Nowadays, the car is no longer a luxury. Almost everyone can afford it. But often very few people are familiar with the device of the car, although it is very important for each driver to know about which main parts, components and assemblies the vehicle consists of. First of all, this is necessary when some kind of breakdown of the car occurs, due to the fact that the owner is at least in general terms familiar with the design of the car, he can determine exactly where the malfunction occurred. There are a huge number of the most different brands and car models, but for the most part all cars have the same design. Let's analyze the device of a passenger car.
A passenger car consists of 5 main parts:
- body (supporting structure)
- chassis
- transmission
- engine internal combustion(petrol or diesel)
- engine control system and electrical equipment
Body
Body- that part of the car on which all other components are attached. It is worth noting that when cars first appeared, they did not have a body. All units were attached to the frame, which made the car quite heavy. To reduce weight, the manufacturers abandoned the frame and replaced it.
The body consists of four main parts:
- front spar
- rear spar
- engine compartment
- car roof
- hinged components
It should be noted that such a division of parts is rather arbitrary, because all parts are interconnected with each other and form one structure. The support for the suspension is the side members, which are welded to the bottom. Doors, trunk lid, hood and fenders are more of a hinged component. It should also be noted that the rear fenders are assigned directly to the body, but the front fenders are removable (it all depends on the manufacturer).
Chassis
Chassis consists of a huge number of various components and assemblies, thanks to which the car has the ability to move. The main components of the undercarriage are:
- front suspension
- rear suspension
- wheels
- drive axles
Most often, manufacturers install front independent suspension on modern cars, because it provides the best control, and also, importantly, comfort. V independent suspension all are attached to the body with their own fastening system, due to which excellent vehicle handling is ensured.
We must not forget about the already outdated, but still present in many cars dependent suspension. The rear dependent suspension is basically a rigid beam or drive axle, if of course we consider a car with rear wheel drive.
Transmission
Car transmission Is a set of mechanisms and assemblies for transmitting torque from the engine to the driving wheels. Three main components can be distinguished from the components of the transmission:
- or just a gearbox (mechanical, robotic, automatic or variator)
- drive axle or axles (depending on the manufacturer)
- constant velocity joint or, more simply, cardan transmission
In order to ensure a smooth transmission of torque, a clutch is installed on the car, due to which the engine shaft is connected to the gearbox shaft. The shift box itself is the transmission needed to change ratio and also reduce the load on the engine itself. A cardan drive is necessary to connect the gearbox directly to the wheels or to the drive axle. And the drive axle itself is mounted in the gearbox housing, if the car has front-wheel drive... If the car rear drive then the drive axle serves as a rear beam.
Engine
Engine- this is the heart of the machine, which consists of a large number of different parts.
The main purpose is to convert the thermal energy of the burning fuel into mechanical energy, which is transmitted to the wheels with the help of a transmission.
Engine management system and electrical equipment
The main elements of a car's electrical equipment include:
- wiring
(Battery) is intended mainly for starting the car engine itself. The battery is a permanent renewable energy source. If the engine is not started, then it is thanks to the battery that all devices that operate on electricity are operated.
The generator is needed in order for the battery to be constantly recharged, as well as to maintain a constant voltage in the on-board network.
Engine management system consists of all kinds of sensors and an electronic control unit, which is abbreviated as an ECU.
The consumers of electricity mentioned above are:
- taillights
- electric glass lifters
- as well as other electronic devices
We must not forget about the electrical wiring, which consists of a large number of wires. These wires constitute the on-board network of the entire car, which connects together all sources, as well as consumers of electricity.
This dictionary is useful for novice motorists and experienced drivers. In it you will find information about the main components of the car and their brief definition.
Automotive Dictionary
AUTOMOBILE - transport vehicle driven by its own engine (internal combustion, electric). Rotation from the engine is transferred to the gearbox and wheels. Distinguish between passenger cars (cars and buses) and trucks.BATTERY- a device for storing energy for the purpose of its subsequent use. The accumulator converts electrical energy into chemical energy and, as required, provides the reverse conversion; used as an autonomous source of electricity in cars.
ACCELERATOR("gas" pedal) - regulator of the amount of the combustible mixture entering the cylinders of the internal combustion engine. Designed to change the engine speed.
SHOCK ABSORBER- a device for softening impacts in the suspension of cars. The shock absorber uses springs, torsion bars, rubber elements, as well as liquids and gases.
BUMPER- the energy absorbing device of the car (in case of a light impact), located at the front and rear.
AIR FILTER- serves for cleaning (processing) of dust from the air used in engines.
