North War ,
Prut campaign
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Prince Anikita Ivanovich Repnin ( (1668 ) - July 3 (July 14), Riga) - Russian military leader and statesman, Field Marshal General (1724), participant in the Northern War.
early years
Born into the family of a boyar, Novgorod and Tambov governor, head of the Siberian order, Ivan Borisovich Repnin (d. 1697) and his wife Evdokia Nikiforovna Pleshcheeva (d. 1695). At the age of 16, he began his court service as a sleeper and entered the close circle of those close to the young Tsar Peter Alekseevich. In 1685, during the establishment of the amusing company, he was awarded its lieutenant. During the rebellion of 1689, he was one of the first to arrive at the Trinity Monastery to protect Tsar Peter from supporters of Sophia.
At the head of the "division"
Great Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Pyotr Alekseevich... granted his closest steward, the Preobrazhensky Regiment, Lieutenant Colonel Prince Nikita Ivanovich Repnin, for his many services and zeal, and instructed him to be a general and in charge of the elected regiment of General Pyotr Ivanovich Gordon.
P. O. Bobrovsky. History of the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment. Volume 1. - St. Petersburg. 1900.
In October 1700, Repnin set out with his “division” near Narva, but, having learned on the march near the lake. Samro about the defeat of the Russians, turned back and hastily retreated to the river. Luga, where he took over the retreating remnants of the army and, together with them, returned to Novgorod, where - by order of Peter - he began to put the disorganized Russian regiments in order. He remained in Novgorod throughout the winter of 1700/01, and for some time he served as governor instead of Major General I. Yu. Trubetskoy, who was captured.
| Russian troops arrived here, numbering about 20,000. People are generally good, no more than 50 people will have to be rejected; They have good Mastricht and Lüttich guns, and some regiments have swords instead of bayonets. They are doing so well that there is not a single complaint against them, they work diligently and quickly, unquestioningly carry out all orders. It is especially commendable that with the whole army there is not a single woman and not a single dog; In the military council, the Moscow general complained strongly and asked that the wives of the Saxon musketeers be prohibited from going to the Russian camp in the morning and evening and selling vodka, because through this his people become accustomed to drunkenness and all sorts of rowdy behavior. General Repnin is a man of about forty; he doesn’t know much about war, but he loves to learn and is very respectful: the colonels are all Germans, old, incapable people, and the rest of the officers are inexperienced... |
Subsequently, A.I. Repnin participated in the Russian conquest of Ingria and the Baltic states, and was the second commanding general during the capture of Noteburg (1702), Nyenskans (1703), Narva (1704) and Mitava (1705). In January 1706, together with Field Marshal-Lieutenant G.B. Ogilvy, he was blocked by the Swedish king Charles XII in Grodno, but managed to break out and join the main forces, making the transition from Grodno through Brest and Volyn to Kyiv.
In January 1707, he submitted a report to Peter I, in one of the points he asked the tsar to give the infantry regiments names by city (instead of the custom of bearing the names of their colonels, who changed frequently), as had already been done in the dragoon regiments. Only in March 1708 was this proposal accepted by Peter.
In the fall of 1709, he led his regiments to the Baltic States, where during the siege of Riga he was again the second commander, after B.P. Sheremetev, often replacing him. When Riga was captured in 1710, he was the first to enter the city, replacing the Swedish guards with his troops, and was appointed governor of Riga. Until October 17, he was also in charge of the civil administration of Livonia. In 1711, during the Prut campaign, he commanded the vanguard.
In 1712–13, he again served as the second, after A.D. Menshikov, chief of troops in Pomerania, participated in the capture of Toningen and Stettin (1713), and received the Order of the Elephant from the Danish king. In 1715 he defended the coast of Courland from the Swedes. From 1719 he was governor-general of the Riga province, and from 1724 he combined this service with the duties of president of the Military Collegium.
Governance of Livonia
Prince Repnin managed to smooth out the tensions that existed before him and successfully cope with the difficult task of governing a recently conquered country, a task all the more difficult since the numerous privileges of the townspeople and nobility made them completely “ inaccessible to the government and Gough-Gericht».
Having assessed the activities of Anikita Repnin, Peter the Great gradually expanded the powers of the Governor-General. By decree of February 24, 1720, all affairs were transferred to Repnin’s jurisdiction, “ who belong to the security of the city of Riga" Somewhat later, he was given control of city revenues and expenditures and oversight of the election of elected officials. Repnin put a lot of work into developing Riga trade, the surest path to which he saw in equipping a large merchant fleet. For this purpose, he founded a shipyard in Riga and worked hard to connect Peipus with a canal to the Aa River.
Fight for the throne
In St. Petersburg, Repnin was drawn into the struggle of the court parties, which became especially aggravated due to the deterioration of the tsar’s health and the uncertainty of the issue of succession to the throne. After the death of Peter I on January 28, 1725, Repnin, like other representatives of the noble boyars, spoke out in favor of the accession of Peter II, but then supported Menshikov’s opinion on the transfer of the crown to Catherine I. On the occasion of her accession, he was showered with favors and awarded the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky.
Menshikov, who feared Repnin’s excessive rise, took away the leadership of the Military Collegium from him and ensured his return to Riga to inspect stores, artillery and ammunition, replenish supplies and build a new trench on the banks of the Dvina. Repnin never returned from this business trip, because he died that same year. He was buried in the Alekseevskaya Church.
Family
Anikita (Nikita) Repnin was married twice:
- princess wife Praskovya Mikhailovna Lykova(d. 1685), daughter of the boyar Prince M.I. Lykov (1640-1701), the last of this kind.
- Anna Anikitichna, married 1st marriage to Prince B.F. Khovansky, 2nd marriage to Prince F.P. Khovansky.
- Ivan Anikitich (1685-1726), colonel of the Yaroslavl infantry regiment; he has a son Peter
- princess wife Praskovya Dmitrievna Golitsyna(167. -1708), daughter of the nearby steward of Prince D. A. Golitsyn and A. I. Pozharskaya.
- Vasily Nikitich (about 1696-1748), general-in-chief, general-feldtzeichmeister; his son Nikolai, Field Marshal, the last of the Repnins in his direct line.
- Ivan Nikitich (1696-1737), colonel.
- Yuri Nikitich (1701-1744), lieutenant general.
- Sergey Nikitich
In 1717, Prince Repnin asked Tsar Peter for permission, as an exception, to return his sons from Germany, where they had been sent to study military affairs, but instead became entangled in debt.
A.I. Repnin also had illegitimate children, who at birth bore the surname Anikitin, and from 1732 received the right to be called Repninsky:
- Andrey Nikitich (d. 1739)
- Nikolai Anikitich, was an aide-de-camp under Prince Anton-Ulrich of Brunswick-Lüneburg.
- Ekaterina Nikitichna (d. 1739)
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Notes
Sources
- Maslovsky S. D. Repnin, Anikita Ivanovich // Russian Biographical Dictionary: in 25 volumes. - St. Petersburg. -M., 1896-1918.
- Bantysh-Kamensky, D. N. 5th General Field Marshal Prince Nikita Ivanovich Repnin // . - M.: Culture, 1991. - 620 p. - ISBN 5-7158-0002-1.
Literature
- Rudakov V. E. ,. Repnins // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
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An excerpt characterizing Repnin, Anikita Ivanovich
The North fell silent, and I thought the story was over. Such a deep, naked melancholy splashed in his sad gray eyes that I finally understood how difficult it must have been to live, refusing help to loved ones, bright and beautiful people, seeing them off as they went to certain death, and knowing how easy it was for them to save, just by extending your hand... And how wrong, in my opinion, was their unwritten “truth” about not interfering in Earthly affairs until (finally, someday!..) the “right” time comes.. . which might never come...“Man is still a weak-willed creature, Isidora...” Sever suddenly spoke quietly again. “Unfortunately, there is more self-interest and envy in him than he can handle.” People do not yet want to follow the Pure and Light - this hurts their “pride” and makes them very angry, since they are too different from the person “usual” to them. And the Thinking Dark Ones, knowing full well and using this, always easily directed people to first overthrow and destroy the “new” Gods, quenching the “thirst” for the collapse of the beautiful and light. And then, having been sufficiently disgraced, they returned the same new “gods” to the crowd, like the Great Martyrs, destroyed “by mistake”... Christ, even crucified, remained too distant for people... And too pure... Therefore, after death people stained him with such cruelty, without pity or embarrassment, making him like themselves. So, from the ardent Warrior, only the cowardly God remained in people's memory, who called to turn his left cheek if they hit him on the right... And from his great Love, only a pathetic laughingstock, thrown with stones, remained... a wonderful pure girl who turned into a “forgiven” Christ, a “fallen” woman who rose from the mud... People are still stupid and evil Isidora... Don’t give yourself up for them! After all, even after crucifying Christ, all these years they cannot calm down, destroying His Name. Don’t give yourself up for them Isidora!
– But do you think ALL people are stupid and evil?.. There are a lot of wonderful people on Earth, North! And not all of them need a “defeated” God, believe me! Look at me - can't you see? I would need the living Christ, just like his wondrous Love - Magdalene...
North smiled.
- Because you are From-and-to-ra... You pray to other gods. And they hardly need to pray! They are always with you and they cannot leave you. Your gods are Good and Love, Light and Knowledge, and Pure primordial Power. These are the Gods of Wisdom, and this is what we “pray” to. People don't recognize them yet. For now, they need something else... People need someone to whom they can complain when they feel bad; who can they blame when bad luck; who can they ask for when they want something; who can forgive them when they “sin”... This is what man needs for now... And a lot of time will pass until man will need a God who would do everything for him, and even more so - I would forgive everything... It’s too convenient to be able to refuse, Isidora... A person is not yet ready to do anything on his own.
“Show it to me, Sever...” I asked in a whisper. - Show me what he was like.
The air around vibrated in soft waves, sparkling and thickening, as if a mysterious invisible door was opening. And then I saw them!.. In a spacious stone cave, two wonderful blond children were happily talking about something, sitting by a small natural stone fountain. The world around them seemed happy and sunny, absorbing the quiet joy flowing from their wonderful souls... The boy was proud, tall and very slender for his thirteen years. A huge inner strength raged within him, but at the same time, he was soft and very pleasant. He looked at the world cheerfully and... very wisely, as if he was at least a hundred years old inside. At times his radiant blue eyes flashed, piercing with a steel gray color, but then they sparkled with joy again, admiring his charming, laughing interlocutor... And the girl really was unusually pretty. She resembled a pure angel who had just descended from heaven. Pressed to her chest, she held an old, thick book. And apparently she was never going to let her go. Wavy, very long golden hair was tied with a blue silk ribbon, which successfully set off the color of her laughing, sky-blue eyes. Small dimples on her pink cheeks made her sweet and cheerful, like a clear May morning... The children were dressed in long, snow-white, identical clothes, belted with gold belts and looked like a wonderful couple, emerging from a beautiful old painting... They fit together wonderfully each other, complementing with something and connecting what was missing for everyone, creating one whole that was impossible to break... These were Jesus and Magdalene, the future Savior of Humanity and his only and great future Love.
