The real situation with diesel fuel. Diesel Fuel Expertise: Will Diesel Be Poisoned? Sulfur content in dt what is ppm

Last but not least, the properties of the fuel affect. Today manufacturers in Russia also offer GOST 305-82 diesel fuel. The state standard, developed back in 1982, is already outdated, as well as the fuel itself, which until recently was produced using it.

GOST 305-82

Created in the Soviet Union, this standard, which regulates the manufacture of diesel fuel, is interstate. It defines both the technical conditions of production and the characteristics of the fuel that was intended for vehicles, industrial units and ships with high-speed diesel engines.

Modern fuel, manufactured according to international European standards, practically ousted diesel fuel from the market, for the production of which the old GOST was used. Diesel fuel EURO, in addition to having significantly higher performance characteristics, also much more environmentally friendly.

However, even today it is believed (at least in the post-Soviet space) that a fuel in which various permitted additives can be used has some advantages due to its versatility and a wide range of operating temperatures.

Application area

Diesel fuel (GOST 305-82) was used until recently for military, agricultural equipment, diesel ships and old-style trucks.

This fuel was used to heat low-rise buildings located far from the central heating supply. The combination of low prices and sufficiently high energy efficiency made it possible to save the costs of maintaining houses.

Why in the past? The state standard of 1982 was replaced by GOST 305-2013, which came into force in January 2015. And it clearly states that GOST 305-2013 diesel fuel is not sold through public gas stations and is intended for high-speed and gas turbine engines both within the country and in (Kazakhstan and Belarus).

Main advantages

So, the main advantages are versatility and operating temperatures. In addition, the advantages of good old diesel fuel are considered its operational reliability, proven for decades; the possibility of long-term storage without deterioration of technical characteristics; increase in engine power.

Diesel fuel GOST 305-82 is easily filtered, contains a small amount of sulfur compounds and does not destroy engine parts.

The indisputable advantage of diesel fuel is its low price compared to other types of liquid fuels.

The main disadvantage

The main disadvantage of the fuel, due to which, in fact, its use is limited, is its low environmental friendliness class. Diesel fuel GOST 305-82 (2013) belongs to the K2 class. And today on the territory of the Russian Federation even types of fuel with environmental friendliness classes K3 and K4 are prohibited for circulation.

Diesel fuel brands

The old GOST established three new ones - four. Also slightly different temperature ranges their uses and characteristics.

Parameters (GOST) of summer diesel fuel (L): operating temperature - from minus 5 ° С, flash point for general purpose- 40 ° С, for gas turbine, ship and diesel locomotives - 62 ° С.

The same flash point for off-season fuel (E), the operating temperatures of which start from minus 15 ° C.

Winter fuel (Z) is used at temperatures up to minus 35 ° С and up to minus 25 ° С. And if in the technical conditions of 1982 the operating temperature range was determined by the pour point of the fuel, then the new document deals with the filtration temperature - minus 35 ° C and minus 25 ° C, respectively.

Arctic (A) diesel fuel GOST 305-82 could be used starting from a temperature of minus 50 ° C. In the new document, this limit was raised by five degrees, the already recommended temperature is called from 45 ° C and above.

Diesel fuel types

Diesel fuel GOST 52368-2005 (EURO) is divided by mass sulfur content into three types:

• I - 350 mg;
• II - 50 mg;
• III - 10 mg per kg of fuel.

In GOST 305-82, diesel fuel, depending on the percentage of sulfur, is divided into types:

• I - fuel of all grades, in which the sulfur content is not more than 0.2%;
• II - diesel fuel with a sulfur content for grades L and Z - 0.5%, and for grade A - 0.4%.

The new GOST 305-2013, approaching international standards, divides fuel into two types according to the mass content of sulfur, regardless of the brand. Type I refers to fuel with a sulfur content of 2.0 g, and type II - 500 mg per kilogram of fuel.

Even type II contains 1.5 times more sulfur than type I fuel, which meets international standards.

A large amount of sulfur is harmful emissions into the atmosphere, but also good lubricating properties of the fuel.

Symbols

In GOST 305-82, the fuel was marked with the capital letter L, Z or A (summer, winter or arctic, respectively), the mass fraction of sulfur, the flash point of summer and the pour point of winter fuel. For example, З-0.5 minus 45. The highest grades, the first or without it, characterizing the quality of the fuel, are indicated in the passport for the batch.

Diesel fuel (GOST R 52368-2005) is marked with the letters DT, the grade or class is indicated depending on the filterability and cloudiness temperatures, as well as the type of fuel I, II or III.

The Customs Union has its own document regulating the requirements for fuel, including its symbol. It includes the letter designation DT, the brand (L, Z, E or A) and the environmental factor from K2 to K5, showing the sulfur content.

Since there are a lot of documents, the concept of grade is different in them, and the characteristics are indicated in more detail in the quality passport, today it is not uncommon to announce the type "Sale of pipe diesel fuel, grade 1 GOST 30582005". That is, all parameters and quality of fuel correspond to the specified standard, except for the sulfur content.

The main characteristics of diesel fuel

The most important performance indicators that characterize diesel fuel GOST 305-82 (2013) are: cetane number, fractional composition, density and viscosity, temperature characteristics, mass fractions of various impurities.

The cetane number characterizes the flammability of the fuel. The higher this indicator, the less time passes from fuel injection into the working cylinder to the beginning of its combustion, and, consequently, the shorter the engine warm-up time.

The completeness of fuel combustion, as well as the toxicity of exhaust gases, depends on the fractional composition. When distilling diesel fuel, the moment of complete boil-off of a certain amount of fuel (50% or 95%) is recorded. The heavier the friction composition, the narrower the temperature range and the higher the lower boiling point, which means that the fuel spontaneously ignites in the combustion chamber later.

