The history of the automobile plant named after I.A. Likhachev (ZIL) begins in August 1960, at the beginning this enterprise bore the name (AMO). On October 1, 1931, after reconstruction, it was renamed into the I.V. Stalin (ZIS), which became the flagship of the domestic truck industry. In its shops, the latest American equipment was installed, which made it possible to increase the annual production of cars by more than 8 times and bring it to a record level for those times of 25 thousand units.
Despite the renaming, at first the plant continued to manufacture the previous AMO-F-15 models, as well as the AMO-2 and AMO-3 trucks, which were based on the American 2.5-ton "Otokar" (Autocar). Since October 1931, the AMO-3, which was now called the ZIS-3, was assembled entirely from domestic parts and was constantly improved. For the first time in the history of the domestic automotive industry, a truck received a hydraulic drive for all brakes, a diaphragm fuel pump and even a compressor for inflating tires driven by a gearbox. Work on the modernization and fine-tuning of the car was carried out under the leadership of the chief designer of the ZIS, E.I. Vazhinsky (1889-1938).
As a result, a new truck ZIS-5 was born, as well as its 3-axle version of the ZIS-6, the first copies of which were assembled on June 26, 1933. In December 1933, the production of the “three-ton” ZIS-5, which became a legend of the Soviet pre-war automobile industry, began. ... By increasing the diameter of the cylinders, the working volume of the in-line 6-cylinder engine increased from 4882 to 5555 cm 3, and the power - from 60 to 73 hp. Durable, flexible and reliable motor could run on gasoline with an octane rating of 55-60 and even kerosene. The car got new 4's stepped box transmissions and a propeller shaft, however, the capricious hydraulic brakes had to be replaced with a simple mechanical one.
The wheelbase was 3810 mm., The curb weight was 3100 kg., The maximum speed was 60 km / h. The simplicity and unpretentiousness of the ZIS-5 became the reason for a long time to consider it a typical Russian car. The truck has been modernized many times and produced for over 30 years. In Moscow alone, 532311 cars of this series were assembled. 1933 was also marked by the participation of factory vehicles in the famous Karakum race and the adoption by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on the second reconstruction of the enterprise, bringing its annual capacity to 80 thousand vehicles.
In 1937, the first batch of ZIS-10 truck tractors in the country was manufactured on the ZIS-5 chassis for towing 6-ton semitrailers. In 1934-39. extended chassis ZIS-11, ZIS-12 and ZIS-14 with a wheelbase of 4420 mm were produced, and in 1936-38. on the ZIS-11 chassis, the first Soviet gas-generating vehicle was produced - the 2.5-ton ZIS-13 with a chrome-nickel steel installation. The car weighed 3850 kg., Developed a speed of 45 km / h. From the end of 1938, it was replaced by a simpler gas generator version of the ZIS-21 with a capacity of 45 hp, which worked on wood chocks and weighed 150 kg. smaller.
On December 7, 1933, the serial production of the 3-axle 4-ton version of the ZIS-6 (6 × 4) began. The car was equipped with axles with main worm gears, and an additional box made it possible to double the number of gears. When equipped, it weighed 4230 kg. and developed a speed of 50-55 km / h. Fire escapes and multi-seat bus bodies were installed on the ZIS-6 chassis, and during the war years - the first BM-13 multiple launch rocket launchers, called “Katyusha”. In the period from 1942 to 1948, a simplified and lightweight ZIS-5V truck was produced at the ZIS. It did not have folding side walls, front brakes, one headlight and a bumper. Its cockpit was made of wood, and the rectangular wings were made of the cheapest sheet steel.
Since 1942, the 73-horsepower half-track ZIS-42 and its 85-horsepower version of the ZIS-42M have been produced. The cars weighed 5250 kg, developed a speed of 45 km / h and consumed 55-60 liters. gasoline per 100 km. In the same year, the AT-14 semi-tracked artillery tractor with two 85 hp engines was built. In 1942-44. production of the ZIS-5V truck was launched at the evacuated enterprises in Ulyanovsk and in the Ural city of Miass, which later became the Ulyanovsk and Uralsk automobile plants. At the end of the war, the third reconstruction of the plant began.