– But they are completely different! – I exclaimed, sincerely surprised. – Not at all the way they are portrayed! Aren't they Jews?!
“But they never were,” Sever shrugged. – These are the people who needed power, very “smartly” decided to become “children of the murdered God”, thereby making the most dangerous people on Earth “CHOSEN”. Jesus was the son of the White Magus and our disciple, the Sorceress Mary. They gave birth to him to bring his amazing Soul to Earth.
I stared at Sever in shock...
– What about the Jew Mary and Joseph?! What about the same Nazareth?..
– The Jewish Mary, Isidore, and Joseph were never near Jesus. There was a Witch Mary who, right before his birth, went here to Meteora so that he would be born here, among the Magi and Witches. But she was late... Jesus was born a week earlier, AT DAWN, in a small house on the river bank. And his birth was accompanied by the Bright Morning Star. Our Magi hurried to him to see him and protect him. And his Teacher and Father came to worship the wonderful soul of his newborn son. The Magi called him to Earth to stop the “plague”, which, like a spider, had been weaving its black webs here for a long time. And it was the Magi who sent Christ to the Jews. But Jesus himself was never a Jew. The Magi hoped that he would have enough strength to stop the “black” Evil that was already spreading across the Earth. But Jesus lost, underestimating the “great weaknesses” of man... The earth was not ready for His coming, just as it is not ready for the coming of the LEADERS, Isidore. And we are not ready to help her. When the right time comes, we will open the Doors. And perhaps Light will triumph on Earth. But this won’t happen for a very long time... I’m sorry.
I was blown away.
– So what – you will just calmly watch how the best are destroyed?!.. But this is also your world, North! How can you just leave him to die? The easiest thing is to pick up and leave. Or just WAIT. But won’t such betrayal haunt you for the rest of your long life?.. Will you be able to live somewhere peacefully without thinking about all the dead?!.. I don’t believe in a beautiful future built on the deaths of others, North! This is scary. The world will never be the same if we don't help it now! Please, help me North...
I was ready to fall to my knees if it could help in any way. But, I saw that nothing would change from this... These people lived in their Truth, very isolated and alien. I couldn’t understand how they weren’t ashamed to stand aside when the best and most talented children on earth were burning in the thousands, cursing their gift and dying in terrible pain.... My hands gave up - I couldn’t fight alone. He was right - I didn't have enough strength.
– How can you accept this, North!.. How can we allow the “black” to take over our beautiful Earth?.. Don’t your Great Teachers see what is happening? How can you believe in something bright after everything, North?!..
– The earth will suffer for a very long time and terribly, Isidora... Until it comes to the very edge of destruction. And only the best will always die for it. And then the time for choice will come... And only the people themselves will be able to decide whether they have enough strength to survive. We will just show the way.
– Are you sure that there will be someone to tell, Sever? Perhaps those who remain will no longer care...
- Oh, no, Isidora! Man is unusually strong in his survival. You can't even imagine how strong he is! And a real Man never gives up... Even if he is left alone. It has always been this way. And it will always be like this. The power of Love and the power of Struggle are very strong on Earth, even if people do not understand this yet. And here there will always be someone who will lead the rest. The only main thing is that this Leader does not turn out to be “black”... From his very birth, a person is looking for a goal. And it depends only on him whether he will find it himself or will be the one to whom this goal will be given. People must learn to think, Isidora. In the meantime, unfortunately, many are satisfied with what others think for them. And while this continues, the Earth will still lose its best sons and daughters, who will pay for the ignorance of all the “led”. That's why I won't help you, Isidora. And none of us will. The time has not yet come for everything to be at stake. If we die now, fighting for a handful of Enlightened Ones, even if the time has come for them to KNOW, then after that there will be no one else to “know”... I see, I didn’t convince you,” a slight smile touched Sever’s lips. - Yes, you wouldn’t be yourself if you convinced... But I ask you only one thing - leave, Isidora! This is not your time, and this is not your world!
I felt incredibly sad... I realized that I had lost here too. Now everything depended only on my conscience - whether I would agree to leave, or whether I would fight, knowing that there was no hope of victory...
– Well, North, I’ll stay... I may not be as wise as you and your Great ancestors... but I think if they really were so “Great”, you would help us, and they would forgive you. Well, if not, then perhaps they are not so “great”!..
Bitterness spoke through my lips, not allowing me to think soberly... I couldn’t admit the thought that there was no one to expect help from... Well, right here there were people who were able to help, just by extending their hand. But they didn't want to. They “defended” themselves with lofty goals, refusing to interfere... They were WISE... Well, I just listened to my heart. I wanted to save my loved ones, I wanted to help others not to lose the people dear to them. I wanted to destroy Evil... Perhaps, in the “wise” understanding, I was just a “child”. Perhaps she’s not mature enough. But even if I lived a thousand years, I would never be able to watch calmly as an innocent, beautiful person dies at the hands of someone’s brutal hands!..
– Do you want to see the real Meteora, Isidora? Most likely, you will never have such an opportunity again,” Sever said sadly.
– May I ask what the word meteora means?
- Oh, it was a long time ago when they named him... Now it doesn’t matter anymore. But once upon a time it sounded a little different. This meant - WE-TE-U-RA, which meant - close to light and knowledge, storing them and living by them. But then too many “ignorant people” began to look for us. And the name changed. Many did not hear its sound, and many did not care at all. They did not understand that even by setting foot here, they were already in contact with FAITH. That she met them already at the very threshold, starting with their name and understanding it... I know, this is not your speech, and it’s probably difficult for you to understand it, Isidora. Although your name is also one of those... It is significant.
– You forgot that language is not important to me, Sever. “I feel and see him,” I smiled.
- Forgive me, I know... I forgot who you are. Do you want to see what is given only to those who know, Isidora? You won't have another opportunity, you won't come back here again.
I just nodded, trying to hold back the angry, bitter tears that were ready to pour down my cheeks. The hope of being with them, of receiving their strong, friendly support was dying before I even had time to properly wake up. I was left alone. Without learning something very important to me... And almost defenseless, against a strong and terrible man, with a formidable name - Caraffa...
But the decision was made, and I was not going to back down. Otherwise, what was our Life worth if we had to live betraying ourselves? Suddenly, I completely calmed down - everything finally fell into place, there was nothing more to hope for. I could only rely on myself. And this is exactly what we should have started from. And what the end will be - I forced myself not to think about it anymore.
Nikita Ivanovich
Battles and victories
“And Bruce, and Bour, and Repnin...” Prince Nikita (Anikita) Ivanovich - an associate of Peter I, the hero of Poltava.
Russian field marshal during the Great Northern War. He was responsible for the capture of Riga in 1710, and was the governor of the Riga province from 1719 until his death.
The figure of this military leader and administrator always appears behind Peter the Great when considering various aspects of his reign. Among the “chicks of Petrov’s nest,” Prince Anikita Ivanovich Repnin occupies a special place. This is due to the fact that throughout the reign of Peter I, the prince more than once had to both distinguish himself and arouse the wrath of the sovereign.
A direct descendant of the legendary Rurik, the founder of the first ruling all-Russian dynasty, Anikita Ivanovich was born in 1668 into the family of a boyar, Novgorod and Tambov governor, head of the Siberian order Ivan Borisovich Repnin (d. 1697) and his wife Evdokia Nikiforovna Pleshcheeva (d. 1695). Assigned from an early age to the person of the young Tsar Peter Alekseevich, Anikita Ivanovich was among the first to join the Preobrazhensky Amusement Battalion and, after just two years, was promoted to the rank of lieutenant.
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Contemporaries spoke of the prince as a solid, demanding, brave and managerial person; They considered him a good combat commander, but an absolutely incapable strategist. But Repnin was an excellent executor of the royal will. In 1687 he was promoted to the rank of half-colonel (lieutenant colonel).
During the Kozhukhov campaign of 1694, the prince commanded the Preobrazhensky regiment. Taking an intimate part in the “amusing” activities for many years, Repnin, together with them, received a baptism of fire near Azov in 1695, while in the main apartment, as the adjutant general of General Golovin. During the assault on two Turkish “towers” blocking the exit to the Sea of Azov, the prince led a detachment of “hunters”. During the second Azov campaign, he commanded a frigate as part of Admiral Lefort's detachment.
During the Streltsy rebellion of 1698, Colonel Prince Repnin managed to introduce a detachment of 700 Preobrazhensky soldiers into the Kremlin, which helped put an end to the rebellion. He was promoted to lieutenant general.
During the military reform of 1699, he received an order to form divisions from nine “newly recruited” regiments in the lower cities. For the successful formation of the division, he was promoted to general of infantry (general-in-chief). At the beginning of the Great Northern War (1700-1721) he received an order to move to Narva, but did not make it to the battle due to bad weather and the terrible condition of the roads. Soon he was appointed governor of Novgorod (1700-1701). He supervised the construction and repair of city fortifications. In the spring of 1701, he was appointed commander of the Russian auxiliary corps, sent to join the Saxons near Riga.
Prince Anikita Ivanovich Repnin
In May 1701, Prince Anikita Ivanovich Repnin set out from Pskov, leading 18 soldier and 1 streltsy infantry regiments to Riga to help the Saxons. A month and a half later, he united with Steinau's troops near Kokenhusen (Koknese). The Saxon field marshal gave an interesting review of the arriving regiments: “Russian troops arrived here, numbering about 20,000. People are generally good, no more than 50 people will have to be rejected; They have good Mastricht and Lüttich guns, and some regiments have swords instead of bayonets. They are doing so well that there is not a single complaint against them, they work diligently and quickly, unquestioningly carry out all orders. It is especially commendable that with the whole army there is not a single woman and not a single dog; In the military council, the Moscow general complained strongly and asked that the wives of the Saxon musketeers be prohibited from going to the Russian camp in the morning and evening and selling vodka, because through this his people become accustomed to drunkenness and all sorts of rowdy behavior. General Repnin is a man of about forty; he doesn’t know much about war, but he loves to learn and is very respectful: the colonels are all Germans, old, incapable people, and the rest of the officers are inexperienced.”
Russian soldiers practically did not directly participate in the Battle of the Dvina in the summer of 1701, and when they discovered that victory was leaning towards the Swedish side, they left the battlefield. It is possible that Repnin received strict instructions from Peter not to risk his regiments. However, this is a mystery to which no answer has yet been found. The Swedes believed that the Russian military leader had chickened out.
In 1702 -1704. Anikita Ivanovich, at the head of his division, participated in the capture of Noteburg (1702), Nyenschantz (1703) and Narva (1704), and the Lithuanian campaign (1705-1706). Remaining in the secondary post of division commander, Anikita Ivanovich coped with his duties with dignity, but in 1708 the moment came that crossed out all his conscientious service. This fatal event for Repnin took place on the banks of the swampy Babich River near the small town of Golovchino.
The hero of the Forest, Prince Golitsyn, kissed by Peter, in response to the question of what else he could wish for, only said: “Forgive Repnin.”
