Facts about ambulances in the USSR. Notifications Comparison of different brands of ambulances

The color-graphic scheme of ambulances - white and red - was first fixed by the USSR GOST in 1962.

Since 1968, according to GOST, an orange flashing beacon has been installed on ambulances. Unlike the blue beacon (modern "flasher"), it did not give advantages over other participants in the movement.

The fastest ambulance in Soviet history and among the serial cars was the Volga GAZ 24-03, maximum speed which was 142 km / h, which is 2 km / h more than that of the ZIL-118M "Youth" special bus with a V8 engine.

In the 1970s, the RAF-22031 minibuses were the first to receive a blue flashing light on the roof. Due to the confusion with GOSTs, similar UAZs ("tablets") were produced with an orange beacon for more than 10 years.

The fashion to put inscriptions on the front end of emergency vehicles in mirror image came from the West. The driver of the car in front could read the inscription in the mirrors already in normal form and give way.

According to the reviews of ambulance veterans, the most reliable medical vehicles there were modifications of the "Volga" GAZ-22. A mileage of a million kilometers in 8-10 years was common for them.

The ambulance siren differs in tone from both the police and the fire. Cars such as ZIM, Pobeda and Volga GAZ-22 were not equipped with sirens.

Single phone number of an ambulance call medical care"03" was introduced throughout the USSR in 1965 simultaneously with the emergency numbers of the police and fire brigade.

On December 19, Novosibirsk and the districts of the NSO officially received the keys to the new ambulances - the doctors showed how the cars are arranged from the inside.

18 new emergency medical vehicles - 9 GAZelles and 9 UAZs - arrived in Novosibirsk at the end of the week, and at the beginning of this week the vehicles left for their districts. The Novosibirsk ambulance station will receive 7 GAZelles. The rest of the cars will go to Bagansky, Barabinsky, Kolyvansky, Kochkovsky, Krasnozersky, Kyshtovsky, Chanovsky, Chulymsky, Tatarsky, Toguchinsky districts, as well as Koltsovo.

“This is a special federal program for the renewal of ambulances ... I think it’s just in time - today we see how every day the workload on the operability of ambulances is increasing. More calls for influenza, for ARVI, such an epidemic is still suitable. Congratulations to the doctors and I hope that they will respond with care and promptness to people who hopefully dial 03 - they will come and provide assistance, ”Vladimir Gorodetsky, the governor of the NSO, explained to journalists after the solemn presentation of car keys to regional doctors.

Earlier, the ministry said that in 2016, about 21.5 million rubles were allocated from the regional budget for the purchase of new cars. - They want to spend the same amount on new ambulances next year. In total, there are now about 330 ambulances in Novosibirsk and the NSO.

The NSO Minister of Health Oleg Ivaninsky was asked by journalists how the combination of Novosibirsk roads correlates with their features and domestic auto industry.

“Very well correlated. It is clear that any machine requires Maintenance, domestic car repaired today is much better and cheaper. Mercedes and Volkswagen, of course, break less, but life is life. We live in a fairly extreme climate - it was warm yesterday, today it's already -20, it's always extreme for a car.

But what was in the "UAZ" 20 years ago and today is generally heaven and earth. Try to stand up to your full height in an old UAZ and work on resuscitation measures here, too, ”noted Oleg Ivaninsky.

At the request of NGS.NOVOSTI, the ambulance doctors spoke in detail about the arrangement of new vehicles.

Aleksandr Balabushevich, the deputy chief physician of the Novosibirsk ambulance station, stressed that all the vehicles brought in belonged to class B. “This means that it can be used not only for transporting patients, but also for performing medical evacuation and providing medical assistance on the way”, - he explained.

Alexander Balabushevich

Showing the UAZ, the deputy chief physician noted that thanks to all-wheel drive the machine can be used in rural areas. “On non-asphalt roads, especially in the spring thaw and so on - where other cars will not pass,” he explained.

A mandatory device in the car is a defibrillator-monitor. “It allows you to monitor [the patient's] heart rate while the car is in motion, while the patient is being transported,” said Aleksandr Balabushevich.

The artificial lung ventilation device allows you to transport patients who cannot breathe on their own - the device breathes for them. An electric aspirator helps to suck out various fluids accumulated in the body, and a compressor-nebulizer is needed for patients, for example, with bronchial asthma.

Also, the cars have an electrocardiograph and the necessary set of tires. “The whole complex of equipment allows us to provide full-fledged modern assistance to any patient in any condition,” Balabushevich assured.

