Topic: the purpose and operation of the main electrical equipment of cars.
In this article, the topic will list the main electrical devices and components that are constituent parts almost all vehicles. As well as briefly and in general terms, their work and purpose are described.
First of all, it would be more correct to start with the most significant and that is: power supplies. After all, without them, all the electrics in the car does not matter. These sources are the battery and the generator. It is they who provide the necessary electricity for the operation of the electrical equipment of the car.
Battery - it is a chemical source of electricity, which mainly works on the principle of accumulation and further release of electricity. Its charge is possible due to the transition of some chemical elements from one state to another, and when it is discharged, the opposite process occurs. One of the most important characteristics of the battery is its nominal capacity, measured in amperes / hours and the voltage, which for the most part corresponds to 12 volts.
Power generator
is a device similar to an electric motor, both externally and in essence and in principle. It is capable of producing electricity by rotating its armature through a belt drive coming from the engine. internal combustion... A very important point is its structure. It does not consist of a winding and permanent magnet, and from two windings (excitation winding and working winding), which ultimately makes it possible to stabilize the voltage it generates by regulating the supplied current to the excitation winding. Electric generators work according to the usual principle of self-induction, namely by acting on the copper winding with a magnetic flux, we get voltage at its ends. The battery and the generator together form a complete power supply system for the car.
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Next comes the electrical equipment of cars, the function of which is to ensure the start and further operation of the internal combustion engine, which ultimately ensures the movement of the car itself. For the very start and further work, certain conditions are necessary, namely the initial imitation of the operating mode, that is, rotation crankshaft as a result of which a combustible mixture is supplied to the cylinders, which must be ignited.
WITH
tarter - is a kind Electrical engine, which makes the initial rotation due to the energy of the battery, and its main role is the initial start. Well, then an electric spark is required, as a result of which the atomized fuel ignites and the car enters its operating mode. To create such a spark, elements such as a step-up coil, candles and a spark distributor are used.
Boost coil - it is a ferromagnetic core with two windings. One of them has a small number of turns and serves to create a magnetic field, while the second is wound over the first and contains a large number of turns. When a field arises from the primary winding, a high voltage is generated in the second, which by applying to the candle we get a discharge in the form of a spark.
Electric candle - it is an electrical component that creates a spark in the engine cylinders themselves. It has contacts to which the high-voltage wire from the high-voltage distributor is connected. On the side of the cylinder, there are electrodes with a small gap on it, between which an electric spark discharge occurs. Between the high-voltage wire coming from the boost coil and the spark plugs, there is a distributor, the role of which is to separate and supply high voltage to a specific spark plug in a specific engine cylinder.
The coil itself can work in the event that an intermittent (impulse or alternating) voltage is supplied to it, if you simply supply power from the battery, then apart from its internal heating, nothing will happen (this is important to know). For this purpose, cars are equipped with breakers , in the form of mechanical devices or electronic components.
And one more thing that should be attributed to the main electrical equipment of cars is a sound signal and various lighting in the form of headlights, turn signals, stops, dimensions, etc. In principle, everything is clear with their work, ordinary bulbs are connected to the power supply through switches in the cabin.
All of the above refers to the main electrical equipment of cars, which is available in any of them, everything else, such as various measuring instruments, sensors, power windows, wipers, various automation and multimedia (audio equipment, radio stations), etc., are of a secondary nature. They can be installed or not, on different kinds auto and for the main task of the car do not play a primary role. This and everything on this topic, the main electrical equipment of cars, their purpose and work.
P.S. This was a brief overview and general idea of the electrical component of any car, in more detail each part, as well as work, types, device, purpose, we will consider in the following articles. Good luck.
Vehicle electrical equipment
Vehicle electrical equipment- a set of devices that generate, transmit and consume electricity in a car.
The electrical equipment of a car is a complex complex of interconnected electrical and electronic systems, devices and devices that ensure reliable operation of the engine, transmission and chassis, traffic safety, automation of car work processes and comfortable conditions for the driver and passengers.
On-board power supply parameters
Almost always, constant voltage is used to power on-board electrical receivers. Early cars used 6 volts, now the prevailing voltage is 12 volts for cars and light trucks and 24 volts for heavy trucks and buses.
The wiring is usually single-wire - "ground" is used as the second wire - the metal body and frame of the car. This simplifies and reduces the cost of wiring, but reduces its reliability against short circuits.
