Soviet truck, medium-duty family trucks third generation GAZ. The GAZ-53 truck was mass-produced from October 1961 to 1967 under the symbol GAZ-53F, from 1965 to 1983 under the symbol GAZ-53A and from 1983 to January 1993 under the symbol GAZ-53-12 by Gorkovsky car plant. GAZ-53 with subsequent modifications is the most popular truck in the territory of the former USSR, the so-called. "workhorse" of the Soviet economy. The total production of GAZ-53 amounted to over 4 million vehicles, and GAZ-52 - 1,006,330 units.
Chief designer - A. D. Prosvirnin. Leading designers - A. I. Shikhov, V. D. Zapoinov. Leading designer of the V8 engine is P. E. Syrkin.
The background to the appearance of the GAZ-53F is unofficially associated with the XXII Congress of the CPSU that took place in 1961, by the opening of which the plant was obliged to begin production of the new GAZ-53 truck. However, due to the fact that by that time the V-shaped 8-cylinder engine had not been mastered in production, it was necessary to install a “six” boosted to 82 hp. thanks to an increase in compression ratio to 6.7. Also, the hypoid rear axle was not mastered, so they used the usual one from the GAZ-51A, but with main couple from GAZ-63 (i=7.6; GAZ 51A i=6.67). This made it possible, to some extent, to maintain the dynamics of the car with a payload capacity increased to 3500 kg. Due to the increased load capacity, 8.25-20 tires and three-hole rims were installed. The first production sample of the GAZ-53F was assembled on September 23, 1961, and on October 14 of the same year, a pilot batch of 25 vehicles left the main assembly line. Until March 1962, the GAZ-53F was assembled periodically - in small batches. The load capacity of the GAZ-53F was determined by the plant at 3500 kg until December 1964, but then it was reduced to 3000 kg.
Serial production of the GAZ-53 was planned for 1962, but its production was hampered by the lack of a finished engine. Large-scale assembly of engines was mastered only at the end of October 1963.
Since June 1964, the GAZ-53 truck became the base model of the Gorky Automobile Plant. This is a modification of the GAZ-53F car and a transitional model to the GAZ-53A. Load capacity 3 tons. In essence, it was a GAZ-51A chassis with a wheelbase extended to 3700 mm and with a GAZ-52 truck cab - a kind of symbiosis of old and new, a logical transition from the 2.5-ton GAZ-51A to the 4-ton GAZ -53A. Unlike its predecessor, it has new engine, with a power of 115 l/s, thanks to which the maximum speed of the car increased to 85 km/h.
When designing the GAZ-52, several engine options were considered, including an in-line prechamber engine and a V-shaped carburetor "six". They planned to install this engine on the GAZ-53. However, due to difficulties in developing a new engine, designers turned their attention to a new V-8 engine for the new passenger car large class GAZ-13. With this engine, it became possible to increase the payload of a truck to four tons, which, in turn, entailed strengthening the frame and suspension, increasing the cargo platform, installing new tires, changing brake system and steering.
The engine had a displacement of 4.25 liters, a compression ratio of 6.7 and developed a power of 115 hp. at 3200 rpm. TO design features The engine should include a lubrication system with a centrifugal oil filter (centrifuge), an open crankcase ventilation system, and wet-type cylinder liners. Unlike the GAZ-51A, a reinforced single-plate clutch was used to transmit the increased torque and new box gears with synchronizers in 3rd and 4th gears, as well as a new driveshaft.
Initially, the GAZ-53 had a payload limited to three tons. To avoid overload, “3t” signs were heavily painted on the side sides of the body with white paint. Such cars were produced in small quantities in 1964 and in the first half of 1965.
A year later, from June 1965, the GAZ-53A began to roll off the assembly line. It, like the GAZ-53, was equipped with a V-shaped overhead valve 8-cylinder gasoline engine. Load capacity new car increased to 4t. The large volume of the body and lattice side sides ensured full use of the carrying capacity, regardless of the type of cargo. In contrast of previous model consisted of a reinforced front axle, a new cardan transmission and steering mechanism. The length of the frame was reduced, the towing device was removed, and to increase cross-country ability, tires with a special tread pattern were installed.