Naturally, each car has a wheelchair with which the patient is loaded into the car. According to the deputy chief physician of the station, one or two ambulance workers do not need to have great physical strength to cope with this.

A feature of cars is the so-called evacuation shield (orange, to the left of the gurney). “It serves to transport patients with severe spinal trauma. Moreover, it can be used not only for transportation, but also for evacuation from the scene, ”he explains.

Special medical ambulances are used for urgent transportation of patients or providing them with emergency at home. Vehicles of this category, when entering a call, have an advantage on the road, they can pass a red light or move in the oncoming lane, necessarily turning on special sound and signal beacons.

Linear category

This is the most common variation of ambulance vehicles. In our country, for line brigades, modifications of ambulance carriages based on the Gazelle, Sobol with a low roof, UAZ and VAZ-2131 SP (oriented to the countryside) are most often provided.

In accordance with international standards, these machines, due to the insufficient dimensions of the cabin, can only be used for transporting people who do not require immediate medical attention. According to European requirements, transport for basic treatment, monitoring and transportation of patients requiring emergency intervention must have an increased working part.

Reanimobiles

According to GOST, ambulances for resuscitation, cardiology, toxicology teams and intensive care physicians must correspond to a certain category. As a rule, this is a transport with a high roof, equipped with devices for carrying out intensive events, monitoring the condition and transporting the patient. In addition to the standard set of drugs and special devices for linear analogs, they must have a pulse oximeter, perfusers and some other equipment, which we will discuss in more detail below.

In fact, the appointment of the brigade is determined not so much by the equipment of the reanimobile, but by the qualifications of the personnel and the profile of the disease for which it is used. There are special analogues of resuscitation machines for children, which are very rare in our country. As far as we know, even in Moscow there is only one such brigade - in the Filatov Children's City Clinical Hospital.

Neonatal model for newborns

The main difference between this type of ambulance vehicle is the presence of a special compartment for a newborn patient (incubator type incubator incubator). It is a rather complex device in the form of a box with transparent plastic opening walls. It maintains an optimal stable temperature and humidity level. The doctor can monitor the condition of the baby, the work of vital organs. If necessary, he connects an artificial respirator, oxygen and other devices that ensure the survival of a small patient. This is especially important for premature babies.

Neonatal ambulances are assigned to special nursing centers. For example, in Moscow it is GKB No. 13, 7, 8, in St. Petersburg - a specialized consulting center.

Other modifications

Among other things, medical transport, the following options can be noted:

Ambulance car classes

Depending on the dimensions, equipment and technical parameters, there are three categories of ambulances:

Below is a table showing the drugs and equipment on board the ambulances, depending on their category.

In history and the modern era, there are cases when unconventional vehicles, sometimes very original. For example, during the Second World War in large cities, trams often acted as ambulances. This was due to the fact that almost all automobile transport, not to mention specialized medical vehicles, was mobilized to the front lines.

Along the demarcation line, also during the Second World War, ambulance trains ran, which can be classified as emergency aid rather conditionally. They were responsible for the urgent delivery of the wounded and sick from the frontline zone to hospitals.

In the remote territories of modern Russia (in the taiga regions of Siberia and the Far East), snowmobiles or all-terrain vehicles serve as emergency vehicles. The peoples of Chukotka and other regions of the Far North often use reindeer harness to deliver patients. In some regions, both now and in the past, the fastest way to get to the hospital is by water. There are used "floating" hospitals (boats with motors, boats, motor ships).

In conclusion

In most domestic cities, the most popular ambulance car is GAZ-32214 or 221172. It is these cars that most often go to standard calls, have minimal equipment, and save many lives.

I would like to hope that this industry will develop, especially since its financing has been carried out for several years at the expense of receipts from compulsory medical insurance.

We often see them on city streets. Disaster medicine cars or simply ambulances. Few have seen them from the inside, as a rule, they are doctors and patients themselves. But the patient of the ambulance usually has no time for interiors and equipment, I would live, and doctors are also reluctant to expose pictures from the inside. But it’s interesting.

So let's go inside as a reader. Better to look now than on occasion.
Here's a car for the resuscitation teams. Further equipment.


Lots of light, lots of space. If desired, two victims can be serviced in a car along the way.
Patients get into the car from the back doors, so let's go from the side doors.


The left side of the ambulance is completely occupied with medical equipment, equipment and medicines.