GENERATOR- a device that generates electrical energy or creates electromagnetic oscillations and impulses.
MAIN GEAR- the gear mechanism of the transmission of cars, which serves to transfer and increase the torque from cardan shaft to the drive wheels, and therefore to increase the tractive effort.
ENGINE internal combustion - a source of mechanical energy required to move a car. In a classic engine, the thermal energy obtained from the combustion of fuel in its cylinders is converted into mechanical work... There are gasoline and diesel engines.
DETONATION- observed in internal combustion engines with spark ignition and arises as a result of the formation and accumulation of organic peroxides in the fuel charge. If a certain critical concentration is reached, then detonation occurs, characterized by an unusually high flame propagation speed and the appearance of shock waves. Detonation manifests itself in metal "knocks", smoky exhaust and engine overheating and leads to burning of rings, pistons and valves, destruction of bearings, loss of engine power.
DIFFERENTIAL- provides rotation of the driving wheels at different relative speeds when passing curved sections of the path.
JET- calibrated hole for metering fuel or air supply. In the technical literature, jets are called carburetor parts with calibrated holes. Distinguish jets: fuel, air, main, compensation, idle move... Jets are assessed by their throughput (productivity), that is, the amount of liquid that can pass through a calibrated hole per unit of time; throughput is expressed in cm3 / min.
CARBURETOR- a device for preparing a combustible mixture of fuel and air to power carburetor internal combustion engines. Fuel in the carburetor is atomized, mixing with air, and then fed into the cylinders.
DRIVE MECHANISM- a hinge mechanism that provides rotation of two shafts at a variable angle due to the movable connection of the links (rigid) or the elastic properties of special elements (elastic). A series connection of two cardan mechanisms is called a cardan transmission.
CARTER- a stationary part of the engine, usually a box section, to support the working parts and protect them from contamination. The lower part of the crankcase (sump) is a reservoir for lubricating oil.
CRANKSHAFT- rotating link of the crank mechanism; used in piston engines. In piston engines, the number of knees crankshaft usually equal to the number of cylinders; knee placement depends on duty cycle, machine balancing conditions and cylinder arrangement.
TRANSMISSION- a multi-link mechanism, in which a step change in the gear ratio is carried out when shifting gears located in a separate housing.
COLLECTOR- the name of some technical devices(for example, the exhaust and intake manifold of an internal combustion engine).
Luft- the gap between the parts of the machine, any device.
MANOMETER- a device for measuring the pressure of liquids and gases.
OIL FILTER- a device for cleaning oil from contaminating mechanical particles, resins and other impurities. Oil filter installed in the lubrication systems of internal combustion engines.
TORQUE- can be determined directly in kgfcm using a torque wrench with a measuring range up to 147 Ncm (15 kgfcm).
SUSPENSION- a system of mechanisms and parts for connecting the wheels with the body of the machine, designed to reduce dynamic loads and ensure their uniform distribution on the supporting elements during movement. Automotive suspension design is dependent and independent.
BEARING- support for the shaft journal or rotating axle. A distinction is made between rolling bearings (inner and outer rings, between which the rolling elements are balls or rollers) and sliding bearings (insert sleeve inserted into the machine body).
FUSE- the simplest device for protecting electrical circuits and consumers electrical energy from overloads and short-circuit currents. The fuse consists of one or more fuse-links, an insulating body and leads for connecting the fuse-link to the electrical circuit.
TREAD- a thick layer of rubber on the outer part of the pneumatic tire with grooves and projections that increase the grip of the tire with the road surface.
RADIATOR- a device for removing heat from the liquid circulating in the engine cooling system.
Camber- facilitates the turning of the wheels and relieves the external bearings.
DISTRIBUTOR- a device for the ignition system of carburetor internal combustion engines, designed to supply high voltage electric current to spark plugs.
CAMSHAFT- has cams, which, when the shaft rotates, interact with the pushers and ensure that the machine (engine) performs operations (processes) in a given cycle.
REDUCER- gear (worm) or hydraulic transmission designed to change angular velocities and torques.
RELAY- a device for automatic switching of electrical circuits by a signal from the outside. There are thermal, mechanical, electrical, optical, acoustic relays. Relays are used in automatic control systems, monitoring, signaling, protection, switching.
STUFFING BOX- a seal used in machine connections to seal gaps between rotating and stationary parts.
SPARK PLUG- a device for igniting the working mixture in the cylinders of an internal combustion engine by a spark formed between its electrodes.