Due to the lack of information about the direction of movement of the Carolinian army, not the rearguard, but the main forces of Field Marshal B. Sheremetev, by July 2, found themselves concentrated in positions near Golovchin, covering the most likely routes of movement of the Swedes. Not knowing exactly where Charles XII would undertake the crossing, the Russian command decided to cover with its troops all places convenient for the enemy to cross. Thus, the Russian army found itself stretched out in an inconvenient position for battle and divided into several independent units.
One of the sections was occupied by Repnin's division. At his position, a continuous fortification was erected in the form of a frontal trench more than a mile long, and two flanks extending from it at obtuse angles. Subsequently, the prince, testifying at a military court, said that the fortifications began to be built three days before the battle: “I began to build a retrenchment in front of myself, so that I could have protection from the nearby enemy at the front.... Although it was very well made, it was unfinished.” The fortifications were not completed due to the lack of engineers and entrenching tools. In addition, a large number of people were sent from Repnin’s division to knit fascines, which also slowed down the construction of fortifications in the positions occupied by the prince’s regiments.
At the same time, the Swedes could, concentrating at Golovchin and, hiding behind the forests, quietly move their units to attack in any area of the river. Babich. Repnin's division, isolated by natural conditions from the left and right flanks of its troops, was a tempting target for attack.
A.Z. Myshlaevsky notes that: “... after three days of work, the infantry worsened its position. She chained herself to a trench laid out so poorly that its defenders were not only unable to take full advantage of their weapons and take full advantage of the support of the cavalry, but also put themselves in a risky position at the moment of retreat.”
Charles XII decided to surprise the Russians and cross Babich right in the middle of the swamp that separated the divisions of Sheremetev and Repnin, and when he got out onto solid land, try to get behind them. In order to prevent Sheremetev and Menshikov from providing assistance to Repnin, the king moved the convoy and part of the cavalry for demonstrative actions north of Golovchin.
Movements on the Swedish coast were noticed by the Russian post. At the same moment, artillery cannonade began. Repnin, at the head of the Grenadier Regiment, arrived at the bridge, preventing the Swedes from crushing the weak guard. But the Russian artillery was never able to show itself in this battle: the Swedish artillery managed to suppress the fire of the Russian cannons, and after a half-hour battle the Carolinians captured the bridge. Resistance continued for some time, but seeing the superiority of the Carolinian forces and the lack of help, the prince gave the order for a general retreat. A Swedish participant in this case later recalled: “The Russian command had every chance to stop the Swedish regiments, tired of the crossing and significant losses, but instead, I was amazed to see how they began to retreat into the forest in disarray.”
“The voivode among Petrovsky generals,” Prince Repnin, was unable to take decisive measures to repel the enemy’s advance. The Battle of Golovchino lasted a total of about 8-9 hours and ended in victory for the Swedes. The losses on both sides were significant: according to P. Englund, the Russians lost five thousand killed and wounded, and the Swedes - up to 1,200 people. However, except for some regiments of Repnin's division and Goltz's dragoons, who suffered significant losses in men and horses, the rest of the Russian army retreated from the battlefield in perfect order, hiding behind a strong rearguard.
At Golovchin, the Swedes won using the same tactics as at Narva, striking the center under artillery cover and blocking both flanks.
The assessment of the results of the battle of Golovchino on July 3-4, 1708, both in Russian and foreign literature, is ambiguous. Foreign researchers, as a rule, overestimate the significance of the Golovchin victory of the Swedish king, speaking about the defeat of the Russian army, although this is too much of an exaggeration. Charles XII himself valued this victory very highly. To maintain the reputation of the Swedish army and the morale of the soldiers, he ordered the production of a commemorative medal with the inscription “Forests, swamps, strongholds and the enemy were defeated.”
Be that as it may, the victory of the perfectly trained Swedish army at Golovchin turned out to be only a major tactical success that did not bring any strategic benefits to the king. During the crossing of Babich and subsequent actions, the infantry and cavalry were so exhausted that, after the successful outcome of the battle, they did not have enough strength to pursue the retreating enemy. Golovchino was the last major battle won by Charles XII during his military career. Here the Swedes were able to make sure that they were opposed by already well-trained Russian regiments, not comparable to those that were their opponents in 1700 near Narva.
The consequences of the failure at Golovchin quickly affected the Russian generals. Peter I, who arrived at the army on July 9, examined in detail what had happened, and ordered the establishment of a “Kriegsrecht” - a military court - over those responsible for the defeat. For his passivity in battle and the loss of his guns, General Repnin was demoted to the ranks. Lieutenant General Chambers was stripped of his post and the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called. The trial of General Goltz could not be completed.
But Prince Repnin did not surrender to the will of circumstances, realizing that his entire future fate depended on the will of Peter I. Show himself in battle with the most the best side became his main task.
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In the battle of Lesnaya (September 28, 1708), Repnin showed remarkable courage and, at the request of Prince Mikhail Mikhailovich Golitsyn, was forgiven by the tsar and restored to his rank and position. During the battle, Repnin stood with a gun in the ranks of the soldiers and, seeing that the Swedes were beginning to push back the Russians, he dared to ask Peter to give a formidable command so that the Cossacks and Kalmyks in the rear would stab everyone who would back down. "Comrade! - Peter said then to Repnin. “I’m the first to hear such advice from you and I feel that we will not lose the battle.” The desperate battle lasted more than 6 hours and was won by the Russians. After her, the hero Forest Prince M.M. Golitsyn (kissed by Peter) in response to the question of what else he could wish for, only said: “Forgive Repnin.”
In the battle of Poltava (1709) he will command the center of the Russian infantry and receive the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called. Repnin was also granted personal ownership of the village of Velikoye, where, on his instructions, in 1712, in honor of the victory over the Swedes near Poltava, the summer church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary was built.
Repnin is mentioned in A. S. Pushkin’s poem “Poltava”.
Before the battle, Peter I tours his troops, ready for the decisive battle:And he rushed in front of the shelves,
Powerful and joyful, like battle.
He devoured the field with his eyes.
A crowd rushed after him
These chicks of Petrov's nest -
In the midst of earthly lot,
In the works of power and war
His comrades, sons:
And noble Sheremetev,
And Bruce, and Bour, and Repnin...
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Repnin's military career would be followed by the capture of Riga (1710) and the unsuccessful Prut campaign (1711). In 1713, Anikita Ivanovich's division will take part in the siege of Teningen and the capture of Stettin.
After the Swedish army capitulated at Teningen, the Allies intensified their efforts to besiege fortresses in Swedish Pomerania. At their insistence, the Russian expeditionary force was to take an important port at the mouth of the Oder River - Stettin. Stettin had strong fortifications and a powerful garrison numbering more than 4,000 people. The commandant of the fortress was the energetic Major General Mayerfelt, who was not going to surrender the city without a fight.
Russian troops approached the city on July 8, having in the vanguard the dragoon brigade R.Kh. Bowra. On July 11, the infantry divisions of Repnin and Dolgorukov approached the city and immediately began building siege fortifications. The siege was complicated by the fact that Prussia and Holstein-Gottorp claimed the fortress at the same time as Denmark. As a result, the Allies did their best to interfere with the Russians. Prince A.D. Menshikov was furious with their intrigues, but could not do anything. Despite his repeated requests, the Danes refused to provide siege artillery, citing the fact that it was needed near Wismar and Stralsund. Finally, guns began to be transported from Saxony, but they were stuck on Prussian territory.
The Swedes, in turn, actively defended themselves, making forays into the Russian camp, both by water and by land. The blows were small, but pretty much frayed my nerves. The largest foray took place from the city on August 19. On September 2, with the arrival of the Saxon siege artillery, they began digging aproshes and installing siege batteries. The Russians were prevented from conducting effective siege operations by the garrison of Sternschanz. Then it was decided to take it by storm. At the same time, Prince Repnin was supposed to sound the alarm and open fire on the city in order to divert the attention of the garrison, and Lieutenant Colonel Orlov and Guard Major Matyushkin, at the head of 100 grenadiers and 300 musketeers of the Ingria Regiment, were supposed to attack the trench.
Sternschanz's attack was a great success. Using only swords, the Russians captured the fortification within twenty minutes, capturing 57 people.
The fall of the fortification demoralized the Stettin garrison. The commandant agreed to an honorable surrender, agreeing to the right to transfer it into sequestration to the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp and the King of Prussia. Two Swedish battalions remained as a garrison in the fortress, switching to Holstein service. On September 21, the Stettin garrison laid down its arms. 2,724 people were captured. There were 1,873 people left in the fortress itself. During the siege, Russian troops lost 8 officers killed and 10 wounded, 176 lower ranks killed and 355 wounded.
In 1719-1724 the prince was the governor-general of Livonia. He was awarded the Order of the White Elephant by the King of Denmark-Norway and the Order of the White Eagle by the King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In February 1724 he was appointed to the post of President of the Military College. After the death of Peter the Great, he supported Menshikov in his decision to confirm Catherine I (1725-1727) on the throne. For this he was promoted to field marshal general and awarded the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky.
Menshikov, who feared Repnin’s excessive rise, took away the leadership of the Military Collegium from him and ensured his return to Riga to inspect stores, artillery and ammunition, replenish supplies and build a new trench on the banks of the Dvina. Repnin never returned from this business trip, because he died that same year. He was buried in the Alekseevskaya Church.
Bespalov A.V., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor
Literature
Bantysh-Kamensky, D.N. Biographies of Russian generalissimos and field marshals. In 4 parts. Reprint of the 1840 edition. Part 1-2. M., 1991
Bespalov A.V. Battles of the Northern War (1700-1721). M., 2005
Bespalov A.V. Battles and sieges of the Great Northern War (1700-1721). M., 2010
History of the Russian State: Biographies. XVIII century. M.: Publishing house “Kn. Chamber", 1996
History of the Northern War 1700-1721. / Rep. ed. I. I. Rostunov. M., 1987
Maslovsky D. Northern War. Documents 1705-1708. St. Petersburg, 1892
Letters and papers of Emperor Peter the Great. vol. 1-9. St. Petersburg, 1887-1950
Northern War 1700-1721 Collection of documents. vol. 1., IRI RAS. 2009
Soviet historical encyclopedia. 1976
Internet
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Prophetic Oleg
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A.S. Pushkin.
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Defense of Odessa, Defense of Sevastopol, Liberation of Slovakia
Chuikov Vasily Ivanovich
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Gurko Joseph Vladimirovich
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Eremenko Andrey Ivanovich
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In December 1942, the Stalingrad Front of General Eremenko stopped the tank offensive of General G. Hoth's group on Stalingrad, for the relief of the 6th Army of Paulus.
Belov Pavel Alekseevich
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Romodanovsky Grigory Grigorievich
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He came from a family of Starodub princes.
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Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich
“I studied I.V. Stalin thoroughly as a military leader, since I went through the entire war with him. I.V. Stalin knew the issues of organizing front-line operations and operations of groups of fronts and led them with full knowledge of the matter, having a good understanding of large strategic questions...
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(Zhukov G.K. Memories and reflections.)
