan requirements

The general plan of an enterprise is a plan of a land plot of a territory allotted for building, oriented towards public passages and neighboring estates, indicating buildings and structures on it according to their overall outline, areas for garage-free storage of rolling stock across the territory.

Master plans are developed in accordance with the requirements of SNiP II-89 - 80 "General plans of industrial enterprises", SNiP ІІ-60 - 75 "Planning and development of cities, villages and rural settlements", SNiP ІІ-93 - 74 "Car service enterprises "And ONTP-ATP-STO - 80.

When designing an enterprise for the specific conditions of a given city or other settlement, the development of a master plan is preceded by the choice of a land plot for construction, which is important for achieving the most economical construction of ATP and ease of its operation. The main requirements for plots when choosing them are:

the optimal size of the site (preferably rectangular with a side ratio from 1: 1 to 1: 3);

relatively flat terrain and good hydrogeological conditions;

close location to public roads and utilities;

the ability to provide heat, water, gas and electricity, discharge of sewage and storm water;

lack of buildings to be demolished;

the possibility of reservation of the area of ​​the site, taking into account the prospects for the development of the enterprise.

The construction of a master plan is largely determined by the space-planning solution of buildings (the size and configuration of the building, the number of floors, etc.), therefore the master plan and space-planning decisions are interrelated and are usually worked out simultaneously during design.

Before the development of the general plan, the list of the main buildings and structures located on the territory of the enterprise, the area of ​​their development and dimensions in terms of.

At the stage of feasibility study and with preliminary calculations, the required area of ​​the enterprise site (in hectares):

Fuch = 10-6 (Fz.ps + Fz.ws + Fop) Kz (44)

where Fz.ps - the area of ​​construction of industrial and warehouse buildings, m2;

Fz.vs - construction area of ​​auxiliary buildings, m2;

Fop - area of ​​open areas for storage of rolling stock, m2;

Kz - the density of the building area,%

Depending on the layout of the main premises (buildings) and structures of the enterprise, the development of the site can be united (blocked) or separated (pavilion). In a combined development, all the main production facilities are located in one building, and in a disconnected one - in separate buildings.

When developing master plans, buildings and structures with production processes accompanied by the release of smoke and dust into the atmosphere, as well as with explosive processes, must be located in relation to other buildings and structures from the windward side. Warehouses of flammable and combustible materials in relation to production buildings should be located on the leeward side. Buildings equipped with light aeration lanterns should preferably be oriented in such a way that the axes of the lanterns are perpendicular or at an angle of 45 ° to the prevailing direction of summer winds.

When placing buildings, it is necessary to take into account the terrain and hydrogeological conditions. The rational arrangement of buildings should ensure that the minimum amount of earthwork is carried out when planning the site. Thus, buildings of rectangular configuration in plan, as a rule, should be placed in such a way that the long side of the building is located perpendicular to the direction of the slope in the territory of the site.

The main indicators of the master plan are the area and density of the building, the utilization rates and landscaping of the territory.

The building area is defined as the sum of the areas occupied by buildings and structures of all types, including sheds, open parking lots and warehouses, reserve areas, designated in accordance with the design assignment. The building area does not include areas occupied by blind areas, sidewalks, highways, outdoor sports grounds, recreation areas, green spaces, open parking lots.

The building density of an enterprise is determined by the ratio of the building area to the area of ​​the enterprise site.

The utilization factor of the territory is determined by the ratio of the area occupied by buildings, structures, open areas, highways, sidewalks and landscaping to the total area of ​​the enterprise.

The greening factor is determined by the ratio of the area to the total area of ​​the enterprise.

Requirements for the production building.

The space-planning solution of the building is subordinated to its functional purpose. It is developed taking into account climatic conditions, modern construction requirements, the need for maximum blocking of buildings, the need to ensure the possibility of changing technological processes and expanding production without significant reconstruction of the building, environmental protection requirements, fire and sanitary requirements, as well as a number of others related to heating , power supply, ventilation, etc.

The most important of these requirements is the industrialization of construction, which provides for the installation of a building from prefabricated unified, mainly reinforced concrete structural elements (foundation blocks, columns, beams, trusses, etc.) manufactured in an industrial way. Industrialization of construction requires unification of structural elements in order to limit the range and number of standard sizes of manufactured elements. This is ensured by the structural scheme of the building based on the use of a unified grid of columns that serve as supports for the covering or interfloor overlap of the building.

The grid of columns is measured by the distance between the axes of the rows in the longitudinal and transverse directions. The dimensions of the spans and the spacing of the columns, as a rule, should be multiples of 6 m.As an exception, with proper justification, it is allowed to take spans of 9 m.

Single-storey industrial buildings of ATP are mainly designed of frame type with a grid of columns 18 × 12 and 24 × 12 m. The use of a grid of columns with a pitch of 12 m allows better use of production areas and a 4 - 5% reduction in construction costs compared to similar buildings with a column pitch of 6 m.

For multi-storey buildings, reinforced concrete building structures are currently designed for grids of columns 6CH6, 6CH9, 6CH12 and 9CH12 m. At the same time, an enlarged grid of columns (18CH6 and 18CH12 m) is allowed on the top floor. Multi-storey buildings with a larger grid of columns require the use of individual structures, which to a certain extent hinders the wider use of multi-storey vehicles for both special equipment and trucks.

The height of the premises, that is, the distance from the floor to the bottom of the structure of the covering (floor) or suspended equipment is taken taking into account the requirements of the technological process, the requirements of unifications construction parameters buildings and placement of overhead transport equipment (conveyors, hoists, etc.).

In the absence of suspension devices, the height industrial premises calculated from the top of the tallest vehicle in its working position plus at least 2.8 m. The height of production rooms, into which cars do not enter, must also be at least 2.8 m.

The height of the premises for maintenance and repair posts, depending on the type of rolling stock, arrangement of posts and overhead equipment, is given in the table:

Table 3.1 The height of the premises of the posts of maintenance and repair according to ONTP-ATP-STO - 80, m.

The height of the premises in one-story parking lots should be taken 0.2 m higher than the height of the tallest car stored in the room, but in all cases not less than 2 m.However, in fact, the height of the parking spaces in a one-story building, based on the requirements for unification of building elements, is taken as 3.6 m with spans of 12 m, and 4.8 m - with spans of 18 and 24 m.

The height of the floors of multi-storey buildings (from the level of the finished floor to the level of the finished floor of the next floor) is taken as 3.6 or 4.8 m.

Basic requirements for a post, site, zone.

The technological layout of zones and sections is a plan for the arrangement of posts, a car-waiting and storage areas, technological equipment, production equipment, handling and other equipment and is the technical documentation of the project, according to which the equipment is placed and mounted. The degree of elaboration and detailing of the technological layout depends on the design stage.

Planning solution zones of TO and TR is developed taking into account the requirements of SNiP ІІ-93 - 74.

For the placement of posts for washing and cleaning of cars of II, III and IV categories, as well as posts for maintenance and repair of cars, separate production facilities should be provided.

In areas with an average temperature of the coldest month above 0 °, posts for washing and cleaning cars, as well as posts for performing fastening and adjustment work (without disassembling units and assemblies) may be placed in open areas or under sheds. It is allowed to place the following sections on the ATP up to 200 cars of І, ІІ and ІІІ categories or up to 50 cars of ІV category in the same room with the posts of TO and TR: engine, aggregate, mechanical, electrical and carburetor (power devices).

The posts (lines) of cleaning and washing operations are usually located in separate rooms, which is associated with the nature of the operations performed (noise, spray, evaporation).

Diagnostic posts are located either in separate rooms or in a common room with TO and TR posts.

The planning solution and the dimensions of the TO and TR zones depend on the chosen construction grid of the columns, the arrangement of the posts, their relative position and the width of the passage in the zones.

4 . ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PRODUCTION

4.1 Principles and methods of enterprise management

Enterprise management is a complex process. It should ensure the unity of action and the purposefulness of the work of the collectives of all divisions of the enterprise, the effective use of various equipment in the labor process, the interconnected coordinated activity of the workers. From which management is defined as a process of purposeful impact on production to ensure its effective implementation.

The enterprise is a complex system. Any system has a manageable and control system. The first consists of a number of interconnected production complexes: main and auxiliary workshops, various types of services. The second is a set of controls. Both systems are connected by means of information coming from control objects, as well as from external sources of information to the control system, and decisions made on the basis of this information, which are sent in the form of commands to the controlled system for execution.

The proportional relationship of the individual parts of the system is the main requirement for its functioning. However, every system is not stable once and for all. It develops, changes, improves. In this case, the impact on the enterprise is possible not only from the system, but also from other systems.

The production process and its specific features necessitate the establishment of appropriate forms and functions of management. Schematically, production management can be represented in the form of a number of main stages, covering the collection of the necessary initial information, its transfer to the heads of the relevant departments, its processing and analysis, the development of decisions and, finally, the analysis of the results of the work performed and the collection of new information.

4.2 Form of management LLP "Avtopark"

Avtopark LLP has adopted a line-staff form of management, formed on the basis of linear and functional management systems, in which the single-head manager has a headquarters consisting of functional cells (departments, departments, groups, individual specialists) corresponding to a specific management function. The line-staff management system provides the most effective combination of one-man management with the activities of competent specialists, contributing to an increase in the level of production management.

