Moscow State Machine-Building University
Department of Cars and Tractors
Graduation project
On the topic: "Development of a diagnostic site for cars and trucks"
Moscow 2012

In this diploma project, the organization of the diagnostic site of the enterprise is considered.
The company intends to organize a car diagnostics section and plans to deal with:
Instrumental control of vehicles;
instrumental control during the inspection of the traffic police.
In the diploma project, a section for diagnostics of cargo and passenger cars.
In the section "Characteristics of the enterprise" are given general information on the enterprise, the organization of work with the clientele, the issues of management of production activities are considered.
In the technological part, the annual volume of work was calculated, the number of workers in the diagnostic section was calculated, the volume of auxiliary work and the number of auxiliary workers were calculated, the area of the diagnostic section was determined.
The section "Organization of the work of the diagnostic section" discusses the issues of organization and sequence of implementation diagnostic work Location on. A list of diagnostic work has been compiled, the necessary equipment and tools for the work have been selected. A description of the procedure for passing diagnostics by vehicles has been made.
Technological charts have been developed for carrying out diagnostic work on diagnostics of the lighting system and diagnostics of the vehicle's brake system.
In the section "Safety and Environmental Assessment of the Project", an analysis of potential hazards and harmful factors for the reconstruction of the diagnostic site. Issues of fire safety, fire extinguishing means are considered. An environmental assessment of the project has been made. Measures for environmental protection are considered.
In the design part, I calculated the ventilation of the diagnostic area. I picked up the necessary fan. Calculated the required amount of heat required to compensate for ventilation and designed an air heater for heating the air.
In the "economic part, I made a calculation to determine the cost of production in this case, the price of 1 nomo-hour, which is 214.58 rubles. and determined the payback period of the project, which in my case is 5.13 years.
In the graphic part of the project:
general plan of the site of the enterprise;
Production building plan;
Site plan before reconstruction;
Site plan after reconstruction;
routing to carry out diagnostic work to diagnose the lighting system;
flow chart for carrying out diagnostic work to diagnose the vehicle brake system;
air heater for heating the air.

Composition: PZ, Specification, Technological map of lighting, Technological map of the brake, Master plan, Heater (SB), Building plan, Old workshop plan, workshop plan.

Software: KOMPAS-3D 14

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Development of a section for diagnostics of cars

1 . Marketing research

1.1 Features of the technological process of performing services and proposals for improving their quality

In service maintenance, the main share is the technical operation of individual (non-commercial) vehicles. At the same time, a number of significant features are revealed.

Significant seasonal unevenness in the use of cars, reaching more than 50% in Russia.

Lower operating intensity than commercial vehicles. The average annual mileage of individual passenger cars in Russia is 10-12 thousand kilometers, which is 3-4 times lower than that of commercial vehicles.

A high proportion of vehicles with a long service life. In Russia average age individual passenger cars in 2006 amounted to 10.8 years, including VAZ - 9.4, Moskvich - 11.2, Volga - 12-13 years, IL - 14.2, foreign cars for more than 12 years. The average operating time since the beginning of the operation of the fleet of passenger cars is 130-145 thousand km, including domestic 110-120 thousand, foreign cars 140-155 thousand km.

Basically, garage-free or in unheated garages and unorganized parking lots, car storage that complicates winter start-up and adversely affects the technical condition of engines, power systems, ignition, fuel injection systems, bodywork, tires, rubber products.

Lack of reliable and complete information about the content, time of maintenance and repair work, consumption of spare parts, quality of used operating materials.

Owners of individual cars do not have their own material and technical base and conditions for maintenance and repair of cars, especially new designs (cars equipped with automatic fuel injection systems, exhaust gas neutralization systems, automatic boxes programs and other electronic systems control of the operation of units and assemblies, especially foreign cars. Maintenance and repair of a car on their own by most of their owners, despite the lack of conditions, adversely affects the performance of cars, reducing their service life.

The car service system should be considered as an open, coherent and heterogeneous production system, the main goal of which is the fullest satisfaction of the needs of consumers. The customer's level of satisfaction with the service must be high enough to turn the casual customer into a regular customer.

The primary and rather difficult task in these conditions is the task of ensuring the operability of individual vehicles through timely preventive maintenance. Currently, the following methods are used to ensure the performance of vehicles for individual use:

Branded systems organized by car manufacturers and designed to carry out maintenance and repairs at service enterprises working under an agreement with manufacturers. Although these enterprises are called firm, as a rule, they are independent economic entities, but they are connected with car manufacturers by agreements granting them privileges: purchase of cars and spare parts at wholesale prices;

Maintenance and repair systems for the existing system, independent of the manufacturers. These systems provide for the implementation of certain types of maintenance (EO, TO No. 1, TO No. 2, CO) and repairs with regulated lists of operations, labor intensity and other standards necessary for planning and organizing the work of an enterprise and paying customers. The vehicle owner can attach his car to service company for complex maintenance and repairs during a certain operating time (subscription service) or apply for a specific service.

To plan the labor intensity of work, the consumption of spare parts and materials, the concepts of static arrival and consumption of spare parts are used. The actual flow of requirements for services depends on the bandwidth of the enterprise, marketing policy.

1.2 Determination of the main indicators characterizing the region's need for car service services

Initial data:

- the number of inhabitants A i, i = (1,2), where i is the index of the moment in time; i = 1-current moment; i = 2-perspective (end of the mid-term forecast).

A 1 = 207000 people - the number of inhabitants of the city of Armavir in 2013.

And 2 = 220,000 people - the number of inhabitants of the city of Armavir in 2017

The number of residents of the microdistrict where the service station will be located, we accept 51200 people in 2013, and 60,000 in 2017.

- saturation of the population with passenger cars n i; for the current moment and for the future; i = (1,2) cars / 1000 inhabitants

n 1 = 190 (according to traffic police data)

n 2 = 270 for the perspective of 2013-2017

- quantitative ratio of cars in 2010:

very small class cars 10%

small class cars 55%

foreign cars 10%

- the quantitative ratio of cars in 2015:

very small class cars 15%

small class cars 45%

middle class cars 25%

foreign cars 15%

is the indicator of the dynamics of changes in the saturation n ti = f (t i) of the population with cars in the retrospective period, i.e. for a number of years (t 1 = 1,2,3… m) before the considered current moment of time t i = m;

- coefficient taking into account the share of owners using the services of car service enterprises - in i, i = (1,2);

- the probabilistic distribution of the cars serviced at the car service enterprise by models P ij, i = (1,2), j = (1, J), where j is the index of the car model;

- the average operating time in thousand km per one car-arrival at the enterprise according to the models L ij, j = 1 - of an especially small class; j = 2 - small class; j = 3 - middle class, j = 4 - foreign cars;

- the interval distribution of the annual runs of the j-th car models L gj, specified in the form of histograms shown in Figure 1.1 of the explanatory note.

Calculation of the number of cars in the region.

The number of cars in a given area of the city is determined from the expression:

, (1.1)

where And i - the number of inhabitants of the region, people;

n i - saturation of the population with cars, cars / 1000 people.

This number of cars is calculated for the current i = 1 and prospective i = 2 periods.

For the current period i = 1, T i = 2013:

N 1 =

We take 9730 cars into account

For the perspective period i = 2, T i = 2015:

N 2 =

We take 14,200 vehicles into account.

Figure 1.1. Histograms of the distribution of annual mileage by car class

The initial distribution of annual vehicle mileage is shown in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1 Initial distribution of annual vehicle mileage

Annual mileage Lr i, thousand km	Mileage interval index r	Average values of annual mileage in r-th interval Lr i, thousand km	The number of values of Lr 1 in the i-th interval for cars of an especially small class n 1	The number of values of Lr 2 in the i-th interval for cars of a small class n 2	The number of Lr 3 values in the i-th interval for middle class cars n 3

Table 1.2 shows the initial data for determining the main indicators.

Table 1.2. Initial data for determining the main indicators

Time period i = (1,2)

Population A i people

Saturation with passenger cars n i cars / 1000 inhabitants

Share of owners using service station services in i

Average operating time per one car-arrival at service station L ij, thousand km

Probable distribution of cars serviced at service stations by brands P i j

Especially small class

Small class

Middle class

Foreign cars

Especially small class

Small class

Middle class

Foreign cars

Current (1)

Perspective (2)

Calculation of the dynamics of changes in the saturation of the population of the region with cars.

When calculating the dynamics of changes in the number of passenger cars, the saturation with them set time lag until the time t i = m should be at least 5 years.

The solution to this problem can be based on the use of dependence, taking into account the dynamics of the development of the saturation of the population of the region (microdistrict) in the past, the state of saturation in the present and in the future.

In this case, the saturation over time increases unevenly, first slowly, then quickly and, finally, slows down again due to the approximation n k n max = n 2.

The dynamics of changes in the saturation of the region's population with cars in the retrospective period is shown in Table 1.3.

The dependence of the saturation of the population with cars on time is expressed by a differential equation of the form.

where t is time (years);

n - vehicle saturation;

n max - saturation limit value;

q - coefficient of proportionality.

Table 1.3. Dynamics of changes in the saturation of the region's population with cars in the retrospective period

Transformation of equation 1.1 allows you to determine the value of the proportionality coefficient q, according to the formula:

. (1.3)

For a given n max = n 2 and a calculated value of q, taking into account the requirement for the function n = f (t) to pass through the last point nm = n 1 of the retrospective period for t = m = 4, it allows, after simple transformations, to finally obtain the dependence of the change in the saturation of the population cars from time to time:

where n m = n1 is the current value of the population saturation with cars at the end of the retrospective period, that is, for t = m.

The solution of equation (1.4) with respect to the time factor t, allows us to estimate the time interval (lag) of the saturation of the population with cars at a given limit (or close to it) saturation value n n max = n 2:

The change and increase in the saturation of the population with passenger cars in the retrospective period in the modified form of Table 1.3 are presented in Table 1.4.

Table 1.4 - Change and increase in the saturation of the population with passenger cars in the retrospective period

		Saturation n t	Saturation gain? N t

In table 1.4, the increase in saturation is determined by the expression

? n t = n ti -n t (i -1) (1.6)

where n ti is the saturation of the population with cars, cars / 1000 inhabitants

We find the proportionality coefficient q:

Predictive assessment of the dynamics of changes in the saturation of the population with cars in the region (microdistrict) using the data of tables 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 and the expression (formula) 1.4 for n max = n 2 = 270, nm = n 1 = 190, m = 4 saturation in 2011 will be:

Similarly, we determine the saturation in 2013:

For 2017 (t> 14) we get:

Thus, close to the specified maximum saturation of the population with cars n 5 = n max = 270 can be achieved in 6 years.

Indeed, after checking expression (1.5) and setting n t close to 270 authors / 1000 inhabitants, for example, n t = 266 we have:

Which is more than the minimum time lag of 6 years required to predict the above indicators.

The results of the predicted change in the saturation of the region's population with passenger cars are presented in Figure 1.2.

Figure 1.2. Graphic illustration of the forecast of the population saturation with passenger cars

The results of the marketing research (histograms of the distribution of annual runs by class, the quantitative ratio of cars by class, the curve of forecasting the saturation of the population with passenger cars) are presented on sheet 1 of the graphic part of the project.

Calculation of indicators of annual car mileage, operating time on a car-arrival and the annual number of calls to service stations

The weighted average annual mileage of cars by model is determined from the expression:

where L Г jr is the average annual mileage of the vehicle in the mileage interval r;

n jr is the number of values of runs L Г jr in intervals, r = (1; R).

Then, substituting in the formula (1.7) the corresponding values of the known quantities for cars of an especially small class, we get:

.

Similarly, we determine the value of the weighted average annual mileage for other cars:

Weighted average annual mileage of all cars for the period under review:

(1.8)

where P ij is the probability distribution of the cars serviced at the service station by class.

Then for the current moment we get:

L r 1 = 13.5 0.1 + 14.8 0.55 + 16.0 0.25 + 16.9 0.1 = 14.86

Similarly, we will determine the weighted average annual mileage of all cars for the prospective period:

L r 2 = 13.5 0.1 + 14.8 0.45 + 16.0 0.25 + 16.9 0.2 = 15.1

The weighted average (by car class) operating time for one car-arrival at the service station is determined by the formula:

where L ij is the average operating time for one car-arrival at the service station, thousand km

For the current period, we take the initial data according to table 1.2. Weighted average operating time for one car-arrival at the service station

L i 1 = 8 0.1 + 12 0.55 + 10 0.2 + 14 0.15 = 11.5

For a promising period

L i 2 = 10 0.1 + 14 0.45 + 12 0.25 + 15 0.2 = 13.4

The annual number of calls (arrivals) of cars in the region at the service station is determined by the formula:

where N i - the number of cars in the region (microdistrict) for the i period, pcs;

in i - the share of owners using the services of the workshop;

L ri - weighted average annual mileage of all cars for the period under consideration;

L i is the weighted average operating time for one car-arrival at the service station.

For the current period:

we take N ri = 1 = 7520

For the promising period:

Table 1.5. Main indicators characterizing the district's need for car service

Time period i	Number of cars in the region N i	Average weighted annual mileage of cars by brands L Г j, thousand km
		Especially small class	Small class	Middle class	Foreign cars
Current (1)
Perspective (2)
Time period i	Weighted average annual mileage of cars for the period under consideration L ri, thousand km	Weighted average operating time per one car-arrival at service station L i, thousand km	The total annual number of vehicle arrivals at CTO N Гi
Current (1)
Perspective (2)

2. Statement of the problem of diploma design

2.1 Justification of the capacity of the planned service station

Due to the merger of a large number of random factors (timing and number of incoming applications, types of work performed, labor intensity and timing of applications, etc.), the process Maintenance and car repair at service stations is of a stochastic nature. As the studies carried out in MADI show, the features of the functioning of complex systems, such as SRT, confirmed by the effects of a large number of random events, can best be described using the queuing theory.