It's simple - It was he, as a commander, who made the greatest contribution to the defeat of Napoleon. He saved the army under the most difficult conditions, despite misunderstandings and grave accusations of treason. It was to him that our great poet Pushkin, practically a contemporary of those events, dedicated the poem “Commander.”
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Drozdovsky Mikhail Gordeevich
He managed to bring his subordinate troops to the Don in full force, and fought extremely effectively in the conditions of the civil war.
Antonov Alexey Innokentievich
He became famous as a talented staff officer. He participated in the development of almost all significant operations of the Soviet troops in the Great Patriotic War since December 1942.
The only one of all Soviet military leaders awarded the Order of Victory with the rank of army general, and the only Soviet holder of the order who was not awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Chichagov Vasily Yakovlevich
Superbly commanded the Baltic Fleet in the campaigns of 1789 and 1790. He won victories in the battle of Öland (7/15/1789), in the Revel (5/2/1790) and Vyborg (06/22/1790) battles. After the last two defeats, which were of strategic importance, the dominance of the Baltic Fleet became unconditional, and this forced the Swedes to make peace. There are few such examples in the history of Russia when victories at sea led to victory in the war. And by the way, the Battle of Vyborg was one of the largest in world history in terms of the number of ships and people.
Bennigsen Leonty
An unjustly forgotten commander. Having won several battles against Napoleon and his marshals, he drew two battles with Napoleon and lost one battle. Participated in the Battle of Borodino. One of the contenders for the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army during the Patriotic War of 1812!
Ridiger Fedor Vasilievich
Adjutant General, Cavalry General, Adjutant General... He had three Golden sabers with the inscription: “For bravery”... In 1849, Ridiger took part in a campaign in Hungary to suppress the unrest that arose there, being appointed head of the right column. On May 9, Russian troops entered the Austrian Empire. He pursued the rebel army until August 1, forcing them to lay down their arms in front of Russian troops near Vilyagosh. On August 5, the troops entrusted to him occupied the Arad fortress. During the trip of Field Marshal Ivan Fedorovich Paskevich to Warsaw, Count Ridiger commanded the troops located in Hungary and Transylvania... On February 21, 1854, during the absence of Field Marshal Prince Paskevich in the Kingdom of Poland, Count Ridiger commanded all troops located in the area of the active army - as a commander separate corps and at the same time served as head of the Kingdom of Poland. After the return of Field Marshal Prince Paskevich to Warsaw, from August 3, 1854, he served as Warsaw military governor.
Loris-Melikov Mikhail Tarielovich
Known mainly as one of the minor characters in the story “Hadji Murad” by L.N. Tolstoy, Mikhail Tarielovich Loris-Melikov went through all the Caucasian and Turkish campaigns of the second half of the mid-19th century.
Showed himself well during Caucasian War, during the Kars campaign of the Crimean War, Loris-Melikov led reconnaissance, and then successfully served as commander-in-chief during the difficult Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, winning a number of important victories over the united Turkish forces and capturing Kars for the third time, by which time considered impregnable.
Olsufiev Zakhar Dmitrievich
One of the most famous military leaders of Bagration's 2nd Western Army. Always fought with exemplary courage. He was awarded the Order of St. George, 3rd degree, for his heroic participation in the Battle of Borodino. He distinguished himself in the battle on the Chernishna (or Tarutinsky) River. His reward for his participation in defeating the vanguard of Napoleon's army was the Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd degree. He was called "a general with talents." When Olsufiev was captured and taken to Napoleon, he said to his entourage the words famous in history: “Only Russians know how to fight like that!”
Suvorov Alexander Vasilievich
If anyone has not heard, there is no point in writing
Suvorov Alexander Vasilievich
The greatest Russian commander! He has more than 60 victories and not a single defeat. Thanks to his talent for victory, the whole world learned the power of Russian weapons
Paskevich Ivan Fedorovich
Hero of Borodin, Leipzig, Paris (division commander)
As commander-in-chief, he won 4 companies (Russian-Persian 1826-1828, Russian-Turkish 1828-1829, Polish 1830-1831, Hungarian 1849).
Knight of the Order of St. George, 1st degree - for the capture of Warsaw (the order, according to the statute, was awarded either for the salvation of the fatherland, or for the capture of the enemy capital).
Field Marshal.
Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich
It is certainly worthy; in my opinion, no explanation or evidence is required. It's surprising that his name isn't on the list. was the list prepared by representatives of the Unified State Examination generation?
Grand Duke of Russia Mikhail Nikolaevich
Feldzeichmeister-General (commander-in-chief of the artillery of the Russian Army), youngest son of Emperor Nicholas I, Viceroy in the Caucasus since 1864. Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army in the Caucasus in the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878. Under his command the fortresses of Kars, Ardahan, and Bayazet were taken.
Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich
Commander-in-Chief of the Red Army, which repelled the attack of Nazi Germany, liberated Europe, author of many operations, including “Ten Stalinist Strikes” (1944)
Momyshuly Bauyrzhan
Fidel Castro called him a hero of World War II.
He brilliantly put into practice the tactics of fighting with small forces against an enemy many times superior in strength, developed by Major General I.V. Panfilov, which later received the name “Momyshuly’s spiral.”
Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich
Shein Alexey Semyonovich
The first Russian generalissimo. Leader of the Azov campaigns of Peter I.
Ivan groznyj
He conquered the Astrakhan kingdom, to which Russia paid tribute. Defeated the Livonian Order. Expanded the borders of Russia far beyond the Urals.
Gagen Nikolai Alexandrovich
On June 22, trains with units of the 153rd Infantry Division arrived in Vitebsk. Covering the city from the west, Hagen's division (together with the heavy artillery regiment attached to the division) occupied a 40 km long defense line; it was opposed by the 39th German Motorized Corps.
After 7 days of fierce fighting, the division's battle formations were not broken through. The Germans no longer contacted the division, bypassed it and continued the offensive. The division appeared in a German radio message as destroyed. Meanwhile, the 153rd Rifle Division, without ammunition and fuel, began to fight its way out of the ring. Hagen led the division out of encirclement with heavy weapons.
For the demonstrated steadfastness and heroism during the Elninsky operation on September 18, 1941, by order of the People's Commissar of Defense No. 308, the division received the honorary name “Guards”.
From 01/31/1942 to 09/12/1942 and from 10/21/1942 to 04/25/1943 - commander of the 4th Guards Rifle Corps,
from May 1943 to October 1944 - commander of the 57th Army,
from January 1945 - the 26th Army.
Troops under the leadership of N.A. Gagen took part in the Sinyavinsk operation (and the general managed to break out of encirclement for the second time with weapons in hand), the Battles of Stalingrad and Kursk, battles in the Left Bank and Right Bank Ukraine, in the liberation of Bulgaria, in the Iasi-Kishinev, Belgrade, Budapest, Balaton and Vienna operations. Participant of the Victory Parade.
Shein Mikhail Borisovich
He headed the Smolensk defense against Polish-Lithuanian troops, which lasted 20 months. Under the command of Shein, multiple attacks were repelled, despite the explosion and a hole in the wall. He held back and bled the main forces of the Poles at the decisive moment of the Time of Troubles, preventing them from moving to Moscow to support their garrison, creating the opportunity to gather an all-Russian militia to liberate the capital. Only with the help of a defector, the troops of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth managed to take Smolensk on June 3, 1611. The wounded Shein was captured and taken with his family to Poland for 8 years. After returning to Russia, he commanded the army that tried to recapture Smolensk in 1632-1634. Executed due to boyar slander. Undeservedly forgotten.
Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich
Commander-in-Chief during the Patriotic War of 1812. One of the most famous and beloved military heroes by the people!
Senyavin Dmitry Nikolaevich
Dmitry Nikolaevich Senyavin (6 (17) August 1763 - 5 (17) April 1831) - Russian naval commander, admiral.
for courage and outstanding diplomatic work shown during the blockade of the Russian fleet in Lisbon
Chuikov Vasily Ivanovich
“There is a city in vast Russia to which my heart is given, it went down in history as STALINGRAD...” V.I. Chuikov
Izylmetyev Ivan Nikolaevich
Commanded the frigate "Aurora". He made the transition from St. Petersburg to Kamchatka in a record time for those times in 66 days. In Callao Bay he eluded the Anglo-French squadron. Arriving in Petropavlovsk together with the governor of the Kamchatka Territory, Zavoiko V. organized the defense of the city, during which the sailors from the Aurora, together with local residents, threw the outnumbered Anglo-French landing force into the sea. Then he took the Aurora to the Amur Estuary, hiding it there After these events, the British public demanded a trial of the admirals who lost the Russian frigate.
Antonov Alexey Inokentevich
Chief strategist of the USSR in 1943-45, practically unknown to society
"Kutuzov" World War II
Humble and committed. Victorious. Author of all operations since the spring of 1943 and the victory itself. Others gained fame - Stalin and the front commanders.
Yuri Vsevolodovich
Svyatoslav Igorevich
Grand Duke of Novgorod, from 945 of Kyiv. Son of Grand Duke Igor Rurikovich and Princess Olga. Svyatoslav became famous as a great commander, whom N.M. Karamzin called “Alexander (Macedonian) of our ancient history.”
After the military campaigns of Svyatoslav Igorevich (965-972), the territory of the Russian land increased from the Volga region to the Caspian Sea, from the North Caucasus to the Black Sea region, from the Balkan Mountains to Byzantium. Defeated Khazaria and Volga Bulgaria, weakened and frightened Byzantine Empire, opened the way for trade between Rus' and eastern countries
Ermak Timofeevich
Russian. Cossack. Ataman. Defeated Kuchum and his satellites. Approved Siberia as part of the Russian state. He dedicated his entire life to military work.
Ushakov Fedor Fedorovich
During the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-1791, F. F. Ushakov made a serious contribution to the development of sailing fleet tactics. Relying on the entire set of principles for training naval forces and military art, incorporating all the accumulated tactical experience, F. F. Ushakov acted creatively, based on the specific situation and common sense. His actions were distinguished by decisiveness and extraordinary courage. Without hesitation, he reorganized the fleet into battle formation even when approaching the enemy directly, minimizing the time of tactical deployment. Despite the established tactical rule of the commander being in the middle of the battle formation, Ushakov, implementing the principle of concentration of forces, boldly placed his ship in the forefront and occupied the most dangerous positions, encouraging his commanders with his own courage. He was distinguished by a quick assessment of the situation, an accurate calculation of all success factors and a decisive attack aimed at achieving complete victory over the enemy. In this regard, Admiral F. F. Ushakov can rightfully be considered the founder of the Russian tactical school in naval art.
Suvorov Mikhail Vasilievich
The only one who can be called GENERALLISIMO... Bagration, Kutuzov are his students...
Kolchak Alexander Vasilievich
Russian admiral who gave his life for the liberation of the Fatherland.
Oceanographer, one of the largest polar explorers late XIX - early XX centuries, military and political figure, naval commander, full member of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, leader of the White movement, Supreme Ruler of Russia.