Density and viscosity affect fuel delivery, injection, filtration and efficiency.

Impurities affect engine wear, corrosion resistance fuel system, the appearance of burning plaque in it.

Filterability limiting temperature is such a low temperature at which the thickened fuel no longer passes through a filter with a certain mesh size. Another temperature indicator is the cloud point, at which paraffin begins to crystallize, that is, diesel fuel becomes cloudy.

The characteristics of GOST 305-2013 establish the same for all brands: cetane number, mass fraction of sulfur, acidity, iodine number, ash content, coking capacity, pollution, water content. The differences relate to temperature and fuel density. In GOST 305-82 there were also differences in coking capacity.

Technical requirements for diesel fuel

So, the cetane number for all grades of fuel is 45, the sulfur content is either 2.0 g or 500 mg per kg. These are the most important fuel indicators.

The density of diesel fuel in accordance with GOST varies from 863.4 kg / cu. m for fuel grades L and E up to 833.5 kg / cu. m for grade A, kinematic viscosity - from 3.0-6.0 sq. mm / s up to 1.5-4.0 sq. mm / s, respectively.

It is characterized by a temperature range from 280 ° C to 360 ° C for all grades of fuel, with the exception of the arctic, for which boiling temperatures are in the range from 255 ° C to 360 ° C.

The characteristics (new GOST) of summer diesel fuel are no different from the characteristics of off-season fuel, with the exception of the limiting filterability temperature.

The flash point of general-purpose winter fuel is 30 ° С, for gas turbine, ship and diesel locomotives - 40 ° С, arctic - 30 ° С and 35 ° С, respectively.

Differences between diesel fuel GOST 305-82 (2013) and EURO

Back in 1993, European quality standards set a cetane number of at least 49. Seven years later, the standard that determined specifications fuel EURO 3, set more stringent indicators. The cetane number should be more than 51, the mass fraction of sulfur should be less than 0.035%, and the density should be less than 845 kg / cu. m. The standards were tightened in 2005, and today the international ones established in 2009 are in effect.

Today in the Russian Federation, diesel fuel GOST R 52368-2005 is produced with a cetane number above 51, a sulfur content of less than 10 mg / kg, a flash point of 55 ° C, a density ranging from 820 to 845 kg / cubic meter. m and a filterability temperature from plus 5 to minus 20 ° C.

Even comparing the first two indicators, it can be concluded that the diesel fuel GOST 305-2013 does not correspond to modern environmental requirements.

Safety requirements

Since diesel fuel is a flammable liquid, the safety measures concern, first of all, protection against fire. Only 3% of its vapors in the total volume of air in the room are enough to provoke an explosion. Therefore, high requirements are imposed on the sealing of equipment and apparatus. Protected are electrical wiring and lighting, tools are used only those that do not even accidentally strike a spark.

Temperature indicators regarding the ability to burn are important for compliance with safety precautions and storage conditions for diesel fuel GOST 305-82 (2013).

It is especially important to observe safety measures and temperature regimes in places of long-term storage of many thousands of tons of diesel fuel, for example, in power plants.

Characteristics of diesel fuel for power plants

Diesel power plants still use fuel in accordance with GOST 305-82. Both domestic and foreign equipment is installed on them.

For example, F.G. Wilson recommends for use the highest and first grade of all grades of fuel with a cetane number of 45, sulfur content no more than 0.2%, water and additives - 0.05%, density 0.835 - 0.855 kg / cu. dm. Fuel type I of GOST 305-82 (2013) corresponds to these characteristics.

The contract for the supply of diesel fuel to the power plant must indicate its physical and chemical properties: cetane number, density, viscosity, flash point, sulfur content, ash content. Mechanical impurities and water are not allowed at all.

To check the quality of the fuel supplied and the compliance of its characteristics with the limits established by the state standard, the content of undesirable impurities and the flash point are determined. If equipment malfunctions are observed and its parts wear out intensively, other indicators are also determined.

GOST 305-82 is outdated and replaced, but the new document, which came into force at the beginning of 2015, did not significantly change the requirements for diesel fuel for high-speed engines. Maybe someday such fuel will be banned from use at all, but today it is still used both in power plants and in diesel locomotives, heavy military equipment and trucks, the park of which has been preserved since the times of the Soviet Union.

All jokes, and when our material was almost ready for publication, the news slipped in the American journal Microbiology: a mushroom was found that produces ... diesel fuel! The miracle tree, in whose wood such an advanced mold lives, grows somewhere in northern Patagonia. I wonder if these mushrooms are familiar with Euro IV?

Of course, such messages are at the level of a journalistic duck. Real diesel fuel consists of about 900 hydrocarbon compounds, and no mushroom can do anything like that. Therefore, we will not chase after "mushroom" fuel, we will limit ourselves to analyzing what is sold at Russian gas stations.

A common horror story: our diesel fuel is complete rubbish, you cannot refuel with it. So let's see how justified these fears are. Looking far ahead, let's say the main thing: although the results obtained reveal a lot of problems, they say unequivocally: the devil is not so terrible as he is painted. At least none of the fuel samples we put up for testing will lead to a sudden death of the engine. But first things first.

To carry out this work, we have attracted six (!) Laboratories in two capitals. We will modestly keep silent about the cost of the work, but it is because of it that we decided to limit ourselves to six samples of diesel fuel from various gas stations - from the capital to those lost in the provinces.

We started, as always, with trips to the gas station. We described the selection method as early as ZR, 2008, No. 1, however ...

SELECTION TECHNIQUE AND GOOD PEOPLE

There is an opinion that each buyer can find out for himself whether high-quality fuel is sold at gas stations. To do this, you just need to ask for a copy of the quality passport. And we tried it.