A feature of performing calculations of the parameters of the production process for service stations, which are of a random nature, is that they have to be carried out in conditions of multiple randomness, when probabilistic calculations are performed simultaneously with several streams of interrelated random events.

The production program of the service station should be indicated with its capacity as a whole and the individual elements of this program.

Management is considered rationally organized and effective if for the enterprise as a whole and for each of its divisions the following ratio is maintained between the production program and capacity for a certain period of time (year, quarter, month):

0.6M< V пр < 0,85М

where M is the capacity of the enterprise and its individual elements;

V pr - the production program of the service station

Improving efficiency, capital investments, reducing the cost of construction, organizing maintenance and repair of cars at a high technical level - one of the most important problems of road transport. The solution to this problem is provided mainly by the high quality of the design of the enterprise.

The necessary conditions for such a design are:

- justification of the type and number of cars that will be serviced and repaired at this service station;

- substantiation of the composition, capacity and location of the service station;

- compliance of the project with progressive forms of production organization and best practices;

- the use of modern building structures and materials, taking into account local natural and climatic conditions.

When justifying the capacity and scale of service stations, their location within the city, in each specific case, it is necessary to know and take into account the number of residents of the microdistrict and the saturation of the population with cars at the moment and in the future, the location of existing service stations and other auto service workshops, the possibility of approaching the service station to the places of the greatest concentration of cars cars, climatic conditions of the area.

One of the main factors determining the capacity of a city service station is the number and composition of cars by model located in the service area of an existing service station.

The service station of Avtopartner LLC is located almost in the central part of the city in a microdistrict with a population of 60,000 for the development perspective. The number of cars belonging to the citizens of the microdistrict, taking into account the development prospects, is determined on the basis of statistical data or on the basis of the average saturation of the population with cars per 1000 inhabitants.

According to the traffic police, taking into account the development prospects until 2017, the saturation of passenger cars per 1000 inhabitants will be 270 cars.

Then the number of cars belonging to the population of the given microdistrict of Armavir will be determined by the formula

(2.1)

where A is the population size, people;

P is the number of cars per 1000 inhabitants, P = 270

Since a certain part of car owners carries out diagnostics on their own or from individual entrepreneurs, the estimated number of cars serviced at the service station will be

N = N "K (2.2)

where K = 0.75-0.90 is a coefficient that takes into account the number of car owners using the services of a service station.

N = 12960 0.8 = 10368

We take 10,400 vehicles into account.

Based on the total number of serviced cars, we will determine their number by class in accordance with their estimated quantitative ratio in 2015:

cars of very small class 10% 1040

small class cars 45% 4680

middle class cars 30% 3120

foreign cars 15% 1560

Let's define the mode of operation of the service station.

The operating mode of the service station of Avtopartner LLC is characterized by the number of working days per year, the duration of the shift and the number of shifts. In this case, the mode of operation should be selected based on the fullest satisfaction of the needs of the population for maintenance and repair services with minimal production costs. We take the number of days of work in the year D pg = 365, the duration of the shift T cm = 8 hours, the number of shifts is two. Then we have the opportunity to determine the fund of working time of the post F p, hour:

Ф p = D pg T cm C (2.3)

where Д рг - the number of working days in a year;

T cm is the duration of the shift, h;

С - the number of shifts.

Ph n = 365 8 2 = 4880 hours

Let's determine the approximate number of posts at the service station:

(2.4)

- the frequency of car arrivals at the service station, respectively, to perform complex maintenance, cleaning and washing works, anti-corrosion treatment of the body, is adopted by ONTP 01-91 [p. 87 table 53] d torus = 1.0; d mind = 3.0; d nko = 1.0

Then

accept 20 posts.

2.2 Characteristics of Avtopartner LLC

Limited Liability Company "Avtopartner" was registered in 2000. Initially, it was located on the territory of the open joint stock company "Passenger motor transport company No. 1" located on the street. K. Marx 88. The company did not have its own production base and rented production areas of OJSC Passenger Motor Transport Enterprise No. 1. For the purpose of carrying out maintenance work (EO, TO-1, TO-2) of the owners of personal vehicles, Avtopartner used the areas of daily maintenance, maintenance No. 1, maintenance No. 2, application repairs, the production areas of OJSC Passenger Motor Transport Enterprise No. 1 ".

In 2007, Avtopartner LLC bought out a plot of land on the street. Engels 110 and began to create its own production base, and in 2009 fully began to carry out its activities on the newly built base, which is constantly expanding and building up.

At present, Avtopartner LLC has 2800 m 2 of territory, of which the already built-up part is 760 m 2.

Avtopartner LLC offers the following services in the field of car service:

- active and computer diagnostics of the car;

- maintenance and repair of engines;

- maintenance of individual vehicle transmission units;

- maintenance and repair of clutches;

- maintenance and repair of gearboxes;

- maintenance and repair of steering controls;

- maintenance and repair of braking mechanisms of various designs and their drives;

- various types of reinforcement works;

- mechanized washing of cars and their units;

- current repair of leading rear axles.

Analysis of the need for services for the diagnostics of passenger cars shows that in Armavir there are practically no such service stations specializing in diagnostics, with the exception of individual entrepreneurs who carry out these works, as a rule, in garage cooperatives and in their own garages that are not adapted for this. ... The work performed by them on diagnostics of passenger cars does not meet modern requirements. These are small private owners who carry out these works, do not have the necessary technological equipment, the required qualifications. In such a situation, there is no need to talk about the guaranteed quality of work.

Currently, there is an urgent need to design and organize a site for diagnostics of cars, both as a whole and its individual components. Frequent requests from customers for this type of work at Avtopartner LLC are not satisfied, the enterprise as a whole loses large profits and its image.

The introduction of this specialized section will largely relieve the tension in resolving this issue and will be equally desirable both for Avtopartner LLC and for clients who need to perform this type of work.

Particular attention in the design of the diagnostic site is paid to domestic cars, since their number remains predominant. It must be taken into account that the quality domestic cars much lower, so they often require maintenance and repair, and the peculiarities of car operation in Russia should include a long service life, which also negatively affects their reliability and increases the need for maintenance and repair.

3. Technological calculation

The growth of the passenger car fleet requires a significant and intensive development of the production and technical base for the maintenance and repair of cars owned by the population.

The features of the technological calculation of the service station are:

- work with clients operating cars according to the actual mileage, which is significantly lower than in motor transport enterprises;

- Arrivals of cars for various maintenance and repair works are random and, moreover, seasonal.

3.1 Initial data for technological calculation

We accept the initial data for the technological calculation of the service station on the basis of the results of the conducted marketing research, taking into account the prospective development until 2015.

The number of residents of the microdistrict, people 60,000

Population saturation with automobiles / 1000 inhabitants 270

Share of owners using service station services,% 80

Total number of passenger cars in the microdistrict, pcs. 14200

of which light vehicles of very small class 15%

passenger cars of small class 45% 6350

passenger cars of middle class 45% 3550

foreign cars 45% 2 150

Average weighted annual mileage of vehicles, thousand km

passenger cars of extra small class 13.5

passenger cars of small class 14.8

passenger cars of middle class 16.0

foreign cars 16.9

The annual number of calls (arrivals) to the service station 12960

Average number of trips per car per year 1.5

3.2 Calculation of the annual scope of work of the workshop and the diagnostic area

The annual scope of work of the city service station includes maintenance and repair, cleaning and washing works and pre-sale preparation of cars. Avtopartner LLC is not engaged in pre-sale preparation of cars, but specializes only in maintenance and repair of passenger cars.

The annual volume of work on diagnostics of passenger cars in man-hours is determined by the formula:

T g = N hundred L T t / 1000 (3.1)

where N one hundred - the number of cars serviced by the projected service station per year;

L T - average annual mileage of cars, km;

t is the specific labor intensity of maintenance and repair work, man-h / 1000 km.

In accordance with ONTP-01-91, the normative labor intensity of TO and TR is coordinated depending on the number of work posts, therefore, the approximate number of posts X at the service station is determined, which is determined by the formula:

(3.2)

where N hundred is the number of vehicles serviced in a comprehensive manner at the service station, from previous calculations;

- the frequency of car arrivals at the service station, respectively, for the implementation of complex services is adopted by ONTP 01-91 [p. 87 table 53] d torus = 1.0; d mind = 3.0; d nko = 1.0

t is the specific labor intensity of maintenance and repair works, man-h / 1000 km

c is the coefficient of unevenness of the arrival of cars at the service station;

F p - the annual fund of working hours of the post, h.

R cf - the average number of workers simultaneously working at the post, people.

h - the coefficient of using the working time of the post, is taken equal to 0.9.

Then

we take X = 20

Then the correction factor of the labor intensity of TO and TR is taken equal to 0.90

The annual scope of work on maintenance and repair of cars of an especially small class

T Gom = 2150 0.85 13.5 2/1000 = 32072, we take T Gom = 32070 man-hours.

Annual scope of work on maintenance and repair of small cars

T Hm = 6350 0.85 14.8 2.3 / 1000 = 119425 man-hours

Annual scope of work on maintenance and repair of middle class cars

T Gsr = 3350 0.85 16.0 2/1000 = 68110.0 man-hours.

Annual scope of work on maintenance and repair of foreign cars

T Gin = 2150 0.85 16.9 2.0 / 1000 = 40150 man-hours.

Then the annual volume of work on maintenance and repair as a whole for the service station

Т Г = Т Гом + Т Гм + Т Гср + Т Гин = 259755 people-hours.

For further calculation, we take Tg = 260,000 man-hours.

In addition to works on maintenance and repair of cars, auxiliary works are carried out at the service station, the volume of which is 20-30% of the annual volume of work. The auxiliary work includes repair and maintenance of technological equipment, tooling and tools, maintenance of engineering and compressor equipment, and so on.

T in = T g 0.2 = 52000 man-h

Then the total labor intensity of work on the service station will be

T Go = T g + T in = 312000 man-h

The annual labor intensity of the passenger car diagnostics section is determined depending on the approximate distribution of labor intensity at the service station.

According to table 3.3, we accept:

For work on diagnostics 20%

T Gd iagn = 312000 0.2 = 62400 man-hours.

The distribution of the labor intensity of work on guard and precinct work is accepted on the recommendation of ONTP 01-91 and Table 3.4.

The complexity of the post work on diagnostics will be:

T d iagn = 62400 0.75 = 46800 man-h

3.3 Calculation of the number of production workers and the required number of posts in the area of diagnostics of cars

Production workers include work stations and sections directly performing diagnostic work. Distinguish between technologically necessary and staffing number of workers.

The technologically required number of production workers is calculated by the formula:

(3.3)

We accept 20 people.

The annual fund of time for a technologically necessary worker:

(3.4)

where: 8 is the duration of the shift, 2;

the number of calendar days in a year, days;

the number of days off in a year, days;

the number of holidays in a year, days.

In design practice, to calculate the technologically required number of workers, the annual fund of time F t is taken to be 2070 hours.

Staff number of production workers:

P sh = T diagnostics. / F w (3.5)

where Tdiagn is the annual volume of work on the site, man-h;

F w - the annual fund of time for a full-time worker (effective), h.

Staff number of production workers in the diagnostics section:

people,

We accept P Shm = 21 people.

The annual time fund of a full-time worker determines the actual time worked by the performer directly at the workplace, therefore, the time fund of a full-time worker is less than the fund of a technological worker by providing workers with vacations and absenteeism for valid reasons.

The staffing of auxiliary workers is accepted in the same way as for production workers.

accept

Distribution of auxiliary workers by type of work:

- a mechanic for the repair and maintenance of technological

equipment - 3 people;

- storekeeper - 2 people;

- electrician security officer - 1 person.

The staffing of engineering and technical workers, employees, MNP of a specialized section will be:

- site manager -1 person;

- deputy. chief - 1 person;

- Art. accountant - 1 person;

- supply engineer - 1 person;

- junior service personnel - 2 people.

More than 75% of the volume of diagnostic work for cars is carried out at posts, therefore the number of posts largely determines the choice of the space-planning solution of the site. The number of posts depends on the type, power and labor intensity of the impacts, the method of organizing maintenance and repairs at the site, the operating mode of the site.

The organization of diagnostics at individual posts is much easier, but the use of this method leads to a loss of time for installing the car at posts and leaving them, contamination of the room with exhaust gases when maneuvering the car, the use of highly qualified station wagons. The post work is planned to be performed at specialized posts.

The number of production stations for diagnostics of passenger cars is determined by the formula:

(3.6)

where T G is the annual volume of post work of diagnostics, man-h;

K u = 1.15 is the coefficient of uneven loading of posts, reflecting the random nature of the emergence of the need for body repair, both in terms of the time of occurrence and the complexity of execution, which causes the car to idle while waiting in line;

D rt - the number of working days in a year;

H - the number of work shifts per day, depends on the purpose of the car service enterprise and is adopted in accordance with the recommendations in table 3.8 H = 2.0;

T cm - the duration of the work shift, in the design calculations, it is assumed with a five-day working week - 8 hours;

Р - the number of people working at one post at the same time, is taken equal to 1.5 working;

K isp is the coefficient of using the working time of the post, taking into account the loss of working time associated with the departure of performers from the posts (toilet, warehouse, other areas), as well as due to forced downtime of cars in the process of performing work, and when calculating K isp = 0, 94 with two-shift operation of the service station.

we take P = 6

3.4 Determining the needs of the workshop for technological equipment

The technological equipment includes stationary, mobile and portable stands, machine tools, equipment, fixtures, tools and production inventory required to ensure the production process of the shop.