All the free space is used, for example, there are catches on the neck on the handrail, an electric blanket hangs on the right.


The resuscitation monitor connects to the patient and displays information, pulse, heart rate, temperature and a few more parameters. Have you seen in the movies? The cap is put on the finger and the patient is under control.


An artificial lung ventilation device, it is like an onboard one, but it can also be used autonomously, there are cases when a person who is locked in a car has to be ventilated.
And at the bottom right is a syringe dispenser. Not all medications can be injected in a stream and quickly or drip.
Then a syringe is inserted and the medicine enters the body at a certain speed. The doctors are busy with the patient at this time.


Defibrillator monitor. Well, everyone saw him in the movies. With the help of a defibrillator, you can also take a cardiogram.


Anesthetic and respiratory apparatus. It's also portable.


Doctors call this apparatus "one-room apartment" - it costs the same.
Artificial ventilation device LTV-1200. It can work completely autonomously, does not depend on a compressed oxygen cylinder, like the ventilator above.
The LTV-1200 produces breathing air immediately.


There is one more interesting thing, a pain stress detector, which is rarely found in Russia so far.
The device can determine whether a person is in pain, even if he is under anesthesia, or unconscious. You can connect and see if the anesthesia is intensified.
Exhaled air analyzer. Almost a chemical laboratory. You can determine what a person has been poisoned with and what kind of help to provide.
Intraosseous access system. It is not always possible to give an injection into a vein. Veins can hide at low pressure, the patient can also be pinched somewhere.
To do this, you can quickly and reliably inject drugs directly into the bone.


Red resuscitation case, there are a lot of things.


Everything for injections, everything at hand.




There is also an obstetric kit, the guys are free to give birth. There are toxicological kits, in case of poisoning, rinse the stomach and so on.
Surgical instruments. Sew up, cut, mend quickly. Sets for tracheostomy and pleural puncture


And besides, tires, blankets, cylinders with oxygen, nitrogen and other things, a couple of shelves with medicines, several suitcases of things that were not shown. In general, there is a lot of everything, but I just do not advise you to use it all! Take care of yourself!

People have been sick for centuries, and they have been waiting for help for centuries. Oddly enough, the proverb "Thunder will not strike - the man will not cross himself" refers not only to our people. ... Despite the abundance of well-equipped clinics, many victims (with burns and injuries) could not receive medical care for more than a day. The foundation of the Society was Professor Jaromir Mundi, a surgeon who witnessed the fire, and the ambulance teams included doctors and medical students. And you can see the ambulance transport of Vienna in those years in the photo.

The next Ambulance Station was created by Professor Esmarch in Berlin (although the professor is remembered more by his circle - the one for enemas ... :). In Russia, the creation of an ambulance began in 1897 in Warsaw. Naturally, the appearance of the car could not pass by this area of ​​human life. Already at the dawn of the automotive industry, the idea of ​​using self-run wheelchairs for medical purposes appeared. However, the first motorized "ambulances" (and they appeared, apparently, in America) had ... electric traction. Since March 1, 1900, New York hospitals have been using electric ambulances.

According to Avtomobili magazine (# 1, January 2002, photograph dated from 1901), this ambulance is an electric Columbia (11 mph, 25 km range) that brought US President William McKinley to the hospital after By 1906, there were six such machines in New York.

In Russia, they also realized that ambulance stations need cars. But in the beginning horse-drawn "carriages" were used.

Interestingly, from the very first days of the Moscow Ambulance, a type of brigade was formed, which has survived with small "variations" to the present day - a doctor, a paramedic and an orderly. Each Station had one carriage. Each carriage was equipped with a box with medicines, instruments and dressings.

Only officials - a policeman, a janitor, a night watchman - had the right to call an ambulance. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the city has partially subsidized the operation of Ambulance Stations. By the middle of 1902, Moscow within the Kamer-Kollezhsky Val was served by 7 ambulances located at 7 stations - at Sushchevsky, Sretensky, Lefortovsky, Tagansky, Yakimansky and Presnensky police stations and Prechistensky fire station. The service radius was limited to the boundaries of its police unit. The first carriage for transporting women in labor in Moscow appeared at the maternity hospital of the Bakhrushin brothers in 1903. And nevertheless, the available forces were not enough to support the growing city. In St. Petersburg, each of the 5 ambulance stations was equipped with two steam-horse carriages, 4 pairs of hand stretchers and everything necessary for first aid delivery. At each station there were 2 orderlies on duty (there were no doctors on duty), whose task was to transport the victims on the streets and squares of the city to the nearest hospital or apartment. The first head of all first aid stations and the head of the entire first aid case in St. Petersburg under the committee of the Red Cross society was G.I. Turner. A year after the stations were opened (in 1900), the Central Station appeared, and in 1905 the 6th First Aid Station was opened. By 1909, the organization of first (ambulance) aid in St. Petersburg was presented in the following form: the Central station, which directed and regulated the work of all regional stations, it also accepted all calls for ambulance.