Hey, my dear, I'm not catching up with something ... I allowed you to shoot? Car to the side, myself - follow me. Understood?

A kind man with a filthy gas station was very unhappy. He jabbed his finger at an ancient piece of paper hanging on his "hut": read and remember if you are so curious, but we do not hold copies. But when we used a camera instead of a copier, he left the shelter and resolutely demanded satisfaction.

This is our job. We will not whip up passions, we will note the main thing: the car did not suffer, the kind person was re-educated, and the certificate is in the photo.

So, six samples have been taken, all 40 liters each. About what parameters we checked and what is called diesel fuel in the country, read below. Let us also remind that the country of Russia is far from southern, and the sampling took place at the end of October. For owners of modern diesel engines who are reluctant to ponder over the contents of the tables, we suggest just taking a look at the photos from the gas station. The further from the start, the less this fuel is suitable for you.

CETANE AND SULFUR, WINTER AND SUMMER

If you don't write "Euro IV" on the dispenser today, you don't respect yourself. Let it be on a clumsy stencil and on a rusty surface, but how it sounds! And it doesn't matter that there is no such brand of diesel fuel neither in the current nor in the future regulatory documents! The mention of "Euro" for now should be considered not as a sign of high quality, but rather as a marketing ploy! Which, by the way, was confirmed by checks and quality passports - nowhere is the coveted word with a Roman numeral in sight.

As for the data obtained, we did not expect such inconsistency. See for yourself - everything is summarized in tables. The spread in the value of the central part was as much as six units. The lowest - 49 units - for samples from container refueling stations of the era of the Cherepanov steam locomotive. And the leader in this nomination is Kirishiavtoservice fuel, which was loaded with 55 cetane units. The promising Euro V is drawn by this parameter! But why? However, more on that below.

From cetane to sulfur. If, according to the old GOST, it was allowed to produce two types of fuel - with a sulfur content of 0.2 and 0.5%, then Euro IV allows only 50 ppm (that is, 50 parts per million), and Euro V generally brings it to the limit of determinability - 10 ppm. This is, respectively, 100 and 500 times less! And we have? The difference in sulfur content is 70 times! Leader - LUKOIL: only 60 ppm. The leader on the other hand is Kirishiavtoservice fuel: 0.41%. And what do quality passports say? And the fact that the purchased Kirish diesel fuel is made according to the ancient GOST 305–82 and really corresponds to it! As for Euro IV, in terms of sulfur content, all samples, except for Lukoil's, are far from these requirements.

Modern diesel is very sensitive to fuel quality.

In modern regulatory documents for diesel fuel, its lubricity is strictly standardized. Sulfur and sulfur compounds act as a kind of lubricant, but they were removed, replacing them with special lubricating additives, which, by the way, are very expensive. In this respect, LUKOIL is again the leader! Although there is very little sulfur in his sample, the contact spot is also the smallest - 268 microns. Great! Diesel oil from BP is also good in this parameter. But a rustic sample, bought at a funny container filling station with the inscription "Euro IV" against the background of a dead tractor, failed in this parameter with a bang!

What kind of fuel did we fill? For summer or winter use? Maybe for the spring-autumn season, as allowed in GOST R 52368-2005? Two samples from one capital are transitional, from the other are summer, and rural ones are mixed: one is winter, the other is summer. Only 900 km from the Tula region to the Leningrad region, and what seasonal fluctuations: in the north it is still summer, and in the south, in Moscow, it is already autumn. On the highway, in general, the tropical climate alternates with fierce winters.

CARCINOGENS AND AROMATICS

How does the group composition of diesel fuel and its carcinogenic hazard relate? The protocol from the Russian Cancer Center clearly states: the more polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the more benz (a) pyrene should be. What do our results give?

In the sample with the minimum content of polycyclic aromatics, benzo (a) pyrene is indeed the least of all. But then there are continuous miracles. Four samples have approximately the same PAH content - about 6%, while the content of the evil carcinogen benzo (a) -pyrene in them differs by 2.5 times. And the funny thing is that in one of the samples from this four, where PAHs are at least slightly, but less, benzo (a) pyrene turned out to be the most! But in the sample with the maximum PAH content, a relatively moderate amount of the aforementioned carcinogen was found. The fact is that aromatic compounds are divided into light and heavy - the latter and include carcinogenic substances in their composition. It is about their presence that benzo (a) pyrene testifies, which is officially recognized as their indicator.

Now for the funnest! According to this analysis, the most humane diesel fuel was the one that was bought ... in a village on the highway. Benz (a) pyrene in it is almost four times less than in Lukoil fuel! Where does such a miracle come from for winter fuel, which barely crawls even according to GOST 305–82 in terms of the flash point parameter and with very weak lubricating properties?

The oil workers laugh: they say, a similar picture is usually observed when winter fuel is made from summer fuel by pouring kerosene into diesel fuel.

There is no need to refuel an old diesel engine with modern diesel fuel, and a new one - with an old one!

THE NOISEST THING

For a whole week, the laboratory building was shaken by the roar of the YaMZ-238 diesel engine - now indignant, now pacified. And the neighbors in the building grumbled: "When will all this end?"

Finished! And they reaffirmed the previous conclusions: it is not necessary to offer the old diesel engine a new solarium, as well as the new one - the old one. This is the exact opposite of the situation with gasoline. This is because for the working process of any diesel engine, whether old or new, it is not the content of sulfur, carcinogens or the lubricity of the fuel that is important, but its composition, cetane number, viscosity, density, surface tension coefficient, and the presence of combustion catalysts. And most of these parameters are not defined in any way in the Euro fuel standards!