The method of calculating (selecting) the number of pieces of equipment is selected depending on its type, purpose, degree of use.

The number of pieces of basic equipment can be determined:

1) according to the labor intensity of work and the fund of working time of the equipment;

2) according to the degree of equipment utilization and its productivity.

According to the labor intensity of work and the fund of working time of the equipment:

(3.7)

where T "about - the annual volume of work on the repair of the chassis, man-h;

Ф "about - the annual fund of operating time of a unit of equipment, is taken according to table 3.12;

D about - the number of days of equipment operation in a year, D about = 308;

T cm - the duration of the work shift, h T cm = 8.0;

K cm - the number of work shifts, K cm = 1.0;

P about - the number of workers simultaneously working on this equipment; P about = 1.0;

z about = 0.75-0.9 - the coefficient of equipment use over time.

we take N about = 8

The list of necessary technological equipment of the passenger car diagnostics workshop is selected according to the current Table of technological equipment, catalogs of the Novgorod GARO plant and is presented in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1. Necessary technological equipment for the passenger car diagnostics section

№	equipment identification	Type of	Manufacturing	Technical specifications	Cost, rub

	Hydraulic trolley jack		Germany MATRIX	3.0 t; stroke: 130-490 mm.
	Hydraulic jack			5.0 t; plunger, stroke: 270-627 mm
	Hydraulic lift	P-2-01NM "Skat"
	Compressor		Italy	0.205 m 3 / min, 8 atm., 0.024 m 3, 220V
	Brake stand for cars			Stationary, for monitoring braking systems with axle load up to 3 tons. N dv = 24 kW
	Vehicle brake efficiency meter			Supply voltage 12 V, dimensions 206x75x40
	Deselerometer			Manual, inertial action
	Device for checking the operation of the hydraulic vacuum amplifier	Own		Portable
	Device for determining the technical condition of the support-clamping system of brakes			Portable type for diagnosing brake mechanisms
	Electro-optic stand for checking vehicle installation assemblies			Dimensions 2760x500x800
	Wheel alignment ruler			Portable
	Pneumatic backlash tester for r / y and suspension joints
	Shock Absorber Test Stand			Dimensions 3150x2720x900 mm
	Gas analyzer	INFRAKAR M1.01		Four-component in accordance with GOST 52033-2003

The area of the workshop is determined by the formula:

F y = f a X p K p (3.8)

where F y is the area of the shop, m 2;

f a - the area occupied by the car in the plan, 13.2 m 2;

X p - the number of posts, 6 pcs.;

K p - the coefficient of the density of the arrangement of posts 5.

The passenger car diagnostics workshop occupies one room. The number of diagnostic posts, according to technological calculation 6.

The area of the passenger car diagnostics workshop will be:

Preliminarily, the area of the workshop is taken F c = 400 m 2 prior to the development of a space-planning solution.

Bibliography

car service quality station need

1 Napolsky G.M. Technological design of motor transport enterprises and service stations: textbook for universities - 2nd ed. revised and add. - M .: Transport, 1993 .-- 271 p.

2 All-Union norms of technological design of road transport enterprises / ONTP-01-91. M .: Rosavtotrans, 1991? 184 s.

3 Kuznetsov E.S. and others. Technical operation of cars - Moscow: Nauka, 2001. - 535 p.

4 Masuev M.A. Design of road transport enterprises - Moscow: Academy Publishing Center, 2007. - 224 p.

5 Struchalin V.M. Technological calculation of STOA, Methodological instructions for the implementation of the main part of the diploma project for students of all forms of education. - Krasnodar: Ed. KubGTU, 2004 - 44 p. with.

6 Vakhlamov V.K. Construction, calculation and performance of cars. - M .: Publishing Center Academy, 2007 .-- 560 p.

7 Buravlev Yu.V. Life safety in transport - M .: Publishing house. Center Academy, 2007 - 287 p.

8 Struchalin V.M. Technical maintenance of cars. - Krasnodar .: ed. KubGTU, 1998 - 108.

9 Serbinovskiy B.Yu. and other Economics of car service. Creation of a car service station on the basis of an operating enterprise. - M .: ICC "Mart", 2006 - 432 with V. Vinogradov. Technological processes of car repair. - M .: Publishing Center Academy, 2007 - 384 p.

10 Davidovich L.N. Design of road transport enterprises. - M .: Transport, 1987 - 404 p.

11 Gudkov V.A. other. Passenger road transport - M .: Hotline - Telecom, 2004 - 448 p.

12 Regulations on the maintenance and repair of the rolling stock of road transport / I-in automobile. transport of the RSFSR. Part 1. - M .: Transport, 1988 - 78 p.

13 Brief Automobile Directory / [NIIAT; Ponizovkin A.N. and others] - 11th ed. add. and recycled. - M .: Transconsulting, 1994 - 779 p.

14 Regulations on labor protection in road transport. - M .: Ministry of Transport of the RSFSR, 1990 - 213 p.

15 Karagodin V.I. and other Repair of automobiles and engines. - M .: Ed. Center Academy, 2003 - 496 p.

16 Sarbaev V.I. etc. Maintenance and repair of automobiles: Mechanization and environmental safety of production processes. - Rossov n / a: Phoenix, 2005 - 380 p.

17 Smagin V.N. Enterprise Economics - M .: Publishing house. KNORUS, 2007 - 160 p.

Posted on Allbest.ru

The project of the diagnostic section of the car service station (essay, term paper, diploma, control)

Thesis Project of a diagnostic section of a car service station

1. RESEARCH PART

1.1 General

1.2 general characteristics service stations

2. TECHNOLOGICAL PART

2.1 Justification of capacity and type of service station

2.2 Technological calculation

2.3 Calculation of the annual scope of work of the service station

2.4 Calculation of the number of production workstations of maintenance

2.5 Calculation of the number of posts and the car - places in the painting area

3. ORGANIZATIONAL PART

3.1 Calculation of the area of the room

3.2 Selection of technological equipment and tooling for the site.

3.3 Development of a technological process for diagnosing a power supply system diesel engine VAZ-2110

4. TECHNOLOGICAL MAP

4.1 Organization of technical diagnostics of cars

4.2 technical diagnostics of the chassis of the car

5. DESIGN PART

5.1 Description of the fixture

5.2 Structural strength analysis

6. ECONOMIC SECTION

6.1 Calculation of the cost of fixed assets

6.2 Calculation of payroll costs

6.3 Calculation of depreciation charges

6.4 Calculation of business overheads

6.5 Calculation of costs, profits and taxes

7. FINAL PART

7.1 Occupational safety

7.2 Dangerous and harmful production factors affecting workers

7.3 Occupational safety requirements for workers when organizing and carrying out work

7.3.1 General

7.3.2 Fire safety

7.3.3 Work and rest mode

8. CONCLUSION

9. LIST OF USED SOURCES diagnostics maintenance engine car

1. RESEARCH PART

1.1 General intelligence

Until recently, the development of a network of car service stations was not sharply set, due to the small number of passenger cars in the personal use of citizens, as well as the ease of servicing domestic cars due to the simple design.

The growth in the number of passenger cars owned by citizens, as well as the complication of the designs of various mechanisms and assemblies installed on cars, requires significant capital investments in the development of a network of specialized car service enterprises - passenger car maintenance and repair stations.

It is known that until recently, about 50% of the entire fleet of passenger cars in personal use were serviced by their owners independently, but due to the improvement of the design of mechanisms and units installed on cars, as well as an increase in the number of cars, it became possible to reduce this indicator to a minimum, with building new or expanding old service stations throughout the country.

At the moment, the network of specialized service stations satisfies the need for servicing only about 40% of the entire fleet of passenger cars in personal use of citizens, and are mainly located in large cities of the country, which is about 30% of all cities.

The growth rate of the number of private cars, the improvement of the design of mechanisms and units installed on them, the involvement of an increasing number of people in the transport process, as well as the increase in traffic intensity on the roads requires the rapid and high-quality development of service stations. Such stations are characterized by a number of signs related to their activities: high-quality maintenance and repair of cars, provision of a warranty period for a certain mileage or period, expert advice, sale of high-quality spare parts and accessories for cars, providing customers with comfortable waiting areas (cafes, billiard rooms, rest rooms and etc.).

The design of additional sections at the passenger car service and repair station in order to reduce material costs, while increasing the quality of service, must be carried out in the following closely interrelated areas:

- strengthening the production and technical base through the construction of new or reconstruction of old service stations for more promising projects;

- increasing the efficiency of the maintenance and repair system by improving the qualifications of workers, using high-quality spare parts, Supplies and the introduction of modern equipment at work stations.

The task of the considered station for the maintenance and repair of passenger cars should be solved by modern methods developed as a result of research activities.

At the same time, the object of these studies is some features of the operation of passenger cars in private use of citizens:

- the value of the average daily and average annual runs;

- the period of operation during the year;

- vehicle storage conditions (open or closed);

- the degree of professionalism of the owners in driving and repairing a car;

- road conditions.

In addition to the features of operation, there are a number of other factors that are the subject of research, they have a significant role in the uneven arrival of cars at the posts, and, consequently, the uneven loading of the service station during the planning period of the scope of work.

The most important condition for the high-quality implementation of the design diploma at the site maintenance station is a clear justification of the initial data adopted for this improvement, which includes next steps:

- selection of car brands to be serviced;

- selection of a service station for designing the required section on it;

- justification of the capacity of the maintenance station.

To perform these steps, the following data must be determined:

- the number of the population and the cars in this city in the personal use of citizens (in our case, the city of Abai in the Karaganda region);

- the average annual mileage of cars.

As the initial data, we accept that the population of the city of Abai is 53,000 people. We take all brands of cars in the personal use of citizens in the area. According to the traffic police bodies of the city of Abai, their total number is 260 units per 1000 inhabitants. Given these facts, we can determine the number of cars N belonging to the population according to the formula:

N= A n / 1000, (1.1)

where A- the number of residents in the area of the village of Novodolinka; n- the number of cars per 1000 inhabitants.

N =53 000 260 /1000 =13 780 , cars If you consider that a certain part of the owners carries out maintenance and repair on their own, then the estimated number of serviced cars at stations N* per year is equal to:

N*= NK, (1.2)

where TO- coefficient taking into account the number of car owners using the services of the workshop.

N*=13 780 0,75= 10 335 , cars.

Also, according to the data of the traffic police of the city of Abai, the value of the average annual mileage for all brands of the selected cars was obtained, which is 15,000 km.

This service station has 6 posts, serves about 720 cars a year, is located on the outskirts of the city of Abai, near the passing regional road of the city of Karaganda - Zhezkazgan. For the convenience of servicing, not only the cars of Abai, but also other cars of the adjacent areas and cars that got off the road due to refusal, from the road along the route.

1.2 General characteristic stations technical service

The main production unit for servicing passenger cars owned by citizens is a service station.

In our country, service stations are subdivided by purpose into urban (for servicing a fleet of individual vehicles) and road (for providing technical assistance to all vehicles on my way). Urban stations can be universal or specialized by type of work and car brands, and by power and size, they are divided into four categories: small, medium, large and large.

The station chosen for improvement is one of the small type road stations with six posts. Service station "Auto Center Abai" is located on the outskirts of Abai on 10 years of Independence street, in the form of a rectangular section of a two-storey building with overall dimensions of 48 × 12 m, the total area of which is 576 m 2.

The territory of the station is bordered on two sides, in front of the road and the parking lot of cars waiting for tire repair at the tire fitting site. Rear borders with storage space finished cars and waiting for repairs. The entrance to the service station is carried out from the courtyard on the right side, on the left side there is a reserve passage for the movement of fire trucks.

On the second floor, with an area of 6 × 12m, there is a shop for auto parts, for the needs of customers who have their cars repaired at this service station.

The owner of the service station is an entrepreneur Muzalev Vyacheslav Dmitrievich.

Service station work schedule, 1.5 shifts from 9 00 - 18 00.

2 . TECHNOLOGICAL PART

2.1 Justification power and type stations technical service

Justification of the capacity and type of service station are required as input data for the technological calculation.

Production capacity is determined by the amount of products produced in kind or in value terms for a certain period. For a service station in general view such an indicator is the number of fully serviced vehicles during the year. The production capacity, in turn, is greatly influenced by the size of the enterprise.

The size of an enterprise is determined by the amount of living and materialized labor, that is, the number of employees and production assets. Basically, the size of production assets, and, consequently, the size of the service station can be characterized by the number of work posts, sections, waiting areas, etc.

When assessing the production capacity or the size of the station, it is currently accepted to characterize one indicator - the number of work stations. By definition, a work station is a car - a place equipped with appropriate technological equipment designed to perform technical actions directly on a car. During the analysis carried out in the first part of the project, it became clear that with the improvement at the station, it is necessary to organize an additional number of work posts in order to meet the needs of the population in maintenance and repair. One of the main factors influencing the main indicator (the number of work stations of the service station) is the number of services per year, which in turn depends on the estimated number of cars served by the station.

Since the station is located close to the Karaganda-Zhezkazgan highway, it is necessary to take into account the number of cars that can arrive at the station for repairs.

When determining the type of station, it is necessary to be guided by the size of the city in which the station is located; in small and medium-sized cities (the number of inhabitants is up to 100 thousand people), it is advisable to organize universal stations, and in large cities (the number of inhabitants is more than 100 thousand people), the organization of stations specialized in a specific car brand.