Power supplies
On the vast majority of modern cars, the power source is a three-phase AC synchronous generator driven by the main engine; three-phase alternating current from the generator goes to a three-phase rectifier, usually arranged in the generator case. To power consumers when the engine is not running, in particular, for the initial start of the engine, a storage battery is used, recharged from the generator when the engine is running.
Older cars used a generator direct current; its distinctive feature was that it began to deliver sufficient voltage only at high engine speeds - at low engine speeds, consumers were powered only by the battery, which often led to its discharge.
In some cases, an additional generator driven by a separate small engine is installed on cars, which makes it possible to supply consumers with electricity regardless of the operation of the main engine.
Assistive devices
These include: switches and switches, relays, fuses, connector blocks.
Electricity consumers
Lighting devices
Main article: Car lights
Automotive lighting devices are divided into outdoor and indoor.
- External headlights include headlights (with low and high beam), parking lights, direction indicators (combined with hazard warning lights), brake lights, lanterns reverse, license plate lights, fog lights, in some cases decorative lamps.
- Internal lamps include interior lamps, engine compartment lamp, trunk lamp, glove box lamp, illumination lamps dashboard and etc.
Other consumers
- Motors for fans, wiper drives, power windows, etc.
- Seat servos
- Radio receiver (radio tape recorder)
- Sound signal
Some types of household appliances can also be powered from the car's electrical outlet (connected through the cigarette lighter socket). On some machines with powerful generators, an inverter with a 220 volt output can be installed to power common household appliances.
Links
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See what "Vehicle electrical equipment" is in other dictionaries:
car electrical equipment- - [Ya.N. Luginsky, M.S.Fezi Zhilinskaya, Y.S.Kabirov. English Russian Dictionary of Electrical Engineering and Electric Power Engineering, Moscow, 1999] Subjects of electrical engineering, basic concepts EN car electrical equipment ...
electrical equipment- A set of electrical products and (or) electrical devices designed to perform a given work. Electrical equipment, depending on the installation object, has a corresponding name, for example, electrical equipment ... Technical translator's guide
I AM; Wed A set of electrical devices, apparatus, machines, etc., used where l., Necessary for the production of what l. works. E. workshop. Warehouse for electrical equipment. // Complex electrical devices on what l. E. courts. E. car. NS.… … encyclopedic Dictionary
electrical equipment- I am; Wed a) A set of electrical devices, apparatus, machines, etc., used where l., necessary for the production of what l. works. Electrical equipment / workshop building. Warehouse for electrical equipment. b) Ott. A complex of electrical devices on what l. ... ... Dictionary of many expressions
GOST 28751-90: Electrical equipment of cars. Electromagnetic compatibility. Conducted noise on power circuits. Requirements and test methods- Terminology GOST 28751 90: Electrical equipment of cars. Electromagnetic compatibility. Conducted noise on power circuits. Requirements and test methods original document: On-board network A set of vehicle power wires, including ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
GAZ A, brand of the first passenger cars Gorky Automobile Plant (see GAZ (company)), produced in 1932 37. Under an agreement dated May 31, 1929 with Ford (see FORD MOTOR), the USSR received technical assistance for nine years in the construction and start-up ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
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1Domestic cars
General diagram of the car's electrical equipment
Control devices, a sound signal, electric motors, a radio receiver and other devices that do not have individual (built-in) protection are protected by fuses.
Rice. 1. Schematic diagram of the electrical equipment of the car ZIL -130: 1 - relay-regulator, 2 - generator, 3 - ammeter, 4 - storage battery, 5 - starter relay, 6 - ST130-A1 starter, 7 - ignition switch, 8 - additional resistance , 9- ignition coil, 10- transistor switch, 11 - distributor, 12 - spark plug, 13 - bimetallic fuse block, 14 - heater electric motor switch, 15 - heater motor resistance, 16 - heater electric motor, 17 - direction indicator relay , 18 - indicator lamp, 19 - warning lamp for emergency water overheating, 20 - temperature sensor, 21 - fuel level indicator, 22 - fuel level indicator sensor, 23 - water temperature indicator, 24 - water temperature indicator sensor, 25 - lamp warning lamp for emergency oil pressure drop, 26 - pressure gauge contact, 27- turn signal switch, 28 - brake signal switch, 29, 30 - rear lights, 31-sidelights, 3 2 - headlamp, 33 - light switch, 34 - engine compartment lamp, 35 - canopy switch, 36 - plafond, 37 - foot light switch, 38 - headlight control lamp holder, 39 - instrument lighting lamp holders, 40 - bimetallic fuse, 41 - plug socket, 42 - sound signal, 43 - sound signal button (included in the steering column kit), 44 - plug socket, 45 - turn signal repeater lamp
The ignition and start circuits are not protected against short circuits in order not to impair their operational reliability.