During this period, a simple ZIS-5V received a hydraulic drive for all brakes, a centrifugal-vacuum ignition timing controller and an 85-horsepower base engine. In 1948, the 90-strong version with a 5-speed gearbox had the designation ZIS-50. On the basis of the ZIS-5V since 1946, the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant (MMZ) has organized the production of ZIS-05 dump trucks with a hydraulic lift. The second generation of ZIS vehicles appeared on the eve of the May holidays of 1947. The new basic model was the 4-ton ZIS-150 truck, which outwardly repeated the style of American trucks of the late 1930s.
The basis of its power unit ZIS-120 was the previous substantially modernized 6-cylinder engine. While maintaining the working volume, it developed a power of 90 hp, was equipped with thin-walled quick-change liners crankshaft, thermostat in the cooling system, vacuum and centrifugal ignition timing controllers. Important innovations are the 5-speed gearbox and the pneumatic brake drive. When equipped, the ZIS-150 weighed 3900 kg., Could tow a trailer with a gross weight of 4.5 tons, developed a maximum speed of 65 km / h and consumed 38 liters. gasoline per 100 km. In 1950, the modernized ZIS-150 received an all-metal cabin and a new carburetor instead of a wood-metal one, in 1952 an intermediate support was introduced cardan shaft and a reclining windshield.
Since 1949, MMZ has been manufacturing ZIS-MMZ-585 3.5-ton dump trucks on the ZIS-150 chassis. Since 1952, they have been produced by the Kutaisi Automobile Plant (KAZ) under the designation KAZ-585B. Subsequently, ZIS-MMZ-120N truck tractors were also assembled at MMZ. Base car became the basis for the 3.5-ton modifications ZIS-156 (1949) and ZIS-156A (1953), operating on compressed natural and liquefied petroleum gas, respectively. In total, until 1957, 771,615 copies of the ZIS-150 series trucks were manufactured. Influenced by the design of the all-wheel drive army trucks that entered the USSR during the war years under Lend-Lease, from October 1948 the 2.5-ton ZIS-151 (6 × 6) with dual-slope rear wheels, in which units from ZIS-150 and drive axles developed at the Gorky Automobile Plant.
The power of its engine was increased to 92 hp, a transfer case was added to the basic 5-speed gearbox, providing the car with 10 forward gears, lever hydraulic shock absorbers were introduced into the suspension of the front wheels. A separate propeller shaft was used to drive each rear axle, so the transmission included 5 shafts with 10 constant velocity joints. As a result of the increase mechanical losses fuel consumption increased to 47-55 liters. 100 km, and the maximum speed was only 55 km / h. Its only modification was the ZIS-151A with a winch.
On June 26, 1956, the plant was named after I.A. Likhachev (1896-1956), locksmith, and then People's Commissar of Mechanical Engineering, Minister road transport USSR, director of AMO and ZIS for 23 years. Renaming of the enterprise into I.A. Likhachev (ZIL) marks the beginning of the third stage in its development. It began with the creation on the basis of the ZIS-150 of a new 4-ton truck ZIL-164 with the same 100 hp engine, a heater in the cab and synchronizers in the gearbox. Outwardly, it differed only in the vertical grille of the radiator grille. Since 1960, the ZIL-164A has been manufactured, which received a single-plate clutch (instead of a two-plate one), a modernized gearbox and telescopic hydraulic shock absorbers.