Ushakov Fedor Fedorovich
The great Russian naval commander who won victories at Fedonisi, Kaliakria, at Cape Tendra and during the liberation of the islands of Malta (Ianian Islands) and Corfu. He discovered and introduced a new tactic of naval combat, with the abandonment of the linear formation of ships and showed the tactics of a “scattered formation” with an attack on the flagship of the enemy fleet. One of the founders of the Black Sea Fleet and its commander in 1790-1792.
Budyonny Semyon Mikhailovich
Commander of the First Cavalry Army of the Red Army during the Civil War. The First Cavalry Army, which he led until October 1923, played an important role in a number of major operations of the Civil War to defeat the troops of Denikin and Wrangel in Northern Tavria and Crimea.
Linevich Nikolai Petrovich
Nikolai Petrovich Linevich (December 24, 1838 - April 10, 1908) - a prominent Russian military figure, infantry general (1903), adjutant general (1905); general who took Beijing by storm.
Oktyabrsky Philip Sergeevich
Admiral, Hero of the Soviet Union. During the Great Patriotic War, commander of the Black Sea Fleet. One of the leaders of the Defense of Sevastopol in 1941 - 1942, as well as the Crimean operation of 1944. During the Great Patriotic War, Vice Admiral F. S. Oktyabrsky was one of the leaders of the heroic defense of Odessa and Sevastopol. Being the commander of the Black Sea Fleet, at the same time in 1941-1942 he was the commander of the Sevastopol Defense Region.
Three Orders of Lenin
three Orders of the Red Banner
two Orders of Ushakov, 1st degree
Order of Nakhimov, 1st degree
Order of Suvorov, 2nd degree
Order of the Red Star
medals
Dovator Lev Mikhailovich
Soviet military leader, major general, Hero of the Soviet Union. Known for successful operations to destroy German troops during the Great Patriotic War. The German command placed a large reward on Dovator's head.
Together with the 8th Guards Division named after Major General I.V. Panfilov, the 1st Guards Tank Brigade of General M.E. Katukov and other troops of the 16th Army, his corps defended the approaches to Moscow in the Volokolamsk direction.
Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich
The greatest Commander and Diplomat!!! Who utterly defeated the troops of the “first European Union”!!!
Margelov Vasily Filippovich
Author and initiator of creation technical means Airborne Forces and methods of using units and formations of the Airborne Forces, many of which personify the image of the Airborne Forces of the USSR Armed Forces and the Russian Armed Forces that currently exists.
General Pavel Fedoseevich Pavlenko:
In the history of the Airborne Forces, and in the Armed Forces of Russia and other countries of the former Soviet Union, his name will remain forever. He personified an entire era in the development and formation of the Airborne Forces; their authority and popularity are associated with his name not only in our country, but also abroad...
Colonel Nikolai Fedorovich Ivanov:
Under Margelov's leadership for more than twenty years, the airborne troops became one of the most mobile in the combat structure Armed Forces, prestigious for their service in them, especially revered by the people... A photograph of Vasily Filippovich in demobilization albums went to the soldiers at the highest price - for a set of badges. The competition for the Ryazan Airborne School exceeded the numbers of VGIK and GITIS, and applicants who missed out on exams lived in the forests near Ryazan for two or three months, until the snow and frosts, in the hope that someone would not withstand the load and it would be possible to take his place .
My choice is Marshal I.S. Konev!
Active participant in the First World War and civil wars. Trench General. He spent the entire war from Vyazma to Moscow and from Moscow to Prague in the most difficult and responsible position of front commander. Winner in many decisive battles of the Great Patriotic War. Liberator of a number of countries in Eastern Europe, participant in the storming of Berlin. Underestimated, unfairly left in the shadow of Marshal Zhukov.
Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov
A great naval commander who did not suffer a single defeat and did not lose a single ship during his combat activities. The talent of this military leader manifested itself during the Russian-Turkish wars, where thanks to his victories (usually over the superior naval forces of the Ottoman Empire), Russia realized itself as a naval power in the Mediterranean and Black Seas.
| Portrait of Prince Anikita Ivanovich Repnin | |
 |
|
| Coat of arms of the Repnins | |
| 1719 - 1726 | |
|---|---|
| Predecessor: | Golitsyn, Pyotr Alekseevich |
| Successor: | Bon Hermann Johann (governor) |
| 1710 - 1713 | |
| Predecessor: | position established |
| Successor: | Golitsyn, Pyotr Alekseevich |
| 1700 - 1701 | |
| Birth: | 12th of August ( 1668-08-12
)
Kingdom of Russia |
| Death: | 3 July ( 1726-07-03
)
(57 years old) Riga, Russian Empire |
| Genus: | Repnins |
| Military service | |
| Years of service: | 1685-1726 |
| Rank: | Field Marshal General |
| Battles: | Azov campaigns North War Prut campaign |
| Family | |
| Father: | Ivan Borisovich |
| Mother: | Evdokia Nikiforovna (ur. Pleshcheeva) |
| Spouse: | was married three times |
| Children: | four sons and a daughter |
| Awards | |
Prince Anikita (Nikita) Ivanovich Repnin(August 12, 1668 - July 3, 1726, Riga) - Field Marshal General (1724), associate of Peter I. Participant in the Northern War. Governor-General of Riga (Riga Governorate) (1710-1713 and 1719-1726). President of the Military College (1724-1725).
Biography
Beginning of court and military service
Anikita Repnin was born in 1668 into the family of a boyar, Novgorod and Tambov governor, head of the Siberian order Ivan Borisovich Repnin (d. June 5, 1697) and his wife Evdokia Nikiforovna Pleshcheeva (d. April 8, 1695). In 1683, at the age of 16, Anikita Ivanovich was assigned a sleeping bag to Tsarevich Pyotr Alekseevich (who was then 11 years old). When young Peter established “amusing” troops in the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow in 1685, Prince Repnin received the rank of lieutenant, and two years later he was promoted to lieutenant colonel.
In August 1689, during the Streltsy conspiracy against Peter I, Prince Repnin was one of the first to arrive at the Trinity Monastery to guard the Tsar. The suppression of the rebellion and Peter's removal from power of the ruler Sophia brought supporters of the young tsar into the arena of active activity, among whom was Repnin.
In 1695, during Peter’s first Azov campaign, Repnin distinguished himself by capturing two coastal towers with 32 cannons from the Turks; in the second campaign near Azov, which took place in 1696, Anikita Ivanovich, commanding a frigate, took part in the capture of this fortress. In 1698, while in Moscow, Repnin largely contributed to the rapid pacification of the suddenly erupted Streltsy revolt, having timely managed to occupy the Kremlin with a strong (700 people) detachment. Since 1699, Repnin, with the rank of major general, was involved in the formation and training of infantry regiments recruited to replace the Streltsy army. He was instructed to form 9 infantry regiments in Moscow; Repnin personally carried out the recruitment in lower towns. The formation was completed by the spring of 1700, and the new regiments, consolidated into a division that made up the “3rd Generalship” of the active army, came under the command of Anikita Ivanovich. Having appreciated Repnin's diligence in recruiting and training troops, Peter I in June 1700 promoted him to general of the infantry - a rank corresponding to general-in-chief. The prince at that moment was 32 years old, and he was the first of the noble families at this age to rise so high in his military career.
North War
Initial stage of the war
With the outbreak of the Northern War, in October 1700, Repnin set out with his division, reinforced by the Butyrsky regiment, near Narva, but, having learned on November 17 on a march near Lake Samry about the defeat of the Russians, he turned back and hastily retreated to the Luga River, where he took over retreating remnants of the army and together with them returned to Novgorod, where, by order of Peter, he recruited and sent a new division to Narva. Appointed governor-general of Novgorod, the prince continued to recruit troops, then put in order the regiments that had returned from Narva after the defeat.
In March 1701, on the basis of an agreement concluded with the Polish king Augustus II, Prince Repnin at the head of 19 regiments was sent to Livonia to reinforce the Saxon field marshal Count Steinau. The Saxon-Russian army under the command of Steinau, defeated by Charles XII near Riga, took flight. Repnin led his regiments through Druya and Opochka to Pskov without losses, where on August 15 he united with Field Marshal B.P. Sheremetev. Anikita Ivanovich's regiments took part in the siege and capture of Noteburg (1702), in the capture of Nyenschanz (1703) and Narva (1704). The prince received the Order of the White Eagle from the Polish king.
At the end of 1704, Prince Repnin settled in winter quarters with the corps entrusted to him in Polotsk, where he undertook a series of partisan attacks. Under his command were nine infantry regiments and five dragoons. He took part in the capture of Mitau Castle in 1705. In 1706 he was sent to Grodno with infantry regiments, where he had clashes with enemy troops.
In 1707, Repnin, at the head of a 10,000-strong corps, was again sent to the Polish borders to assist King Augustus II. Anikita Ivanovich acted in accordance with the tsar's instructions - to beware “two things: first, so as not to go too far, second, that if the king wants to give a general battle with the entire Swedish army, then do not do it and say that you are not allowed to do exactly that”. Along with successful battles, there was one critical period in the actions of the Russian troops, when they were blocked in Grodno by the rapidly approaching army of Charles XII. After a 75-day blockade, choosing the moment, Repnin organized a secret transfer of troops to the left bank of the Neman and retreated to Brest, hiding behind the swamps of Polesie. At the same time, all artillery and convoys were taken away, and all the sick and wounded were preserved.
Repnin did not have outstanding military leadership talents, however, according to military historians, he acted in battles with due persistence and rationality, was “brave without enthusiasm, but ready, if necessary for a great cause, to die without backing down”. According to experts in military art, he remained "voivode among Peter's generals", did not always act proactively and decisively.
"Golovchin's shame"
Plan of a fortified position under Golovchin (1708): A - separate redoubt; B - links of fortifications; B - intermediate batteries
In the summer of 1708, a dramatic turn occurred in Repnin’s military service. The Russian army, against which the main forces of Charles XII moved, during the retreat took a position near the village of Golovchino (not far from Mogilev). The defense of crossings and bridges was entrusted to G. Golts and the division of General Repnin, located on the left flank of the army. The choice of position for the infantry was made by Repnin unsuccessfully, especially with regard to communications with Golts and the retreat routes behind the right flank of the position (on Vasilki, Mogilyoev), where forest swamps were located. The natural disadvantages were amplified by the unsuccessful strengthening of the position. Left to his own devices, in the absence of knowledgeable engineers, Repnin, when designing the fortifications, settled on the traditional old Russian type of “convoy” of three faces, adjacent to a “strong place.” He began to build one general continuous fortification from a frontal trench, more than a mile long, and 2 flanks extending from it at obtuse angles. The mountain part (back side) of the trenches adjoined the swampy forest; frontal - consisted of a number of outgoing corners connected by straight curtains. The line of fire was 500-700 steps from the Babich River, that is, there were no advanced buildings further than a rifle shot.