Thermal fuses are classified as single or multiple fuses. In the event of an overload or short circuit in the circuit, the contact of the reusable fuse pulsates, turning the circuit on and off. The contacts of the single-action fuse open in these cases. Turn on the fuse (close the contacts) by pressing the button.
Fuse-links of fuses are replaced after elimination of the causes that caused the short circuit. When replacing a fuse-link, only wire of the corresponding section is used. For example, with a maximum fuse current of 10 A, the tinned copper wire of the fuse-link must have a diameter of 0.26 mm (for 15 A, respectively 0.37 mm). It is strictly forbidden to use thicker wire ("bugs") or factory fuses designed for a higher rated current.
In order to prevent wiring faults, it is recommended:
- periodically clean the wires, screw and plug terminals from dirt and moisture;
- pay special attention to the condition of screw and plug connections, avoiding corrosion, oxidation and loosening of the connections. To prevent oxidation of the contact surfaces of the joints, lithol grease, etc., is used;
- regularly check the voltage drop in the sections of the circuits and contact connections of the main consumers of electricity.
Most of the malfunctions of electrical equipment in cars occur due to untimely and poor-quality maintenance.
The main malfunctions in the on-board network are:
- open circuit in the chain of sources and consumers electrical energy;
- excessive decrease in voltage in the circuit of sources and consumers of electrical energy;
- short circuit of wires and insulated parts and assemblies of devices to the body (mass) of the car.
It is advisable to start the search for the cause of the malfunction by checking with your hand the reliability of the attachment of the wire tips to the terminals of electrical devices, because a significant part of the faults in the electrical equipment system occurs when the fastening of these tips is loosened. At the same time, the resistance in the circuit increases, the temperature of the terminals increases, and when the car is moving due to vibration, even the contact in the circuit is broken.
An open circuit in the circuit of sources and consumers of electrical energy occurs due to melting of a fuse, opening of contacts in a thermobimetallic fuse, breaking of wires, fragile fastening of wire tips at the terminals, breaking contact in the plug-in connection of wires, breaking contact in switches and switches, breaking a circuit in consumers (burnout filaments in the lamp, burnout of an additional resistor or motor winding, etc.).
Due to the widespread use of electronics in cars, fuses are widely used, which are installed in separate blocks or blocks. When troubleshooting a circuit, it is convenient to use diagrams and tables with a list of consumers protected by numbered fuses (tables are given in the vehicle's factory operating instructions). In order to make sure that the fuse is in good working order, it is necessary to turn on in turn the consumers protected by this fuse. If at least one consumer is working, the fuse is good.
If the fuse insert has melted, then before replacing it with a new one, it is necessary to eliminate the malfunction that caused the fuse to melt. If there is no spare insert, you can solder a copper wire with a diameter of 0.18 mm for a current of 6 A, 0.23 mm - for 8 A to the contacts of the insert; 0.26 mm - at 10 A, 0.34 mm - at 16 A, 0.36 mm - at 20 A.
Before installing a new insert, it is necessary to bend the clips of the holder, which will ensure reliable contact in the connection between the insert and the holder. Using the example of a simple electrical circuit of a GAZ-bZA car, let us consider the search for wire breaks and other malfunctions of the on-board network (Fig. 2). For example, the headlights are off.
Rice. 2. Wiring diagram of the GAZ-63A car: 1 -sensor of the warning lamp for emergency oil pressure; 2- the gauge of the gauge pressure gauge of oil pressure in the lubrication system; 3- breaker-distributor; 4 - transistor switch; 5 - engine overheating indicator sensor; 6 - gauge for the engine coolant temperature gauge; 7 - additional resistors; 8- starter enable relay; 9- turn signal interrupter; 10 - control lamp for turning on the high beam headlights; 11 - engine compartment lamp; 12 - wiper motor switch; 13-turn signal switch; 14 - brake light switch; 15 - foot light switch; 16 - central light switch; 17-pin socket for portable lamp; 18, 19 - thermo-bimetallic fuses; 20-ignition switch; 21 - heater electric motor; 22 - plafond lamp switch; 23 - fuel level sensor; 24 - lighting lamps for instrumentation; 25 - trailer socket
Consider the current path in the headlight circuit. Positive terminal of the storage battery - terminal of the starter traction relay - ammeter - terminal "AM" of the ignition switch 20 - fuse 18-terminal "1" of the main light switch 16 - terminal "4" of the switch 16 - terminal of the light foot switch 15 - output terminal of the foot switch ( one of two depending on the position of the switch) - the terminal of the connecting panel (block) - the filament of the headlights - the car body - the negative terminal of the battery.