Figure 4.1 Administrative subordination scheme of Avtopark LLP

4.3 Enterprise management LLP "Avtopark"

All organizational units of the management of Avtopark LLP, including operational, technical and economic services, carry out their activities in close cooperation and under the leadership of the director of the enterprise and his deputies.

The director is entrusted with responsible duties: organization of material and technical supply, scientific organization of labor at the enterprise; management of work on the introduction of new equipment and technology, improvement of the transport process and the fulfillment of obligations by the enterprise to the state budget and the bank. The selection and training of personnel, labor protection and safety, housing and social and cultural construction also require close and constant attention from the head of the enterprise.

The director of the enterprise is endowed with great rights. He establishes the structure of the management apparatus, approves the transfinplan based on the assignments of the higher organization within the limits provided for by law, makes changes to the plan, accepts orders for transportation from other organizations, makes changes to the title lists of construction, approves and, if necessary, changes design tasks and estimate financial calculations for the construction of individual objects.

The head of the workshops is responsible for the implementation of the plan in all respects, the proper technical condition and use of the rolling stock, the organization of the work of drivers, repair and other workers, the state of labor discipline, and work to improve working conditions. They are endowed with rights in terms of encouraging and punishing workers in columns and workshops, assigning workers qualifying category... On their submission, the issues of hiring and firing workers and other shop workers are resolved.

The director in his work relies on the collective of workers and public organizations, and decides many issues jointly.

The foremen are at the head of each site and are its technical and economic leader. They organize the production process, ensure strict adherence to technological discipline and high quality maintenance repair of vehicles.

The operation service organizes its work on the established transportation plan for the serviced enterprises and organizations by types of cargo and consignors, as well as the passenger transportation plan. It seeks opportunities for the most rational implementation of these transportations at the lowest cost.

The planning department is guided by the current regulations and, on the basis of the director's instructions, organizes the development of long-term and current plans of the enterprise, manages the preparation of plans in the columns and workshops, coordinates the work of other departments in drawing up the corresponding sections of the plans, communicates the approved plans to the columns, workshops and services. The personnel department develops proposals for improving the organization of work of drivers, repair and other workers of the enterprise, improving the wage system and resolves issues related to the ordering of wages.

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Introduction

working areas TO-2

TO-2

3 Calculation of costs for TO-2 zone

5 Conclusions

Literature

Introduction

The road transport system of Russia will integrate more and more rapidly into the European and world transport system. The milestones favorable for Russian carriers should be the development of modern methods of maintenance and repair of road transport by domestic enterprises.

Today, about 65% of trucks are subject to retirement. The country's park is replenished mainly with cars foreign production therefore, car maintenance and repair businesses are starting to scale up and look for new ways of working. Service companies have to create a new technical base for new cars.

The enterprises are working on the development of technological equipment for the maintenance and repair of the vehicle fleet. Service companies often cooperate with manufacturing plants and are not only service companies, but also dealers of a particular plant. In the maintenance and repair of foreign cars, there has been a clear progress towards improving quality. Our auto mechanics are trained in the maintenance and repair of cars at the branded service stations, thereby increasing our level of service for foreign cars.

At present, the issue of technical re-equipment of vehicle transport stations and service stations that carry out maintenance and repair of the rolling stock of road transport is more relevant than ever.

This paper discusses the issues of expedient reconstruction of the TO-2 zone.

1 Calculation of the actual labor intensity of the TO-2 zone

1.1 Characteristics of the work performed in the TO-2 zone

In this area, fastening and adjustment work is mainly carried out. The list of works is presented in table 1.

Table 1 - Name of zone works

Name of works	Specific weight of works,%
Diagnostic
Adjusting
Lubricating and filling
Fasteners
Electrotechnical
Tire
Total

1.2 Organization of operation of the TO-2 zone

Zone TO-2 works in 3 shifts, the duration of each is 8 hours. The first shift starts at 8:00 and ends at 16:00, the second shift starts at 16:00 and ends at 00:00, the third shift starts at 00:00 and ends at 8:00. Break for rest and meals is provided during working hours.

Work in the zone is carried out by the aggregate-zonal method, the essence of which is to carry out repairs and maintenance at separate posts, specialized for individual vehicle units.

The disadvantage of organizing the operation of the TO-2 zone can be attributed to the non-optimal option for the selection of equipment and its placement.

1.3 Measures for the reconstruction of the TO-2 zone

To eliminate the noted shortcomings, we use new, more productive equipment, we apply new forms of labor organization, we provide repair workers necessary tool and fixtures.

The list of equipment to be introduced in the TO-2 zone is presented in Table 2.

Table 2 - Additional equipment introduced into the zone

In rubles

equipment identification	Type (model)	Quantity, units	Price	total cost
Wrench	ROTAKE RT-5880		16200	16200
Solid blower	ATIS HG-68213		12000	12000

A possible reduction in the labor intensity of work is taken in accordance with the data in Table 2 and the ATEMK guidelines.

The reduction results are presented in Table 3.

Table 3 - Reduction of the labor intensity of the zone

Name of works	Reduction percentage
Diagnostic
Adjusting
Lubricating and filling
Fasteners
Electrotechnical
Maintenance of power systems
Tire

1.4 Calculation of the actual labor intensity of the TO-2 zone

To calculate the actual labor intensity of work, we use the data in tables 1, 2, 3; the data of the ATEMK guidelines and the calculation results are presented in Table 4.

Table 4 - Labor intensity of the TO-2 zone

Name of works	Specific weight of works,%	Labor intensity of the project (after rivers), people h	Reduction of labor intensity of work,%	Actual labor intensity (up to rivers), people h	Labor intensity per 1000 km of run, people h
										before reconstruction	after reconstruction
Diagnostic		2979,4		2979,4	0,221	0,221
Adjusting		4469,1		4469,1	0,332	0,332
Lubricating and filling		4469,1		5257,76	0,390	0,332
Fasteners		10427,9		13034,87	0,968	0,774
Electrotechnical		2979,4		2979,4	0,221	0,221
Maintenance of power systems		2979,4		2979,4	0,221	0,221
Tire		1489,7		1655,22	0,123	0,111
Total		29794		33355,15	2,476	2,212

km

2 Calculation of the labor plan and the wage fund for repair

working areas TO-2

2.1 Calculation of the annual fund of working time of a car mechanic

The calculation of the annual fund of working time of a car mechanic, h, is carried out according to the formula

, (1)

where is the number of calendar days in a year, days;

- the number of days off, days;

- quantity holidays, days;

- the number of days of the main vacation, days;

- the number of days of additional leave, days;

- the number of days of absence from work due to illness, days;

- the number of days of absence from work due to

fulfillment of public duties, days;

- the duration of the work shift, h;

- the number of pre-weekend days subject to

reduction, days;

- the number of pre-holiday days, days;

- the number of pre-holiday matches and

days before weekend with vacation, days;

- the time of reduction of pre-holiday and pre-holiday

days, h

We accept in accordance with the operating mode of the zone:

days;

days;

days;

days;

days;

days;

days;

days;

days;

days;

2.2 Calculation of the number of repair work areas

The calculation of the number of repair work zones, people, is carried out according to the formula

, (2)

where is the labor intensity of work performed in the zone, man.h;

- annual fund of working time of a car mechanic, h.

The calculation of the number of repair work zones is presented in Table 5.

Table 5 - Calculation of the number of repair workers

Indicator name	Indicator value
		before reconstruction	after reconstruction
Number of repair workers

2.3 Distribution of repair workers by category

The distribution of repair workers by category is shown in Table 6.

Table 6 - Skill level of repair work areas

Name of works	Total labor intensity, people h		Number of repair workers, people		Discharge
		before reconstruction	after reconstruction	before reconstruction	after reconstruction	before reconstruction	after reconstruction
Diagnostic	2979,4	2979,4	1,85	1,65
Adjusting	4469,1	4469,1	2,775	2,475
Lubricating and filling	5257,76	4469,1	2,775	2,475
Fasteners	13034,87	10427,9	6,475	5,775
Electrotechnical	2979,4	2979,4	1,85	1,65
Maintenance of power systems	2979,4	2979,4	1,85	1,65
Tire	1655,22	1489,7	0,925	0,825
Total	33355,15	29794	18,5	16,5

2.4 Calculation of the total wage fund for repair work areas

TO-2

The general salary fund for repair workers in the TO-2 zone consists of wages according to the tariff, bonuses and additional wages. The calculation of the average discharge of the repair working area is carried out according to the formula

, (3)

where is the number of the category of the corresponding type of work;

- the number of workers of the corresponding category, people.

The calculation of the average hourly tariff rate of the repair work zone TO-2, rubles, is carried out according to the formula

, (4)

where is the hourly wage rate of the repair worker

corresponding category, rub .;

- coefficient taking into account the presence of harmful working conditions in the zone.

We accept:

rub.;

rub.;

rub.;

rub.;

rub.;

Calculation of the tariff wages of repair work zones, rubles, is carried out according to the formula

. (5)

The calculation of the additional payment for the leadership of the brigade, rubles, is determined by the formula

, (6)

where is the hourly wage rate of the foreman, rubles;

- normative fund of working time of a car mechanic for

month, h;

- the number of brigades (foremen);

- the percentage of additional payment for the leadership of the brigade.

We accept:

The calculation of the additional payment of repair workers for work in the evening (night), rubles, is carried out according to the formula

, (7)

where - hours of work in the evening (night) shift;

- the percentage of additional payments for work in the evening (night)

shift.

We accept:

18.00-22.00 - evening time;

22.00-06.00 - night time.