The GAZ-53-05 tractor was also created, designed to work with a 3-ton trailer. Another modification of the GAZ-53A car is GAZ-53A-016 - a car with additional equipment and two fuel tanks with a total capacity of 195 liters and a total curb weight of 3325 kg. But, already starting in 1966, the plant began to produce GAZ-52-03, with a carrying capacity of 2500 kg, but with a long (3700 mm) wheelbase, like the GAZ-53. On the basis of this truck, the Gorky Automobile Plant built the GAZ-53B-02 chassis for the Saransk dump truck plant.
In 1973, the GAZ-53A and its modifications were certified for the assignment of the state Quality Mark. A gray plastic emblem was attached to the radiator trim between the headlight and sidelights. But subsequently, in 1982, the emblem disappeared from the cladding. Cars also began to be equipped with side turn signal repeaters, which were located on the wings of the cab.
Since 1983 The production of the modernized GAZ-53-12 with a carrying capacity of 4.5 tons was mastered. Changes affected the engine and radiator lining. Also a modification of this truck GAZ-53A-016 (produced 1966-1983), designed for the needs armed forces Soviet Union, coped well with the functions assigned to her. IN last years of its release (1984-1992), gasoline-powered models were supplemented with modifications that used compressed natural and liquefied gases as their fuel. – We are talking about GAZ-53-19 and GAZ-53-27 trucks.
It was no coincidence that this truck was called nothing less than the “workhorse” of the economy of the Soviet Union - it was present in almost all spheres of the national economy of a socialist country: agriculture, construction, freight transportation And so on. Among other things, it is impossible to overestimate the merit of the GAZ-53 in the process of developing virgin lands in Central Asia (the steppes of Kazakhstan), initiated by the then Secretary General of the USSR N.S. Khrushchev - this “worker” transported grain crops, and was perfectly suited to the local climatic conditions.
Various modifications of the GAZ-53 truck were successfully used not only on the territory of the Soviet Union - as part of fraternal assistance, supplies of these vehicles were established to countries that were part of the so-called bloc of socialist states: East Germany (GDR), Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia, Vietnam , Laos, Cuba, Mongolia and North Korea. As for the last 3 countries, here and there you can still find properly working GAZ-53s. Deliveries of GAZ-53 trucks were also established in neighboring Finland, despite the fact that it was not a socialist country. The Soviet truck has proven itself well in the local climatic conditions.
Modifications of GAZ-53
* GAZ-53F (from October 1961 to January 1967) - flatbed truck and chassis with a forced GAZ-51 engine with a power of 82 hp, a GAZ-51 rear axle with a gearbox from a GAZ-63 (i = 6.7 ), load capacity 3.5/3.0 t, maximum speed up to 75 km/h;
GAZ-53 and its modifications became the most common variants of trucks in the USSR; over more than 30 years, more than 4 million trucks under this name rolled off the assembly line.
The GAZ-53 car is a medium-duty truck of the Soviet period, produced at the Gorky Automobile Plant from 1961 to 1992. All sectors of the national economy of the Soviet Country carried out transportation on the “toiler” - GAZ-53.
The idea of solving the design of an all-metal cabin, designed for three passengers including the driver, makes the GAZ-53 similar to the ZIL-130: a long hood, protruding wings, a small interior area.
From the beginning of production until 1975, the headlights were located on top, with sidelights below them. Changes in the design of the front end with a “smile” of the radiator trim and headlights at the bottom characterize the GAZ-53 of 1975-1985.
From 1985 until the truck was discontinued in 1992, the appearance of the GAZ-53 was distinguished by a larger cladding with new side lights.
Inside, the cabin was spartanly simple and archaic: a common sofa for the driver and passengers with a backrest, behind which there was a small “cache” for things; metal in the decoration, and only on the ceiling was iron covered with panels. In those years there was no talk about the convenience and comfort of the driver.