The area in which the service station is located is considered small in terms of population, therefore, when improving the station, it will be advisable to leave a universal one with the number of working posts from 6.

As noted in the first part of the project, the number of cars, taking into account the fact that 25% of citizens maintain and repair cars on their own, is 7,500 units. Taking into account the fact that the station is located close to the road of republican significance and there are road maintenance stations along its entire length, the number of cars - arrivals per day can be taken insignificant about three arrivals.

2.2 Technological payment

Table 1. Initial data

N / a	Name data	Numeric meaning
	the number of cars serviced by the station per year, N hundred	720 cars / year
	station type	road
	average annual mileage of serviced cars, we accept, L G
	the number of trips per car per year, d
	the number of car visits to the station per year, N year
	N with d
	the number of working days of the station per year - D RAB.G
	number of shifts
	working shift duration - T cm

the number of car visits to the station per year:

N year = N hundred d, ed. (2.1)

where d- the number of arrivals of one car per year, we accept d= 4 times.

N year= 7204 = 1440 aut.

the number of arrivals of cars from the road per day, we accept

N with d = 2 auto; station operating mode:

1) the number of working days of the station per year - D RAB.G= 365 days;

2) the number of shifts - C = 1.5 shifts;

3) the duration of the work shift - T cm= 8 hours.

the number of arrivals of cars from the road per year;

N year d = N with d D RAB.G, ed. (2.2)

N year d = 2365 = 730aut.

2.3 Payment annual volume works stations technical service

The annual scope of work of the station includes maintenance, routine repairs, cleaning - washing and works.

The annual scope of maintenance and repair work for urban stations can be determined from the following expression:

Person-h. (2.3)

where N hundred1, N one hundred2, . N one hundred3- respectively, the number of cars of especially small, small and medium class, serviced by the projected station per year. According to the statistical data obtained in the traffic police of the city of Abai in this region, it is known that the number of cars of an especially small class is - 10%, small - 55%, medium - 35%.

Based on these data, we get:

N one hundred= 0.1720 = 72 auth., N one hundred2= 0.55 720 = 396 aut.,

N one hundred3= 0.35 720 = 252 aut.;

L D1 , L G2 , L G3- average annual mileage of cars of especially small, small and middle class, L D1 = L G2 = L G3= 15,000 km;

t 1 , t 2 , t 3 - specific labor intensity of works on maintenance and repair of cars of especially small, small and medium classes, t 1 = 2.4 person-hours / 1000 km, t 2 = 2.8 person-hours / 1000 km, t 3 = 3.3 man-hours / 1000 km.

The annual scope of maintenance and repair work for vehicles entering the station from the road can be determined from the following expression:

Person-h. (2.4)

where N with- the number of car arrivals per day;

D RAB.G

t Wed- the average labor intensity of the work of one arrival, we accept t Wed= 3.6 people-hours

The total annual volume of maintenance and repair work for vehicles at the station will be:

Person-h. (2.5)

The approximate distribution of the total annual volume of maintenance and repair work in percentage and man-hours is summarized in Table 2.

Table 2. - Approximate distribution of the scope of work by type and place of their implementation at the station

	At work positions,%	On plots,%	Total per person
Diagnostic
MOT in full
Lubricating
Adjusting, for setting the angles of the front wheels
Adjusting, on brakes
Tire
Rechargeable
TR nodes and assemblies
Painting

The annual volume of diagnostic work is calculated based on the number of trips per year for one vehicle. It is generally accepted that the interval between one and the second race is about 800 - 1000 km. Taking this standard as a basis, we have about 11 arrivals of one car per year.

The annual amount of diagnostic work can be determined from the following expression:

Person-h. (2.6)

where d mind.- the number of visits to the service station of cars per year;

t mind- average labor intensity of cleaning and washing works of one car, we accept t mind= 0.2 person-hours

Annual volume of auxiliary work. The auxiliary work includes self-service work of the station (maintenance and repair of technological equipment of zones and sections, maintenance of utilities, maintenance and repair of buildings, manufacture and repair of non-standard equipment and tools), which are carried out in independent departments or in corresponding production areas. Plant ancillary work is typically around 15–20% of the total annual maintenance and repair work. In the calculation, we take 15% of the total annual volume of work:

Person-h. (2.7)

Substituting the values into the formula (2.5) we get:

2.4 Payment the numbers production workers stations technical service

Production workers include work areas and areas directly performing maintenance and repair work on vehicles.

Distinguish between the technologically necessary (attendance) and the regular number of workers. For a service station in this project, we will calculate only the technologically necessary number of workers, which can be determined using the following expression:

where T i . G- the annual volume of work in the zone or section, man-h;

F T- the annual time fund of a technologically necessary worker in one-shift work, we take F T= 2070 h.

The technologically required number of workers for the diagnostic area is calculated based on the following expression:

where T G m- the annual volume of work on preparation, inspection, listening to cars, performed at the work stations of the site, man-h.

accept R T m = 2 workers.

2.5 Payment the numbers posts and car — places on diagnostic plot

To calculate the number of posts in the maintenance and repair area, as well as some sections, the following data is required:

Annual volume of post work T NS, which, depending on the post, is taken in table 2;

The coefficient of unevenness of the arrival of cars at the posts of the service station c, the value of which is 1.1-1.3, depending on the conditions;

Average number of workers simultaneously working on a post R Wed, which ranges from 1 to 3 people, depending on the need.

The annual fund of working hours of the post F NS, the value of which can be found using the following expression:

Where D RAB.G- the number of working days of the station per year;

T CM- the duration of the work shift

WITH- number of shifts;

s- the utilization rate of working time, we accept s = 0.9.

Posts (2.11)

where T NS- the annual volume of post work;

c Is the coefficient of unevenness of the arrival of cars at the posts, we take c = 1,1;

F NS- the annual fund of working hours of the post, h;

R Wed- the average number of workers simultaneously working at the post.

The number of posts of the diagnostic site can be calculated using the following expression:

Posts (2.12)

where T NS m= - the annual volume of post work, person-h;

R Wed m- the average number of workers simultaneously working at the post of the diagnostic section, we take R Wed m= 1 worker.

accept NS m= 1 post

3. ORGANIZATIONAL PART

3.1 Payment squares premises

To calculate the area of industrial premises, the following indicators are required:

number of posts X i adopted for a given zone or site;

car footprint f a which depends on overall dimensions the largest vehicle served at the posts of the corresponding zone or section;

the density factor of the arrangement of posts TO NS, which depends on the number and overall dimensions of the equipment used at the posts, as well as on the number and method of placing posts, and is adopted for posts with a one-sided arrangement equal to 6 - 7, for a two-way arrangement equal to 4 - 5, and with a number of posts less than 10 4 and below.

The area of the production site can be calculated using the following expression:

F 3 = f a NS NS TO O, m 2 (3.1)

where f a- the area occupied by the car in the plan, we take f a= 8.7 m 2; NS i- number of posts;

TO O- the coefficient of the density of the arrangement of posts, we take TO O = 3.

Diagnostic area:

3.2 Selection technological equipment and snap for plot

For the diagnostic section, the following equipment is used: a bath for washing parts 2239-P, devices: for checking the jets and stop valves of the NIIAT-528 carburetor, for checking fuel pumps and 5575 carburetors, to check the limiters and maximum RPM crankshaft NIIAT-419, for testing the elasticity of diffuser plates NIIAT-357, for testing the elasticity of the springs of the diaphragm of the GARO-357 fuel pumps, for testing the fuel pumps of 6276 cars, as well as: NS-12 bench-reel machine, a tank for control measurements of fuel on the GARO line -361, manual rack press 6KS-918, electric grinder I-138A, pneumatic clamping device for disassembling and assembling PRS-22,

probe set No. 3 made of plates, GOST-8965−88, table for instruments 1010-P, stand for equipment ORG-1012−210, cabinet for storing materials, chest for waste 2317-P.

At the diagnostic site, in one shift, two workers with the fourth category are employed.

Ventilation in the diagnostic area is supply and exhaust. Air supply is provided by fans installed in the air duct system with air preheating in winter. In winter, when the doors are opened, the ventilation flow is redirected to the ventilation ducts mounted around the openings, from which the air flows out, with the help of dampers, thus providing a thermal curtain. The hood is also provided with fans.

3.3 Development of technological process diagnosing systems nutrition diesel engine VAZ-2110

The fuel injection system of the engine rarely bothers the car owner. But if something happens, troubleshooting can take both time and effort. Especially if the driver does not have the necessary skills ... and grabs at one thing or another. Meanwhile in fuel system everything is quite simple and logical. Shall we "walk" on it? Let's start with an electric petrol pump, which, as you know, must supply fuel from the tank to the engine under sufficient pressure. Pump failure - engine shutdown.

So, turn on the ignition, but don't start the engine right away. The pump hummed and after a few seconds, having raised the fuel pressure in the rail, fell silent: it was waiting for a command from the controller (will the owner start the engine or not?). When the starter is turned on, everything will go on as usual, the starting process will begin ...

But it happens that in response to turning on the ignition - complete silence: the pump does not work! Here we first check its fuse. On cars of the "eighth" family, it is on the right in the lower part of the dashboard, next to the diagnostic block. To get to the fuse, you need to remove the protective cover. On the "dozens" the fuse is under the dashboard console, near the controller.

It happens that the fuse is intact, but the pump still does not work. Then we will check whether the power supply reaches it, whether there is an open circuit. If it does, then the pump is out of order.

Getting close to the electrical connector of the pump is a matter of minutes: drop off passengers, fold backseat and unscrew a couple of screws securing the hatch. We disconnect the connector - and check, turning on the ignition, whether there is voltage on the harness chip. There is? Pump defective. No? You need to look for an open circuit. To get rid of any doubts, now it is possible, without turning on the ignition, to apply "plus" from the battery to the contact "G" of the diagnostic pads. There is a voltage on the connector - everything is in order, no - the circuit between the block and the connector is faulty. You can make sure that the pump is in good working order by feeding it a "plus" directly from the battery. Buzzed - it means it's not guilty.

And the idle one needs to be removed - for replacement or repair (if you find where). On the "top ten" the hatch is large - there will be no questions, you only need a key-head "for 7". Worse with injection "Samars", on which the hatch is small - still from the carburetor times. The pump will not work - you will first have to remove the gas tank (in ZR No. 12 for 2000, it is described how to increase this hatch).

But it also happens that a running pump does not provide sufficient pressure in the rail. To check the pressure, you need a suitable pressure gauge, and a special fitting is provided for this in the fuel rails of VAZ engines. It is conveniently located on eight-valve valves, it is easy to connect a pressure gauge to it (photo 1), and a two-shaft 16-valve valve head complicates the operation - an L-shaped adapter is required (photo 2). The worst thing is to work with the "Niva": you need to connect the pressure gauge to the fuel line, since the fitting is hidden behind the heater pipes (photo 3).

Therefore, having decided to acquire a pressure gauge, do not rush to spend money on the first one that comes across - first ask the seller about the purpose of the device. Opportunities are different for everyone. Of course, a pressure gauge with several adapters (adapters) for various engines, including many foreign cars, is preferable. But this is most likely for a professional. A car enthusiast, having measured the pressure in the ramp once, can do with a tire pressure gauge, not forgetting, of course, to unscrew the spool from the ramp fitting. If the device has not been tested for a long time, the measurement accuracy may be low. With a working pump, the pressure should be in the range of 284-325 kPa. After the pump is turned off, it slowly falls (the movement of the pressure gauge needle is imperceptible to the eye).

In addition to the pressure, the fuel consumption (pump performance) should be checked. To do this, disconnect the fuel drain hose ("return"), place it in a measuring container and turn on the fuel pump. The flow rate must be at least 0.5 liters in 30 seconds. If this test is also successful, the pump is in order. Often insufficient pressure- the result of clogging of the fuel filter, and before removing the pump, you need to check, and if necessary, replace the filter.

If pressure drops right before your eyes, you will need a clamp or clamp to pinch the fuel hoses to find the cause. Turn on the pump (see figure) without starting the engine, and squeeze the hose 7 of the supply line near the ramp. The pressure in it has stabilized - it means that the fuel pump or the hose connecting it in the tank with the gas receiver is faulty. Often through the pores, cracks in the hose, part of the gasoline is drained into the tank, sometimes other sections of the highway are damaged, so constant attention to them will not hurt.

And if the pressure drops even with the pinched hose 7? Most likely, the malfunction "on the other side" of the clamp is in the pressure regulator 3 or injectors 8. Now we will try to squeeze the drain hose 6. If the pressure has ceased to fall, there is a leak in the regulator. Keep in mind, this is a non-separable piece, you will need a replacement. And when the pressure drops even with the pinched hose 6, it means that there is a leak in the nozzles.

It is not difficult to find the culprit: we unscrew the screws securing the ramp and raise it, exposing the nozzles of the injectors. We turn on the gas pump - the leaks will immediately give themselves away with drops. How to be in this case? It is better to replace the faulty ones with new ones, but sometimes flushing returns tightness to the nozzles. Whether you will save a lot (taking into account the cost of this work) is doubtful. Since we have removed the ramp, at the same time we will also check the "balance" of the injectors, to put it simply, we will find out whether the fuel is consumed equally through them for a certain period of time. To do this, place the nozzle in a measuring container and, by applying "plus" 12 V to contact "G" of the diagnostic connector, turn on the fuel pump. Having removed the connector from the injector, we connect it to the battery for a few seconds. A certain amount of gasoline will accumulate in the "beaker". Repeating the measurements for other injectors, we will compare the performance. The spread should not exceed 10%.