For testing, we took a large diesel engine, because 90% of diesel fuel in the country is consumed by trucks and agricultural machinery, and more than 70% of them are domestic. It is they that largely determine the level of environmental pollution. But since Euro fuels are designed for more modern machines, we simulated this situation: in addition to the basic adjustments designed for diesel fuel with a low cetane number, we repeated the test cycle with a new adjustment specially selected for "Euro".

Lovers of numbers are again referred to the tables. With basic settings best results in terms of efficiency, one of the fuels with the lowest cetane number showed - 49. This is especially noticeable at low load conditions, where the difference between the samples in some places exceeds 15%. As the load on the engine increases, the difference begins to decrease to 3-4%. The worst result is the diesel fuel with the highest cetane number and that strange - winter one, bought in the village. The motor confirms: it does not tolerate experiments on fuel! But on the adjustments for "Euro" the picture has changed. The optimum of the cetane number immediately shifted to the zone of 52–53 units, but all the same - at a high CN, the process deteriorates. So, physics cannot be fooled by any pieces of paper!

SMOKE TRACE

In the exhaust gases diesel engine there is practically no carbon monoxide CO, since a diesel engine plows on a very poor air-fuel mixture compared to a gasoline engine. There are also much less unburned hydrocarbons here than in gasoline engine... But they are the main carriers of carcinogens. And if we recalculate the carcinogenic danger of exhaust gases, taking into account the CH output, then the laurels of the winner, which we almost awarded the strange fuel from the village with a dead tractor, quickly switched to the sample taken at the BP gas station. But for LUKOIL in this nomination, the trouble came from the high content of benz (a) -pyrene in the initial fuel.

But the main thing in assessing the toxicity of diesel exhaust gases is the content of particulate matter (smoke, that is) and nitrogen oxides. According to the theory, the deviation of the cetane number from optimal value- this was confirmed by tests. True, fuel was released from the village again - everything is not like everyone else's! As for nitrogen oxides, which are trying to pressurize with both urea and recirculation, the easiest way to overcome them is by shifting the injection advance angle back. Look at the table: in this way, having implemented the engine adjustment for Euro fuel, we have reduced the NOx content by more than two times! And in order not to ruin the efficiency and power of the engine, just fuel with improved flammability properties, that is, with a higher cetane number, is required. What is done in Eurosolar.

There is no need to follow the West in the pursuit of the complete elimination of sulfur in fuel!

IS IT POSSIBLE TO BUY DIESEL?

You can buy! But refuel - take a closer look: the range of fuel parameters is crazy. The root cause of the confusion, in our opinion, was the lack of professionalism of the officials who created the paper confusion. As long as several regulatory documents are in force in the country at once, according to which it is possible to produce both Euro minus one and Euro V fuel, there will be no order. And the new Technical Regulations being introduced in its current form will not correct the situation, but will only aggravate it.

It is difficult to give specific recommendations on where to go for diesel fuel. After all, the quality of fuel cannot be determined either by taste or color. It remains to trust the passports, which must be at every gas station. You should pay attention to what GOST fuel is made according to. If you are going to feed the KamAZ, beaten with life, then it does not need Euro fuel at all (we omit the numbers for the above reasons). But it will not hurt him too much, only the fuel consumption due to the non-optimal cetane number will slightly increase and the smoke will increase at high loads. But there will be a gain in the resource of both the engine itself and its fuel equipment.

On the other hand, new foreign-made cars with diesel engines are not allowed to use the fuel used in accordance with the old GOST 305–82. Better to look for another gas station.

And further. What quality of diesel fuel can we talk about if there are only a couple of laboratories in the country that can check this quality? I would invest money in them! But the fashionable prefix "nano" cannot be attached to these laboratories, and without it financing is going on, oh, how tight it is today.

The inscription "EURO IV" on the column is most often a marketing ploy. There is no such thing in our GOSTs!

GOST 305-2013

INTERSTATE STANDARD

FUEL DIESEL

Technical conditions

Diesel fuel. Specifications

ISS 75.160.20

Date of introduction 2015-01-01

Foreword

The goals, basic principles and procedure for carrying out work on interstate standardization are established by GOST 1.0-92 "Interstate standardization system. Basic provisions" and GOST 1.2-2009 "Interstate standardization system. Interstate standards, rules and recommendations for interstate standardization. Rules for development, adoption, application , updates and cancellations "

Information about the standard

1 DEVELOPED by the Open Joint Stock Company All-Russian Research Institute for Oil Refining (JSC VNII NP), the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 31 "Oil Fuels and Lubricants"

2 INTRODUCED by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology

3 ACCEPTED by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (minutes of November 14, 2013 N 44)

Voted for adoption:

4 By order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology of November 22, 2013 N 1871-st, the interstate standard GOST 305-2013 was put into effect as a national standard of the Russian Federation from January 1, 2015.

5 REPLACE GOST 305-82


Information on changes to this standard is published in the annual information index "National Standards", and the text of changes and amendments is published in the monthly information index "National Standards". In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard, a corresponding notice will be published in the monthly information index "National Standards". Relevant information, notice and texts are also posted in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet

1 area of ​​use

1 area of ​​use

This standard applies to diesel fuel (hereinafter referred to as fuel) for high-speed diesel and gas turbine engines of land and ship equipment, obtained during the processing of oil and gas condensates, as well as for export.

Fuel with a sulfur content of 2000 mg / kg is supplied under the state defense order and for export.

This fuel is not allowed to be sold through public filling stations.

The classification of product groups on the territory of the Russian Federation according to the All-Russian Classifier of Products (OKP), designed to ensure the reliability, comparability and automated processing of product information, is given in Appendix A.