STARTER- the main engine unit, which spins its shaft up to the speed required to start it.
HUB- the central, usually thickened part of the wheel. Has a hole for an axle or shaft, connected to the wheel rim with spokes or a disc.
CLUTCH- a mechanism for transmitting torque from an internal combustion engine to a gearbox. The clutch provides short-term separation of the engine shaft and the transmission shaft, bumpless gear shifting and smooth starting of the vehicle.
TACHOMETER- a device for measuring the frequency of rotation of the crankshaft of the engine.
BRAKING DISTANCES- the distance traveled by the vehicle from the moment the braking device is actuated to a complete stop. The total braking distance also includes the distance traveled from the moment the driver perceives the need to brake until the brake controls are activated.
TRUMBLER- an ignition interrupter-distributor, an ignition system device for carburetor internal combustion engines, designed to supply high voltage electric current to spark plugs.
TRANSMISSION- a device or system for transferring rotation from the engine to the working mechanisms (to the wheels of the car).
TIRE- a rubber casing with a protector, put on the rim of a car wheel. Provides grip on the road, softens shocks and shocks.
ECONOMIZER- a device in the carburetor for enriching the combustible mixture when fully opened throttle or provisions close to this.
| You can ask your questions on the topic of the presented article by leaving your comment at the bottom of the page. The deputy general director of the Mustang driving school for academic affairs will answer you Higher school teacher, candidate of technical sciences Kuznetsov Yuri Alexandrovich |
Part 1. ENGINE AND ITS MECHANISMS
The engine is a source of mechanical energy.
The vast majority of cars use an internal combustion engine.
An internal combustion engine is a device in which the chemical energy of a fuel is converted into useful mechanical work.
Automotive internal combustion engines are classified:
By the type of fuel used:
Light liquid (gas, gasoline),
Heavy liquid ( diesel fuel).
Petrol engines
Gasoline carburetor.Fuel-air mixturepreparing in carburetor or in the intake manifold using spray nozzles (mechanical or electrical), then the mixture is fed into the cylinder, compressed, and then ignited with the help of a spark slipping between the electrodes candles .
Gasoline injectionThe mixture is formed by injecting gasoline into the intake manifold or directly into the cylinder using spraying injectors ( injector s). There are single-point and multipoint injection systems of various mechanical and electronic systems... In mechanical injection systems, fuel metering is carried out by a plunger-lever mechanism with the possibility of electronic adjustment of the mixture composition. In electronic systems, mixture formation is carried out under the control of an electronic control unit (ECU) injection, which controls electric gasoline valves.
Gas engines
The engine burns gaseous hydrocarbons as fuel. Most often, gas engines run on propane, but there are others that run on associated (oil), liquefied, blast-furnace, generator and other types of gaseous fuel.
The fundamental difference between gas engines and gasoline and diesel engines is in a higher compression ratio. The use of gas allows you to avoid unnecessary wear of parts, since the combustion processes of the fuel-air mixture occur more correctly, due to the initial (gaseous) state of the fuel. Also, gas engines are more economical, since gas is cheaper than oil and is easier to extract.
The undoubted advantages of gas engines include safety and smokelessness of the exhaust.
By themselves, gas engines are rarely mass-produced, most often they appear after the alteration of traditional internal combustion engines, by equipping them with special gas equipment.
Diesel Engines
Special diesel fuel is injected at a certain point (before reaching top dead center) into the cylinder under high pressure through a nozzle. A combustible mixture forms directly in the cylinder as fuel is injected. The movement of the piston inside the cylinder causes heating and subsequent ignition of the air-fuel mixture. Diesel engines are low speed and have high torque on the motor shaft. An additional advantage of a diesel engine is that, unlike positive ignition engines, it does not need electricity to operate (in automotive diesel engines, the electrical system is used only for starting) and, as a result, is less afraid of water.
By ignition method:
Spark (petrol)
Compression (diesel).
By the number and arrangement of cylinders:
In-line,
Opposed,
V - shaped,
VR - shaped,
W - shaped.
Inline engine
This engine has been known since the very beginning of automobile engine building. The cylinders are located in one row perpendicular to the crankshaft.
Dignity:simplicity of design
Flaw:with a large number of cylinders, a very long unit is obtained, which cannot be positioned transversely relative to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle.
Horizontally opposed engines have a lower headroom than in-line or V-type engines, which helps to lower the center of gravity of the entire vehicle. Light weight, compact design and symmetrical layout reduce the yaw moment of the vehicle.