A wide range of models for various transportations were produced on the GAZ-53 chassis with a 4x2 wheel arrangement. The main ones presented for Soviet organizations: onboard GAZ-53, GAZ 53-02 chassis for a dump truck (SAZ-3503), tractor unit, extended chassis GAZ 53-40 for the KavZ-685 bus, ladder truck AL-18(52-02)-L2, MPR-9924 (mobile repair workshop), food truck (van), fuel truck, milk tanker.
For the needs of the Soviet Army, the GAZ-53A-016 was produced with a 105 liter fuel tank, preheater, additional equipment.
In 1984-1992, GAZ-53-19 was produced with an engine running on liquefied gas(methane) and GAZ-53-27 with an engine capable of running on compressed natural gas (propane).
Export versions of GAZ-53-50 (tropical version) and GAZ-53-70 were supplied to Vietnam, Cuba, Laos, Mongolia, North Korea, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Yugoslavia. In 1967-1991, the production of GAZ-53 from vehicle kits was carried out at the Madara plant in the city of Shumen (Bulgaria).
If we talk about technical characteristics, then the GAZ-53 (onboard) has the following dimensions: length - 6395 mm, width - 2280 mm, height - 2190 mm, wheelbase - 3700 mm, ground clearance- 245-265 mm. The weight of the truck in running order is 3200 kg.
The GAZ-53 was equipped with 8.25 R 20 tires and a 90-liter gas tank. Front and rear suspension dependent leaf spring, front with telescopic shock absorbers. GAZ-53 and its modifications are equipped with drum brakes on both axles. The absence of power steering makes the process of “steering” a physically difficult task.
During production, several engines were installed on the GAZ-53; the load capacity of the “hard worker” depended on their power. Basic specifications various modifications:
- GAZ-53F (1961-1967) with a forced six-cylinder GAZ-11 engine (82 hp) and a 4-speed gearbox made it possible to transport up to 3.5 tons of cargo with a maximum speed of 75 km/h, fuel consumption 22 -25 liters;
- GAZ-53 and GAZ-53A (1964-1983 onwards) were equipped with an eight-cylinder ZMZ - 53 (115 hp) with 4 gearboxes, load capacity 4000 kg. Average fuel consumption is 25 - 28 liters, maximum speed is up to 85 km/h;
- GAZ-53-12 (1983-1992) was equipped with an eight-cylinder ZMZ-511 (120 hp) with 4 gearboxes. The carrying capacity has increased to 4500 kg, the average consumption of A-76 gasoline is 25-30 liters, the maximum speed has increased to 90 km/h;
- GAZ-53-19 (1984-1992 model year) ZMZ-511 engine, when running on methane, produced 105 “horses” and provided a maximum speed of up to 80 km/h;
- GAZ-53-27 (1984-1992), when running on propane, the ZMZ-511 engine offered 100 hp. power at identical maximum speed.
Over many years of operation, the GAZ-53 has proven itself to be a technically simple, maintainable, and reliable truck. The machine can be repaired “in the field”; there are plenty of cheap spare parts on the market. With proper engine care (timely replacement of oil and filters), the service life is up to overhaul is 400,000 kilometers.
The problematic components of the GAZ-53 include the clutch (short life, because it is difficult to move without jerking), a two-part cardan (at the junction with the Hooke joints, the nuts are unscrewed), springs when full load cannot withstand driving on roads with poor surfaces, problems with electrical equipment (ignition distributor), and the rear crankshaft oil seal constantly leaks. Not happy either high consumption fuel, the engine is carburetor.
But the problem with fuel consumption is solved simply - install diesel unit MMZ D-245. Taking into account the cost of a new engine, operating costs when switching to diesel fuel quickly pay for the investment in the car (these costs for the GAZ-53 “diesel” pay off after about 40,000 km).