In 1912, a group of 50 doctors agreed to go free of charge when called by the Station to provide first aid.

In 1907, the factory of P.A. Frese, one of the creators of the first Russian car, exhibited an ambulance of its own production on the Renault chassis on International Motor Show In Petersburg.

A car with a body from the Ilyin factory (designed by Dr. Pomortsev) on the La Buire 25/35 chassis, suitable for transporting patients and for surgical care in a military field hospital.

In St. Petersburg, 3 ambulances from the Adler company (Adler Typ K or KL 10/25 PS) were purchased in 1913, and an ambulance station was opened at 42 Gorokhovaya. The large German company Adler, which produced a wide range of vehicles, is now forgotten ...

Sanitary bodies for the Petrograd detachment of the IRAO were made by the well-known carriage-body factory "Yves Braytigam"

Ambulance La Buire

With the outbreak of the First World War, it took ambulances... Moscow motorists (from the First Russian Automobile Club in Moscow and the Moscow Automobile Society), and volunteers from other cities (on the right - photo of Russo-Balt D24 / 35 of the Petrovsky Voluntary Firefighting Society from Riga) formed ambulance columns from their cars converted for medical needs, organized hospitals for the wounded using the funds raised. Thanks to the cars, tens, if not hundreds of thousands of lives of soldiers of the Russian army have been saved. Only the motorists of the First Russian Automobile Club in Moscow from August to December 1914 transported 18,439 wounded and injured people from railway stations to hospitals and infirmaries.

In addition to the Russian sanitary squads, several foreign volunteer sanitary squads operated on the eastern front. The Americans were very active. The photo on the left is a Ford T of the American ambulance squad in Paris. Pay attention to the dress code of the people who gathered for the war - white shirts, ties, boaters.

Cars Pierce-Arrow (Pierce-Arrow 48-B-53) with the inscription "named after EIH Grand Duchess Tatyana Nikolaevna American detachment. American Ambulance in Russia". The photographs give an idea of ​​the number of ambulances used for medical support of military operations in those years.

French and British volunteer ambulance columns also operated on the eastern (Russian) front, and the Russian Volunteer Corps ambulance detachment operated in France.

In the photo, the English Daimler Coventry 15HP with the inscription Ambulance Russe on board

Renault (Renault), on the right - the British ambulance Vauxhall, which was also supplied to Russia.

Unique (Unic C9-0) of the French red cross in Odessa, 1917 (chauffeur in French military uniform), a Russian soldier stands in a group of people.

Ambulance vehicle of the Russian army Renault (Renault)

After the revolution, at first, old or captured equipment was used.

In the first post-revolutionary years, not only the ambulance station, but also hospitals, as well as the Petrograd fire brigade, were provided with road medical transport. The goal is obvious - to speed up the provision of medical assistance to victims of fire. Unidentified car make in 1920s photograph.

In the early years after the revolution Ambulance in Moscow she served only accidents. The sick at home (regardless of the severity) were not served. An emergency room for suddenly ill at home was organized at the Moscow ambulance in 1926. Doctors went to the patients on motorcycles with sidecars, then on passenger cars... Subsequently, emergency care was separated into a separate service and transferred under the authority of district health departments.

Since 1927, the first specialized team, a psychiatric team, has been working at the Moscow ambulance to visit "violent" patients. Subsequently (1936) this service was transferred to a specialized psychiatric ward under the guidance of a city psychiatrist.

Obviously, it was impossible to cover the needs for sanitary transport of such a huge country as the USSR at the expense of imports. With the development of the domestic automotive industry, the cars of the Gorky Automobile Plant became the basic machines for the installation of specialized bodies. In the photo - sanitary car GAZ-A at factory tests. Whether this car was mass-produced is unknown.