V-shaped engine
To reduce the length of the engines, this engine has cylinders angled between 60 and 120 degrees, with the longitudinal axes of the cylinders passing through the longitudinal axis of the crankshaft.
Dignity:relatively short motor
Disadvantages:the engine is relatively wide, has two separate block heads, increased manufacturing cost, too large a displacement.
VR engines
In search of a compromise solution for the performance of engines for passenger cars of the middle class, they came to the creation of VR engines. Six cylinders at 150 degrees form a relatively narrow and generally short engine. In addition, such an engine has only one block head.
W-motors
In the W-family engines, two cylinder banks in VR design are connected in one engine.
The cylinders of each row are placed at an angle of 150 to one another, and the rows of cylinders themselves are located at an angle of 720.
A standard automotive engine has two mechanisms and five systems.
Engine Mechanisms
Gas distribution mechanism.
Engine systems
Exhaust system.
crank mechanism
The crank mechanism is designed to convert the reciprocating movement of the piston in the cylinder into the rotational movement of the engine crankshaft.
The crank mechanism consists of:
Cylinder block with crankcase,
Heads cylinder block,
Oil pan,
Pistons with rings and pins,
Shatunov,
Crankshaft,
Flywheel.
Cylinder block
It is a one-piece part that unites the engine cylinders. The cylinder block has supporting surfaces for mounting the crankshaft, the cylinder head is usually attached to the top of the block, the lower part is part of the crankcase. Thus, the cylinder block is the basis of the engine on which the rest of the parts are hung.
Cast as a rule - from cast iron, less often - from aluminum.
Blocks made from these materials are by no means equal in their properties.
So, a cast-iron block is the most rigid, which means that, all other things being equal, it withstands the highest degree of forcing and is least sensitive to overheating. The heat capacity of cast iron is about half that of aluminum, which means that an engine with a cast iron block warms up faster to operating temperature. However, cast iron is very heavy (2.7 times heavier than aluminum), prone to corrosion, and its thermal conductivity is about 4 times lower than that of aluminum, therefore, in an engine with a cast iron crankcase, the cooling system operates in a more intense mode.
Aluminum cylinder blocks are lightweight and cool better, but in this case there is a problem with the material from which the cylinder walls are made directly. If the pistons of an engine with such a block are made of cast iron or steel, they will very quickly wear out the aluminum cylinder walls. If the pistons are made of soft aluminum, they will simply "grab" the walls, and the engine will instantly jam.
The cylinders in the cylinder block can be either part of the cylinder block casting, or they can be separate replaceable bushings, which can be "wet" or "dry". In addition to the generating part of the engine, the cylinder block has additional functions, such as the basis of the lubrication system - through the holes in the cylinder block, oil is supplied under pressure to the lubrication points, and in liquid-cooled engines the basis of the cooling system - through similar holes, the liquid circulates through the cylinder block.
The walls of the inner cavity of the cylinder also serve as guides for the piston when it moves between the extreme positions. Therefore, the length of the cylinder generatrix is predetermined by the length of the piston stroke.
The cylinder works under conditions of variable pressures in the above-piston cavity. Its inner walls are in contact with flames and hot gases heated to temperatures of 1500-2500 ° C. In addition, the average sliding speed of the piston set along the cylinder walls is car engines reaches 12-15 m / sec with insufficient lubrication. Therefore, the material used for the manufacture of cylinders must have high mechanical strength, and the structure of the walls itself must have increased rigidity. Cylinder walls must withstand good abrasion with limited lubrication and have an overall high resistance against other possible types of wear
In accordance with these requirements, pearlitic gray cast iron with small additions of alloying elements (nickel, chromium, etc.) is used as the main material for the cylinders. High-alloy cast iron, steel, magnesium and aluminum alloys are also used.
Cylinder head
It is the second most important and largest component of the engine. The head contains combustion chambers, valves and cylinder plugs, in which it rotates on bearings camshaft with cams. Just like in the cylinder block, there are water and oil channels and cavities in its head. The head is attached to the cylinder block and, when the engine is running, forms a single whole with the block.
Oil sump
It closes the bottom of the engine crankcase (molded as a unit with the cylinder block) and is used as a reservoir for oil and protects engine parts from contamination. There is a drain plug at the bottom of the pallet engine oil... The pallet is bolted to the crankcase. To prevent oil leakage, a gasket is installed between them.
Piston
A piston is a cylindrical part that reciprocates inside a cylinder and serves to convert a change in gas, vapor or liquid pressure into mechanical work, or vice versa - a reciprocating movement into a pressure change.