To finish with this part of the system, recall that the regulator responsible for the constant pressure can keep it either too low or too high. In the latter case, disconnect the drain hose and immerse it in a container. The pressure has returned to normal - it means that the rest of the drain line is clogged, nothing has changed - the regulator is to blame. We'll have to replace it.

4. TECHNOLOGICAL MAP

4.1 Organization technical diagnosing car

Technical diagnostics is part of technological processes of acceptance, maintenance and repair of cars and is a process of determining technical condition the object of diagnostics (a car, its assemblies, components and systems) with a certain accuracy and without disassembling it.

The main tasks of diagnostics at the service station are as follows:

- general assessment of the technical condition of the vehicle and its individual systems, units, assemblies;

- determination of the place, nature and causes of the defect (this primarily refers to defects that affect road safety and cleanliness of the environment);

- checking and clarifying malfunctions and failures in the operation of systems and assemblies of the car specified in the order-order by its owner or identified in the process of acceptance, maintenance and repair;

- issuance of information on the technical condition of the vehicle, its systems and assemblies (including forecasting the residual life) for maintenance and repair management, i.e. preparation of production and rational technological routing of vehicle movement through the workshop production sites;

- determination of the readiness of the car for the state periodic technical inspection;

- quality control of maintenance work and repair of the car, its systems and assemblies;

- creation of prerequisites for the economical use of labor and material resources both on the part of the service station and on the part of the car owner; indirect impact on reducing the number of road accidents and other negative consequences of mass motorization.

Responsibility for solving the listed tasks at the service station rests with the technical manager of the station.

The specifics of the organization of the process of use diagnostic equipment at the service station is largely due to the fact that the activity of the service station, in contrast to the ATP, is mainly aimed at meeting the needs of the owners of individual cars in the technical impacts that they consider necessary at the moment. This is especially true in the post-warranty period of vehicle operation. When determining the actual need for certain types of work at the service station, as a rule, they proceed from the following factors: does the car have a malfunction at the moment, which units and assemblies are at the stage of failure and what is their residual resource (the latter is the most difficult to determine).

All malfunctions and failures that occur during the operation of vehicles are accompanied by noise, vibrations, knocks, pressure pulsations, changes in functional indicators (a decrease in power, tractive effort, pressure, performance, etc.). These symptoms accompanying malfunctions and failures can serve as diagnostic parameters. The diagnostic parameter indirectly characterizes the performance of the element (system, unit) of the machine.

One of the main requirements that must be met by the organization of work at the service station is to ensure the flexibility of technological processes in the areas of maintenance and repair, the possibility of various combinations of production operations. The role of the linking control is diagnostics. In practice, the following forms of diagnosis are used:

complex, i.e. checking all the parameters of the car within the technical capabilities of the equipment. A special case of complex diagnostics is express diagnostics, in which the scope of work is limited primarily by nodes that affect traffic safety;

selective, in which checks are carried out, declared by the owner of the car. In this case, all diagnostic operations are divided into checks of individual vehicle systems. The owner reserves the right to independently choose one or another job. This form allows you to vary the scope of diagnostics depending on the technical condition of the vehicle, and therefore it is more flexible than complex diagnostics.

The considered forms of diagnostics are more suitable for a preventive check of the technical condition of a car, that is, for those cases when it is necessary to obtain a conclusion about a malfunction of one or another unit, unit. However, if a malfunction is detected in the process of a preventive check and it becomes necessary to clarify its cause, then special methods and diagnostic tools may be required to solve this problem.

During the production process at the service station, the following types of diagnostics are performed. Application diagnostics is carried out at the request of the car owner in accordance with the documents filled out in the acceptance zone. It is advisable to carry out this type of diagnostic work in the presence of the car owner in order to obtain detailed and objective information about the state of the technical device. Application diagnostics is carried out at the engine diagnostics area and at the wheel alignment adjustment area. In some cases, troubleshooting is also performed here (replacing the spark plug, adjusting the carburetor, etc.). The end result This type of service is a control and diagnostic card, in which the results of diagnostics are entered and recommendations are given for eliminating the detected malfunctions.

Diagnostics when accepting a car at a service station is intended to clarify the technical condition of the car and the required amount of work, which are mainly determined on the basis of an application from its owner and subjective data of visual and organoleptic control at the acceptance site. However, for 15-20% of vehicles, a deeper check is required. In this case, the car is sent to the diagnostics section or to the TR post, if the nature of the defect cannot be determined without disassembling the assembly units and assemblies. The route of the car along the production sites of the service station is corrected and diagnostics of its systems and assemblies affecting traffic safety is carried out.

Diagnostics of cars during maintenance and repair is mainly used to carry out control and adjustment work, clarify additional volumes of work provided for by coupons service books(for TO) and the owner's application (for TR). According to the results. With this diagnosis, it may be necessary to perform additional work, adjust the route of movement of the car to the work stations of the production sites of the service station. In the absence of appropriate diagnostic tools at the production sites of maintenance and repair, work can be performed at specialized posts for application diagnostics.

The use of diagnostic tools for maintenance and repair of cars can significantly reduce the labor intensity of many control and adjustment work, improve their quality by eliminating disassembly and assembly work associated with the need to directly measure the structural parameters of the car (the gap between the contacts of the breaker, levers and valve pushers, etc.) . NS.). Time savings can also be obtained by reducing the preparatory and final operations, for example, when checking the traction qualities of a car or transmission.

Control diagnostics is carried out to assess the quality of the maintenance and repair work performed at the service station, its systems and assemblies. The quality of the work performed can be checked on the diagnostic equipment available at the service station. For example, checking the traction qualities of cars during tests on a stand with running drums allows not only to completely replace the complex in modern conditions checking of cars on the road, but also to quickly and accurately determine whether these indicators meet the technical conditions or not. The same can be said about checking the chassis, engine, electrical equipment, brakes of the car.

Based on the above, at specialized stations for diagnosing service stations, work should be carried out at the request of car owners, as well as assistance should be provided to the acceptance-delivery site and the production sites of maintenance and repair in an objective assessment of the technical condition of vehicles before and after service.

The bulk of the work on diagnosing cars, their systems and assemblies is carried out at a specialized workshop. Such areas have all the necessary diagnostic equipment that provides an in-depth check of the technical condition of the car: test stands traction indicators cars, brakes.

Part of the work that does not require special bench equipment can be performed at the car acceptance area.

4.2 Technical diagnosing running parts car

The main malfunctions of the chassis, possible reasons their occurrence, methods of checking and elimination of defects are presented in table 2.1.

Table 2.1- technical diagnostics of the running gear

Cause	Way checks	Way eliminating
Automobile at movement takes away v one from parties
Tires inflated unevenly	Manometer	Bring pressure to normal
Tire defect	Visually	Replace defective tires
Suspension and steering parts wear	Visually or at the stand	Replace worn parts, make necessary adjustments
	At the stand
Front brakes "seized"	On a brake pad or brake test bench	Same or replace worn parts
		Same or replace bearing
Loose wheel nuts	Visually	Tighten the nuts to the required torque
Jerking, shaking or vibration
Balancing out of balance or ovality of the wheels	On a balancing machine	Balance the wheel, replace the disc or tire if necessary
The adjustment is broken, the fastening is loose or there is a noticeable wear of the wheel bearings	Visually swinging or on moving hydraulic platforms	Adjust or replace bearing
Shock absorbers or their suspension parts are worn or damaged	Visually, on a shock absorber test bench or on a moving platform	Replace worn parts and carry out the necessary adjustments
Loose wheel nuts	Visually	Tighten the nuts to the required torque
Tires inflated unevenly	Manometer	Bring pressure to normal
Excessively worn or damaged Tires	Visually	Replace worn tires
The fastening of the steering box housing is broken	Visually	Tighten to the required torque
Steering parts damaged or loose	Visually or at the stand	Replace worn parts and make necessary adjustments
Pendulum arm damaged		Replace
Ball joint worn out		Replace
Bank or rocking car at cornering or at braking
Defective shock absorbers	Visually or at the stand	Repair or replace the shock absorber
Broken or loose leaf springs or suspension parts		Replace defective parts
Worn bushings or damaged anti-roll bar	Visually	Replace worn parts
Instability or instability of movement
Tires inflated unevenly	Manometer	Bring pressure to normal
Worn upper or lower link bushings or torque rod bushings	Visually or at the stand	Replace worn parts
The adjustment of the angles of installation of the front wheels is broken	Checking at the stand	Carry out adjustment work
Worn or damaged steering rods or undercarriage parts	Visually or at the stand	Replace worn parts and carry out adjustments
Wheel balancing out of balance	On a balancing stand	Carry out repairs and balancing
Rear shock absorbers worn	Visually or at the stand	Replace worn parts
Stiff steering wheel
Low power steering fluid level	Visually	Bring to norm and pump the system
Lack of lubrication of ball joints	Visually	Carry out lubrication work
The adjustment of the angles of installation of the front wheels is broken	At the stand	Carry out adjustment
The steering mechanism is not adjusted correctly or low level oils in it	Visually	Carry out adjustments or bring the lubricant level to normal
Wheel bearings are out of alignment	Visually or at the stand	Adjust the bearings
Damaged steering gear		Replace worn parts
Ball joints damaged		Replace worn parts
Big backlash steering management
Loose wheel bearings	Visually or at the stand	Adjust or replace bearing
Suspension bush wear		Replace bushings
Steering gear adjustment is broken	Visually or at the stand	Carry out adjustment
The adjustment of the angles of installation of the front wheels is broken	At the stand
Steering rods are worn out		Replace worn parts

5. DESIGN PART

5.1 Description constructions

In this diploma project, a special task has been completed in the design department.

It includes the development of a model for a passenger car of the VAZ-2106 type. For the convenience of maintenance operations, the wings were cut out on the model, the passenger seats were removed, and the door trims were removed.

The breadboard is installed on four support posts (Figure - 3.)

Figure - 3. Support stand.

1- upper base plate of the rack; 2 - retractable cylinder; 3 - lower support cylinder; 4 - thrust pin; 5 - lower base plate of the rack

5.2 Strength payment constructions

In the design part of the structure, it is proposed to make a calculation for the shear of the thrust pin of the support post of the model.

A pin (German Stift) is a rod of cylindrical or conical shape for a fixed connection of parts, as a rule, in a strictly defined position, as well as for transferring relatively small loads. Before installing the pin, the parts that will be connected to it are fixed in the required position, a hole for the pin is drilled and deployed in them, and then the pin itself is inserted into the specified hole, which holds them together. A tapered pin is more versatile than a cylindrical pin, since due to the peculiarity of its shape, it can be used many times without reducing the accuracy of the location of parts. Sometimes the pin is threaded (usually for attaching orders and awards)

l= 200 mm W = 20 mm

Check the tensile strength of the rod, its head for shear if

1. Rod diameter d = 20 mm = 0.02 m; therefore, the cross-sectional area of the rod, and the normal force in this section is N = 2kN = 2000N.

Working stress in cross section

2. The head of the rod can be cut along a cylindrical surface with a diameter d = 20 * 10−3 m and a height h = 20 * 10−3 m (Figure 1, b), i.e.

Therefore, the operating cutoff voltage

The overload is (3.8 / 60) 100% = 6.33%, which is unacceptable. It is necessary to either reduce the load or take a rod with a higher head.

3. The contact surface between the rod head and the support has the shape of a flat ring (Figure 1, c), ie.

We calculate the working crumple stress by the formula

6. ECONOMIC PART

6.1 Payment cost major production funds

Fixed production assets are those means of labor that participate in many production cycles, while maintaining their natural form, and their value is transferred to the finished product for a long time, their value is determined by:

Sof. = Szdr. + Own. + Sync. + Ref. + P.

The cost of the building is determined by the formula:

Szdr. = S P,

where S- building area, 576 m 2

P- the cost of one sq. square meter, 80 400 tenge

Szdr.= 576 80 400 = 46 310 400 tg.

Equipment balance sheet:

Own ball= 2 975 726.6 rubles.

3.1 Choosing a production organization method

vehicle technological diagnostics

The most progressive method for organizing the production of maintenance and repair is currently a method based on the formation of production units according to a technological basis (method of technological complexes) with the introduction of centralized production management (MCC), but due to the relatively small production capacity and the average number of cars serviced on the line, the method of complex brigades is adopted.

Complex brigade method

The method of complex teams provides for the formation of production units on the basis of their subject specialization, i.e. assignment to the brigade of a certain group of vehicles (for example, vehicles of the same convoy, vehicles of the same model, trailers and semi-trailers), along which the brigade conducts TO-1, TO-2 and TR. Centralized, as a rule, SW, diagnostics and repair of units are performed. Complex brigades are staffed with performers of various specialties (car mechanics, locksmiths-traffic controllers, electricians, lubricants) to perform the work assigned to the brigade.

Each team, as a rule, has assigned jobs, posts for maintenance and repairs, its own mainly universal technological equipment and tools, a stock of circulating units and spare parts, i.e. there is a reduction in the program and a scattering of the material resources of the ATP, which complicates the organization of the production of technical maintenance and repair of cars.

The difficulties of managing with this method are explained by the difficulties of maneuvering production capacities and material resources and regulating the workload of individual performers for various complex teams. Situations arise when the workers of one complex brigade are overworked, and the other is underutilized, but the brigades are not interested in mutual assistance.