The calculation of the premium for repair workers paid from the wage fund, rubles, is carried out according to the formula

, (8)

where is the percentage of bonuses.

We accept:

The calculation of the main wage fund for repair work zones, rubles, is carried out according to the formula

. (9)

The calculation of the percentage of additional wages,%, is carried out according to the formula

, (10)

where is the percentage of additional wages for the period

fulfillment of public duties.

The calculation of the additional wage fund for repair work zones, rubles, is carried out according to the formula

. (11)

The calculation of the total wage fund for repair work zones, rubles, is carried out according to the formula

. (12)

The calculations of the indicators are presented in Table 7.

Table 7 - Calculation of the total wage fund for repair work zones

Indicator name	Indicator value
		before reconstruction	after reconstruction
Average discharge of the repair work area
Average hourly wage rate of a repair work area
Salary at the rate of repair work zones

Continuation of table 7

Additional payment for the leadership of the brigade
Supplement for work in the evening and at night
Repair Work Area Award
Basic payroll fund for repair work zones
Percentage of additional wages
Additional salary fund for repair work zones

3 Calculation of costs for TO-2 zone

The costs of the TO-2 zone consist of the salary of repair workers, charges for it, the cost of spare parts, repair materials and overhead costs.

The calculation of compulsory insurance premiums, rubles, is carried out according to the formula

, (13)

where is the percentage of mandatory insurance premiums and deductions

v accident insurance fund, rub.

We accept:

The calculation of costs for spare parts, rubles, is carried out according to the formula

, (14)

where is the rate of costs for spare parts per thousand km of run, rubles;

- coefficient taking into account the category of conditions

operation of rolling stock;

- coefficient taking into account the modification of the mobile

composition;

- coefficient taking into account natural and climatic

operating conditions of rolling stock;

- percentage of labor intensity of work on current repair,

performed in the zone;

- price index.

We accept:

KrAZ 6510	ZIL 431410
rub.	rub.

The calculation of the cost of materials, rubles, is carried out according to the formula

, (15)

where is the rate of costs for materials per thousand km of run on

the corresponding type of exposure, rubles;

- percentage of labor intensity of work on the second technical

maintenance performed in the area.

We accept:

KrAZ 6510	ZIL 431410
rub.	rub.
rub.	rub.

The calculation of overhead costs, rubles, is carried out according to the formula

, (16)

where is the aggregated percentage of overhead costs of the ATP.

We accept:

Calculations of cost indicators for the zone are presented in Table 8.

Table 8 - Cost estimate

Indicator name	Indicator value
		before reconstruction		after reconstruction
General payroll fund for repair work areas
Payroll (compulsory and accident insurance contributions)
Spare parts costs
Repair costs
Overheads

3.1 Calculation of costing

The cost of the zone works is calculated for all cost items per thousand kilometers of run.

The calculation of the cost estimate is presented in table 9.

Table 9 - Cost calculation

Cost type	Cost amount		Costs per 1000 km of run
		before reconstruction	after reconstruction	before reconstruction	after reconstruction
General payroll fund for repair work areas			419,15	370,90
Payroll			127,00	112,38
Spare parts costs			51,40	51,40
Material costs			73,28	73,28
Overheads			310,17	274,46
Total

km

4 Calculation of technical and economic indicators of the zone

TO-2

Technical and economic indicators characterize the results of the zone reconstruction.

The calculation of the labor productivity of the repair work zones, thousand km / person, is carried out according to the formula

. (17)

The calculation of the average monthly wage of repair work zones, rubles, is carried out according to the formula

. (18)

The calculation of the savings in annual operating costs (cost), rubles, is carried out according to the formula

. (19)

The calculation of the payback period of additional capital investments, years, is carried out according to the formula

, (20)

where is additional investment (cost

of the installed equipment), rub.

The calculation of the savings in the reduced annual costs, rubles, is carried out according to the formula

, (21)

where is the standard value of the coefficient of economic

investment efficiency.

We accept:

The calculation of indicators is presented in table 10.

Table 10 - Technical and economic indicators

Indicator name	Indicator value
		before reconstruction	after reconstruction
Labor productivity of the repair work area
Average monthly salary of a repair work area
Saving annual operating costs (prime cost)
Payback period of capital investments
Savings in the reduced annual costs

4.1 Calculation of deviations of technical and economic indicators

The calculation of deviations according to the indicators obtained as a result of the zone reconstruction is presented in Table 11.

Table 11 - Deviations of technical and economic indicators

Indicator name	Indicator value		Indicator deviation
		before reconstruction	after reconstruction	absolute	relative,%
Total mileage of cars, km	13467624	13467624
Number of repair workers, people	18,5	16,5		10,8

Continuation of table 11

Labor productivity of repair work areas	728,0	816,2	88,2	12,1
Average monthly wages of repair work zones, rubles	25427,63	25227,91	199,72
Payback period, years (years)		0,02
Saving current annual costs (prime cost), rub.		1327558,76
Saving of the reduced annual costs, rub.		1323328,76

5 Conclusions

As a result of the introduction of additional equipment into the TO-2 zone, the value of the following indicators has changed:

- the number of repair workers decreased from 18.5 to 16.5 people;

- the average monthly wage of a repair worker decreased from 25427.63 to 25227.91 rubles;

- labor productivity of the repair worker increased by 88.24 thousand km / person;

- additional equipment introduced into the TO-2 zone will pay off in 0.02 years;

– savings in annual operating costs amounted to 1,327,558.76 rubles, and savings in reduced costs - 1,323,328.76 rubles.

The above data allow us to conclude that it is advisable to reconstruct the TO-2 zone.

Literature

Kononova, G.A. Road transport economics Text  : textbook for university students / A.G. Budrin, E.V. Budrina,

M.G. Grigoryan and others; Ed. G.A. Kononova. - M .: Publishing Center "Academy", 2005. - 320 p. - 4000 copies. - ISBN 5-7695-2195 - 3 (in lane).

Position on the maintenance and repair of the rolling stock of road transport.- M .: Transport, 1988.

Razdorozhny, A.A.Industry economy (road transport) Text  : a textbook for university students / A.A. Razdorozhny. - M .: RIOR 2009 .-- 316 p. - 2000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-369-00509-5 (in lane).

Turevsky, I.S. Economics and management of a trucking company Text  : textbook for students of institutions of secondary vocational education / I.S. Turevsky - M .: Higher school, 2005. - 222 p.: ill. - 3000 copies. - ISBN 5-06-005102-1.

Ulitsky, M.P. Organization, planning and management in trucking companies Text  : textbook for students of higher educational institutions / M.P. Ulitskiy - M .: Transport, 1994. - 328 p. - 3500 copies. - ISBN 5-277-01039-4.

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• Introduction
• 1. Description of service station
• 2.6 System of remuneration
• 3. Prospects for the development of service stations
• Literature

Introduction

LLC STO "Pobeda" - is one of the car dealerships of LLC "TD" SPARZ "- official dealer OOO " Commercial vehicles- GAZ Group ", which provides full service maintenance of the sold cars, and also supplies a wide range of original spare parts from manufacturers.

The service station maintains a high quality of work due to the retention of highly qualified personnel. The station employs about 40 people.

Car repair and maintenance is carried out in the workshop, where 10 lifts are equipped for this, a stand for setting the camber-convergence angles, a diagnostic post, a tire fitting and balancing section. The works are carried out using branded and high-quality equipment by qualified specialists. The company is provided with full computerization, both for accounting and for car repair (diagnostics) by the "WIS" program. The service station performs any kind of work on car maintenance. Work with the client is carried out in accordance with all modern world requirements. where the client in the event of a breakdown and (or) evacuation of the car can deliver it at any time of the day before the start of the repair.

1. Description of service station

1.1 Location of the workshop. Work performed

Service station STO LLC STO "Pobeda" is located in the city of St. Petersburg, st. Bukharestskaya, house 14.

STO offers its customers a full range of services for servicing GAZ vehicles.

The structure and content of LLC STO Pobeda is fully presented in accordance with Figure 1.

Figure 1 - Scheme of service station

1 - Parking

3 - Zone of TO and TR of cars

4 - Plot of tire fitting

1.2 Characteristics of cars serviced at the service station

All types of GAZ vehicles are serviced at STO Pobeda LLC.

Data on road transport serviced at the service station is presented in accordance with Table 2.1

Table 2.1 - Characteristics of cars serviced at the service station

Comparative characteristics
general characteristics
Car brand
Vehicle type
Overall length, mm
Overall width, mm
Full height, mm
Turning radius, m
Curb weight, kg
Adjustment parameters
Clutch	Free pedal travel	Free pedal travel
Steering	Should not exceed 25 0	Should not exceed 25 0
Main engine parameters
engine's type	4-cylinder 4-stroke	4-cylinder 4-stroke
Power, hp with.
Working volume, cm 3
Output power, kW
Refueling tanks
Clutches
Steering
Brake system
Transmission
Lubrication system
Fuel system

1.3 Description of the production base of the workshop

For maintenance and repair of vehicles at the Pobeda Service Station LLC there are:

zones TO, TR;

diagnostic post;

tire fitting and balancing zone;

1.4 General technological process of repair

Areas allotted for car repairs are equipped with various devices and devices for performing work related to which area the equipment is located in.

In the washing department, they wash the rolling stock, as well as wash the units and assemblies of cars.

In the diagnostic section, work is carried out related to finding and eliminating malfunctions in on-board network car.