To determine an open circuit in this circuit, connect one wire from a test lamp * or a voltmeter to the car body, and the end of the other wire alternately touch the terminals of consumers, instruments, switches and connecting panels included in this circuit, starting from the positive terminal of the battery, in the sequence considered current paths. Before connecting the test lamp to terminal "4" of the main light switch, set the switch handle to position II. When connecting the test lamp to the output of the foot switch, press its stem 2-3 times.
When the test lamp goes out (or the voltmeter needle deviates to zero), this will indicate that the circuit has an open in the section from the previous point of contact of the test lamp wire (voltmeter) to this point of the tested circuit.
A wire break can be determined in another way. To do this, you need to disconnect the ends of the tested wire and connect it in series with the lamp (or voltmeter) to the battery. If there is a break, the control lamp will not light up.
If necessary, check the serviceability of the lamps without removing them from the headlights. For this, the positive terminal of the battery is connected with a conductor to the corresponding terminal of the connecting panel, to which the conductors from the tested lamps are connected. A working lamp will be on.
With a working lamp in the headlight, it, like the control one, will burn with incomplete glow. The control lamp burns with full glow in the event of a short circuit to the body of the electrical circuit in the headlamp.
Attention!
It is strictly forbidden to check the serviceability of the electric power consumer circuits of the car "for a spark", that is, by shorting the wire to the case, since even a short-term short circuit can damage semiconductor devices of electrical equipment, printed circuit boards of mounting blocks, etc.
An unacceptable voltage drop in consumer circuits is created due to an increase in resistance at the points of attachment of the wire ends at the terminals of sources and consumers of electrical energy, devices, connecting panels, as well as in the plug connection of conductors. The resistance increases due to the oxidation of the contacting surfaces of the parts, as well as the violation of the strength of the fastening of the wire ends.
For example, when the terminals of the battery and the tips of the starter wires are oxidized, at the terminals of the battery, due to a sharp increase in resistance in the circuit, even if the starter and the battery are in good condition, the current in the circuit is significantly reduced, and therefore the torque on the starter drive gear and the speed of the armature decrease ... As a result, the starting speed of the engine crankshaft is not provided and it is not started.
Another example. In the event of a contact failure in the connection of wires at the terminals, oxidation or loose contacts in the light switches, the lamps do not light up or significantly reduce the intensity of the light. Similar phenomena are created in other circuits of the vehicle's on-board network. As a rule, heating increases in places where the wires are loosened, which is a sign of this malfunction. An increase in the temperature of the parts accelerates their oxidation. The voltage drop in volts in various circuits of consumers of electrical energy is determined as follows. First, measure the voltage at the terminals of the battery, then, for example, at the terminals of the connecting panels in the lighting and light signaling circuit. The voltage difference at the source and at the terminals of the connecting panels will be the magnitude of the voltage drop in the circuit under study.
The permissible voltage drop in the electrical circuit of headlights, sidelights, direction indicators, light signaling lamps should not exceed 0.9 V for a 12-volt system and 0.6 V for a 24-volt system. At each riveting of wire ends, the voltage drop should not exceed 0.1 V.
The short-circuit of conductors and parts of apparatus and electrical equipment to the car body occurs due to the destruction of the insulation during mechanical or thermal damage to it. Since the conductors connecting the sources and consumers of electrical energy have very low resistance, when they are closed to the car body, a high current will flow through them, as a result of which the fuse will open the circuit. If it is not protected by a fuse, then the insulation is destroyed and the conductors melt and the ammeter is thermally damaged. This could cause a fire.
To determine the short circuit of the wire to the car body, it is necessary to disconnect the ends of the tested wire from the terminals and connect one end of it in series with a lamp or voltmeter to the positive terminal of the battery. If there is a short to the case, the lamp will glow (dim or bright, depending on the degree of short circuit), and the voltmeter needle will show the voltage at the battery terminals.
Failure of electrical energy consumers connected to a group thermobimetallic fuse most often occurs due to the opening of its contacts when this circuit is closed to the car body. To check, press the button of this fuse, and if its contacts open again, then there is a short circuit to the car body in the circuit of connected consumers. In this case, it is necessary to turn off the consumers, press the fuse switch on button, and then turn on the consumers one by one. Serviceable consumers will work. If, when any consumer is turned on, the fuse contacts open, then there is a short circuit to the body in the circuit of this consumer.