2 Normative references

This standard uses normative references to the following interstate standards:

GOST 12.1.005-88 Occupational safety standards system. General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area

GOST 12.1.007-76 Occupational safety standards system. Harmful substances. Classification and general safety requirements

GOST 12.1.018-93 Occupational safety standards system. Fire and explosion safety of static electricity. General requirements

GOST 12.1.044-89 (ISO 4589-84) Occupational safety standards system. Fire and explosion hazard of substances and materials. Nomenclature of indicators and methods of their determination

GOST 12.4.010-75 Occupational safety standards system. Individual protection means. Special mittens. Technical conditions

GOST 12.4.011-89 Occupational safety standards system. Protective equipment for workers. General requirements and classification

GOST 12.4.020-82 Occupational safety standards system. Personal protective equipment for hands. Nomenclature of quality indicators

GOST 12.4.021-75 Occupational safety standards system. Ventilation systems. General requirements

GOST 12.4.034-2001 (EN 133-90) Occupational safety standards system. Personal respiratory protection. Classification and labeling

GOST 12.4.068-79 Occupational safety standards system. Dermatological personal protective equipment. Classification and general requirements

GOST 12.4.103-83 Occupational safety standards system. Special protective clothing, personal protective equipment for legs and hands. Classification

GOST 12.4.111-82 Occupational safety standards system. Man's suits for protection against oil and oil products. Technical conditions

GOST 12.4.112-82 Occupational safety standards system. Women's suits for protection against oil and oil products. Technical conditions

GOST 17.2.3.02-78 Nature Conservation. Atmosphere. Rules for Establishing Permissible Emissions of Harmful Substances by Industrial Enterprises

GOST 33-2000 (ISO 3104-94) Petroleum products. Transparent and opaque liquids. Determination of kinematic viscosity and calculation of dynamic viscosity

GOST EN 116-2013 Diesel and domestic stove fuels. Method for determining the limiting filterability temperature

GOST 1461-75 Oil and oil products. Ash content determination method

GOST 1510-84 Oil and oil products. Marking, packaging, transportation and storage

GOST 2070-82 Light oil products. Methods for determining the iodine numbers and the content of unsaturated hydrocarbons

GOST ISO 2160-2013

GOST 2177-99 (ISO 3405-88) Petroleum products. Fractional composition determination methods

GOST 2517-2012 Oil and oil products. Sampling methods

GOST ISO 2719-2013 Petroleum products. Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Flash Point Methods

GOST 3122-67 Diesel fuels. Method for determination of cetane number

GOST ISO 3405-2013 Petroleum products. Method for determination of fractional composition at atmospheric pressure

GOST 5985-79 Petroleum products. Method for determination of acidity and acid number

GOST 6307-75 Petroleum products. Method for determining the presence of water-soluble acids and alkalis

GOST 6321-92 (ISO 2160-85) Fuel for engines. Copper strip test method

GOST 6356-75 Petroleum products. Closed Cup Flash Point Method

GOST 17323-71 Fuel for engines. Method for determination of mercaptan and hydrogen sulfide sulfur by potentiometric titration

GOST 19121-73 Petroleum products. Method for determination of sulfur content by combustion in a lamp

GOST 19433-88 Dangerous goods. Classification and labeling

GOST 19932-99 (ISO 6615-93) Petroleum products. Determination of carbonization by the Conradson method

GOST ISO 20846-2012 Petroleum products. Determination of sulfur content by ultraviolet fluorescence

GOST 22254-92 Diesel fuel. Method for determining the limiting filterability temperature on a cold filter

GOST 32139-2013 Oil and oil products. Determination of sulfur content by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

GOST 32329-2013 Petroleum products. Determination of corrosive attack on a copper strip

GOST 32392-2013 Petroleum products. Determination of coke residue by micromethod

GOST 32508-2013 Diesel fuels. Determination of the cetane number

Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the validity of the reference standards in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet or according to the annual information index "National Standards", which was published as of January 1 of the current year, and by the releases of the monthly information index "National Standards" for the current year. If the reference standard is replaced (changed), then when using this standard, the replacement (modified) standard should be followed. If the reference standard is canceled without replacement, then the provision in which the reference to it is given applies to the extent not affecting this reference.

3 Classification

3.1 Depending on the conditions of use, fuel is divided into grades:

- L - summer, recommended for operation at an ambient temperature of minus 5 ° C and above;

- E - off-season, recommended for operation at an ambient temperature of minus 15 ° C and above:

- З - winter, recommended for operation at ambient temperatures up to minus 25 ° С (limiting filterability temperature - not higher than minus 25 ° С) and up to minus 35 ° С (limiting filterability temperature - not higher than minus 35 ° С);

- A - arctic, recommended for operation at an ambient temperature of minus 45 ° C and above.

4 Symbols

4.1 The fuel symbol indicates:

- for grade L - flash point and ecological class of fuel.

Example symbol diesel fuel grade L, with a flash point of 40 ° C, ecological class K2, according to GOST 305-2013:

DT-L-40-K2 on GOST 305-2013 ;

For grade E - the limiting filterability temperature and the ecological class of the fuel.

An example of a symbol for diesel fuel of grade E, with a filterability temperature of minus 15, ecological class K2, according to GOST 305-2013:

DT-E-minus 15-K2 by GOST 305-2013 ;

For grade Z - the limiting filterability temperature and the ecological class of the fuel.

An example of a symbol for diesel fuel grade Z, with a filterability temperature of minus 25, ecological class K2, according to GOST 305-2013:

DT-Z-minus 25-K2 by GOST 305-2013 ;

For grade A - ecological class of fuel.

An example of a symbol for diesel fuel of grade A, ecological class K2, according to GOST 305-2013:

DT-A-K2 by GOST 305-2013 .