A diagram of the technological process of the maintenance and repair section is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 - Scheme of the technological process of the zone of maintenance and repair.

1.5 Characteristics of production personnel

Locksmiths of various categories work in the zones and areas of the enterprise. The most common are 3 and 4 digits. The junior management staff and workers have secondary technical or higher education, and the management staff has only higher education.

1.6 Production management in the MCC system using ACS elements

Production management in the MCC system using ACS elements is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Production management in the MCC system.

The technical director of the service station controls the work of service services, is responsible for everything that happens in the service in front of the general director, the head of marketing solves organizational issues, financial issues are the financial director, if any.

The foreman monitors the performance of work by the locksmiths, moves the car around the service area, the inspector accepts orders for the performance of work, communicates with customers, and ensures control of incoming spare parts.

Locksmiths carry out work on the maintenance and repair of cars.

The HR department ensures the selection of qualified personnel.

The chief engineer develops action plans to maintain equipment in working order, replace obsolete equipment.

maintenance car station

The operation service takes measures to keep the equipment in working order.

The CFO oversees the work of his unit and reports to the network manager.

The accounting department calculates production costs, profits, expenses, and maintains financial documentation.

At the service station "Pobeda" the main document for maintenance or repair is a work order for the required range of works. At the beginning, an initial work order is drawn up. It is drawn up by the master. This is a kind of contract between the customer and the company. It reflects:

company details

work order number

date of car acceptance for service

completion date

vehicle manufacturer, model

6-digit digital vehicle identification number

year of car manufacture

state registration number

Full name of the owner

types of ordered works

standard hours of ordered works

The work order is signed by both the master and the client.

When carrying out work on reading errors, collapse / convergence, the performer must attach a document on the quality of these works. Such a document is printed on the printer installed on each device designed for the jobs listed above.

After completing all the work on the order-alongside, the receiver draws up the final order-work order, which, in addition to everything that was included in the initial order-work order, includes:

cost of work

cost of spare parts and materials

the cost of filling fluids

a list of completed works (it may be more than in the primary one, since in the process of work any malfunctions may be detected)

total amount

This work order is drawn up in two copies, one is issued to the client, the other remains in the service. An invoice is also drawn up indicating the exact cost of each item used for repairs.

All archival work orders are stored on computers, which is convenient for obtaining the necessary archival information, and the originals on paper are stapled and stored in a separate archive.

Of course, all the preparation of documentation in such a huge volume would be impossible without the use of the most advanced technology. This includes the whole range of office equipment and services: computers, printers, scanners, faxes, copiers, unlimited access to the Internet, local telephone network.

2. Characteristics of the object of reconstruction of the zone of maintenance and repair

2.1 Purpose of the reconstruction object

In the maintenance and repair area, work is underway to replace certain vehicle units. Replacement and repair of spare parts. parts, checking and replacing oils, fuels and lubricants.

2.2 Location of the maintenance and repair area

The area of ​​the TO and TR site is 140 m 2.

2.3 General technological process of motor work

After the car has been accepted by the master-inspector, this car enters the MOT and TR zone. All the necessary operations are performed there.

2.4 The number of employees, their qualifications, working hours

8 people work in the TO and TR area

This service station works seven days a week. There are two shifts working three days after three.

Lunch is provided at the service station (from 13:00 to 14:00). During this period of time, you can relax or go to lunch.

2.5 Safety and fire safety regulations in the areas

General management and responsibility for the correct organization of work on safety, industrial sanitation and fire safety, for compliance with labor legislation, implementation of decisions of higher organizations, instructions, rules and regulations on safety and industrial sanitation as a whole for the enterprise is assigned to the director (manager) and the chief engineer of the enterprise.

The direct organization of work on safety measures and industrial sanitation and control over the implementation of measures to create safe working conditions at the enterprise are entrusted to the department (bureau, engineer) for safety measures, subordinate directly to the chief engineer.

The number of safety workers is determined by the head of the enterprise, depending on the amount of work, the complexity and danger of the applied technological processes and equipment.

For violation of the rules and norms of labor protection, the administration may be held accountable. Depending on the consequences of violation of rules and regulations on labor protection, disciplinary, administrative and criminal liability may be applied. This responsibility involves officials charged with organizing and ensuring healthy and safe working conditions at the enterprise.

Disciplinary responsibility of the administration occurs in cases when, through the fault of officials, violations of labor protection requirements are committed, which do not and cannot entail serious consequences. In this case, the officials are subject to disciplinary responsibility in the chain of command. Gross or systematic violation of labor protection legislation, failure to comply with the obligations of the collective agreement may result in the dismissal of the guilty officials or their removal from their positions at the request of the trade union body.

Administrative responsibility for violation of labor legislation is expressed in the imposition of penalties on the guilty officials by technical or legal labor inspectors, Gosgortekhnadzor bodies of the Russian Federation, sanitary inspection bodies, the State Automobile Inspectorate and other bodies.

Criminal liability of officials for violation of labor protection legislation occurs in cases where this violation has entailed or may entail accidents with people or other grave consequences. Only those officials who, by virtue of their official position or by special order, are entrusted with the duties of labor protection, compliance with safety requirements at the relevant site of work, or control over their implementation can be held liable. Officials may be prosecuted for the release or operation of technically faulty vehicles or for any other gross violation of the rules of operation and traffic safety.

Material liability arises in cases when, through the fault of officials, as a result of violation of rules and regulations on labor protection, damage to the health of the worker is caused. Depending on the degree of guilt of the official, such liability can be expressed in compensation for the damage caused to the worker (from one third of the monthly salary to full compensation for the damage caused).

2.6 System of remuneration

At the service station, there are the following types of payment:

piece-bonus payment - payment for alongside, that is, the time rate, prices and the amount of work performed are taken into account; the average salary of experienced locksmiths is approximately from 50 to 70 thousand. rubles;

time-by-time - bonus payment - payment at tariff rates, that is, the tariff of the corresponding category is taken into account, and the amount of time worked;

At this service station, labor is paid according to a time-based bonus system.

Salaries are regularly issued at the end of each month in the accounting department for certain hours.

The remuneration system and the size of tariff rates are determined by the labor and wages department based on the labor intensity of work, piecework and time rates.

The department of organization of labor and wages conducts research on the identification and use of reserves for the growth of labor productivity, on the organization, rationing of labor and wages; develops indicators for labor productivity, number of workers, engineering technical works nicknames and other categories working on the basis of the limits and standards established by the superior organization; determines the payroll of the enterprise; participates in the development and establishment of labor intensity standards.

2.7 Disadvantages of the reconstruction object

In the area of ​​maintenance and repair, the technical process, in my opinion, is quite consistent with the volume of work performed and the quality of their performance.

The accuracy of the work is at a high level, because almost all work is carried out by qualified locksmiths and when checking the work by craftsmen.

However, there is a lack of modern technological equipment and tools, good ventilation and lighting. This significantly affects the quality and speed of the work performed.

Also a partial violation of safety precautions.

2.8 Suggestions for corrective action

To eliminate deficiencies in the maintenance and repair area, it is necessary to replace outdated and faulty equipment and tools. Strengthen safety controls and improve ventilation and lighting.

3. Prospects for the development of service stations

The sales rate of cars is constantly growing. After the introduction of new equipment at the service station, labor intensity will decrease. After reducing the labor intensity of work, the speed of car maintenance and the quality of service will increase. These factors will attract new customers, and the workshop will develop.

Literature

1. Bashkatova, A.V. Execution of a text document: Methodical development - ATK2. MP0703.001 - SPb: 2003 - 28c

2. Polikarpov, I.V. Practice according to the profile of the specialty / Polikarpov

3. Technical documentation of the enterprise.

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Diplomas, term papers, essays, control ...

Diploma

In the future, after receiving the estimated number of posts, it is necessary to clarify the Kp and if it is adopted erroneously, then recalculate the actual annual volume of work at the service station. The value of the coefficients for correcting the labor intensity of TO and TR, depending on the climatic region (CC), is taken as for correcting the TR of the rolling stock of the ATP. The value of the coefficient of the list of services (KU) is taken as the sum of parts ...

Reconstruction project of the maintenance and repair area at the service station (essay, term paper, diploma, control)

1. Introduction Transport (from Lat. Trans - "through" and portare - "to carry") - a set of means designed to move people, goods from one place to another.

Transport is one of the essential needs of modern society, along with such as food, clothing and housing, which ensure human life.

Transport is an important component of the economy of the Russian Federation. The importance of transport is determined by its role in the territorial division of social labor: the specialization of regions, their integrated development are impossible without a transport system. The transport factor influences the location of production. Without taking it into account, it is impossible to achieve a rational distribution of the productive forces.

Transport influences the concentration of production. When concentrating production, it is important to determine optimal sizes enterprises. The level of labor costs and production costs depend on this. An increase in the capacity of an enterprise, as a rule, is accompanied by a decrease. When establishing the boundaries of the expedient concentration of production, the total costs of production and transportation of products are determined, i.e., in addition to technical, technological and financial issues, they take into account the specifics of the location of enterprises and transport costs included in the cost of production.

The concentration of production leads to the expansion of the area of ​​consumption of products. If the transport component, which includes the cost of delivering raw materials and fuel to the areas of production and finished products to the areas of consumption, increases as a result of the increase in the distance of transportation to a greater extent than the cost decreases with the concentration of production, then the increase in the size of the enterprise will not be effective. For example, an increase in the capacity of a thermal power plant operating on peat may turn out to be unprofitable if, due to an increase in the distance of peat transportation, transportation costs exceed the savings from reducing the cost of electricity.