Despite all the “problems” and the long-standing discontinuation of production, the GAZ-53 still “remains in service.” On secondary market in 2017, Russian “connoisseurs” of the Soviet automobile industry can purchase it at a price of 50,000 rubles (this is the price for a GAZ-53 car in “on-the-go” condition). But for “well-maintained” copies of the GAZ-53 produced in 1990-1992 they ask for up to 200,000 rubles. Moreover, the most expensive on the secondary market are GAZ-53 with tanks (fuel tanker, milk tanker, sewer truck) - their price reaches 300,000 rubles.
GAZ-53 is a Soviet medium-duty truck, produced in various modifications. Today, the car has not lost popularity among users due to its maintainability, low cost of components and impressive service life.
GAZ-53: history
Serial production of the GAZ-53 began in 1961. Over the next thirty-odd years, the car was produced in various versions, changing the indices in the name. In 1993, serial production of the GAZ-53 on the GAZ-53-12 model was completed. The cars were produced at the facilities of the Gorky plant. The equipment belongs to the third generation of GAZ.
Over the years of serial production, more than four million units of equipment were produced. Experts recognize the GAZ-53 as the most mass-produced car in USSR. It is interesting to note that the technical data of the machines remained virtually unchanged throughout the entire production period. The main changes concerned the design of the cabin and the instrument panel. The latest version of the exterior cladding was first released in 1984. The first GAZ-53 were similar to the classic ZIL-130.
Dump truck GAZ-53: technical characteristics
The repairable and moderately reliable GAZ-53 with a tipper mechanism continues to work in private and commercial households. A fairly durable body is equipped automatic device rise. Dependent spring suspension provides ride rigidity, which is front axle softened by telescopic shock absorbers. The car uses a drum-type brake mechanism. There is no power steering, which makes steering difficult.
Experts attribute the short life of the clutch to the disadvantages of the machine, which affects the smooth start of movement. Fastening the cardan requires constant attention, since the nuts at the joints with the hinges are constantly unscrewed. One of the main problems is a leaking crankshaft oil seal. The electrical equipment of the machine is not reliable. A GAZ-53 with a loaded body is poorly adapted for driving on broken roads.
Engine and transmission
Over the long period of serial production of the GAZ-53, the dump truck was equipped with various engines. The first power unit was the GAZ-11 engine, a 6-cylinder 82-horsepower engine, complemented by a four-speed transmission. A car equipped with such components accelerated to 74 km/h, had a maximum load capacity of 3.5 tons and consumed from 22 to 25 liters of fuel per 100 km.
The following modifications of the GAZ-53 with index A were equipped with ZMZ-53 engines. The six-cylinder engine produced 115 hp. power and was complemented by a four-speed gearbox. The maximum speed of the vehicle reached 85 km/h, the load capacity and fuel consumption did not change. In 1983, the production of such machines was completed.
The last GAZ-53-12 was equipped with a ZMZ-511 power unit. The eight-cylinder engine produced 120 hp. power. On maximum speed the car consumed 25-30 liters of fuel per 100 km. The lifting capacity of the equipment has increased to 4.5 tons.
“Gluttonous” power units are considered one of the main problems in operating the GAZ-53. However, Soviet mechanical engineering solved this problem. Can be installed on a car diesel engine D-245. The unit pays for itself, according to rough estimates, in 40 thousand kilometers.
In the Russian space, one of the most common and popular small-tonnage vehicles was the GAZ 53 truck. Even today it can be found in almost every city. Over the entire production period, which took more than 30 years, the machine was constantly modernized and slightly changed. Its latest version was the GAZ 53 12, production of which began in 1983.
History of creation
The cars of the Gorky Automobile Plant are among the oldest and most popular Soviet brands. There were the following modifications of the GAZ 53:
- 53F - from 1961 to 1967;
- 53A - from 1965 to 1983;
- 53-12 – from 1983 to 1993.
The developer made the first car in 1959, but mass production began only in 1961. The number of vehicles produced in the entire history of their assembly exceeded 4 million units.