However, a significant advantage of this method is the team's responsibility for the quality of maintenance and repair work. This is justified as follows:

where is the annual labor intensity of general diagnostics D-1;

Annual labor intensity of D-2 element-by-element diagnostics;

Annual labor intensity of TO-1;

Annual labor intensity of TO-2;

Thus, at the projected ATP section, it is most profitable to create complex teams working at universal posts.

The production management scheme for the method of complex teams is shown below.

3.2 Choosing a method for organizing the technological process at the site

The technological process at the D-1 section is organized according to the method of universal posts.

Method of universal posts.

A universal post is a post where it is possible to perform several types of typical maintenance work.

When servicing at several universal posts, it is possible to perform at them an unequal amount of work (or service of different brands of cars, as well as the performance of an accompanying TR) with different duration of the stay of vehicles at each post. The disadvantages of this method with a dead-end arrangement of posts are: a significant loss of time for the installation of vehicles at posts and exit from them; air pollution with exhaust gases when maneuvering a car in the process of entering and exiting posts; the need for multiple duplication of the same equipment. A dead-end method of maintenance is established at the projected facility. With the dead-end method of car maintenance, all work is performed at the same type of universal posts, with the exception of cleaning and washing, which are performed at posts located separately, in special rooms or in open areas. When servicing cars at universal posts, the time of stay of cars on them can be different. This makes it possible to service vehicles of different brands at the same post and simultaneously carry out maintenance work, the need for which was identified during maintenance, which is an important positive property of the dead-end method of maintenance.

When servicing cars at universal posts, the use of high-performance garage equipment is limited, the mechanization of service processes becomes more difficult, the average category of work increases, and the time spent by the car in service, the need for a production site, increases. A significant disadvantage of this method is that when the car is installed at the post and when it leaves it, the air of the working rooms is polluted with exhaust gases.

The essence of this method is that all the work provided for this type of maintenance is carried out in full at one post by a group consisting of workers of various specialties or universal workers.

Advantages: the ability to perform at each post a different amount of work; the ability to service cars of various models.

Disadvantages: it is necessary to duplicate the equipment of the same name many times, which limits the possibility of equipping the enterprise with highly productive means of labor; maintenance costs increase; workers of higher qualifications and with a combination of professions are required; the possibility of specialization of workers and the specialization of labor are limited.

At the projected site, general diagnostics of D-1 will be carried out in the TO-1 zone, element-by-element diagnostics of D-2 in the TO-2 zone. Daily maintenance will be produced at a separate post.

3.3 Scheme of the technological process at the site

From the maintenance standby area, the car enters the D-1 general diagnostics post. diagnostics allows you to assess the technical condition of the car as a whole and its individual units and assemblies without disassembly, to identify malfunctions, for the elimination of which adjustment or repair work is necessary, as well as to predict the reliability of the vehicle.

With general diagnostics, the technical condition of components and assemblies ensuring road safety is determined and the suitability of the car for further operation is assessed.

Further, the car is transferred to the post of fastening work. It mainly checks the condition and fastening of the front and rear suspension and shock absorbers, measuring the play in the bearings of the wheel hubs and pivots of the pivot pins, as well as assessing the condition of the frame and front axle beam. At the adjustment work station, deficiencies identified during general diagnostics are eliminated, which can be eliminated by adjustment.

At the lubrication and filling station, components and assemblies are lubricated, oil and other technical fluids are topped up.

At the end of the maintenance, the car undergoes inspection by the Quality Control Department and is transported to the car storage area. Since the general diagnosis of D-1 is carried out before TO-1, the process flow diagram is performed as for TO-1.

3.4 Selecting the operating mode of the production unit

The work of the production unit in the ATP is coordinated with the mode of operation of vehicles on the line. When assigning a mode of their operation, one should proceed from the requirements to perform large volumes of maintenance work.

For the design of the site for the general diagnosis of TO-1, we take the number of working days per year D RG = 302 days. Work on the site is carried out in two shifts. The duration of the shift is 8 hours. The lunch break is 48 minutes (0.8 hours) (Appendix 7.8). The first shift starts at 8:00 am - ends at 4:00 pm. The second shift starts at 4:00 pm - ends at 0:30 am. Considering that a third of ATP vehicles operate according to a “peak” scheme, many vehicles can pass TO-1 in daytime, i.e. between morning and evening "peak".

The combined work schedule of vehicles on the line and production units of the ATP is shown in Figure 4.

Rice. 4

It can be seen from the above graph that the cars start to enter the line at 5:30 and ends at 7:30. The peak starts at 10:00 and ends at 11:30. The exit to the evening "rush" begins at 14:00 and ends at 16:00. Gradually, the cars leave the line at 19:30 and ends at 0:30. time D-1 from 0 h 00 min to 0 h 30 min.

3.5 Calculation of the number of posts of general diagnostics D-1

The calculation of the number of D-1 diagnostic posts is determined by the formula:

Annual labor intensity of diagnostic work;

Duration of work change of posts D-1;

R - the number of workers simultaneously working at the post;

The number of working days per year;

Coefficient of uneven loading = 1.10 (Appendix 23)

3.6 Distribution of performers by specialty and qualifications

The number of performers for each type of work is determined approximately by the distribution of the total amount of work (Appendix 1).

The number of performers was taken taking into account the possible combination of professions, presented in table 3.

3.7 Selection of technological equipment

The list of necessary technological equipment for diagnostics and production of TO-1 is given in Table 4, the list of technological equipment in Table 5.

Name	Type, model	Dimensions in plan, mm	Total area, m 2
1 Two-column trench lift, electromechanical,
2. Combined installation for refueling engines with oil, water, tire inflation
3. Compressor
4. Bench drilling machine
5. Sharpening machine
4. Backlash dynamometer		Portable - manual
5. Tire changer
6. Smoke meter
7. Table for drawing up application documents

3.8 Technological equipment, organizational equipment and tools

3.9 Calculation of the production area of the site

The production area of the maintenance and diagnostics zone is calculated using the formula:

where is the area of the horizontal projection of the car,

The number of posts in the diagnostic zone (1 is accepted)

The total area of the horizontal projection of the equipment;

Coefficient of density of arrangement of posts and equipment (point 4.6)

3.10 Operational and technological map D-1 of the KamAZ 5410 vehicle

Total labor intensity of D-1: 17.9 people. h

Number of performers in position: 1

Name and content of work	Place of work	Number of impact sites	Labor intensity of the work performed, man-min.	Devices, tools, fixtures	Technical requirements and instructions
Check the tightness and condition of the devices and hoses of the pneumatic system. If necessary, repair the leak or direct the machine to the TP area.	Top, Bottom			K-235 M device (2.1), open-end wrenches 12-27 mm, screwdriver, pliers	Air leakage is not allowed. The pressure drop in the pneumatic system should not exceed 0.05 MPa (0.5 kgf / cm2) from the nominal pressure of 0.8 MPa (8.0 kgf / cm2) for 30 minutes. With disconnected consumers of compressed air and within 15 minutes. - when included.
Check brake pedal free play. Adjust if necessary.			wrench 17 mm, pliers, hammer, screwdriver	Adjustment is made by changing the length of the rod of the brake valve drive mechanism. Free travel of the brake pedal should be 15-20 mm.
Check the effectiveness of the front wheel brakes. Adjust if necessary.				The braking system must satisfy the following parameters: - braking force, kN: ………………… .35 - difference in braking forces on the left and right wheels -11% - non-simultaneous actuation - 0.1 s - actuation time - 0.8 s; - the force of pressing the brake pedal, N, no more ... .686
Check the effectiveness of the rear wheel brakes. Adjust and re-check if necessary.			Brake test area	The braking system must meet the following parameters: - braking force, kN: ………………… .31 - difference in braking forces on the left and right wheels -11% - non-simultaneous actuation - 0.1 s - actuation time - 0.8 s; - force of pressing the brake pedal, N, no more ... 686
Check the effectiveness of the parking brake. Adjust and re-check if necessary.			Brake test area	The braking force of the parking brake must be at least 64 kN. The parking brake lever must be securely locked in the braked position.
Check the function of the auxiliary braking system.			The performance of the engine retarder is checked when the engine is running.
Check the integrity and functionality of the pressure gauges on the instrument panel.			It is checked visually.

3.11 Calculation of the degree of coverage of workers with mechanized labor

The total degree of coverage of workers with mechanized labor in the unit is calculated by the formula:

where is the degree of coverage of workers with mechanized labor,%;

The degree of coverage of workers with mechanized manual labor,%

The degree of coverage of workers with mechanized labor is calculated by the formula:

where is the number of workers in all shifts in a given subdivision performing work in a mechanized way, people;

The number of workers in all shifts completing the work in a mechanized-manual way, people;

Number of workers in all shifts performing manual work, people

The degree of coverage of workers with mechanized manual labor is calculated by the formula:

Introduction

Transport in agriculture is of great importance for the timeliness of implementation transport works, to ensure the continuity of technological operations, to carry them out in a short time, with the lowest losses.

A delay in carrying out transport works causes downtime of units, loss of products or a decrease in its quality, disruption of the rhythm of production.

Therefore, the ever-increasing importance of transport in agriculture requires the maximum use of its capabilities through careful planning of work, organization of maintenance, operational management of the widespread introduction of comprehensive mechanization of loading and unloading operations, and improvement of rolling stock.

The peculiarity of carrying out transport works in agriculture remains their seasonality, great unevenness of cargo transportation by months of the year, dependence on the condition of roads and weather conditions.

In the field of agricultural production, a large number of machines and equipment are employed, the operation of which is accompanied by the processes of natural wear and tear and deterioration of technical and economic indicators. The effective use of the machine and tractor fleet largely depends on the level of organization of technical service. The harmonious development of all components of the technical service creates profitable terms for the production activities of all its participants: machine manufacturers, their consumers and intermediaries.

In the implementation of the tasks that agricultural production solves, it is important to increase the technical readiness of agricultural machinery, the efficiency of its use, ensure safety, reduce the cost of maintaining it in a working and serviceable condition. This requires continuous development and improvement of the repair and maintenance base at all levels, which should ensure the creation of a service market and resist the monopoly in the field of technical services.

When carrying out maintenance and repair of machines, an important role in increasing the technical readiness of agricultural machinery belongs to the repair and maintenance base of farms and regional technical service enterprises.

To ensure a more efficient use of modern agricultural machinery, its working and serviceable condition, it is necessary to raise both the scientific and technical level of technical workers. The mechanic of the agricultural sector, using scientific and technical developments, can successfully solve the assigned tasks and contribute to the recovery of the economy of farms.

The aim of the course project is to design a D-1 technical diagnostics area in a service station with the development of repair operations for machine parts in this area.

The objectives of the course project are: calculation of the number of maintenance and repairs of machines; calculation of labor intensity and annual volume of repair and maintenance work; distribution of the scope of work between the RB and the district RB; determination of technological operations performed at the project site; calculation of the labor intensity of maintenance repairs for the project site; calculation of the operating mode of the economy and annual funds of time; calculation of the number of production workers on the project site, distribution of performers by specialty and qualifications; selection and calculation of the number of technological equipment and tooling at the project site; calculation of the number of posts of maintenance and repair and diagnostics; calculation of production areas of the project site; layout of the project site.

Introduction

1. Characteristics of the project site

2. Settlement and technological part

2.1 Calculation of the number of maintenance and repairs of machines

2.2 Labor intensity and annual volume of repair and maintenance work

2.3 Distribution of the scope of work between the RB and the district RB

2.4 Technological operations performed at the project site

2.5 Calculation of the labor intensity of maintenance repair, for the project site

3. Organizational part

3.1 Operating mode of the farm and annual funds time

3.2 Calculation of the number of production workers on the project site, distribution of performers by specialty and qualifications

3.3 Selection and calculation of the number of technological equipment and tooling at the project site

3.4 Calculation of production areas of the project site

4. Technological map

5. Safety precautions

Conclusion

Bibliography

1. Characteristics of the project site

The technical diagnostics section is located in the service station and is intended for performing diagnostic (inspection) work. The farm is located in a moderately warm, humid climate with a highly aggressive environment and the cars are operated in the third category.

The service station has tractors, cars: basic, dump trucks and combines: grain, special. Tractors K-701 in the amount of 13 units, with a planned annual operating time of 850 moto-h; T-150K-22 units, with a planned annual operating time of 1040 moto-h; MTZ-80 - 42 units, with a planned annual operating time of 1030 motorcycle hours; MTZ-1221-26 units, with a planned annual operating time of 1105 moto-hours. These tractors perform various agricultural work. ZIL-431410 vehicles in the amount of 33 units, with an annual mileage of 40 thousand km; UAZ-451 - 12 units, with an annual mileage of 30 thousand km; GAZ-3507 - 30 units, with an annual mileage of 46 thousand km; KamAZ-5320 - 23 units, with an annual mileage of 51 thousand km. these cars carry out the transportation of various goods. When harvesting and preparing forage, the following combines are used: DON-1500 in the amount of 15 units, with a planned annual operating time of 140 motorcycle hours; KZS-10 - 14 units, with a planned annual operating time of 144 motor hours; KZR-10 - 19 units, with a planned annual operating time of 160 motor hours; KSK-100-33 unit, with a planned annual operating time of 265 moto-hours.

2. Settlement and technological part

2.1 Calculation of the number of maintenance and repairs of machines

Overhaul planning. Number of overhauls of tractors N Kp we calculate by the formula:

N Kp =N M η O η s η c, (2.1)

where N M

η o - the annual coverage rate of overhaul of machines of this brand (taken from table 2.1 of the Methodological Guidelines);

η h - zonal correction factor to the annual coefficient of coverage of machinery overhaul (for the conditions of the Republic of Belarus for tractors it is recommended to take);

η c - correction factor to the annual coverage rate of overhaul of machines, taking into account the average age of machines in the fleet (in the course project we accept).