A car (from ancient Greek ??? - itself and Latin mobilis - moving), a motor vehicle - a self-propelled trackless vehicle intended for movement on the surface of the Earth.

Road transport is the most popular and convenient mode of transport, which has great maneuverability, good maneuverability and adaptability to work in various climatic and geographical conditions, it is effective remedy for the transport of people and goods, mainly over relatively short distances.

The role of road transport in the overall transport system of our country is increasing from year to year. At the same time, the consolidation of automobile farms, the centralization of maintenance and repair of automobiles, the introduction of new planning methods and economic incentives in road transport are being carried out.

Road transport accounts for more than 80% of the total amount of transported goods. In connection with the downsizing of enterprises, the expansion of the network of inter-production ties, but a decrease in the volume of consignments of transported goods, the role of the car as the most mobile and affordable vehicle increases. Since cars carry goods, in comparison with other modes of transport, over short distances, the share of freight turnover by road in Russia remains only 7% of the total freight turnover of the country, while in foreign countries this figure reaches 75%.

The development of road freight transportation in Russia is constrained by various factors "in particular, an insufficiently developed network highways and their low performance characteristics.

Nevertheless, the car park is constantly growing and replenished with vehicles of both domestic and foreign production. Changes in the economic conditions of the country's development cause the need to revise the structure of the car park, reduce operating costs and imparting higher consumer qualities to road transport.

Every year the number of cars is growing, and so is the number of foreign cars. Cars are becoming more sophisticated and more complex, therefore they require specialized maintenance.

For security road traffic, environmental safety, high technical readiness, it is necessary to carry out maintenance of the car in a timely manner. For this, there are special repair enterprises and service stations (STO).

The main enterprise in the car service is the service station, which, depending on the capacity and size, perform most of the functions of a car service.

By the nature of the services provided, service stations can be universal (for servicing and repairing several car brands) and specialized (for servicing one brand).

To increase productivity and reduce the labor intensity of work, it is necessary to equip workplaces with high-performance and modern equipment, which gives a significant increase in the level of mechanization of production processes of maintenance and repair of rolling stock.

2. Research part

2.1 Description of the service station. Production process and structure of the workshop

On March 27, 2007, the AvtoSTOlitsa company invested 30 million euros in the creation of a network of service stations in St. Petersburg. By the end of 2007, AvtoSTOlitsa opened 8 service stations in St. Petersburg in the format of the German ATU network. "Avtostolitsa" is a network of post-warranty services. The stations are located in the main areas of the city. All stations have a single format, which includes: a repair block for 5-9 seats, a car wash, a cafeteria, a retail store of spare parts and a reception.

LLC "Parity Holding Avtostolitsa" is located at 147 Narodnogo Opolcheniya Avenue, building 2, l.A and, in my opinion, fully complies with modern requirements related to maintenance and repair of passenger cars.

Service station "Avtostolitsa" is not a specialized service station for one car brand, which is typical for dealer stations.

The main emphasis in the work falls on the maintenance of cars that occupy the top lines in the ratings of the best-selling foreign cars in Russia: Ford focus, Mitsubishi Lancer, Chevrolet lacetti, Toyota Corolla, Hyundai, Opel, Skoda, Mazda and others. But this service station also carries out repairs. domestic cars.

STO offers the following range of services:

- small body repair;

- seasonal storage of wheels;

- electrical work.

The service station has all the necessary certificates for the above types of work.

The service station has at its disposal a parking space on the street and a place for washing cars inside the service station, a TO and TR zone for passenger cars, a motor vehicle and diagnostic sites as well as storage facilities.

All contracts are concluded in accordance with the procedure established by the civil code of the Russian Federation. The company has a legal service that checks the correctness of execution and the legality of the conclusion of contracts.

The production management structure is presented in accordance with Figure 1.

Figure 1 - The structure of production management At the head of everything is the station administrator, more and more small structures are subordinate to him. The station administrator, like the shift foreman, accepts vehicles for repairs, followed by an indication of the operations being carried out, asks the client about any malfunctions or necessary procedures, and also indicates the cost for all operations. The shift foreman drives the car directly into the repair area and provides all the necessary parts for the repair. The repair area foreman is responsible for the order in all areas and the necessary inspection of vehicles. If in the process of work any shortcomings of the vehicle are found that affect road safety, then the locksmith informs the foreman who took this vehicle from the client. The foreman contacts the client by phone, who always leaves the client and explains the reason for the concern. The client has the right to decide for himself whether he needs additional services or not.

The structure of the workshop management is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 - STO management structure The director is in charge of executive responsibilities. The station manager is responsible for managing the station and the production process. The head of the quality control department is engaged in recruitment.

2.2 Analysis of the organization of the technological process in the zone of TO and T R The scheme of the technological process is presented in accordance with Figure 3.

Figure 3 - Scheme of the process of maintenance and repair of the service station meets all modern requirements for the maintenance and repair of a car. Almost all work can be carried out here to ensure the technically sound condition of the car of the above mentioned brands, using modern diagnostic and repair systems. The service station has modern equipment and technology. The service station is computerized, all data on car repairs are entered into the computer and are confidential.

2.3 Justification of the need to design a service station basically meets the requirements for organizing the implementation of maintenance and repair work. The high quality of the work performed is achieved both by the rather high qualifications of the workers and by the strict quality control of the work performed by the superiors.

The provision of the TO and TR zone meets the requirements for technical work. The site is provided with lifts, the necessary tools, pullers and accessories. However, there is a shortage of necessary pullers; there are not enough hydraulic struts on the site to remove the gearbox, etc.

Due to the release of newer and more modern cars, more and more sophisticated systems and electronics, there is a need for new software for diagnostics, direct maintenance and repair of cars, as well as necessary systems, it becomes necessary to provide the site with suitable equipment to improve the performance of work on MOT and car repair.

3. Settlement and technological part

3.1 Analysis of the initial data The main initial data for the technological calculation of the service station are:

- type of service station (city, road);

- the annual number of race cars by brand - N3;

- the annual number of conditional comprehensively serviced cars at the station by brand - NSTO;

- the number of cars sold per year - NP, if the service station sells cars;

- average annual car mileage by brand - LГ;

- the number of working days in the year of the service station - DRABG;

- duration of the shift, h - TCM;

- number of shifts - С;

- climatic region.

NSTO, N3, LH and climatic region are established on the basis of marketing research, or can be specified. The operating mode of the station (DRAB G, TSM, S) is selected based on the fullest satisfaction of the needs of the population in the services of a car service.

The initial data are presented in table 1.

Table 1 - Initial data

Indicator name	Indicator value
	urban
Annual number of car races by brand	Not set
Annual number of conditional complex serviced vehicles by brand Volkswagen golf 3
Number of cars sold per year	Service station does not sell cars
Average annual car mileage by brand per year, km Volkswagen Golf 3
Number of workshop days per year
Duration of shift, h
Number of shifts
Climatic region	Moderate (St. Petersburg)

3.2 Choice of the list of services performed by the workshop The list of services depends on the incoming flow of requirements (car-races), which is characterized by the frequency of demand for various types of work and the complexity of their implementation. Generalization of domestic and foreign experience shows that the flow of arrivals of cars at service stations, depending on the complexity of the arrival, can be divided into 4 main groups.

The 1st group includes works that are characterized by a high frequency of demand and low labor intensity of their implementation (lubrication work, adjustment of the angles of installation of steered wheels, TP based on replacement of parts, adjustment of devices for electrical equipment and power systems, etc.), the average specific labor intensity for one car-arrival in this group of works no more than 2 people. h, their share in the total structure of car arrivals at the service station is about 60%. Thus, the average specific labor intensity of one arrival at the service station performing work in the first group (for all groups of the list of services, for design purposes we take a greater value of labor intensity) t3av = 2 people. h

The 2nd group of works consists of works with a lower frequency of demand than for works of the 1st group, but more labor-intensive (maintenance in full, element-by-item diagnostics, TR of components and assemblies, devices for electrical equipment and power systems, brake systems, tire fitting, etc. .). the average specific labor intensity of arrival in this group is not more than 4 people. h, and the share in the overall structure of arrivals is about 20%. Thus, the average specific labor intensity of one arrival at the service station performing work only in the first and second groups

The 3rd group consists of works with an average specific labor intensity of up to 8 people. h (small and medium body work, touch-up and full painting of the car, wallpaper and reinforcement work). These jobs in the total flow are about 13%.

4th group - these are the most labor-intensive and least common work (post-accident repair, repair of engines and other vehicle units). The average specific labor intensity of such works is more than 8 people. h, and the share is about 7% of the total number of arrivals. Thus, t3sr for a service station performing work of 1, 2, 3, 4 groups, if you take t3sr for the fourth group of 16 people. h, then t3av = 4.48 people. h If the station specializes only in bodywork and work related to the repair of car units, that is, it performs work in groups 3 and 4, then t3av = 10.8 people. h At the service station, the flow of arrivals includes various types of work. At the same time, work on 80-85% of vehicle arrivals at the station is carried out during the working day.

Thus, on the basis of the list of works performed by the service station, it is possible to reasonably accept the average specific labor intensity of one service station run.