October 1961 marked the beginning of production of the GAZ 53 F, which is a 3.5-ton vehicle with 82 horsepower. In 1954, production of model 53 began, the weight of which reached 9 tons and the power of 114 horsepower. Later the name was changed to 53A. The car was produced in various versions until 1983. Significant changes between them were only in the chassis used.
Since 1983, the GAZ-5312 has been in production for 10 years, which increased its carrying capacity, acquired several new parts, modernized certain types of units, etc.
In 1990, an additional model called GAZ 3307 appeared for a short time, but its production was short-lived and not as popular as before.
Special models
Except basic models The manufacturer produced a number of special vehicles based on the Lawn. Their differences lay in the type of body used and the purpose.
The GAZ 53 onboard was always considered the basic option. But the plant has also developed options for a dump truck and a truck tractor. In the first case, a chassis called 53 02 was used. It was on it that structures for transporting goods were located. At the same time, the GAZ 53 truck tractor was equipped with the GAZ 53 05 chassis.
For the army, the plant produced a special model 53N. First of all, the car was distinguished by its tactical and technical characteristics. In addition, the weight of the GAZ 53 onboard was slightly less than the military version of the vehicle.
It is also worth noting that the GAZ 53, used as a truck tractor, was not widespread. This was primarily due to the low power of each modification of the car.
Truck Specifications
One of the indicators of the GAZ 53 is the weight of the car, which is only 3.2 tons. His full mass equals 7.85 tons. Thus, the vehicle’s carrying capacity is 4.5 tons. But such indicators only apply to modification 53 12, for which the cars were designed for only 3 tons of cargo.
Model 53 dimensions are as follows:
The permissible vehicle speed is 90 kilometers per hour. But in reality, it can go much faster if the load is not very large. The car's fuel consumption is 24 liters per 100 kilometers. But most often this figure rises due to excessive loads and poor car care.
As power unit The car uses a V-shaped carburetor engine with 8 cylinders. Its volume is 4252 cubic centimeters. The engine requires 10 liters of oil. The gearbox has 4 gears and 1 reverse. Capacity fuel tank is 90 liters. The car runs on A-76 gasoline.
Conclusion
Various modifications of the GAZ 53 car have gained due popularity in the post-Soviet space. Given vehicle won the sympathy of motorists, which is why it is still used in many cities. The vehicle still has certain problems, but in comparison with other domestic trucks, it is one of the best truck models in terms of cost and quality.
There are equipment, cars that become a symbol of the times. When people of the older generation remember the late Soviet era, they also remember this car, Gaz 53. It was produced at the Gorky Automobile Plant.
Production of this car began in the 60s. There were several modifications of this 3rd generation technique. The car was produced until 1993. Over 30 years, more than 4 million cars were produced. A medium-tonnage truck with a capacity of 3 to 4.5 tons became the most popular truck in Soviet times.
History Gas 53 rich. This machine served the entire national economy of the USSR for a long time and reliably. The surviving working machines are still used in agriculture, construction sites, and public utilities.
Modifications of Gas 53 were produced in a certain order. From the start of production of the car until 1967, it was branded F. Then a truck with the letter A began to be produced - a more load-bearing vehicle and stronger. Then, in 1984, the Gas 53-19 and 53-27 models were launched. The latter has a propane-powered engine. All cars were produced in parallel, for different needs. Here is a photo of the onboard Gas 53:
This truck became the pride of the Soviet automobile industry. It was also exported abroad. Many countries bought the car. Comfortable, durable. Another modification began to take a load of up to 4.5 tons. Photo Gas 53:
Specifications
Gas 53 weighs 3 tons 250 kg. and has the following parameters:
- from front bumper to the rear side – 6 m. 40 cm;
- from the left side to the starboard side - 2 m. 38 cm;
- height – 2 m. 22 cm;
- can carry a load of 4 tons;
- clearance from bottom to soil – 26.5 cm;
- the distance between the front and rear wheels is 3.7 meters;
- steel wheel rims;
- the distance between the front wheels is 1 meter 63 cm;
- the tank holds 90 liters of gasoline;
- dry disc clutch, driven by a lever.