5 Technical requirements

5.1 Fuel must comply with the requirements of this standard and be manufactured using approved technology. Fuels must be manufactured according to the technology and additives that were used in the manufacture of prototypes and were tested with positive results.

5.2 In terms of physical, chemical and operational parameters, the fuel must meet the requirements specified in Table 1.


Table 1 - Fuel requirements

5.3 Fuel may contain colorants (except for green and blue colors) and labeling substances.

5.4 Fuel may contain additives that do not harm the life and health of citizens, the environment, property of individuals and legal entities, the life and health of animals and plants.

The fuel must be free of metal-containing additives, with the exception of antistatic additives.

6 Precision of test methods

6.1 Precision is specified in the test methods referenced in this standard. In case of disagreement in the assessment of test results, standards and should be used.

7 Safety requirements

7.1 Fuel is a low-hazard liquid and, in terms of the degree of impact on the human body, belongs to the 4th hazard class in accordance with GOST 12.1.007.

7.2 Fuel irritates mucous membranes and human skin, causing damage and skin diseases. Continuous contact with fuel can cause acute inflammation and chronic eczema.

7.3 The maximum permissible concentration of vapors of aliphatic hydrocarbons in the air of the working area is 300 mg / m in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.1.005.

Requirements for the maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of fuel in the ambient air of populated areas, in the water of water bodies for household and drinking and cultural and domestic water use, in the soil and control of the concentration of harmful substances in the air of the working area are established in accordance with the approved regulatory documents.

7.4 In accordance with GOST 12.1.044, fuel is a flammable liquid.

Explosive concentration of fuel vapors in a mixture with air - 2% vol. - 3% vol.

Autoignition temperature of fuel grades L, E - 300 ° C, grade Z - 310 ° C, grade A - 330 ° C; ignition temperature limits:

- L, E - lower 69 ° С, upper 119 ° С.

- З - lower 62 ° С, upper 105 ° С;

- A - lower 57 ° С, upper 100 ° С.

7.5 In case of fuel ignition, the following extinguishing means are used: sprayed water, foam; with volumetric quenching - carbon dioxide, compositions of SZHB and "3.5", superheated steam.

7.6 It is prohibited to use open fire in the premises for storage and use of fuel; electrical networks and artificial lighting must be explosion-proof.

When working with fuel, do not use tools that give off a spark on impact.

7.7 Tanks and pipelines intended for storage and transportation of fuel must be protected from static electricity in accordance with GOST 12.1.018.

7.8 If fuel is spilled, collect it in a separate container and wipe the spill area with a dry cloth; in case of a spill in an open area, the spill site must be filled with sand, followed by its removal and disposal in accordance with the sanitary standards approved in the prescribed manner.

7.9 Premises for work with fuel should be equipped with general exchange supply and exhaust ventilation with mechanical induction, which meets the requirements of GOST 12.4.021. Places of intense release of fuel vapors should be equipped with local suction.

It is not allowed to store acids, oxygen cylinders and other oxidizing agents in the fuel storage rooms.

7.10 When working with fuel, personal protective equipment is used in accordance with GOST 12.4.011, GOST 12.4.103, GOST 12.4.111, GOST 12.4.112 and standard industry standards approved in the prescribed manner.

In places with a fuel vapor concentration exceeding the maximum permissible concentration, it is necessary to use filtering masks of the PFMG brand with a BKF box and hose masks of the PSh-1 brand or similar specified in GOST 12.4.034.

7.11 When working with fuel, it is necessary to observe the rules of personal hygiene.

7.12 If fuel comes into contact with open areas of the body, it is necessary to remove it and rinse the skin abundantly with warm soapy water; in case of contact with the mucous membrane of the eyes, rinse the eyes abundantly with warm water.

To protect the skin of the hands, special protective gloves are used in accordance with GOST 12.4.010, ointments and pastes in accordance with GOST 12.4.068, as well as personal protective equipment for hands in accordance with GOST 12.4.020.

7.13 All those working with fuel must undergo preliminary (upon hiring) and periodic medical examinations in accordance with the established requirements in accordance with the established procedure.

8 Environmental requirements

8.1 In order to protect the atmospheric air from pollution by emissions of harmful substances, control over the content of maximum permissible emissions should be organized in accordance with GOST 17.2.3.02.

8.2 The main means of environmental protection from harmful effects fuels are the use of sealed equipment in technological processes and operations associated with the production, transportation, use and storage of fuel, as well as strict adherence to the technological regime.

8.3 During the production, storage and use of fuel, measures should be taken to prevent it from entering the domestic and storm sewer systems, as well as into open water bodies and soil.

9 Acceptance rules

9.1 Fuel is accepted in lots. A batch is considered to be any quantity of a product manufactured in the course of a continuous technological process, according to the same technological documentation, homogeneous in terms of component composition and quality indicators, accompanied by one quality document (product passport) issued upon acceptance on the basis of a combined sample test. The mass of the combined sample is 2 dm3 of fuel.

9.2 The product passport issued by the manufacturer must contain:

- product name and brand;

- name of the manufacturer (the person authorized by the manufacturer) or importer or seller, their location (indicating the country);

- designation of this standard;

- guideline values ​​and actual test results confirming the compliance of the fuel with the requirements of this standard, and technical regulations *;
_______________



- date of issue and passport number;

- signature of the person who issued the passport;

- information about the declaration of conformity (if any);

- information on the presence of additives in the fuel.

9.3 Accompanying documentation for a batch of fuel released into circulation is carried out in Russian and in the state language of the CU member state, on the territory of which this batch will be in circulation.

9.4 When selling fuel, the seller is obliged to provide information on the name and brand of the fuel, its compliance with the requirements of the technical regulations *.
_______________
* Valid on the territory of the countries - members of the Customs Union.