For the reconstructed service station, we accept work on the first, second and third groups, since the following types of work are performed at this service station:

- comprehensive car diagnostics carried out on modern equipment;

- maintenance and routine maintenance;

- diagnostics and repair braking systems;

- repair and replacement of undercarriage assemblies with subsequent adjustment of the wheel alignment angles using a special stand;

- minor body repair;

- tire fitting and balancing work;

- seasonal storage of wheels;

- maintenance of air conditioning and ventilation systems;

- washing, dry cleaning, polishing;

- installation of additional equipment;

- electrical work.

The average labor intensity per arrival is taken as 3.27 people, i.e. = 3.27 people.

3.3 Calculation of the annual scope of work of the service station The annual scope of work of the service station may include maintenance and repair services, cleaning and washing works, works on acceptance, delivery and pre-sale preparation of cars, work on anti-corrosion treatment of the body.

The annual volume of MOT and TR with the known number of car-races N3 during the year and the average labor intensity of the arrival t3av will be, people. h, according to the formula

where Nz is the number of arrivals per year, units;

t3sr - average labor intensity of the arrival, person h.

According to this formula, we do not count, since in our task for reconstruction Ns is not specified.

The annual scope of work on maintenance and repair for a given number of conditionally complex serviced vehicles people. h, according to the formula

where NSTO is the number of vehicles serviced in a comprehensive manner per year by brands;

LГ - the average annual mileage of the car by brand, km;

tTO-TR is the specific labor intensity of maintenance and repair work for a given car brand, people. h / 1000 km.

In accordance with the Industry Standards for Technological Design of a Road Transport Enterprise (ONTP-01-91), the specific labor intensity of maintenance and repairs performed at the service station is set depending on the class of the car and is given in Table 2.

Table 2 - Standards of labor intensity of TO and TR of cars at service stations

(according to ONTP-01-91)

Type of service station and rolling stock	Specific labor intensity of TO and TR without cleaning and washing works and anticorrosive treatment, pers. h / 1000 km	One-time labor intensity for one ride by type of work, people h
			Washing and cleaning (with a manual hose washer tUM = 0.5 person h)	Acceptance and delivery	Pre-sale preparation	Anti-corrosion treatment
City car service stations: - especially small class
- small class
- middle class

The standard labor intensity of TO and TR is adjusted depending on the size of the service station (the number of work stations) and the climatic region, the list of services of the projected service station, the amount of work actually performed at the service station.

The value of the correction factors for the labor intensity of TO and TR, depending on the number of work stations, is (Kp):

Over 5 to 10
Over 10 to 15
Over 15 to 25
Over 25 to 35

To select a CP, you need to know the number of work stations at the projected service station. However, there is no such data yet. For an approximate calculation, the following data can be taken that there are 600-700 conditionally complex serviced cars of domestic or 200-300 foreign cars per work post. The lower value refers to the middle class of cars and higher annual vehicle mileage, more to the small class and lower annual vehicle mileage. The coefficient is taken according to the total number of posts for all brands of cars serviced at the service station. Number of cars, n units determined by the formula

For Ford Focus 1 vehicles:

For BMW 520 E34 cars:

For Volkswagen Golf 3 vehicles:

approximately 8 posts per service station, which means Kp = 1.00.

In the future, after receiving the estimated number of posts, it is necessary to clarify the Kp and if it is adopted erroneously, then recalculate the actual annual volume of work at the service station.

The value of the coefficients for correcting the labor intensity of TO and TR, depending on the climatic region (CC), is taken as for correcting the TR of the rolling stock of the ATP.

The value of the coefficient of the list of services (KU) is taken as the sum of the parts of each accepted group of works in the total labor intensity of the arrival. So, if work at the service station is performed only according to the first group of the list, then KU = 0.6, for the first and second groups KU = 0.8, for the first, second and third groups KU = 0.93, the entire list of services KU = 1 , 0.

The value of the coefficient of the amount of work actually performed at the service station (KF) is taken on the basis of the following condition. As explains (6 p. 143), the standard specific labor intensity of work on maintenance and repair (tTO-TP) provides for the implementation of all (100%) work at the service station. In reality, the service station performs only 25-35% of the labor intensity of MOT and TR for domestic cars and 80-90% for foreign cars, and the rest of the work can be performed by the car owner himself, or with the involvement of other persons, partially not performed, etc. Therefore, in the final form, the calculated annual volume of maintenance and repair work should be adjusted.

Actual annual volume of maintenance and repair at service stations people. h, according to the formula

where KP is the coefficient of labor intensity correction depending on the number of posts;

КК - coefficient of labor intensity correction depending on the climatic region;

KU - coefficient of labor intensity adjustment depending on the list of services provided by the service station, in this case, services are provided for the first, second and third group of the list of works;

КФ - coefficient of correction of the volume of work performed at the service station;

KF = 0.25 - 0.35 when servicing domestic car service stations and K = 0.8 - 0.9 when servicing foreign car service stations.

The CF coefficient must be justified. How harder cars structurally, the more demanding cars are for special equipment and accessories, the higher the CF.

It should be noted that this coefficient is applied only if the TTO-TP is calculated through the number of comprehensively serviced vehicles per year at the service station.

When calculating TTO-TP through the number of races issued by the design assignment, the actual annual volume of work is assumed to be equal to the calculated one, i.e.

ТТО-ТРФ = ТТО-ТР = Nz · t3sr.

The calculation of the total labor intensity of the TTO-TP of the reconstructed service station is presented in Table 3.

technical maintenance car repair Table 3 - Calculation of the total labor intensity of the TTO-TR of the reconstructed service station

For further calculations of the labor intensity of work (cleaning and washing, receiving and issuing, pre-sale preparation, anti-corrosion treatment) at the service station, it is necessary to determine the number of arrivals.

The number of visits per year to the service station to complete the estimated total labor intensity of maintenance and repair work is determined by the formula

where is the actual labor intensity of maintenance and repair works at the station for all brands of cars, people. h;

- the average labor intensity of the car's arrival at the service station, person hours.

The average labor intensity of the arrival can be justified when choosing a list of services (works), as the labor intensity of the selected list of services.

Calculated total actual labor intensity = 116,371.2 people. h (table 3).

The average labor intensity of one arrival when performing maintenance and repair work at the service station according to the list of services of the first, second and third groups = 3.27 person hours.

Then, due to the fact that the value does not differ by vehicle class and for design purposes is assumed to be the same, then the number of races by brand is:

Number of arrivals for Ford Focus 1

Number of arrivals of BMW 520 E34 cars

Number of arrivals for Volkswagen Golf 3

The annual volume of cleaning and washing work at TUM (in person h) is determined based on the number of visits to the station of cars per year (N3) and the average labor intensity of work (tUM), according to the formula:

If at the service station, cleaning and washing work is performed not only before maintenance and repair, but also as an independent type of service, then the total number of arrivals for cleaning and washing works is taken from the calculation of one arrival at 800-1000 km.

Annual volume of work in people h (TPV) is determined based on the number of visits to the service station per year (NPK) and the average labor intensity of acceptance and delivery (tPV), according to the formula

In view of the fact that tPV = tUM, then TPV = TUM Annual volume of work on acceptance and delivery, people. h TPV = TUM = 5726.2

The annual volume of work on anti-corrosion treatment of the car body in people. h (TPK) is determined based on the number of car trips for this type of work (NPK) and the average labor intensity of anti-corrosion treatment (tPC). The frequency of work on anti-corrosion treatment is 3-5 years, that is, 0.2-0.3 arrivals per year (NPK = 0.2-0.3 N3). Thus, we determine by the formula

The service station does not carry out anti-corrosion treatment.

If cars are sold at the service station, then in the total volume of work performed, it is necessary to provide for work related to the pre-sale preparation of cars.

The annual volume of work (in person h) on pre-sale preparation (CCI) is determined by the number of cars sold per year (NP) and the labor intensity of their pre-sale preparation (tP), according to the formula

According to the assignment, the projected service station does not sell cars, therefore, it does not carry out pre-sale preparation.

Car service station production program, pers. h

The labor intensity of TO and TR includes work: diagnostic, maintenance in full, lubricating, adjusting for setting the angles of steered wheels, adjusting for brakes, for servicing and repairing power devices, electrical, battery, tire repair, TR units and assemblies, body (tin, welding, copper, painting and anti-corrosion, wallpaper and reinforcement, metalwork and mechanical). The approximate distribution of labor intensity by type of work, depending on the capacity (size) of the service station, should be taken according to table 4.

Table 4 - Approximate distribution of labor intensity by type of work at service stations,% (according to ONTP-01-91)

Type of work	Distribution of the volume of work depending on the number of working hours,%
Diagnostic
MOT in full
Lubricants
Repair and adjustment of brakes
Rechargeable
Power supply system
Electrotechnical
Tire
Locksmith-mechanical

MOT in full, this is 75-80% of fasteners and 20-25% of adjustment work.

Based on the data determined above, we draw up a table of the distribution of labor intensity by type of work at the reconstructed service station. To compile the table, we also use the data of ONTP-01-91. The distribution of labor intensity by type of work at the reconstructed service station is presented in Table 5.

Table 5 - Distribution of labor intensity by type of work at the reconstructed service station

Type of work	% labor intensity	Labor intensity, people h
Diagnostic
MOT in full
Lubricants
Adjusting for the installation of the angles of the front wheels
Repair and adjustment of brakes
Rechargeable
Power supply system
Electrotechnical
Tire
Repair of components, systems and assemblies
Bodywork and reinforcement
Painting and anti-corrosion
Locksmith-mechanical

These works are carried out both at posts, directly on the car (sentry), and at sites (workshops) or separately allocated work posts (stands), workbenches, auxiliary posts, where the district (repair) work is directly carried out.