The work began on June 30, but due to a lack of entrenching tools, it was carried out slowly. By July 2, the profile of the shaft was brought to chest height only on the right flank, for 1-2 battalions; in other areas the fortifications were barely outlined and slingshots were temporarily deployed to strengthen them. Engineering preparation of the position only worsened the position of the infantry, chaining it to an unsuccessfully broken trench. On July 2, a military council was held. The defectors who arrived from the Swedish camp that day convinced the generals that the Swedes’ attack would be directed at the right flank of the Russian position, where, as a result, Golitsyn’s mounted infantry was immediately pulled back. The meeting ended at night, and Repnin, returning to the troops, due to the lateness of the hour, not only did not “give up dispositions” (since an attack was not expected the next day), but also did not trust the security, which had already been carried out extremely carelessly. Goltz did the same.
The morning of July 3 found Repnin's infantry deployed in one line - along unfinished trenches. In addition to the regimental guards and sentries, only 3 dragoons and 1 infantry guard were deployed as external security along the entire 4-verst length of the line. However, the movement of the Swedes towards the crossing, which began at dawn, was noticed in a timely manner, and before the first Swedish shots rang out, the alarm sounded in Repnin’s division. Repnin with the grenadier regiment rushed to the bridge on the Babich River, managed to occupy it before the enemy approached and move some of the regimental guns to the crossing. At the end of 3 hours an artillery duel ensued, in which the more numerous and heavier artillery of the Swedes prevailed. Under the cover of her fire, Swedish infantry attacked the bridge. After an hour and a half of stubborn battle, the grenadiers, whose actions were personally led by Repnin, cleared the bridge, breaking part of the decking, and began to retreat, holding back fire from the enemy who had begun to build the pontoon bridge.
Correctly assessing the danger that threatened his communications with the main forces in the event of a Swedish breakthrough, Repnin strengthened his right flank with the Narva regiment, transferred from the left flank, and advanced the Koporsky and Tobolsk regiments to ensure communications with the northern position, mainly the “rear bridge”; the remaining 4 regiments were left behind the “trenchment” to repel the enemy’s frontal attack. As soon as the Swedish offensive became apparent, Repnin sent to ask for reinforcements to Sheremetev, Golts and the closest private commanders - Genskin and Ifland. During the battle for the bridge on Babich, he repeated this request several times, but no help came. Before her arrival, Repnin did not dare to support the grenadier with other parts of his division, fearing to get involved with all his forces at the forefront and lose the route of retreat. This excessive concern for the home front had disastrous consequences. When the grenadiers were broken and five Swedish infantry regiments, having forced the crossing, moved around the flank, Repnin considered further resistance impossible and gave the order to retreat, although the main forces of his division had not yet been brought into battle. The calm of spirit that marked his first orders left him completely: without organizing the retreat of the main forces of the division, without even letting the head of the positional artillery know about it, Repnin galloped to his extreme flank, to the Koporsky regiment, whose position seems to be the most dangerous. He arrived there at a time when the Koporians were preparing to attack the approaching Swedish column. Repnin, despite the representations of the commander of the Koporsk regiment, Golovin, who insisted on a strike, with which the battle could still be restored, canceled the attack. He moved the Koporsky, and behind him the Tobolsk regiments, following the grenadiers, through the forest - the shortest route to the road to Vasilki; the rest of the troops retreated there, across the “rear bridge,” in disarray, since the routes for individual regiments were not indicated. The division lost tactical order and the units were mixed up. If the Swedes had shown sufficient energy, the complete defeat of Repnin’s division would have been inevitable, but the Swedish offensive was extremely sluggish, and, after a series of incoherent, random skirmishes, Repnin managed to retreat to Sheremetev without great losses. After the connection, the army continued its retreat along the Shklov road to Gorki.
Repnin's losses in the Golovchinsky battle reached 16% of the personnel (officers: 3 killed, 14 wounded, 2 captured; lower ranks killed 113, wounded 272). The material losses were much more significant: all the slingshots and half-peaks that were in the retranchement, 10 guns and most of the shell and cartridge boxes remained in the hands of the Swedes.
The loss of the battle was due solely to Repnin’s mistakes. However, he kept silent about them in a very skillfully composed report sent to Peter. The report spoke of an “accidental attack” on Repnin’s flank, the brutal resistance that the Swedes met, and major enemy losses; the retreat, carried out, according to the report, “in good order,” was justified by the fact that “the cramped space made it difficult to retreat,” and Repnin considered it unnecessary to fight with his own forces alone, since “there was no importance, why would this pass to the extreme?” keep measures” and sacrifice people for this; especially since “during this battle it was observed that the enemy shot with poison and horsehair bullets, contrary to the custom of all Christian peoples, so that the wounds from them would be incurable”; the guns were lost because “having abandoned them in the swamps, they themselves did not want to pick them up later.”
To investigate the “Golchin shame,” Peter I considered it necessary to appoint a special Commission of 13 members, chaired by Prince A. D. Menshikov, ordering him “to find the culprits, from first to last”. The commission found Repnin guilty of the fact that, “having real news” about the upcoming attack, he did not take security measures and did not give dispositions; in that he did not show sufficient fortitude and prematurely retreated “into a cramped, uncomfortable swamp, where he started a very dishonest battle, and retreated without indicating the exact place,” finally, he did not let either the chief of artillery or Golts know about his retreat, who, as a result, , moving to the rescue of the already departed Repnin, got involved in a completely pointless and unnecessary battle. The salvation of Repnin's division was attributed by the commission solely to the oversight of the Swedes, who “did not look further for their own benefit.” The commission's verdict read: “due to that evil act and notable sin, Mr. General Repnin, according to military articles of many potentates, deserves to be deprived of his life. But, as it turns out from the case, he... accepted the concession not out of timidity... then his sin was not out of anger, but out of ignorance, in this case, in the first place, like a general, he found himself in need, for this reason he was spared the death penalty freed up; however, according to the content of the Roman State of law, depicted in the 89th article, let him be from his rank and the team that he led with such bad behavior, publicly, to him as a fine, to others on the butt, dismissed ". In addition, it was ordered to recover from Repnin the cost of cannons, slingshots and other items lost at Golovchiv - a total of up to 3,000 rubles.
On August 1, Repnin submitted a most submissive petition to Peter. Refuting the accusation of negligence by citing the fact that “we have never had such behavior about the disposition,” pointing to the tenacity of the battle for the bridge on Babich and the lack of assistants, Repnin asked for pardon. But the verdict passed by the Commission was confirmed by Peter, and on August 5, at 10 pm, it was announced in final form. Repnin's regiments were immediately assigned to other divisions, and he himself was demoted to soldier. The severity of the sentence was explained by Peter’s desire to use this example to give a cruel lesson to the still numerous supporters of the old, pre-reform military system, who made it difficult to reorganize the army on a new basis. The severity of the punishment and the resentment against Menshikov depressed Anikita Ivanovich, but he did not ask for time off from the army, considering it desertion.
The final stage of the Northern War
In September 1708, in the battle near the village of Lesnoy, Prince Repnin acted as an ordinary warrior; in one of the episodes, he asked the tsar to give orders to the Cossacks and Bashkirs standing behind the infantry to stab everyone who moves back. After the battle was won, Peter, at the request of Prince M. Golitsyn, who particularly distinguished himself in this battle, restored Repnin to the rank of general. In October of the same year, he was returned to command of the division. Arriving in December from Smolensk to the army, Repnin's division spent the winter in apartments in Bogodukhov (Little Russia) and surrounding areas; during the campaign across the Vorskla River at the beginning of 1709, it formed the rearguard of the army. At the head of twelve infantry regiments located in the center of the position, Repnin took part in the Battle of Poltava. For his actions and victory on August 7, 1709, he was awarded the highest award - the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called and was awarded villages. In particular, A.I. Repnin was granted personal ownership of the village of Velikoye, where, on his instructions, in 1712, in honor of the victory over the Swedes near Poltava, the summer church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary was built.
Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the village of Velikoye (Gavrilov-Yamsky district, Yaroslavl region)
Anikita Ivanovich Repnin is mentioned in A. S. Pushkin’s poem “Poltava”. Peter I tours his troops preparing for battle:
And he rushed in front of the shelves,
Powerful and joyful, like battle.
He devoured the field with his eyes.
A crowd rushed after him
These chicks of Petrov's nest -
In the midst of earthly lot,
In the works of power and war
His comrades, sons:
And noble Sheremetev,
And Bruce, and Bour, and Repnin...
Soon after the Battle of Poltava, Peter ordered the prince and his division to move to the southern borders to monitor the movement of the Crimean Tatars and Turks, as well as order in the Cossack troops. Then Repnin's division became part of Sheremetev's army, sent by Peter to Riga. Having set out from Little Russia on July 15, 1709, Repnin arrived in Disna on September 27, where his regiments were embarked on ships and continued their journey by water to Druya-Dinaburg. On October 28, Repnin approached Riga and, having stationed himself in Jungferhof, Kobor and Kirchholm, immediately began to strengthen these points. Anikita Ivanovich took part in the siege of Riga, and during the departure of Commander Sheremetev, he acted as chief of the army. On July 4, 1710, after the surrender of the Riga garrison, Prince Repnin was the first to enter the city with several regiments. After this, he was appointed governor-general of Riga and commander of the troops located in its environs.
Further military and civilian service
Prince Anikita Ivanovich Repnin
Engraving by G. A. Afonasyev
On February 2, 1711, during the Russian-Turkish war of 1710-1713, Prince Repnin received an order to set out from Riga on the Prut campaign. He himself left on February 6 and, having caught up with the regiments on the march, led them to Minsk, where he stood until March 8. Following further, through Polonnoye, Repnin in Soroki joined the main forces and made the further campaign in the rearguard. As a result, he did not have to take part in hostilities. On July 23, his troops crossed the Prut back and through Selishche - Shugol on August 13 arrived in Mezhibuzhye, from where they were sent to Ostrog to rest. In September, Repnin was entrusted with receiving recruits in Smolensk; On September 12, by decree, he marched with troops to Kyiv, where he arrived, through Polonnoye, on September 27.
In 1712, being a member of Menshikov’s detachment, Repnin took part in the siege of Stetin; captured several fortifications near Friedrichstadt; assisted Prince Izhersky in the capture of Teningen; received the Order of the Elephant from the Danish king. In 1712-1713 and 1715-1716, Anikita Ivanovich commanded troops in Pomerania; participated in the capture of Stetin (1713). In 1714, Repnin quartered with a division in the Smolensk province. On May 30 of the same year, he returned to Riga and placed the division, which formed the strategic reserve of the army, in a camp in the vicinity of the city. In May 1715 he was entrusted with the protection of the sea coasts in Courland; in 1716 Repnin settled with his regiments in Mecklenburg. At the beginning of 1717, he occupied the Polish voivodeships of Chelmin, Plock, Mazowieckie and Lubelskie, and in 1718 he forced the Danzig Magistrate to pay 140 thousand efimki in war indemnity.