The second chassis suitable for re-equipment for the needs of an ambulance in the 30s was the "one and a half" GAZ-AA. For specialized bodies, cars were altered in many obscure workshops. The photo shows an ambulance from Tula.

In Leningrad, it looks like GAZ-AA was the main ambulance in the 1930s (left). In 1934, the standard body of the Leningrad ambulance was adopted. By 1941, the Leningrad ambulance station consisted of 9 substations in various regions and had a fleet of 200 vehicles. The service area of ​​each substation averaged 3.3 km. Operational management was carried out by the personnel of the central substation.

In the Moscow ambulance, GAZ-AA was also used. And at least several types of cars. On the left is a photo dated 1930. It may be a Ford AA).

In Moscow, the conversion of Ford-AA into an ambulance was carried out according to the project of I.F. German. Front and rear springs were replaced with softer ones, hydraulic amotisers were installed on both axles, rear axle equipped with single wheels, due to which the car had a narrow rear track. The car did not have its own name or designation.

The growth in the number of substations and calls required an appropriate fleet of cars - fast, spacious and comfortable. The Soviet limousine ZiS-101 became the basis for the creation of an ambulance. The medical modification was created at the plant according to the project of I.F. German with the active assistance of doctors A.S. Puchkov and A.M. Nechaev.

These machines worked in the Moscow ambulance in the post-war period.

The specifics of the work make special demands on the ambulance car. A specialized car was designed and built in the garage of the Moscow ambulance.

Before the war, developed and from 1937 to 1945 a branch of GAZ (from 1939 it became known as the Gorkovsky bus factory) specialized vehicles GAZ-55 were produced (based on the GAZ-MM truck - an upgraded version of GAZ-AA with a GAZ-M engine). The GAZ-55 could carry 4 bedridden and 2 sedentary patients or 2 bedridden and 5 sedentary or 10 sedentary patients. The machine was equipped with an air heater powered by exhaust gases, and a ventilation system.

By the way, you probably remember the ambulance in the movie "Prisoner of the Caucasus". It was her driver who swore: "Yes, so that I still get behind the wheel of this vacuum cleaner!" This is a GAZ-MM with a handicraft sanitary body.

In total, more than 9 thousand cars were produced. Unfortunately, not a single one was left "alive".

The history of medical buses is interesting - most often cities converted from mobilized passenger transport. Left ZIS-8 (bus on the ZIS-5 chassis). ZIS produced these buses only in 1934-36, later buses according to the drawings of the plant were produced on the chassis of ZIS-5 trucks by many enterprises, bus fleets and body shops, in particular, by the Moscow plant "Aremkuz". The 1938 ZIS-8 bus shown in the photo, owned by the Mosfilm film studio, was filmed in the film "The meeting place cannot be changed."

City buses ZIS-16 were also based on the ZIS-5 chassis. A simplified modification - a medical bus - was developed even before the war and was produced since 1939 under the name ZIS-16S. The car could carry 10 bedridden and 10 sedentary patients (not counting the driver's and nurse's seats).

In the first post-war years (since 1947), the ZIS-110A (sanitary modification of the famous ZIS-110 limousine), created at the plant in close cooperation with the heads of the Moscow ambulance station A.S. Puchkov and A.M. Nechaev, became the basic ambulance car. using the experience gained in the pre-war years. It's clear that backdoor opened together with rear window, which is much more convenient than it was on the ZIS-101. A box is visible to the right of the stretcher - apparently, there was provided for its "regular place".

The car was equipped with an eight-cylinder in-line six-liter engine with a capacity of 140 hp, thanks to which it was fast, but very voracious - fuel consumption of 27.5 l / 100 km. At least two of these cars have survived to this day.

In the 50s, the GAZ-12B ZIM vehicles came to the aid of the ZISs. Front seat separated by a glass partition, in the rear of the cabin there were a retractable stretcher and two folding seats. The six-cylinder GAZ-51 engine in the forced version reached 95 hp, was somewhat "quicker" in terms of dynamic qualities than the ZIS-110, but consumed noticeably less gasoline (A-70, which was considered high-octane in those years) -18, 5 l / 100 km.

There was also a medical modification of the famous "Victory" GAZ-M20.

In the car, a folding stretcher was located somewhat obliquely. Left half of the back rear seat could recline, making room for a stretcher. A similar design is used to this day. The main ambulance vehicles in cities (the so-called linear ones) in the 1960s were specialized vehicles RAF-977I (produced by the Riga Automobile Plant on Volga GAZ-21 units).