Table 6 - Distribution of the scope of work by the place of their implementation at the service station,% (according to ONTP-01-91)

Type of work	Distribution of the scope of work at the place of their implementation
	Guards	Precinct
Diagnostic
MOT in full
Lubricants
Adjusting for the installation of the angles of the front wheels
Repair and adjustment of brakes
Rechargeable
Power supply system
Electrotechnical
Tire
Repair of components, systems and assemblies
Body and reinforcement (tin, copper, welding)
Painting and anti-corrosion
Locksmith-mechanical
Harvesting and washing

The above distribution of work for the guard and precinct is rather arbitrary and, if necessary, can be adjusted, especially depending on the capacity (size) of the service station and specific brands of cars serviced by the service station.

The distribution of the scope of work at the place of their implementation at the reconstructed service station is shown in Table 7.

Table 7 - Distribution of work at the place of their implementation

Type of work	Distribution of work at the place of their execution, people
	guards	precinct
Diagnostic
MOT in full
Lubricants
Adjusting for the installation of the angles of the front wheels
Repair and adjustment of brakes
Rechargeable
Power supply system
Electrotechnical
Tire
Repair of components, systems and assemblies
Bodywork and reinforcement (tin, copper, welding)
Painting and anti-corrosion
Locksmith-mechanical
Lavatory and washing
On acceptance and delivery of cars

3.4 Calculation of the number of production and auxiliary workers Production workers include work areas and sections directly performing work on maintenance and repair of vehicles. Distinguish between the technologically necessary (explicit) and the regular number of workers.

Technologically required number of workers, people, according to the formula

where T is the annual fund (nominal) time of the technologically necessary worker in one-shift work, h.

Fund (FS) is determined by the duration of the shift (depending on the duration of the work shift) and the number of working days per year.

To calculate the technologically necessary number of workers in practice, the annual time fund (FT) is taken equal to 2020 hours for production with normal working conditions and 1780 hours for industries with harmful working conditions.

people Staff number of workers, people, according to the formula

where FS is the annual (effective) fund of time for a regular worker.

The annual time fund of a full-time worker determines the actual time worked by the performer directly at the workplace, the time fund of a full-time worker is less than the time fund of a technologically necessary worker, due to the provision of vacations and absenteeism to workers for valid reasons (due to illness, etc.).

To calculate the standard number of workers FSh = 1770 hours for production with normal working conditions and FSh = 1560 hours for industries with harmful working conditions.

people Auxiliary workers include workers who carry out maintenance and repair of technological and engineering equipment, communications and other types of work.

The number of auxiliary workers (RW) according to ONTP-01-91 is established as a percentage of the staffing number of production workers (15-20%). The number of administrative personnel (engineers and employees) (RA) is taken as a percentage of the full-time number of production workers (20-25%). Determined by the formulas

3.5 Calculation of the number of posts and car places Posts and car places according to their technological purpose are subdivided into work, auxiliary and car-places of waiting and storage.

Work stations are car-places equipped with the appropriate equipment and designed for technical impact on the car to maintain and restore its technically sound condition and appearance(washing stations, diagnostics of maintenance, repair, body repair and painting).

Auxiliary posts are car-places, equipped or not equipped with equipment, on which technological auxiliary operations are performed (for acceptance and delivery of vehicles, control after maintenance and repair, drying at the cleaning and washing site, preparation and drying at the painting site).

Annual fund of fasting time, h, according to the formula

where is Drab. г - the number of days of operation in the year of the service station, days;

TCM - shift duration, h;

C is the number of shifts;

- the coefficient of using the working time of the post.

Annual fund of working time of the post, h h

The number of working posts of cleaning and washing works (previous TO and TR), posts of maintenance, diagnostics, TR, body and painting works of TR, as well as auxiliary posts for receiving and issuing cars is determined by the formula, units, according to the formula

where TP is the annual volume of post work, people. h;

- coefficient of uneven loading of posts;

РСР - the average number of workers simultaneously working at the post.

According to the ONTP, the average number of workers at one post of TO and TR is 1 - 2 people, and the coefficient of uneven loading of posts.

Number of posts We accept 10 posts (working and auxiliary).

The number of work posts is determined by the formula

where TRP is the post labor intensity of work posts, man hours.

It is determined by the exclusion of the labor intensity of auxiliary posts (reception and delivery) from the post work, that is, TP - Tvp = 89,000.1 - 21,808.7 = 67,191.4 people. h The number of work stations is in the range from 5 to 10, which means that the coefficient KP = 1.0 is selected correctly.

The calculation of the total number of posts according to the above formula can be considered approximate. Most accurately, the number of posts can be determined by the complexity of the type of work and the accepted number of workers for a given post, as well as the working time of this post.

The daily number of arrivals of cars at the city service station, units, according to the formula

The number of work stations for performing a commercial wash is not calculated, since the service station does not carry out it.

For storage finished cars number of car seats, units, according to the formula

where TPR is the average time of a car's stay at the service station after servicing it before being handed over to the owner (about 4 hours);

TV - the duration of the work of the car delivery section per day, h.

The total number of car-places for storing cars, awaiting service and ready for delivery, are taken at the rate of three car-places per one working post (ONTP).

Open parking lots for the cars of the station's clientele and staff are determined at the rate of 7-10 car-places for 10 work posts.

The distribution of posts and car-waiting places for the production sites of the service station is presented in Table 8.

Table 8 - Distribution of posts and car-waiting places for the production sites of the service station

3.6 Selection of technological equipment The list and quantity of equipment is established on the basis of the types of services (work) performed at the station. When selecting equipment, various reference books and catalogs of manufactured (sold) equipment are used.

The list of equipment used at the maintenance and repair site is presented in Table 9.

Table 9 - List of equipment used in the maintenance and repair area

equipment identification	Type, model		Manufacturer	Quantity
Air conditioner maintenance apparatus
Locksmith workbench
Tool trolley
Rack for parts
Tool cabinet
Wheel alignment stand
Hydraulic Press
Waste bin			Own production
Waste product barrels			Own production
Abrasive wheel
Desktop milling machine
Two-post lift, three-ton
The lift is four-column, for camber-convergence, four-ton
Two-post lift, electro-hydraulic, four-ton
Hydraulic rack

The list of additional equipment at the reconstructed service station at the maintenance and repair section is presented in Table 10.

Table 10 - List of implemented equipment

equipment identification	Type, model	Number of units	Unit price, rub	Total cost, rub	Purpose of implementation
Gas analyzer					To improve the quality of work
Hydraulic rack
Socket set					Reducing the labor intensity of maintenance and repair works
Impact wrench					Reducing the labor intensity of maintenance and repair works
Thermal curtains	Frico ACC2500E (V)				To maintain the temperature regime
Battery tester					Reducing the labor intensity of maintenance and repair works
Starting device					Reducing the labor intensity of maintenance and repair works
Charger					Reducing the labor intensity of maintenance and repair works

In view of the fact that the equipment was introduced in the reconstructed zone of maintenance and repair, the reduction in labor intensity will be taken into account only for post work of the maintenance and repair section. It is necessary to analyze and reasonably determine the% reduction in the labor intensity of the type of work that will be directly or indirectly affected by the equipment being introduced.

A possible reduction in the labor intensity of the type of work is taken in accordance with the methodological manual for diploma design, presented in table 11.

Table 11 - Possible reduction in the labor intensity of the type of work

Actual labor intensity of the type of work, people h, according to the formula

where ТРвр is the estimated labor intensity of the type of work, people. h;

% St vr - the percentage of reduction in the type of work,%.

The distribution of labor intensity by type of work, reduction of labor intensity, calculation of the actual labor intensity of the workshop before reconstruction is presented in Table 12.

Table 12 - Calculation of the actual labor intensity of the TO and TR zone before reconstruction

Type of work	Estimated labor intensity, (after reconstruction) people h	Reduction of labor intensity,%	Actual labor intensity (before reconstruction), people h
	Post work	Precinct work	Post work	Precinct work	Post work	Precinct work
Diagnostic
MOT in full
Lubricants
Adjusting for the installation of the angles of the front wheels
Repair and adjustment of brakes
Rechargeable
Power supply system
Electrotechnical
Tire
Repair of components, systems and assemblies
Body and reinforcement (tin, copper, welding)
Painting and anti-corrosion
Locksmith-mechanical
Harvesting and washing
On acceptance and delivery of cars

The decrease in labor intensity after the reconstruction will be equal to 128 693.1 - 110 808.8 = 17 884.3 person hours. The reduction in labor intensity during the introduction of new equipment will be used in calculations in the economic part of the diploma project.

The number of repair workers NPP, people, is calculated according to the following formula:

where TUCH is the labor intensity of the work performed on the site, people. h;

FRVRR - the annual fund of the car mechanic's working time, h.

Before reconstruction people After reconstruction The calculation of the number of repair workers is presented in Table 13.

Table 13 - Calculation of the number of repair workers

3.7 Determination of areas and layout of the design object

The composition and areas of the premises are determined by the size of the station and the types of services provided. At the stage of technological calculation, the areas are calculated approximately according to the enlarged indicators and are specified later when developing planning solutions.