The piston is divided into three parts with different functions:
Bottom,
Sealing part,
Guide part (skirt).
The shape of the bottom depends on the function performed by the piston. For example, in internal combustion engines, the shape depends on the location of the plugs, injectors, valves, engine design, and other factors. With the concave shape of the bottom, the most rational combustion chamber is formed, but carbon deposits are more intense in it. With a convex bottom, the strength of the piston increases, but the shape of the combustion chamber deteriorates.
The bottom and the sealing portion form the piston head. Compression and oil scraper rings are located in the sealing part of the piston.
The distance from the piston crown to the groove of the first compression ring is called the piston fire belt. Depending on the material from which the piston is made, the fire belt has a minimum allowable height, a decrease in which can lead to burnout of the piston along the outer wall, as well as destruction seat upper compression ring.
The seal functions performed by the piston group are of great importance for the normal operation of piston engines. O technical condition the engine is judged by the sealing ability piston group... For example, in automobile engines it is not allowed that the oil consumption due to its waste due to excessive penetration (suction) into the combustion chamber exceeds 3% of the fuel consumption.
The piston skirt (trunk) is its guiding part when moving in the cylinder and has two lugs (bosses) for installing the piston pin. To reduce the temperature stresses of the piston from both sides, where the bosses are located, metal is removed from the surface of the skirt to a depth of 0.5-1.5 mm. These recesses, which improve the lubrication of the piston in the cylinder and prevent the formation of scoring from thermal deformation, are called "coolers". An oil scraper ring can also be located at the bottom of the skirt.
For the manufacture of pistons, gray cast irons and aluminum alloys are used.
Cast iron
Advantages:Cast iron pistons are durable and wear resistant.
Due to their low coefficient of linear expansion, they can operate with relatively small clearances, providing a good cylinder seal.
Disadvantages:Cast iron has a fairly large specific gravity. In this regard, the field of application of cast-iron pistons is limited to relatively low-speed engines, in which the inertial forces of the reciprocating masses do not exceed one-sixth of the force of gas pressure on the piston crown.
Cast iron has a low thermal conductivity, therefore, the heating of the bottom of cast iron pistons reaches 350-400 ° C. Such heating is undesirable, especially in carburetor engines, since it is the cause of the glow ignition.
Aluminum
The vast majority of modern automobile engines have aluminum pistons.
Advantages:
Low weight (at least 30% less compared to cast iron);
High thermal conductivity (3-4 times higher than the thermal conductivity of cast iron), which ensures the heating of the piston crown no more than 250 ° C, which contributes to better filling of the cylinders and allows to increase the compression ratio in gasoline engines;
Good anti-friction properties.
Connecting rod
The connecting rod is a part that connects piston (throughpiston pin) and connecting rod journalcrankshaft... Serves to transfer reciprocating movements from the piston to the crankshaft. For less wear on the crankshaft connecting rod journals, aspecial liners that have an anti-friction coating.
Crankshaft
The crankshaft is a complex part with journals for fastening connecting rods , from which it perceives efforts and transforms them into torque .
Crankshafts are made from carbon, chromium-manganese, chromium-nickel-molybdenum, and other steels, as well as from special high-strength cast irons.
The main elements of the crankshaft
Root neck- shaft support lying in the main bearing hosted in crankcase engine.
Connecting rod journal- a support with which the shaft is connected to connecting rods (oil channels are available for greasing the connecting rod bearings).
Cheeks- connect the main and connecting rod journals.
Front output part of the shaft (nose) - the part of the shaft on which it is attached gear or pulley power take-off for drivegas distribution mechanism (timing)and various auxiliary units, systems and assemblies.
Rear Output Shaft (Shank) - part of the shaft connecting to flywheel or a massive main power take-off gear.
Counterweights- provide unloading of the main bearings from the centrifugal forces of inertia of the first order of the unbalanced masses of the crank and the lower part of the connecting rod.
Flywheel
Massive toothed disc. The ring gear is required to start the engine (the starter gear engages with the flywheel gear and spins the engine shaft). Also, the flywheel serves to reduce the unevenness of the crankshaft rotation.
Gas distribution mechanism
Designed for the timely admission of the combustible mixture into the cylinders and the release of exhaust gases.
The main parts of the gas distribution mechanism are:
Camshaft,
Intake and exhaust valves.
Camshaft
By location camshaft engines emit:
With a camshaft located in cylinder block (Cam-in-Block);
With a camshaft located in the cylinder head (Cam-in-Head).