Example K-701:.

Number of major car repairs N Kp we calculate by the formula:

N Kp =N M η O η 1 η 2 η 3 , (2.2)

where N M- the number of cars of this brand;

η o - the annual coverage rate of overhaul of machines of this brand (taken from table 2.2 of the Methodological Guidelines);

η 1 - coefficient taking into account the operating conditions of the car (we take it for a car of the 3rd category);

η 2 - coefficient depending on the modification of the rolling stock and the organization of its work (for the base car we accept);

η 3 - coefficient taking into account natural and climatic conditions (we accept).

Example ZIL-431410:.

Number of overhauls of combines N Kp we calculate by the formula:

N Kp =N M η O η s, (2.3)

where N M- the number of cars of this brand;

η o - the annual coverage rate of overhaul of machines of this brand (we accept);

η h - zonal correction factor to the annual coefficient of coverage of machinery overhaul (for the conditions of the Republic of Belarus for grain harvesters we accept, for the rest).

Example DON-1500:.

Planning maintenance. The number of scheduled routine repairs of tractors N Тp we determine by car brands:

N Тp =N M B gs / V T - N Kp , (2.4)

where V gs is the average planned annual operating time for one tractor of this brand (we take );

V t - the frequency of scheduled maintenance (we accept for all tractors).

Example K-701: .

We calculate in the same way for all brands of tractors and summarize in table 2.1

Rolling stock maintenance road transport is not regulated by a certain mileage, but is performed as needed after the appearance of malfunctions, the elimination of which is carried out simultaneously with the performance of maintenance.

The current repair of combines consists of unscheduled (elimination of failures during use) and planned, based on the results of diagnostics after the end of the harvesting season. Therefore, every year after the end of the harvesting season, all harvesters must undergo routine repairs, with the exception of harvesters for which the annual plan provides overhaul.

Maintenance planning. The number of maintenance services for tractors is determined by the formulas:

N To-3 = N M B gs / In To-3 - N Kp - N Tr, (2.5)

N To-2 = N M B gs / В To-2 - N Kp - N Тp - N To-3, (2.6)

N To-1 = N M B gs / B To-1 - N Kp - N Tp - N To-3 - N To-2, (2.7)

where N To-3 , N To-2 and N T0-1- respectively, the number of scheduled maintenance of tractors TO-3, TO-2 and TO-1;

In To-3 , In To-2 and B T0-1- frequency of maintenance of tractors TO-3, TO-2 and TO-1, moto-ch.

Example K-701:

We calculate in the same way for all brands of tractor and summarize in table 2.1

The frequency of carrying out TO-3, TO-2 and TO-1 tractors is taken, respectively, 1000, 500 and 125 motorcycle hours.

N To-C) tractors are determined by the formula:

N To-C = 2N M, (2.8)

We calculate in the same way for all brands of tractor and summarize in table 2.1

The number of car maintenance services is determined by the formulas:

N To-2 = N M B ha / (In To-2 η 1 η 3 ) - N Kp, (2.9)

N To-1 = N M B ha / (In To-1 η 1 η 3 ) - N Kp - N To-2, (2.10)

where V ha is the average annual mileage of a car of this brand (we take );

In To-2 and B T0-1–Periodicity of maintenance, thousand km, (taken from Table 2.3 of the Methodological Guidelines);

Example ZIL-431410:

We calculate in the same way for all car brands and summarize in table 2.1

Number of seasonal maintenance ( N To-C) cars are determined by the formula:

N To-C = 2N M, (2.11)

We calculate in the same way for all car brands and summarize in table 2.1

The number of technical services for the combines is determined by the formulas:

N To-2 = N M B gk / In To-2, (2.12)

N To-1 = N M B gk / In To-1 - N To-2, (2.13)

where V gk - the average annual operating time for a harvester of this brand (we accept );

In To-2 and B T0-1- the frequency of maintenance, motorcycle hours.

DON-1500 example: .

We calculate in the same way for all brands of combines and summarize in table 2.1

The frequency of TO-1 and TO-2 of harvesters and complex self-propelled machines is assumed to be 60 and 240 motorcycle hours, respectively.

All the results of calculations of the number of current repairs and maintenance are drawn up in the form of table 2.1.

Table 2.1.-The number of current repairs and maintenance of tractors, cars, self-propelled agricultural machines.

Machine brand	N Kp	N Тp	N To-3	N To-2	N To-1	N To-C
Tractors:
Outdoor furniture-701	1	4	6	11	66	-
T-150K	2	9	11	23	128	-
MTZ-80	4	17	22	43	260	-
MTZ-1221	3	11	14	29	172	-
Total:	10	41	53	106	626	-
Cars:
ZIL-431410	3	-	-	134	413	-
GAZ-3507	3	-	-	140	432	-
UAZ-451	1	-	35	144	-
KamAZ-5320	1	-	121	244	-
Total:	8	-	-	430	1233	-
Combines:
Don-1500	2	13	-	8	27	-
KZS-10	1	13	-	8	25	-
KZR-10	2	17	-	12	38	-
KSK-100	4	29	-	36	109	-
Total:	9	72	-	64	199	-

2.2 Labor intensity and annual volume of repair and maintenance work

Labor costs for major repairs We do not count on machines, since we carry out this type of repair at specialized repair enterprises.

Labor costs for current repairs tractors each brand in the planned year is estimated by the total labor intensity of its implementation (for scheduled and unscheduled repairs). The total labor intensity of the current repair of tractors of each brand T TR determined by the formula:

T TR = N M B rs H beats / 1000 , (2.14)

where H ud.t is the specific standard labor intensity of current repairs per 1000 motor-h for tractors of this brand (we accept from Table 2.5 of the Methodological Guidelines).

Example K-701: .

We calculate in the same way for all brands of tractors and summarize in table 2.2

The labor intensity of routine maintenance is 80% of the total labor intensity of the maintenance of tractors.

The annual labor intensity of planned and unscheduled maintenance of cars of each brand is determined by the formula:

T TR =N M B ha H beats η 1 η 2 η 3 η 4 η 5 /1000 , (2.15)

where H beats a is the specific standard labor intensity of current repairs per 1000 km for cars of this brand ( );

η 4 - the coefficient of correcting the labor intensity of the current repair, depending on the mileage from the beginning of operation (take η 4 =1,0);

η 5 - the coefficient of correction of labor intensity standards for maintenance and repairs depending on the number of technologically compatible groups of rolling stock; (we take from Table 2.6 Kolesnik P.A.).

Example ZIL-431410:.

The annual labor intensity of planned and unscheduled maintenance of harvesters of each brand is determined by the formula:

T TR =N M T TPi , (2.16)

where T TPi- the annual labor intensity of the current repair of the combine.

Example DON-1500:.

We calculate in the same way for all brands of combines and summarize in table 2.1

Labor costs for maintenance. The annual labor intensity of performing maintenance of the i-th type for each brand of tractors and combines is determined by the formula:

T TOi = N TOi N TOi, (2.17)

where T TOi

1 N TOi... - the number of TO of the i-th type;

H TOi- labor intensity of the i-th type of maintenance (taken from table 2.5 of the Guidelines), man-h.

Example K-701:

DON-1500 example:

We calculate in the same way for all brands of tractors and combines and summarize in table 2.2

The annual labor intensity of performing maintenance of the i-th type for each car brand is determined by the formula:

T TOi = N TOi N TOi η 2 η 5 , (2.18)

where T TOi- total labor intensity of the i-th type, man-h;

N TOi... - the number of TO of the i-th type;

H TOi- labor intensity of the i-th type, man-h.

Example ZIL-431410:

We calculate in the same way for all car brands and summarize in table 2.2

All the results of calculations of the annual labor intensity of repair and maintenance work (man-hours) are drawn up in the form of table 2.2.

Table 2.2.-Annual labor intensity of repair and maintenance work (man-h).

Brand	Quantity
Tractors:
Outdoor furniture-701	13	3538	107	98	157	-
T-150K	22	7021	266	162	314	-
MTZ-82	42	5715	265	176	406	-
MTZ-1221	26	4972	191	166	382	-
Total:	103	21246	829	602	1259	-
Cars:
ZIL-431410	33	9234	-	1656	1186	-
GAZ-3507	30	15526	-	1768	1261	-
UAZ-451	12	21332	-	1995	1425	-
KamAZ-5320	23	4028	-	333	205	-
Total:	98	50120	-	5752	4077	-
Combine harvesters
Don-1500	15	3450	-	405	591	-
KZS-10	14	3264	-	435	643	-
KZR-10	19	4233	-	573	847	-
KSK-100	33	6200	-	1497	1684	-
Total:	81	17147	-	2910	3765	-

2.3 Distribution of the scope of work between repair and maintenance enterprises (ROP).

The complexity and labor intensity of maintenance and repair of machines used on farms depends on their design features... Elimination of simple machine failures does not require high technical equipment and can be carried out in field conditions... To carry out periodic maintenance and repairs, workers of appropriate qualifications and special technical equipment are required. Some of this work can be done in the workshop of the farm. Maintenance of complex machines, major repairs and some maintenance work require higher specialization and concentration.

In practice, when organizing maintenance and repair of machines, the cooperation of farm workshops with regional technical service enterprises and specialized enterprises is carried out in many directions. The forms of production relationships largely determine the distribution of work between enterprises.

When planning the work of the farm workshop, we use the enlarged distribution of the labor intensity of maintenance and current repair of tractors, which is recommended for the conditions of the Republic of Belarus (Table 2.3.1).

Table 2.3.1.-Distribution of work on the current repair and maintenance of tractors,%.

Tractor brand	TR		TO-3		TO-2		TO-1
Tractor brand	RB farm	District	RB farm	District	RB farm	District	RB farm	District
K-701, T-150K
MTZ-80
MTZ-1221	20	80	-	100	70	30	85	15

Combine harvesters and special ones are repaired by current repairs using overhauled components at specialized enterprises. The distribution of work on current repairs between the workshop of the farm and the regional repair base is taken for grain harvesters, respectively, 40 and 60%, for special combines - 70 and 30%, for maintenance T0-1 100% and 0, TO-2 90 and 10%.

For cars, we make the following distribution of work: at the service station of the regional base, 35 ... 40% of the volume of work on current repairs and 10% on TO-2 are performed. The rest of the work is carried out on the farms.

We distribute work on TR and maintenance of tractors, combines and cars according to the formula:

where C% is the percentage of work performed in the area or farm;

Annual labor intensity

Example K-701:

We calculate in the same way for all brands of tractors, cars, combines and summarize in table 2.3.2

The accepted distribution of repair and maintenance work is summarized in table 2.3.2.

Table 2.3.2.-Consolidated list of the distribution of work on maintenance and repair of machines.

Brand	TR, man-h			TO-3, man-h		TO-2, man-h		TO-1, man-h
Brand	RB farm		District	RB farm	District	RB farm	District	ROB x-va
Tractors:
Outdoor furniture-701	353	3184		107	68	29	133	23
T-150K	702	6318		266	113	48	266	47
MTZ-80	2286	3429		132	132	158	17	406
MTZ-1221	994	3977		191	116	49	324	57
Total:	4335	16908		132	696	455	143	1129	127
Cars:
ZIL-431410	5540		3693	-	-	1490	165	1186	0
GAZ-3507	9315		6210	-	-	1591	176	1261	0
UAZ-451	12799		8532	1796	199	1425	0
KamAZ-5320	2417		1611	-	-	299	33	205	0
Total:	30072		20048	-	-	5178	575	4079	0
Combines:
Don-1500	1380		2070	-	-	364	40	591	0
KZS-10	1305		1958	-	-	391	43	643	0
KZR-10	1693		2539	-	-	343	57	847	0
KSK-100	4340		1860	-	-	1347	149	1684	0
Total:	8718		8427	-	-	2445	289	3765	0

From table 2.3.2, we determine the total volume of the main repair and maintenance work performed at the enterprise for tractors, cars and combines separately:

T about = T TR + T TO , (2.20)

Tractors:

for the RB of the farm:

for the district RB:

Cars:

for the RB of the farm:

for the district RB:

Combines:

for the RB of the farm:

for the district RB:

where T TR and T TO- labor intensity, respectively, of current repair and maintenance of all machines of the VROB economy or the regional RB, man-h.

2.4 Technological operations performed at the project site

On the site of technical diagnostics of machines, such operations as external inspection of machines, identification of technical faults, as well as diagnostics of machines are performed.

2.5 Calculation of the labor intensity of repair (TO) for the project site

The distribution of the labor intensity of the repair of machines by type of work is carried out during the technological calculation of the production areas of the repair enterprise.

In accordance with the work performed at the design object, we select certain types of work, and calculate the annual labor intensity for the design object for tractors, cars and combines separately ( T oi):

T oi = T o μ / 100, (2.21)

where μ –Share of works at the design object of the total labor input.

Tractor example:

Washing works:

3. Organizational part

3.1 Choosing the form and organization of work

The brigade-post form is characterized by the presence of teams for the main objects of repair. At the posts, repairs of individual units or assemblies are carried out. The number and specialization of posts is determined based on the size production program and the constructive complexity of the objects of repair. With this form, the use of equipment is improved, labor productivity is increased, and a number of jobs are specialized. However, although the brigade-post uniform is more progressive in relation to the brigade uniform, it cannot provide high productivity labor.

3.2 Operating mode of the farm and annual funds of time

The operating mode of the site includes: the number of working days per year and work shifts per day, the duration of the shift in hours.