Returning to Riga in March 1719, Repnin replaced Prince P. A. Golitsyn, who was transferred to Kyiv, as governor-general. In this post, Anikita Ivanovich normalized relations between the troops and residents and managed to smooth out the tensions that existed before him. Having assessed his activities, Peter began to gradually expand the powers of the Livonia Governor-General. By decree of February 24, 1720, all matters “that belong to the protection of the city of Riga, that is, in the construction and repair of the fortification, in the maintenance of the garrison, artillery, armory yards, ammunition and stores, servants and fortification, as well as the city infantry” were transferred to the jurisdiction of Repnin " Somewhat later, he was given control of city revenues and expenditures and oversight of the election of elected officials. Repnin put a lot of work into developing Riga trade. In order to equip a large merchant fleet, he founded a shipyard in Riga and worked hard to connect Peipus with the Aa River.
last years of life
On January 20, 1724, Repnin was appointed instead of Menshikov as president of the Military Collegium, retaining the Riga Governor-General. In February of the same year, Repnin arrived in St. Petersburg. On March 10, he was awarded a gold medal worth 50 red rubles. On May 7, 1724, on the day of Catherine’s coronation by Peter I, Anikita Ivanovich Repnin was awarded the rank of Field Marshal.
In St. Petersburg, Repnin took a direct part in the struggle of the court parties, which became especially aggravated due to the sharp deterioration in the health of Peter I, which put the issue of succession to the throne on the line. Together with Golitsyn, Dolgoruky and one of the Apraksins, Repnin stood for declaring the grandson of Peter the Great, Prince Peter Alekseevich, as the heir, with the appointment of Catherine as ruler, subject to the involvement of the Senate to participate in governing the country for the duration of the regency; Menshikov, Tolstoy and Admiral Apraksin insisted on the proclamation of Catherine. After the death of Peter I, Repnin, considering it beneficial for himself to weaken his strong influence at the Golitsyn Court, went over to the side of Menshikov. His example captivated others. On May 21, 1725, together with other St. Andrew's Knights, he was awarded the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky.
Upon the accession of Catherine I to the throne, Prince Menshikov concentrated all supreme power in the state in his hands. This circumstance displeased Repnin; in turn, Repnin’s rise was not part of Menshikov’s calculations. On March 18, 1725, he managed to obtain a decree from the Empress ordering Repnin to temporarily hand over the post of President of the Military Collegium to Menshikov and go to Riga to inspect stores, artillery and ammunition, replenish supplies and build a new trench on the banks of the Dvina.
In Riga, the disease that Repnin had been suffering from for 3 years worsened. On July 3, 1726, Anikita Ivanovich Repnin died. The prince was buried in the Church of Alexius the Man of God, located in Riga Castle. This church, by order of Prince A.I. Repnin, was converted from Lutheran to Orthodox for the needs of the garrison immediately after the conquest of Riga. During the reconstruction of the temple, the tombstone was dismantled, so the exact location of the burial is now difficult to determine. The family coat of arms of Prince Anikita Ivanovich Repnin was placed on the walls of this temple. Somewhat later, the coat of arms was transferred to the Orthodox castle church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, but when the church was moved during reconstruction, it was lost.
Family
Anikita Ivanovich Repnin was married three times. His first wife was Princess Praskovya Mikhailovna Lykova (d. October 7, 1685); the second - Praskovya Dmitrievna Naryshkina (ur. Golitsyn) (d. January 4, 1703); The name of the prince's third wife is unknown. In the second marriage, three sons were born: Vasily Anikitich (d. July 21, 1748) - Feldmaster General, Ivan Anikitich (January 20, 1686 - November 17, 1727) - Colonel and Yuri Anikitich (April 17, 1701 - October 14, 1744) - Lieutenant General . Another son, Sergei Anikitich, and daughter Anna Anikitichna were probably born in their third marriage.
Estate
Apparently, Anikita Ivanovich Repnin was the first owner of the estate in the village of Arkhangelskoye (now the village of Repyovka, Rtishchevsky district). In 1714, he divided all the estates he received among his sons. Arkhangelskoye went to Colonel Ivan Anikitich Repnin (1686 - November 17, 1727). After his death, according to the census books of the second revision (1744-1747), the estate was inherited by his grandchildren Pyotr Ivanovich (d. 1778) and Sergei Ivanovich Repnin (1718-1761).
Awards
- Order of St. Andrew the First-Called (1709)
- Order of St. Alexander Nevsky (21 May 1725)
- Order of the White Eagle (Rzeczpospolita, 1703)
Notes
Literature
- Bantysh-Kamensky D. N. 5th Field Marshal Prince Nikita Ivanovich Repnin // Biographies of Russian generalissimos and field marshals. In 4 parts. Reprint of the 1840 edition. Part 1-2. - M.: Culture, 1991. - 620 p. ().
- Military encyclopedic lexicon / Ed. 2nd. - T. XI. - St. Petersburg, 1856. - P. 199-200 (Art. Repnins)
- Golombievsky A. A. Materials for the history of colonization of the Saratov province // Proceedings of the Saratov Scientific Archival Commission. T. III, issue I. - Saratov: Printing house of the provincial zemstvo, 1890. - P. 13-26
- Dolgorukov P.V. Russian genealogy book. - St. Petersburg: Type-I by Karl Wingeber, 1854. - T. 1. - P. 271-272
- Kovalevsky N. F. History of Russian Goverment . Biographies of famous military figures of the 18th - early 20th centuries. - M.: Book Chamber, 1997 ().
- Russian biographical dictionary: Prittwitz - Reis. - Ed. under the supervision of the Chairman of the Imperial Russian Historical Society A. A. Polovtsov. - St. Petersburg: type. Imperial Academician Sciences, 1910. - T. 15. - 560 p. (Art. Repnin, Prince Anikita Ivanovich)
Links
- Repnins in the encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron
- Riga. Church of Alexy, Man of God on the website "People's Catalog of Orthodox Architecture" ()
- Riga Castle is the residence of Russian governors general on the Riga CV website ().
- Prince Repnin Anikita Ivanovich on the website “History of the Russian Imperial Army” ().
- Heroes of Pushkin's works associated with the Yaroslavl land ().
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Repnin, Prince Nikita Ivanovich
5th Field Marshal.
Repnin, Prince Anikita Ivanovich, occupies an honorable place among the commanders who assisted Peter the Great in organizing his troops and in victories over the enemies of the Fatherland.
He was born in 1668. His father, Prince Ivan Borisovich, head of the Siberian Prikaz, enjoyed special respect from our wise Transformer, although, adhering to old customs, he retained his gray, thick beard; continued to wear a golden pherese; did not accept foreign ranks, preferring the title neighbor boyar, which he received from Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich forty years before the introduction of European clothing to Russia. [The Princes of Repnin descend from the Princes of Chernigov. Cm. Armorial,h. 1 .]
In his sixteenth year, Prince Anikita Ivanovich was appointed to sleep with Peter the Great, who was then eleven years old (1683); acquired his love and power of attorney and at the establishment Amusing company in 1685 he was promoted to lieutenant, and two years later to lieutenant colonel. [This is mentioned in the service record of Prince A.I. Repnin.]
Remaining faithful to the legitimate Sovereign, Prince Repnin protected him in the Trinity Monastery during the mutiny of the archers (1689); later accompanied Peter near Azov, with the rank of adjutant general of General Golovin (1695); showed the first experiments of his courage when he took two towers from the Turks near this fortress, where 32 cannons were found. The following year (1696) he participated in the capture of Azov, with the rank of captain of a frigate, under the main command of Lefort.
In 1698, Prince Repnin was already a general. [Cm. Ancient Ros.Vivliofika, ed. sec., part IX, p. 203 And Journal of Peter the Great, Part 1, p. 3.] He was then instructed to recruit eleven infantry regiments in the lower cities, equip and train them (1699). Of these, nine entered his division (1700) and, in addition, the Butyrsky regiment, which differed from the others in its red uniforms. On June 25, Repnin, 32 years old, was granted infantry generals, the rank corresponding to general-in-chief.
Then a war broke out in the North between two Heroes, one of whom had already adorned himself with the laurels of the winner; the other performed only on the field of glory.
Repnin moved towards Narva, but received an order from the Emperor on the road, having surrendered the army he led to Field Marshal General Count Golovin, to go to Novgorod to recruit a new division. At that time, he was granted governor of the Novgorod province and, after the Battle of Narva, he put the returning regiments in proper order and supplemented them.
On the basis of an agreement concluded with Augustus II, King of Poland, Prince Repnin was sent (in March 1701) with nineteen infantry regiments to Livonia to reinforce the Saxon field marshal Count Steinau. The commander Augustov, defeated by Charles XII near Riga, fled, and Repnin, who then, by his order, occupied another post, led his army without any loss through Druya and Opochka to Pskov, where (Aug. 15) he united with Field Marshal General Sheremetev .
Prince Repnin was then present during the capture of Noteburg, renamed Shlisselburg (1702), and Nyenschantz (1703); received the Order of the White Eagle from the Polish King; On June 8, 1704, near Narva, he participated in the following military trick: having learned through an intercepted letter that the Swedes were expecting General Schlippenbach with fresh troops, Peter the Great ordered two infantry regiments and two cavalry regiments to put on blue uniforms, take Swedish banners and led them to the city, between while another detachment in green uniforms, led by Repnin and Menshikov, attacked imaginary opponents. The Swedes sent an auxiliary army, which suffered a severe defeat. Following this, Narva was taken by storm (August 9).
At the end of 1704, Prince Repnin led the corps entrusted to him to Polotsk, where he stayed in winter quarters, disturbing the enemy with partisan actions. Under his command there were then nine infantry regiments and five dragoons. He participated (1705) in the capture of the Mitau Castle by the Sovereign; sent (1706) to Grodno with infantry regiments; had various skirmishes with the enemy, in which, although he remained victorious, he retreated to the borders, guided by the order not to give Charles XII a general battle in Poland. “We heard,” Peter the Great wrote to him, “that you had a battle and, through the grace of God, we won a victory, but we must deal with all this carefully. We should not hope for happiness, for it is always impermanent.”
The King of Sweden approached Grodno (in January 1706). Augustus II led his troops to Saxony. The Russians, distant from the main army, abandoned by the allies, needed provisions. They had to retreat, and this maneuver, which seemed difficult, even impossible, without a battle, was skillfully carried out by Field Marshal-Lieutenant General Ogilviy and Prince Repnin.
In 1707, Repnin again settled with troops in Poland. The year 1708 came, memorable in his life: our army, under the leadership of Sheremetev, occupied, at the beginning of July, near the town of Golovchina, a position along Babich. There was a forest in the rear; ahead is a marshy bank, fortified with small trenches and slingshots. The center was commanded by a field marshal; on the right flank is General Alart; on the left are Field Marshal-Lieutenant Golts and Prince Repnin. On the 14th, Charles XII, taking advantage of heavy rain and fog, crossed the river at dawn with five infantry regiments, crossed an almost impassable swamp and attacked Repnin’s division, cut it off from Goltz, and forced it to retreat in disorder to the forest. Repnin, who was guarding various crossings and bridges and therefore weakened in strength, stopped the fleeing and, under the cover of the forest, resumed the battle, holding off the enemy’s onslaught with strong rifle fire; but, having spent all the charges, he was forced to leave, leaving the Swedes with seven cannons. In this case, 118 people were killed on our side, 218 were wounded and 408 were missing. The Swedes lost 255 people. killed and 1219 wounded. [ Adlerfeld.Histoire militaire de Charles XII, t. 3, p. 298.]