When retailing fuel, it is necessary to provide information on the name, brand of fuel, including the environmental class, which must be placed in places accessible to consumers, on fuel-dispensing equipment, and also reflected in cash receipts.

At the request of the consumer, the seller is obliged to present a copy of the quality document (product passport) for fuel.

9.5 Upon receipt of unsatisfactory results of acceptance tests for at least one of the indicators given in Table 1, repeated tests are carried out on a sample again taken from the same batch. Retest results are final and apply to the entire batch.

9.6 Indicators 9-13 of Table 1 are guaranteed by production technology and are determined once a quarter.

Upon receipt of unsatisfactory results of periodic tests for at least one of the specified indicators, the tests are transferred to the category of acceptance tests and tests are carried out according to this indicator until positive results are obtained at least two batches in a row.

10 Test methods

10.1 Sampling - in accordance with GOST 2517 or standards,.

10.2 In case of disagreement in the assessment of fuel quality, the test method listed first in Table 1 should be used.

11 Labeling, transport and storage

11.1 Marking, transportation and storage of fuel - in accordance with GOST 1510.

11.2 The consignor applies a marking characterizing the transport hazard of fuels, according to the rules - and GOST 19433: class - 3; subclass - 3.3; danger sign - 3; classification code - 3313; UN number 1202, emergency card 315.

11.3 Transportation is carried out by rail and road tank cars or refuellers.

11.4 Fuel storage - in accordance with GOST 1510.

12 Manufacturer's Warranties

12.1 The manufacturer guarantees that the fuel meets the requirements of this standard, subject to the conditions of transportation and storage.

12.2 The guaranteed storage period for diesel fuel is 5 years from the date of manufacture.

Appendix A (reference). Classification of product groups on the territory of the Russian Federation according to the All-Russian Classifier of Products (OKP)

Appendix A
(reference)

Table A.1

Bibliography

UDC 665.753.4: 006.354 MKS 75.160.20

Key words: diesel fuel, technical conditions
____________________________________________________________________________________

Electronic text of the document
prepared by JSC "Kodeks" and verified by:
official publication
M .: Standartinform, 2014

This article was born out of a casual conversation with a colleague, when the phrase was heard that, according to the estimates of representatives of foreign auto-building companies, given the sulfur content that differs in Russian fuel, no diesel engine can travel more than 600 thousand km. But they do go! We thought about it, and realized that everything is not as simple as our colleague would like. And in order not to produce speculation and legends, they turned to specialists: Viktor Davidovich Reznikov, already well known to our readers, and his colleague at the VNII NP, specializing in fuel, Arkady Mironovich Bakaleinik.

Sulfur and its compounds as a natural constituent of crude oil are included in the composition of crude oil in the form of elemental sulfur, hydrogen sulfide and various organic compounds (mercaptans, sulfides, disulfides, etc.), while heavier oil distillates contain more sulfur and sulfur compounds than lungs. Elemental sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans are highly corrosive; therefore, their presence in gasoline and diesel fuels was not allowed (sulfur and hydrogen sulfide) or strictly limited (mercaptans). The total content of other sulfur compounds in the fuel is limited by the limiting rate of the "mass fraction of sulfur" indicator. Tightening the standards for this indicator requires deeper purification from sulfur and, accordingly, additional costs for fuel production, increases its cost, and reduces resources. Therefore, a certain amount of sulfur is present in all commercial fuels.

Recall that the current standard divides diesel fuel into "sulfurous" and "low-sulfur". These terms have been given different meanings at different times. When equipment manufacturers did not have at all or had minimal restrictions on emissions of harmful substances, the sulfur content was normalized based on the possibility of ensuring reliable operation of the engine without significantly reducing its resource, but so that this did not reduce the fuel output and did not increase its cost.

At this stage, i.e. in the 50s - 70s, diesel fuel with a sulfur content of about 1.0% was considered "sulfurous", and fuel in which it was not more than 0.2% was considered "low-sulfur". The main problem when using sulfur fuels, there was an increase in the wear of parts of the cylinder-piston group of diesel engines and an increase in the amount of deposits on them under the influence of sulfur combustion products. Most of these products (SO2 and SO3) are emitted into the atmosphere with exhaust gases, but the amount of SO2 and SO3 that forms sulfurous and sulfuric acids with water vapor significantly increases the corrosive wear of the cylinders, piston rings and other parts, contributes to carbon formation, which disrupts heat removal from the piston, the mobility of piston rings, which reduces compression.

To solve these problems, diesel oils have been imparted neutralizing properties with alkaline detergents. The additives almost completely prevent corrosion wear of engine parts and increased carbon formation. With sufficient alkalinity of the oil (about 8 - 10 mg KOH / g), wear of a set of piston rings when operating on fuels with a sulfur content of 1.0; 0.5% and 0.2% are practically the same if the oil change is done in a timely manner. When operating on fuels with a high sulfur content, the base number of the oil decreases faster and the mileage before oil change is reduced.

Today the situation has changed. Now "sulphurous" is called fuel containing 0.2% sulfur, and in "low-sulfur" it can contain only 0.035% or less. What is the reason for such drastic changes?

In recent years, due to the severity of the problem of environmental pollution from the operation of a rapidly growing multimillion-dollar fleet of cars, more and more stringent standards have been introduced on the emission of toxic compounds, particulate matter, and other air pollutants by cars. Compliance with these standards required manufacturers of equipment to use various emission control systems (afterburners, catalytic converters, filters, etc.) in the design of vehicles, as well as changes in the organization of the combustion process, the introduction of exhaust gas recirculation, and new fuel injection systems.