Table 3.1.-Section operation mode.

Annual funds of working time we install for equipment and workers.

Nominal annual fund of equipment time ( F NO) we calculate by the formula:

Ф NO = К Р t cm n , (3.1)

where K P

n- number of shifts.

The actual annual fund of time is calculated by the formula:

f d.o = F NO η o, (3.2)

where η o is the equipment utilization factor, taking into account the number of shifts (we accept Table 3.2 Methodical instructions), taking into account the loss of working time for its repair and maintenance.

Diagnostic work:

Nominal annual fund of working time ( F NR) we calculate by the formula:

Ф НР = К Р t cm n , (3.3)

where K P- the number of working days per year;

t cm - duration of the shift, hours;

n- the number of shifts (when determining the annual fund of time for workers n we take equal to 1).

The actual annual fund of working hours is calculated by the formula:

f d.p = (K P t cm n-d o t cm n) η p, (3.4)

where η p is a coefficient that takes into account the loss of working time for valid reasons ( η p = 0.96 ... 0.97);

d o- number of days of vacation. (we accept 30 days)

3.3 Calculation of the number of production workers at the project site

The number of production workers (turnout n pY and list n pc) is calculated by the formula:

n pc = T TOTAL /f d.R , (3.5)

n pY = T TOTAL. /F NR , (3.6)

We accept = 1 person.

3.4 Selection and calculation of the number of technological equipment and tooling for the project site

The number of pieces of equipment is determined by the formula:

n OB = T TOTAL. / f d.o , (3.8)

We accept = 19 units.

The accepted technological equipment and organizational equipment are summarized in Table 3.4.

Table 3.4.-Technological equipment and organizational equipment.

Name equipment and tooling	Code or brand	Quantity	Dimensions in plan,	Footprint,
1.The compressor is portable	OM-830	1	-	-
2. Installation for flushing the lubrication system	OM-16361	1	600x320	-
3. Installation for lubrication and filling	OZ-18026	2	4305x745	-
4. Sand box	0304.5.800-1	1	500x500	-
5. Chest for cleaning material	0314.5.800-1	1	1000x500	-
6. Assembly table	ORG-16395	2	1200x800	-
7. Installation for washing parts	ORG-4990B	1	900x650	-
8. Rack	-	1	900x500	-
9. Workbench	-	2	1700x800	-
10. Tool trolley	70-7878-1004	3	600x320	-
11. Stand for checking the installation of wheels	C 111	2	-	-
12. Traction stand	C 485	2	-	-
Total:	19	50

3.5 Calculation of production areas of the project site

The area of the diagnostic site is calculated by the formula:

S ych = S ob σ , (3.9)

We accept

where S about- the area occupied by the equipment;

σ - coefficient taking into account working areas and passages (we accept table 3.4 Methodical instructions);

We accept the length of the plot equal to 24m, the width of the plot is 12m.

4. Technological map

	the name of the operation	Place of issue.	Number of points	Equipment and tools	Time rate, min	Technical is required. and directions
1	2	3	4	5	6	7
	Check the condition of tires and tire pressure, MPa		-	Pressure gauge		-
2.	Check backlash in steering linkage joints	-	-	Visually	-	-
3.	Check free and full pedal travel	-	-	Physically	-	-
4.	Check the play and steering force	-	-	Luftometer	-	-
5.	Check the tightness of the hydraulic booster		-	Visually		-
6.	Check the tightness of the brake drive			Visually	-	-
7.	Check braking forces and brake response times	-	-	-	-	-
8.	Check the serviceability and operation of the parking brake	-	-	Physically	-	-
9.	Check headlight installation	-	-	K310 device	-	-
10.	Check the operation of lighting and signaling devices	-	-	Visually	-	-
11.	Check toe-in of the front wheels	-	-	Telescopic ruler	-	-
12.	Check the parallelism of the front and rear axles of the car.	-	-	-	-	-
13.	Check the tightness of the transmission units	-	-	Visually	-	-
14.	Check the action of the additional equipment of the car body and cab.	-	-	Visually	-	-
Total:		-

5. Safety precautions

Labor safety of workers largely depends on the design and technical condition of the equipment used (stands, fixtures, tools, etc.). Work on defective equipment is prohibited.

It is necessary to use stands, fixtures, instruments and tools strictly according to their intended purpose in accordance with the technological process of maintenance and repair of cars, tractors and combines.

It is prohibited in the repair area:

keep clean cleaning materials with used ones;

to clutter the aisles between the shelves and exits from the premises with materials, equipment, containers, etc.;

obstruct passages, driveways to the locations of fire fighting equipment and equipment and electric fire alarm detectors;

obstruct the emergency gate both from inside the premises and outside; access to them should always be free.

All premises for maintenance and repair of cars, tracts and combines must have one fire extinguisher for every 50 areas, but not less than two for each separate room. In addition, boxes with dry sifted sand are installed in the premises at the rate of one box with a capacity of 0.5 sand per 100 areas, but not less than one for each separate room. Sand boxes are painted red and supplied with a shovel or scoop.

Conclusion

The task of the course project was to develop a project for a diagnostics site, with the development of the D-1 technology for the GAZ-3507 car.

In settlement - the technological part determined the scope of work on the design site, calculated the number of maintenance and repairs of machines, calculated the labor intensity of work on the design object, and the annual volume of repair - maintenance work, made the distribution of the scope of work between the repair - service enterprises (ROP), determined the technological operations performed at the site, calculated the labor intensity of repairing the service station for the site.

In the organizational part of the site, the organization of the site work was chosen. The operating mode of the farm and the annual funds of the time have been developed. Calculated the number of production workers at the site; selection and calculation of the number of technological equipment and tooling at the site; calculation of production areas of the site; the layout of the site was made.

A technological map of the diagnostics site has been developed.

Safety measures have been developed at the site.

All of the above calculations and developments made it possible to practically assimilate the material on the design of the diagnostics section.

Bibliography

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2. Enterprise standard. Course and diploma projects (works). General requirements. STP BSKHA 2.01-99; Compiled by L.F. Baranov, A.K. Trubilov. Gorki, 1999.

3. Reliability and repair of machines. Methodical instructions for the course design of BSKhA; Compiled by L.F. Baranov. Gorki, 1995.

4. Pevzner Ya. D. Organization of machine repair in agriculture. Leningrad, 1970.

5. Repair of cars. Methodical instructions. BSAA. Compiled by L.F. Baranov, A.K. Trubilov. Gorki, 2003.

6. Bannikov A.G. Protection of Nature. M .: Rosagropromizdat, 1985.

7. Organization of production at agricultural enterprises. Methodical instructions for laboratory and practical exercises. BSKHA Comp. E.A. Daineko, N.I. Murashkin. Gorki, 2000.

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9. Shevchenko A.I., Safronov P.I. Locksmith's handbook for the repair of tractors. - L .: Mechanical engineering Leningrad branch, 1989.

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11. Ivanov M.N. Machine parts. M .: Higher school, 1991.

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33. Methodical instructions Technical operation tractors, self-propelled agricultural. machines. Moscow: Krasny Bereg, 2006.

THE BELL

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1.1 Features of the technological process of performing services and proposals for improving their quality

In service maintenance, the main share is the technical operation of individual (non-commercial) vehicles. At the same time, a number of significant features are revealed.

Significant seasonal unevenness in the use of cars, reaching more than 50% in Russia.

Lower operating intensity than commercial vehicles. The average annual mileage of individual passenger cars in Russia is 10-12 thousand kilometers, which is 3-4 times lower than that of commercial vehicles.

Basically, garage-free or in unheated garages and unorganized parking lots, car storage that complicates winter start-up and adversely affects the technical condition of engines, power systems, ignition, fuel injection systems, bodywork, tires, rubber products.

Lack of reliable and complete information about the content, time of maintenance and repair work, consumption of spare parts, quality of used operating materials.

The primary and rather difficult task in these conditions is the task of ensuring the operability of individual vehicles through timely preventive maintenance. Currently, the following methods are used to ensure the performance of vehicles for individual use:

To plan the labor intensity of work, the consumption of spare parts and materials, the concepts of static arrival and consumption of spare parts are used. The actual flow of requirements for services depends on the bandwidth of the enterprise, marketing policy.

1.2 Determination of the main indicators characterizing the region's need for car service services

Initial data:

- the number of inhabitants A i, i = (1,2), where i is the index of the moment in time; i = 1-current moment; i = 2-perspective (end of the mid-term forecast).

A 1 = 207000 people - the number of inhabitants of the city of Armavir in 2013.

And 2 = 220,000 people - the number of inhabitants of the city of Armavir in 2017

The number of residents of the microdistrict where the service station will be located, we accept 51200 people in 2013, and 60,000 in 2017.

- saturation of the population with passenger cars n i; for the current moment and for the future; i = (1,2) cars / 1000 inhabitants

n 1 = 190 (according to traffic police data)

n 2 = 270 for the perspective of 2013-2017

- quantitative ratio of cars in 2010:

very small class cars 10%

small class cars 55%

foreign cars 10%

- the quantitative ratio of cars in 2015:

very small class cars 15%

small class cars 45%

middle class cars 25%

foreign cars 15%

is the indicator of the dynamics of changes in the saturation n ti = f (t i) of the population with cars in the retrospective period, i.e. for a number of years (t 1 = 1,2,3… m) before the considered current moment of time t i = m;

- coefficient taking into account the share of owners using the services of car service enterprises - in i, i = (1,2);

- the probabilistic distribution of the cars serviced at the car service enterprise by models P ij, i = (1,2), j = (1, J), where j is the index of the car model;

- the average operating time in thousand km per one car-arrival at the enterprise according to the models L ij, j = 1 - of an especially small class; j = 2 - small class; j = 3 - middle class, j = 4 - foreign cars;

- the interval distribution of the annual runs of the j-th car models L gj, specified in the form of histograms shown in Figure 1.1 of the explanatory note.

Calculation of the number of cars in the region.

The number of cars in a given area of ​​the city is determined from the expression:

, (1.1)

where And i - the number of inhabitants of the region, people;

n i - saturation of the population with cars, cars / 1000 people.

This number of cars is calculated for the current i = 1 and prospective i = 2 periods.

For the current period i = 1, T i = 2013:

N 1 =

We take 9730 cars into account

For the perspective period i = 2, T i = 2015:

N 2 =

We take 14,200 vehicles into account.

Figure 1.1. Histograms of the distribution of annual mileage by car class

The initial distribution of annual vehicle mileage is shown in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1 Initial distribution of annual vehicle mileage

Table 1.2 shows the initial data for determining the main indicators.

Table 1.2. Initial data for determining the main indicators

Calculation of the dynamics of changes in the saturation of the population of the region with cars.

When calculating the dynamics of changes in the number of passenger cars, the saturation with them set time lag until the time t i = m should be at least 5 years.

The solution to this problem can be based on the use of dependence, taking into account the dynamics of the development of the saturation of the population of the region (microdistrict) in the past, the state of saturation in the present and in the future.

In this case, the saturation over time increases unevenly, first slowly, then quickly and, finally, slows down again due to the approximation n k n max = n 2.

The dynamics of changes in the saturation of the region's population with cars in the retrospective period is shown in Table 1.3.

The dependence of the saturation of the population with cars on time is expressed by a differential equation of the form.

where t is time (years);

n - vehicle saturation;

n max - saturation limit value;

q - coefficient of proportionality.

Table 1.3. Dynamics of changes in the saturation of the region's population with cars in the retrospective period

Transformation of equation 1.1 allows you to determine the value of the proportionality coefficient q, according to the formula:

. (1.3)

where n m = n1 is the current value of the population saturation with cars at the end of the retrospective period, that is, for t = m.

The solution of equation (1.4) with respect to the time factor t, allows us to estimate the time interval (lag) of the saturation of the population with cars at a given limit (or close to it) saturation value n n max = n 2:

The change and increase in the saturation of the population with passenger cars in the retrospective period in the modified form of Table 1.3 are presented in Table 1.4.

Table 1.4 - Change and increase in the saturation of the population with passenger cars in the retrospective period

In table 1.4, the increase in saturation is determined by the expression

? n t = n ti -n t (i -1) (1.6)

where n ti is the saturation of the population with cars, cars / 1000 inhabitants

We find the proportionality coefficient q:

Predictive assessment of the dynamics of changes in the saturation of the population with cars in the region (microdistrict) using the data of tables 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 and the expression (formula) 1.4 for n max = n 2 = 270, nm = n 1 = 190, m = 4 saturation in 2011 will be:

Similarly, we determine the saturation in 2013:

For 2017 (t> 14) we get:

Thus, close to the specified maximum saturation of the population with cars n 5 = n max = 270 can be achieved in 6 years.

Indeed, after checking expression (1.5) and setting n t close to 270 authors / 1000 inhabitants, for example, n t = 266 we have:

Which is more than the minimum time lag of 6 years required to predict the above indicators.

The results of the predicted change in the saturation of the region's population with passenger cars are presented in Figure 1.2.

Figure 1.2. Graphic illustration of the forecast of the population saturation with passenger cars

The results of the marketing research (histograms of the distribution of annual runs by class, the quantitative ratio of cars by class, the curve of forecasting the saturation of the population with passenger cars) are presented on sheet 1 of the graphic part of the project.

The number of cars in a given area of the city is determined from the expression:

n jr is the number of values of runs L Г jr in intervals, r = (1; R).

Then, substituting in the formula (1.7) the corresponding values of the known quantities for cars of an especially small class, we get:

One of the main factors determining the capacity of a city service station is the number and composition of cars by model located in the service area of an existing service station.