The machine has drum brakes with a hydraulic booster.
Characteristics of the Gas 53 engine
Two brands of engines were installed on this car. On later ones, the movers are more powerful. Since 1966, the base vehicle has been equipped with the ZMZ 53 engine, which has the following parameters:
- gasoline, carburetor type;
- six-cylinder, four-stroke;
- engine capacity Gas 53 – 4.25 l.;
- weight – 265 kg;
- A-76 gasoline is used;
- compression ratio – 7.6;
- oil reserve – 10 liters;
- engine power Gas 53 – 115 hp;
Specifications ZMZ engine 53 may differ slightly different models. The difference is insignificant. The Gas 53 engine brand could only affect cargo transportation and a little on speed. The valves are located at the top. The cylinder block and cylinder head are made of aluminum alloys. Photo of the Gas 53 engine:
Cabin
The cabin is spacious. In addition to the driver, 2 more people can fit. The one-piece seat spans the entire width of the cabin and has a soft backrest. Metal frame of the cabin with two doors - left and right.
Fuel consumption
At 100 km. On the way, approximately 27 to 30 liters of gasoline are consumed, depending on the load.
Device
The frame on which the body is attached has 6 or 7 transverse beams (here an additional one was welded on, due to necessity). A front axle made of steel is fixed in front of the frame on two springs. At the ends of the front axle there are steering knuckles, where the wheels are attached using axles. The front wheels are single, with telescopic shock absorbers. The rigid frame of the truck is reinforced at the rear by the drive axle beam. There are springs on both sides. They are semi-elliptical and connected to the frame.
Between the frame and the springs there is a so-called rubber cushion. In addition, the rear suspension has additional springs. Rear wheels This vehicle has dual wheels (two wheels on each side), for better cross-country ability and stability. A well-thought-out shock absorption system allows the car to drive at a decent speed over all kinds of bumps on dirt road without any consequences for the car.
A tug is attached to the back of the car, at the end of the frame. Attached on the left spare wheel. It was for its forethought in all cases that people in rural areas fell in love with this car. Cranes were even made on the basis of this machine: the body was removed, the rigid frame was strengthened with cross members, and the Gas 53 crane was bolted onto the chassis frame. In villages you can see these rarities of technology. They are still working.
Gas 53 – dump truck
Chassis
The transmission, control and running gears are connected in series. Cheap, economical parts were used. At the same time, these details good quality, made of high quality metal. The clutch is designed for changing gears, braking, and for different driving modes. The connection of the clutch assembly elements is made in such a way that when the pedal is pressed, a rod is activated, which is connected by a lever to the release fork. The four-speed gearbox transmits movement through meshing gears in second and third gears. The third and fourth gears are engaged using a synchronizer. Engaging second gear is assisted by a gear clutch. The gearbox allows you to change the speed, makes it possible to move in reverse, and the engine running idle. Then the engine runs and the car stops.
Gear shifting is done in two steps. Cardan transmission has two shafts with hinges at the end. Torque is transmitted to the main gear. It transmits movement through the differential to the drive axle shafts rear wheels. The differential is also designed to level out the ride on uneven roads and when turning. This prevents the wheels from slipping, which means the tires wear out less. IN rear axle There is a crankcase into which oil is poured with a volume of up to 8.2 liters. Oil makes the gears work easier. The crankcase is made of cast ductile iron. To cool the engine, there is a radiator in front of the car behind the bumper. Water, 21 liters, is poured into it to cool the engine while it is running. After work, if the car is left outside in winter, the water is drained so that the water in the radiator does not freeze.
Advantages and disadvantages
The truck has a lot positive characteristics. Easy to manage and reliable car. Repairs can be made under any conditions. Spare parts for the car are available. The truck can run up to 400 thousand km. without major repairs. There are also disadvantages. Weakness– brakes, clutch assembly. They fail more often than other components. Distributor, cardan, shaft - their connection points may fail. In the engine, the main bearing may have a leaking seal.