According to their functional purpose, the areas of the service station are subdivided into:

- production (sites);

- warehouse;

- technical rooms (transformer, heat point, water metering unit, pumping rooms, switchboard);

- administrative and household (office premises, cloakroom, toilets, showers);

- premises for customer service (client, bar, buffet, premises for the sale of spare parts, car accessories);

- premises for the sale of cars (salon-exhibition of sold cars, storage areas).

The area of ​​production premises is roughly calculated according to the specific area for one work post, which, taking into account the driveways, is taken as 40-60 m2.

The area occupied by the equipment, S, m2, is calculated by the formula

S =? Sequipment KPL, (3.22)

where? S equipment - area of ​​a piece of equipment.

KPL - the coefficient of density of the arrangement of equipment (from 3.5 to 5), we take KPL = 3.5

S equipment = (0.5 + 13.65 + 0.78 + 2 ++ 0.54 + 0.58 + 1 + 1.25 + 68.82 + 15.81 + 11.47 + + 0.25 + 0 , 58) = 116.65 m2

3.8 Planning solution of the workshop

The main requirements to consider when designing service stations include:

- the location of the main zones and production areas of the enterprise in accordance with the technological process diagram, preferably in one building without dividing the enterprise into small rooms;

- staged development of the SRT, providing for its expansion without significant restructuring and disruption of functioning;

- Providing convenience for customers through the appropriate location of the premises they use.

On the territory of the service station, in addition to the main building of the station and treatment facilities, an open parking lot is usually provided for cars awaiting service, and a parking lot for finished cars, which it is desirable to arrange closed.

The territory of the station should be isolated from urban traffic and pedestrians. Outside the territory of the station, there are open parking lots for the cars of customers and staff.

3.9 Innovations at the design site

3.9.1 Scientific organization of labor at the design object The scientific organization of labor is understood as a complex of technical, economic, technological, sanitary, hygienic, organizational and other measures aimed at increasing productivity while improving working conditions.

The main tasks of the NOT at the service station are:

- the use of a more rational organization of labor based on the study of production operations;

- elimination of non-production losses of working time;

- using the most advanced production methods;

- the introduction of such forms of work that ensure the development of a creative attitude to work;

- general improvements in working conditions affecting the human body;

- the use of various forms of combining moral and material incentives.

In this regard, on the reconstructed site, it is necessary to apply the following NOT elements:

- rational placement of equipment;

- creation of sanitary and hygienic working conditions;

- provision of workplaces with the necessary equipment and tools;

- advanced training of workers.

All of the above proposals allow you to increase labor productivity, reduce the cost of non-production time, facilitate and improve working conditions, which ultimately affects the quality of work performed.

3.9.2 Application of energy-saving technologies at the design object

Energy-saving technologies are technologies for saving fuel and energy resources and associated costs in the production of products and services, obtained while observing technological parameters that ensure high quality that meet the requirements of norms and standards.

Federal Law "On Energy Saving" No. 28 - FZ dated 03.04.1996.

Defined: the order of development and state supervision over the implementation of energy saving policy; sources of financing; the compulsory equipment of enterprises and organizations with metering and control devices, energy surveys and the organization of state statistics in the field of energy conservation.

Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 472sot 05/07/1995 "On the main directions of the energy policy and the restructuring of the fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2010"

The need to develop a federal target program "Energy Saving of Russia" and the most important role of energy saving in the formation of energy policy are determined

Federal Law No. 41 - FZ of 04/14/95 "On State Regulation of Tariffs for Electric and Heat Energy in the Russian Federation"

The necessity of including the costs of energy saving in the prime cost of electric and thermal energy has been determined.

Energy saving at enterprises includes:

- regular energy audits of the enterprise (energy audit);

- organization of energy consumption accounting;

- operation and maintenance strategy (organizational work);

- strategy for the modernization of equipment and technological processes;

- strategy of replacing existing equipment with new, less energy-intensive, and the introduction of new technologies.

When developing energy saving measures at an enterprise, it must be remembered that there are the following areas of savings:

- Saving fuel and energy resources by improving energy conservation.

- Saving fuel and energy resources by improving energy use.

Saving fuel and energy resources by improving energy conservation:

- The correct choice of energy carriers;

- Reducing the number of energy conversions;

- Development of rational energy saving schemes;

- Automation of power supply installations;

- Improving the quality of energy resources.

Saving fuel and energy resources by improving energy use.

These activities are developed by technologists together with power engineers. The main ones are:

- Organizational and technical measures;

- Introduction of technological processes, equipment, machines and mechanisms with improved energy technology characteristics;

- Improvement of existing technological processes, modernization and reconstruction of equipment;

- Increase in the degree of use of water energy resources;

- Utilization of low-grade heat.

The state of energy-saving technologies at the reconstruction object.

At the moment, the service station uses modern technological equipment, which includes lifts and other equipment. Lighting and ventilation require modernization.

Disadvantages of the reconstruction object from the point of energy saving:

- Lighting - uses outdated fixtures;

- Ventilation - an outdated control system is used.

Proposals for the use of energy-saving technologies at the reconstruction object:

- to conduct an energy audit;

- replace the lighting system;

- update the ventilation system;

- add thermal curtains.

4. Process map

The contractor is a locksmith of the 3rd category.

The norm of time is 0.5 people. hour Flow chart for replacing the front brake pads with Ford car Focus 1 is shown in Table 14.

Table 14 - Map of the technological process for replacing the front brake pads on a Ford Focus 1 car

Operation name, transition	Equipment, tools, fixtures, means	Time rate, min	Specifications and instructions
Place the car on a lift			Before lifting, check that the feet are correctly installed.
Lift the car	Two-post hoist with a lifting capacity of 3 tons Maha		Raise to chest level
Remove the caps from the wheels	Screwdriver, slotted		Pick up with a screwdriver to remove
Remove the front left wheel	Pneumatic wrench and impact head 17		The bolts are unscrewed counterclockwise
Retract the piston of the working cylinder	Slotted screwdriver		Slightly retract the piston for more convenient removal of the caliper
Remove the spring clip	Fine jaw pliers		Remove the retainer from the outside of the caliper
Remove the caliper	Ratchet or pneumatic hex wrench		Unscrew the 2 hex guides and remove the caliper from the bracket
Remove old pads	Screwdriver		After removal, we check the pads for even wear.
Retract the piston brake cylinder	With the aid of the caliper retraction tool		The piston is retracted in order to make it more convenient to install new pads
Clean up footprints	Riffle file and cleaner		Mechanical cleaning and degreasing are performed for free movement of the pads in the guides
Lubricate the seats	Very Lube aerosol lubricant		Lubrication is carried out carefully so that it does not fall on the brake disc, when it gets on it, the disc is cleaned
Install new pads			Install the inner block with a grip inward, and install the second block on the outer surface of the bracket
Install caliper			Install the caliper on the seats
Lubricate the mounting holes	Very Lube aerosol lubricant		Lubricate the holes for and the spring clip, do not lubricate the holes for the guides, this can destroy the rubber bushing and lead to backlash
Install the spring clips			We fix the caliper with a retainer on the bracket
Clear guides			The guides are stripped of rubber deposits for free movement of the caliper
Fasten the caliper	Ratchet with hexagonal head		The guides are twisted clockwise with a tightening torque of 95 Nm, so as not to spoil the seats
Install wheel	Pneumatic wrench, head 17, torque wrench		The bolts are tightened clockwise with a certain tightening torque, so as not to break the thread, with a tightening torque of 130 Nm
Repeat operation			We repeat the same operation on the other side.
Install wheel covers			Installation is done evenly until it clicks
We lower the car	Hoist with a lifting capacity of 3 tons Maha		Machine lowers all the way to the end
Bleed the brakes			Bleeding is carried out to supply the brake cylinder piston to the pads

5. Labor protection

5.1 Conditions for safe work to eliminate hazardous and harmful factors in the area of ​​maintenance and repair

Labor protection is a system for ensuring the safety of life and health of workers in the process of work, including legal, socio-economic, organizational and technical, sanitary and hygienic, therapeutic and preventive and rehabilitation measures.

Control over the observance of labor protection is of the following types:

- State (Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation, Federal Labor Inspection, State Technical Supervision, State Energy Supervision, State Sanitary Supervision, Fire Supervision, State Inspectorate for Road Safety);

- Public (trade unions);

- Departmental (higher economic bodies).

Responsibility for violation of labor protection rules is of the following types:

- Disciplinary, occurs in the event of a minor violation (does not bear serious consequences). Types of punishment: reprimand, dismissal, transfer to a lower position. Applies to both managers and employees;

- Administrative. Types of punishment: penalties. Coming to officials for violation of rules and regulations;

- Material. Occurs when the enterprise has suffered material damage (equipment breakdown, accident). Applies to both the employer and employees;

- Criminal. Occurs for officials, through whose fault the accident occurred (severe cases).

Hazardous production factor is a factor of influence that on a person leads to injury or death.

The following hazards exist in this area:

- moving machines and mechanisms;

- various lifting and transport vehicles;

- finding people under the raised load;

- electricity;

- flying away particles of the processed material and tool;

- poisoning by exhaust gases and toxic substances;

- low or high temperature in the area.

To prevent injuries, it is necessary to develop measures that ensure compliance with safety regulations.

Safety precautions - technical methods and means of ensuring occupational safety.

Workplace - the place where the employee should be, or where he should arrive in connection with his work, and which is directly or indirectly under the control of the employer.

To create safe work in the workplace, it is necessary to provide briefings. Briefings are subdivided into:

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Diploma

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