Dissatisfied with Repnin's actions, Peter the Great brought him to a military court; ordered Menshikov firmly find the culprits,from first to last,with all righteousness,as if before the judgment of God,taking an oath before the search. Prince Repnin was demoted to soldier.
Soon he had the opportunity to distinguish himself in the presence of the Emperor. On September 28, two miles from Propoisk, near the village of Lesnoye, Peter the Great overtook Levengaupt. Menshikov, Bruce, Golitsyn led our troops. Repnin stood with a gun in the ranks of soldiers and, seeing that the Swedes outnumbered the Russians, he dared to ask the Emperor to give a formidable command, so that the Cossacks and Kalmyks who were behind the regular infantry would stab everyone, who will back down. “Comrade!” Peter the Great then said to Repnin. “I am the first to hear such advice from you and I feel that we will not lose the battle.” The desperate battle continued for more than six hours; 16 guns, 42 banners and standards and 2673 people. the prisoners went to the winners. 8,000 enemy bodies were counted on the battlefield.
Near Lesnoye, Prince Golitsyn [See. biography of Prince Mikhail Mikhailovich Golitsyn], who led the center, covered himself with immortal glory, fought like a lion. Peter the Great kissed him at the site of the battle, granted him his portrait, showered with diamonds, the rank of lieutenant general, and allowed him to ask for anything else he wanted. “Forgive Repnin,” said the generous hero, forgetting his enmity with the disgraced man and respecting his courage. A trait rarely seen these days! Following this, Prince Repnin again, with the rank of general, took command of the division located in Little Russia.
On June 27 (1709), on the day of the famous Battle of Poltava, Repnin commanded the center of the army, which consisted of twelve infantry regiments, and for his courageous exploits he was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called Apostle; awarded to villages.
From Poltava, Prince Repnin with the division entrusted to him went to Livonia; participated in the blockade of Riga and, when Field Marshal Count Sheremetev was recalled to Moscow with General Alart, to be present at the ceremonial entry of the Sovereign, on November 7 he took over the main command of the army: he continued to bombard Riga; interrupted, by means of installed batteries, the communication of the besieged with Dynamund; blew a gunpowder magazine into the air; turned the inside of the citadel into a heap of ruins; destroyed part of the rampart adjacent to the Dvina; surrendered leadership to field marshal on March 11 (1711). The brave Governor-General of Riga Stremberg defended for some time the city entrusted to him, which was a pile of stones; finally he was forced to ask for a truce and agreed to surrender: on July 4, Repnin was the first to enter Riga with several regiments; Field Marshal Count Sheremetev had a ceremonial entry on the 12th. Then Prince Anikita Ivanovich, for his military exploits, was granted the governor general of Riga and, on the occasion of the field marshal’s departure (in August), commanded the troops, stationed them in the vicinity of the city, in which diseases were raging and many people were dying.
In 1711, war broke out with Turkey. Prince Repnin received orders to join, with a division, to the army of Count Sheremetev; commanded the vanguard on the memorable campaign to the Prut and, when our army was surrounded by numerous enemies, announced, together with other generals, wish it was better to die, rather than give in.
He was the second, after Menshikov, head of the corps sent to Pomerania; kept Stetin under siege (1712); captured several fortifications near Friedrichstadt; assisted Prince Izhora in the capture of Teningen; took away, by order of Frederick IV, from the Swedish field marshal Stenbock the guns, banners, guns and other military equipment found in the fortress; received the Order of the Elephant from the Danish King; participated in the capture of Stetin (1713) [See. biography of Prince Menshikov]; quartered with a division in the Smolensk province (1714); returned to Riga on May 30 and camped his troops in the vicinity of the city.
Peter the Great, taking a break from military labors, invited many nobles to St. Petersburg at the end of 1714, including Prince Repnin, to the masquerade wedding of his old mentor, Zotov, who bore the title prince dad. All the guests, as well as the Emperor, were present and then traveled around the city (from January 16, 1715) in different clothes, in long lines, having fun in this way until February. Repnin (with Count Musin-Pushkin, two princes Dolgorukov and Raguzinsky) represented the Venetian and had a pipe in his hands. Menshikov, Apraksin, Bruce, Weide dressed up as Hamburg burgomasters and played the snouts; Sub-Chancellor Shafirov, extremely corpulent, was among the walkers; Chancellor Count Golovkin and the glorious Dolgorukov, who fearlessly told the truth to Peter, played pipes and wore Chinese dresses; The Emperor beat the drum.
In May (1715), Prince Repnin entered Courland with his division and defended the sea coast from the enemy; in 1716 he was in Copenhagen, during the landing of troops in Shonia intended by Peter the Great; He then stationed the regiments entrusted to him in Mecklenburg and at the beginning of 1717 occupied the voivodeships in Poland: Chelmin, Plock, Mazowieckie and Lubelskie; forced the Danzig magistrate (1718) to pay the indemnity imposed by the Sovereign, 140,000 efimki; did not participate in the approval of the death sentence for Tsarevich Alexei.
From that time on, Prince Anikita Ivanovich, returning to Riga, ruled the province entrusted to him for five years. In 1724 (January 20), he was granted, instead of Menshikov, the President of the Military Collegium, retaining the rank of Riga Governor-General, and on May 7, the day of Peter the Great’s coronation of Catherine, he received the dignity of Field Marshal General. [At that time, besides Prince Repnin, only Menshikov was a field marshal in Russia.]
Prince Repnin was in St. Petersburg when Catherine I was enthroned by the brave Menshikov (1725). He wanted, together with the Golitsyns, Trubetskoys, Dolgorukovs, Golovkins, the accession of the young Grand Duke Peter Alekseevich, but Menshikov prevailed, having the Synod, the guard and the fleet on his side. Then Prince Anikita Ivanovich, who along with other St. Andrew's knights received the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky on the day of its establishment (May 21, 1725), retired from court intrigues to Riga, where he died on July 3, 1726, in the 58th year of his age. birth. His remains rest in the Russian church there, which he converted from Lutheran to Orthodox and is located in the fortress. Until now the coat of arms of Prince Repnin hangs in it.
To the honor of Prince Anikita Ivanovich, who continuously served the Fatherland for forty-three years, it should be mentioned that he patiently endured all the troubles that befell him in his difficult life; suffered in 1708 innocently, according to Menshikov’s slander, because under Golovchin his division, which was suddenly attacked by Charles XII, was weakened by various detachments; Repnin did not receive any reinforcements from his own, and with all that, stopping the fleeing, he defended himself desperately, causing significant harm to the Swedes. Then he was subordinate to his accuser, who had no significance yet when Repnin served as a general. They claim that Prince Anikita Ivanovich, in the case of Chamberlain Mons, rejected Peter the Great, in a moment of strong anger, from vengeance, which could have darkened His immortal deeds.
The son of Prince Repnin, Prince Vasily Anikitich, General-Fieldmaster, led the Russian army in Franconia in 1748 and was the main culprit of the peace established in Aachen by the French, English and Dutch ministers; grandson, Field Marshal General Prince Nikolai Vasilyevich, famous commander and minister of Empress Catherine II. [Cm. biography of Prince Nikolai Vasilyevich Repnin.]
(Bantysh-Kamensky)
Large biographical encyclopedia. 2009 .
| Governor General Oryol Viceroyalty |
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| 1778 - 1781 | ||
Saint Petersburg
Riga
Praskovya, Ivan, Alexandra, Daria
extramarital:
Stepan Ivanovich Lesovsky
Seven Years' War
Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774)
Russo-Turkish War (1787-1791)
Polish uprising (1794)
Biography
Origin. Start of service
At the age of 11, which was the norm for those times, he was already assigned as a soldier in the Preobrazhensky Life Guards Regiment.
At the age of 14, with the rank of sergeant, he participated in his father's campaign on the Rhine.
Seven Years' War
He volunteered as an officer in the Seven Years' War, serving under Field Marshal General S. F. Apraksin. He distinguished himself in the battles of Groß-Jägersdorf, Königsberg, and the siege of Küstrin. In 1758 he was awarded military rank captain From 1759 he served in allied France, in the troops of Marshal Contade, and from 1760, having received the rank of colonel, under the command of Count Zakhar Chernyshev, taking part, in particular, in the capture of Berlin in the same year. In 1762 he received the rank of major general, and on September 22, 1762 he was awarded the Holstein Order of St. Anne.
Diplomatic work. Poland
| Possessing a rather lively, but superficial mind, women like him, but he submits to them completely; pleasure is the only motive for all his actions. Everyone here is unhappy with his work in Poland, since he only confused things to the disadvantage of Russia. He was in love with the wife of Adam Czartoryski, the most terrible enemy of the Russians. Having submitted to this woman, he is said to have paid her for the night with the patronage of the Bar Confederation, contrary to the interests of his court. This major mistake made such a bad impression here that the question arose whether Repnin should be recalled under the pretext that he had gone crazy. |
Russo-Turkish War 1768-1774
In 1780, he headed the forces of the observation corps stationed in Uman, and in 1781 he was appointed governor-general of Pskov, while simultaneously continuing to perform the same duties in Smolensk. During that period of time, he received the Order of St. Vladimir, 1st degree, on the day this award was established (September 22, 1782), as well as diamond insignia for the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called (1784). Then he spent some time abroad “for relaxation.”
Russo-Turkish War 1787-1791
During the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-1791, he returned to military service, commanded the right wing during the successful assault on Ochakov, then on September 7 (18), 1789, he defeated the Turks on the Salcha River in Moldova, captured the camp of Seraskir Hasan Pasha, locked him in Izmail and began to prepare for the assault on this fortress, but after a series of military clashes he retreated, citing in a report to Commander-in-Chief G. A. Potemkin his own “command... to save people.” After Potemkin left for St. Petersburg in February 1791, the main command over the united army passed to Repnin, who convinced the chief that Suvorov in this post would “lead the army to Constantinople or destroy it.” Despite Potemkin's orders, he, having learned that the troops of the Turkish vizier had concentrated near Machin, ordered a surprise offensive and eventually won a major victory over the enemy in a six-hour battle with minor losses: 141 people killed and 300 wounded, although the number of enemy troops was more than 80 thousand; On the left flank of the Russian army, Mikhail Kutuzov distinguished himself in this battle. For the Battle of Machinsky, Repnin was awarded (July 15, 1791) the Order of St. George, 1st class No. 9.
| In honor of the special zeal with which his long-term service was accompanied, zeal and precision in carrying out the proposals of his superiors, skill and excellent courage shown on various occasions and especially during the attack with the troops under his command of the Turkish army under the leadership of the Supreme Vizier Yusuf Pasha beyond the Danube at Machina on the 28th day of June, having won a complete victory over her. |
This defeat forced the Turks to stop hostilities and begin peace negotiations. On July 31, 1791, Repnin and the vizier Koca Yusuf Pasha signed preliminary conditions for peace in Galati, which included an eight-month truce, with which Catherine II was dissatisfied. Count A. A. Bezborodko, who agreed five months later, also criticized the conditions signed by Repnin