The presence of sulfur compounds in the fuel increases the toxicity of exhaust gases not only directly - due to an increase in the concentration of sulfur oxides and particulate matter, but also indirectly - due to a decrease in the efficiency and reliability of modern exhaust gas composition control systems. Therefore, at present, along with the development and production of equipment that meets new standards for emissions of harmful substances, more stringent restrictions on the sulfur content in automotive fuels are gradually being introduced.

Diesel fuels in Russia are currently produced in accordance with GOST 305-82 and more than thirty technical conditions (TU). According to these documents, diesel fuels are produced not only for vehicles, but also for agricultural machinery, construction and road cars, diesel locomotives, ships, etc. In accordance with GOST 305-82, 80-85% is now produced in Russia, i.e. the bulk of diesel fuel. The sulfur content of 0.2% can be considered a baseline for Russia. In diesel fuel of type 2, according to this standard, even a sulfur content of up to 0.5% is allowed. However, this norm is being revised towards stricter sulfur content, and fuel with a limit of 0.05% is also being introduced.

For use in large cities or regions with a difficult environmental situation, technical conditions have been developed for diesel fuel with improved environmental properties - urban (TU 38.401-58-170-96) with a sulfur content of no more than 0.05% and "environmentally friendly" fuels (TU 38.1011348 -99), which, among other restrictions, provide for the production of fuels with a sulfur content of not more than 0.035%.

Since November 1, 2001, TU 38.401-58-296-2001 “Automobile diesel fuel. Specifications ", developed on the basis of an authentic translation of EN-590-2000 with a sulfur content standard of not more than 0.035%, for vehicles that meet Euro-3 requirements. By 2003 - 2005 it is planned to harmonize domestic standards for gasoline and diesel fuel with European requirements for cars of Euro-3 level. This means limiting the sulfur content in gasoline to 0.015%, and in diesel fuel to 0.035%. But the introduction of such standards will not mean a simultaneous transition to new requirements: the process will continue for at least 5 years. During this period, "old" and "new" requirements will operate simultaneously.

Diesel fuels with a sulfur content of less than 0.035% have poorer lubricating properties. Their use leads to a significant increase in the wear of the pump plungers. high pressure and reducing the uptime of other fuel equipment units. It became necessary to introduce additives into fuels to improve their lubricating properties. In Russia, such additives are not yet commercially produced. And this is not the only problem associated with the transition to new standards.

Unfortunately, at our filling stations there is still no separate sale of diesel fuels of different brands that differ in their sulfur content and other indicators characterizing their environmental friendliness. This urgent task must be solved, since the mixing of fuels in one tank of a gas station leads to a deterioration in the quality of environmentally friendly varieties. But this is already a matter of infrastructure reform, which will take a lot of time.

Continuous improvement of technology and tightening of environmental standards lead to increased requirements for fuel quality ... Much attention is paid to sulfur content in petroleum products and oil... This parameter is necessarily reflected in the quality certificate.

Sulfur impurities are present in any grade of oil and in all petroleum products, ranging from 0,05 before 6% from the total mass. Sulfur compounds are unevenly distributed over all fractions, being present even in highly purified distillates. High sulfur content in fuels is undesirable for many reasons:

• sulfur is toxic and is the cause unpleasant odor petroleum products,
• reduces the resistance of gasoline to detonation,
• provokes increased gum formation during cracking,
• increases corrosiveness,
• vapors of sulfur compounds irritate the human respiratory tract and worsen the condition of plants.

However, it is not yet possible to completely eliminate sulfur from the fuel. For example, if the sulfur content in diesel fuel is below 0.035%, then its lubricity is significantly deteriorated, which leads to accelerated wear of the elements of the vehicle's fuel system. To prevent this, additives are added to the diesel oil to improve the lubricating properties. But they are still inaccessible, since mass production has not yet been established. The only way out is to reduce the amount of sulfur in petroleum products by setting strict standards.

Sulfur classification of oil

GOST R 51858-2002 defines oil classes by sulfur content:

• Class 1 - low sulfur - sulfur in the total mass of 0.6%.
• Class 2 - sulfurous - sulfur in the total mass is up to 1.8%.
• Class 3 - high sulfur - sulfur in the total mass is up to 3.5%.
• Class 4 - especially high-sulfur - sulfur in the total mass is above 3.5%.

Oil usually contains pure sulfur (there is little of it) and its derivatives. V quality certificate the proportion of total sulfur (pure sulfur + sulfur-containing impurities) is indicated. The higher the sulfur content of the oil, the lower its cost.

The main share of sulfur compounds (50-80%) in oil products is represented by almost neutral sulfides and disulfides. The most "unpleasant" sulfur derivatives are mercaptans. It is they that cause a pungent odor and more than others provoke corrosion and the formation of resins. The content of mercaptans is limited to a few hundredths of a percent, depending on the type of fuel and is indicated in the quality passport separately.

Sulfur content standards for different types of fuel

Sulfur standards are set for all fuels. The most stringent requirements apply to motor gasoline and jet fuel... The permissible sulfur content in them is from 0.02 to 0.1%. The same requirements apply to solvent gasolines.

Diesel fuel in terms of sulfur content is divided into environmental classes... For today, in Russia, the release and use of only Diesel fuel of Euro-5 class with a sulfur content less than 10 mg / kg.

How to reduce sulfur content

The removal of sulfur from fuel is carried out in refineries in two ways:

The oil is preliminarily passed through filters to free it from mechanical impurities. And then it is processed by catalytic hydrogenation at high temperature. The cost of sweet oil is about twice the cost of the initial feedstock, but this way it is possible to obtain oil with a sulfur content of up to 1%.

The second method involves the removal of sulfur from some of the heavy oil fractions using vacuum distillation. Then these fractions are subjected to hydrogenation with hydrogen. The resulting sulfur-free raw material is mixed with the bulk, and the total sulfur content is reduced by 80-95%.