In modern automobile engines, it is usually located at the top of the head of the block cylinders and connected to pulley or a toothed sprocket crankshaft belt or timing chain, respectively, and rotates at half the frequency than the latter (on 4-stroke engines).
An integral part of the camshaft is its cams , the number of which corresponds to the number of inlet and outlet valves engine. Thus, each valve has an individual cam, which opens the valve by running on the lever of the valve tappet. When the cam “escapes” from the lever, the valve is closed by a powerful return spring.
Engines with an in-line configuration of cylinders and one pair of valves per cylinder usually have one camshaft (in the case of four valves per cylinder, two), and V-shaped and opposed ones - either one in the collapse of the block, or two, one for each half-block ( in each block head). Engines with 3 valves per cylinder (most often two inlet and one outlet) usually have one camshaft per cylinder head, while engines with 4 valves per cylinder (two inlet and 2 outlet) have 2 camshafts in each cylinder head.
Modern engines sometimes they have variable valve timing systems, that is, mechanisms that allow the camshaft to rotate relative to the drive sprocket, thereby changing the opening and closing (phase) of the valves, which makes it possible to more efficiently fill the cylinders with the working mixture at different speeds.
Valve
The valve consists of a flat head and a rod, connected by a smooth transition. For better filling of the cylinders with a combustible mixture, the diameter of the head of the inlet valves is made much larger than the diameter of the outlet. Since the valves operate at high temperatures, they are manufactured from high quality steels. The intake valves are made of chromium steel, the exhaust valves are heat-resistant, since the latter come into contact with combustible exhaust gases and heat up to 600 - 800 0 С.
How the engine works
Basic concepts
Top dead center - the uppermost position of the piston in the cylinder.
Bottom dead center - the lowest position of the piston in the cylinder.
Piston stroke- the distance that the piston travels from one dead center to another.
The combustion chamber- the space between the cylinder head and the piston when it is at top dead center.
Cylinder displacement - the space freed by the piston when it moves from top dead center to bottom dead center.
Engine displacement - the sum of the working volumes of all cylinders of the engine. It is expressed in liters, therefore it is often called the engine displacement.
Full cylinder volume - the sum of the volume of the combustion chamber and the working volume of the cylinder.
Compression ratio- shows how many times the total volume of the cylinder is greater than the volume of the combustion chamber.
Compression-pressure in the cylinder at the end of the compression stroke.
Tact- a process (part of the working cycle) that takes place in the cylinder during one piston stroke.
Engine duty cycle
1st stroke - intake... When the piston moves down, a vacuum is formed in the cylinder, under the action of which a combustible mixture (a mixture of fuel and air) enters the cylinder through the open intake valve.
2nd measure - compression ... The piston moves upward under the action of the crankshaft and connecting rod. Both valves are closed and the combustible mixture is compressed.
3rd cycle - working stroke ... At the end of the compression stroke, the combustible mixture ignites (from compression in a diesel engine, from a spark in a gasoline engine). Under the pressure of the expanding gases, the piston moves down and through the connecting rod drives the crankshaft into rotation.
4th measure - release ... The piston moves upward and exhaust gases escape through the opened exhaust valve.
The invention of the automobile radically changed human life, both positively and negatively. Today, a car is not only a means of transportation, but also an indicator of status and position in society.
Almost every family has at least one car at its disposal, and there are cities where there are more cars than people for a long time.
In order to understand how to drive a vehicle and how to operate it correctly, you need to know, at least, what it consists of and how it works. Each car owner was more than once interested in the device of his iron horse... For some, basic knowledge is enough, and some prefer to study every detail of the car. Of course, in order to cover all the nuances of the car's device, you will need to at least write a book, but in order to understand the basics and know the elementary things, it is enough to read this article.
Perhaps for some, the device of a car is the highest mathematics, but if you spend a little time and understand the essence, everything is quite simple. Now let's talk about everything in order.
1.Main units and systems
Despite the fact that today there are a huge number of different brands and car models, almost all of them are arranged according to the same principle. We are talking about light vehicles. The scheme of the car device is conventionally divided into several parts:
Car body or supporting structure. Today, the car body is its basis, to which almost all units and assemblies are attached. The body, in turn, consists of a stamped bottom, front and rear beams, a roof, an engine compartment and other attachments. Hinged components mean doors, fenders, hood, trunk lid, etc. This division is rather arbitrary, since all the parts of the car are, in one way or another, interconnected;
The chassis of the car. The name speaks for itself and suggests that the chassis consists of many components and assemblies with which the car is able to move. Its main components are considered to be the front and rear suspension, drive axles and wheels. Also, the chassis of the car includes the frame, to which most of the units are also attached. The frame is the predecessor to the body.