On many modern cars a mounting block is installed in the on-board network, in which all the fuses and most of the various relays are mounted. In fig. 3 shows a mounting block 17.3722 of a VAZ-2108 car, in which fuses (Pr1 - Pr16) and a relay (K1 -KN) are installed. There are also resistors R1 and R2, diodes D1 and D2 of type KD215A, diodes DZ, D4 and D5 of type KD105B. The unit has 11 plug strips (Ш1-Ш11) for connecting wire bundles.
Rice. 3. Mounting block of fuses and relays 17.3722 of the car VAZ-2108:
Rice. 4. Diagram of internal connections
If, in the event of a malfunction, it is necessary to check the corresponding circuit in mounting block, you need to general scheme the electrical equipment of the car or the power supply circuit of the faulty consumer, find the numbers of the inputs and outputs of this circuit in the mounting block. According to the wiring block diagram (Fig. 4), you can trace the commutation of this circuit inside the block. Then, using fig. 3, b, find these pads and plugs on the block and use a test lamp or ohmmeter to check the circuit. Since diodes are included in some circuits, "+" of the current source, test lamp or ohmmeter is connected to the input, and "-" is connected to the output of the circuit. If a fuse or relay is included in the tested circuit, then to test the circuit, you must first check the fuse, and instead of the relay, install jumpers: one instead of contacts and the other instead of a coil.
An entry, for example, Ш1-2 means: plug-in block No. 1, pin No. 2. The entry K1.15-K11 in the "Contacts ..." column means that you need to connect a jumper between plugs "15" and "1" of the relay socket K1. Jumpers can also be installed instead of a faulty relay.
For example, you need to check the brake light circuit on a VAZ-2108 car. Having found a brake light switch on the general circuit of electrical equipment, we see that two wires fit to it: white and red (purple). The first of them enters the block Ш4, the second - into the block Ш2.
Rice. 5. Checking the control lamp mounting block and an ohmmeter
In the same place or according to separate wiring diagrams, usually given in the repair manuals, we see that the white wire is connected to pin No. 10, and the red one to No. 3. According to the switching diagram of the mounting block, also available in the repair manuals, we find that power is supplied from the Sh4-10 terminal and it, in turn, through the fuse Pb is connected to the closed terminals Sh8-5, Sh8-6 and Sh8-7, two of which are used to supply power from the generator (battery). In the same place we find that through the output Ш2-3 and further Ш9-14, the current is supplied to the lamps in the rear lights.
If the fuse is working properly (usually you need to make sure of this right away, using the fuse table, which is, for example, in the "Car Operation Manual"), we connect the test lamp (Fig. 5) to the terminals Ш4-10 and Ш8-7 (Ш8-5, Ш8-6). Similarly, we check the circuit of the mounting block between the terminals 1JJ2-3 and Ш9-14. If there is an open circuit in the circuit, you need to disassemble the unit and solder the broken section of the board (you can solder a conductor parallel to it) or replace the printed circuit boards.
Another example: you need to check the low-beam circuit of the right headlight VAZ-2108 in the mounting block. According to the fuse table, we find that the dipped beam thread of this headlight is protected by a fuse Pr 16. In fig. 4, it can be seen that on the one hand this fuse has an output to sh5-6 and Sh7-4 (empty), and on the other hand, it is connected through the contacts of the KH relay with power supply (terminals Sh8-7, Sh8-5, Sh8-6, as and in the previous example). In turn, the coil of the KP relay is connected to the output Ш4-12 (on the under-steering-left light switch) and the mass of the block - outputs ШЗ-5 and Ш10-5.
To test these circuits, instead of a relay, put two jumpers: 30-87; 85-86. Then we connect the ohmmeter to the terminals Ш8-7 (Ш8-5, Ш8-6) and Ш5-6. Resistance should be close to zero. Similarly, we connect an ohmmeter to the terminals Ш4-12 and ШЗ-5 (Ш10-5).
Obviously, the use of a test lamp in the first example, and an ohmmeter in the second is equivalent.
On a car, to check the health of the relay, for example, K11, it can be replaced with a similar one, for example, K5. If, after replacing the headlamp relay, they turn on, then the unit is working properly, and the replaced relay is faulty. Instead of a faulty relay, you can leave a jumper, but it should be borne in mind that in this case the headlight switch contacts will be overloaded, which will cause their oxidation. A detailed check of various relays is described in the corresponding sections of the book.
TO Category: - 1 Domestic cars
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