With the help of the drive axles, the load is transferred from the frame or body to wheels and vice versa. In terms of suspension, many vehicles have a MacPherson-style suspension that significantly improves vehicle handling. There are also independent (each wheel is individually attached to the body) and dependent (can be in the form of a beam or a driving axle, it is considered obsolete) suspension;
Car transmission. The power train is considered to be the transmission of a car. Its main task is to transfer torque from the crankshaft to the drive wheels. In turn, the transmission also consists of several parts, in particular from the gearbox, clutch, cardan transmission, differential, axle shafts and final drive. The latter are connected to the wheel hubs;
Car engine. The main task and purpose of the engine is the conversion of thermal energy into mechanical energy. Further, this energy is transmitted through the transmission to the wheels of the car;
Control mechanism. Actually the control mechanism itself consists of a brake system and a steering system;
Electrical equipment of the car. No one modern car do not do without an electrician, the main parts of which are accumulator battery, wiring, generator alternating current and engine management system. These are only the main parts of the car, each of which provides for a system in the system and sometimes more than one. It is worth dwelling on some parts in more detail.
2. A brief overview of the types of motors
First of all, it should be noted that the engine and the motor are one and the same. A motor is more often referred to as internal combustion or electric engines. It's no secret that the engine serves as a source of energy for movement. vehicle... Most cars require internal combustion engines, which can be conditionally divided into:
Piston, in which the expanding gases during the combustion of fuel cause the piston to move, which in turn drives the crankshaft of the car;
V rotary engines the same gases set in motion a rotating part, the rotor itself.
If you go deeper, there are a large number of types and subtypes of engines. By the type of fuel, engines can be divided into diesel, gasoline, gas cylinder and gas generator.
There is also gas turbine engines internal combustion, electric, orbital, rotary, rotary vane, etc. Today, the most common is piston engine internal combustion.
3. A brief overview of the types of checkpoint
A gearbox or gearbox is one of the main parts of a car's transmission... Basically, the checkpoint is usually divided into three types, namely:
Manual Transmission. The principle of its operation is that the driver uses a lever to change gears, while constantly monitoring the engine load and the speed of the car;
The automatic transmission eliminates the need to constantly monitor the speed and load, and you do not need to constantly use the lever;
A robotic gearbox is a semi-automatic type of gearbox that combines the properties of a mechanical and automatic box gear.
In fact, there are much more types and subspecies of the checkpoint. So, distinguish Tiptronic(the basis is an automatic transmission with a manual speed switch), DSG(equipped with 2 clutches, has an automatic shift drive and is a 6 stepped gearbox) and variable speed drive(continuously variable transmission).
4. Braking system
As the name suggests, the braking system is designed to slow the vehicle down or bring it to a complete stop. The braking system consists of brake pads, discs, drums and cylinders. Conventionally, the braking system can be divided into two types - this is a working one (designed for a complete stop or slowing down) and a parking system (designed to hold a car on an uneven or difficult road surface).
Modern cars provide for the installation braking systems, which consist of brakes and a hydraulic drive. At the time when you click on brake pedal, in overpressure arises in the hydraulic drive, which arises due to brake fluid... This, in turn, triggers the operation of other braking mechanisms.
5. Clutch
In simple terms, the clutch is designed to briefly disconnect the engine from the transmission, and then reconnect them. The clutch consists of a clutch and drive mechanism. The drive is designed to transfer forces from the driver to a specific mechanism. In the car, each mechanism has its own drive, thanks to which it comes into action.
A clutch mechanism is a device in which the process of transferring torque through friction takes place. The constituent parts of the clutch mechanism are the crankcase, casing, drive, driven and pressure discs.
All of the above is just the tip of the iceberg, since each of the points contains more than a dozen sub-points. For a general understanding of the device of the car, it is enough to know its main components and assemblies. Now you know exactly how and why your car moves, brakes and "eats" gasoline.
There are drivers who drive their cars, but do not know at all what the car consists of. It may not be necessary to know all the intricacies of the complex operation of the mechanism, but the main points should still be known to everyone. After all, the life of both the driver himself and other people can depend on this. At its core, the simplified one consists of three parts:
- engine;
- chassis;
- body.
In the article, we will take a closer look at what parts a car consists of and how they affect the operation of the vehicle as a whole.
What the car consists of: diagram
The device of the car can be represented as follows.
In the overwhelming majority of cases, the machines are equipped with internal combustion engines. Since they are not ideal, developments have been and are being carried out on the invention of new motors. So, recently, cars with electric motors that can be charged using a regular power outlet. The Tesla electric car is widely known. However, it is certainly too early to talk about the wide distribution of such machines.
The chassis, in turn, consists of:
- transmission or power train;
- running gear;
- vehicle control mechanism.
The body is designed to accommodate passengers in the car and move comfortably. The main types of body today are:
- sedan;
- hatchback;
- cabriolet;
- station wagon;
- limousine;
- other.
ICE: types
Anyone understands that malfunctions in the operation of the motor can become dangerous to the health and life of people. Therefore, it is vital to know what it consists of
Translated from Latin, the motor means "driving". In a machine, it is understood as a device that is designed to convert one type of energy into mechanical energy.
Gas engines run on liquefied, compressed gas generator. Such fuel is stored in cylinders, from where it enters the gearbox through the evaporator and loses pressure in the process. The further process is similar to injection motor... Sometimes, however, the evaporator is not used.
Motor operation
To better understand the principle of operation, you need to disassemble in detail what it consists of
The body is the cylinder block. Inside it are channels that cool and lubricate the motor.
The piston is nothing more than a hollow metal cup, on top of which are the grooves of the rings.
The piston rings located at the bottom are oil scraper rings, and at the top are compression rings. The latter provide good compression and compression of the air-fuel mixture. They are used both to achieve the tightness of the combustion chamber and as seals to prevent oil from entering there.
The crank mechanism is responsible for the reciprocating energy of the pistons moving to the crankshaft.
So, understanding what the car consists of, in particular, its engine, let's figure out the principle of operation. The fuel first enters the combustion chamber, mixes there with air, the spark plug (in petrol and gas versions) emits a spark, igniting the mixture, or the mixture ignites itself (in diesel version) under the influence of pressure and temperature. The gases formed cause the piston to move downward, transmitting motion to the crankshaft, which causes it to rotate the transmission, where the movement is transmitted to the wheels of the front, rear axle, or both, depending on the drive. A little later, we will also touch on what a car wheel consists of. But first things first.
Transmission
Above, we found out what the car consists of, and we know that the chassis includes the transmission, chassis and control mechanism.
The following elements stand out in the transmission:
- clutch;
- main and cardan transmission;
- differential;
- drive shafts.
Operation of transmission parts
The clutch serves to disconnect (KP) from the engine, then smoothly connect them when shifting gears and when starting off.
The gearbox changes the torque transmitted from the crankshaft to the propeller shaft. The gearbox block disconnects the connection of the motor with the cardan gear as much as it is necessary for the car to move in reverse.
The main function of the driveline is to transfer torque from the gearbox to the main gear at different angles.
The main function of the main gear is to transmit torque at an angle of ninety degrees from the propeller shaft through the differential to the drive shafts of the main wheels.
The differential spins the drive wheels at different speeds when cornering and on uneven surfaces.
Chassis
The chassis of the car consists of a frame, front and rear axles, which are connected to the frame through the suspension. Most modern passenger cars the frame is the elements that make up the suspension of the car, the following:
- springs;
- cylinder springs;
- shock absorbers;
- pneumatic cylinders.
Control mechanisms
These devices consist of a steering gear and brakes connected to the front wheels. Most modern cars use on-board computers, themselves controlling management in some cases, and even making the necessary changes.
Here we note such an important part as what the car wheel consists of. Without him, the car would simply not have taken place. This truly one of the greatest inventions here consists of two components: a tire made of rubber, which can be tube and tubeless, and a disc made of metal.
Body
In most cars today, the body is a load-bearing body, which consists of individual elements joined by welding. The bodywork today is very diverse. The main type is considered to be a closed type, which has one, two, three, and sometimes even four rows of seats. Part or even all of the roof can be removed. At the same time, it can be hard or soft.
If the roof is removed in the middle, then this is a targa body.
Completely removable soft top is obtained in a convertible.
If it's not soft, but hard, then it's a hardtop convertible.
On a sedan-like station wagon, there is some extension above the luggage compartment, which is a distinctive feature.
And the van will turn out already from the station wagon if the rear doors and windows are repaired.
With a cargo platform behind the driver's cab, the body is called a pickup truck.
A coupe is a closed two-door body.
The same, but with a soft top was called a roadster.
Cargo-passenger body with back door the back is called a combi.
The limousine is a closed type with a rigid partition behind the front seats.
From the article we found out what the car consists of. The correct operation of all components is important, and it is better understood and felt when there is appropriate knowledge.