On their basis, gas versions of ZIL-166 and ZIL-166A, truck tractors ZIL-164N, dump trucks ZIL-MMZ-585I and ZIL-MMZ-585L were produced. The hard work to create a simpler and more economical four-wheel drive car was embodied in 1957 in the ZIL-157 (6 × 6) truck from the 104 strong engine, a synchronized gearbox, rear single wheels with wide-profile tires and a system for regulating air pressure in them. ZIL-157 was developed under the leadership of the new chief designer of ZIL, professor, doctor of technical sciences A.M. Krieger (1910-1984).
Since 1965, a 109-strong version with a modernized chassis was produced under the designation ZIL-157K, and the ZIL-157KE was equipped with two gas tanks. The cars were also offered as ZIL-157V and ZIL-157KV truck tractors. The latest version of the ZIL-157KD appeared in 1978 and was produced for 13 years. For 29 years of production, 797,934 cars of the “157” series were assembled. In 1960, the largest in the history of the plant, the fourth reconstruction began, which ended four years later with the installation of a fundamentally new 5-ton truck ZIL-130 of the third generation, also developed under the leadership of A.M. Krieger.
Its serial production began in December 1964. ZIL-130 marked the transition of the plant to the manufacture of more advanced equipment with high operational properties. For the first time in the practice of the enterprise, a modern 8-cylinder V-shaped overhead valve was used on it. carburetor engine(5969 cm 3, 150 HP) with centrifugal oil filter, the power of which immediately exceeded the same values of the second generation motors by 1.5 times.
The ZIL-130 first featured a power steering and a fairly comfortable cab with efficient ventilation and heating systems, a panoramic windshield, an alligator-type hood, and its design imitated the appearance of most American bonnet trucks of the 1950s. The first release ZIL-130 weighed 4300 kg., could tow a trailer weighing 8 tons, developed a maximum speed of 90 km / h and consumed 28 liters. gasoline per 100 km. The ZIL-130G version had a wheelbase increased from 3800 to 4500 mm. Other versions were dump trucks - agricultural ZIL-MMZ-554 and construction ZIL-MMZ-555, a ZIL-130V truck tractor, an onboard ZIL-130A for working with trailers and gas cylinder ZIL-138.
The northern version of the ZIL-130S was produced by the Chita car assembly plant. During the production of third-generation cars, their design was constantly modernized, which was reflected in the designations of the models: ZIL-130-76 (1977), ZIL-130-80 (1980) and ZIL-431410 (1986). The frame was reinforced on them and chassis, which made it possible to increase the carrying capacity up to 6 tons. The engine was equipped with a head with vortex inlet channels, a transistor ignition system, a dry air filter... The cars were equipped with a hypoid main gear, a separate pneumatic brake drive, a modified instrument panel, and a new radiator lining.
Until 1994, a total of 3,366,503 machines of the 130th series were manufactured. In the category of all-wheel drive vehicles, the third generation includes the ZIL-131 (6 × 6) 3.5-ton truck, unified with the 130 series and produced since December 1966. The ZIL-131V truck tractor became its version. Then it was replaced by ZIL-131N with a carrying capacity of 3.75 tons, produced until 1986. the production of trucks ZIL-431410 and ZIL-131N was transferred to the Ural Automobile Plant (UAMZ) in Novouralsk near Yekaterinburg. In 1975, ZIL launched the production of a new generation of 3-axle vehicles ZIL-133P (6 × 4) with a carrying capacity of 8 tons, to which, since 1979, a 10-ton model ZIL-133G2 with a total weight of 17.2 tons was added.
They were equipped with a standard 150-horsepower V8 engine, a 5-speed gearbox, a hypoid final drive and a semi-elliptical spring-balanced rear wheel suspension. Since 1979, a KAMAZ-740 V8 diesel engine from the Kama Automobile Plant (10857 cm 3, 210 hp), a 2-disc clutch and a 10-speed gearbox have been installed on the ZIL-133GYa truck. With a total mass of 17.8 tons, it developed a speed of 80 km / h. Back in the early 50s. at the ZIS, a design bureau of special all-terrain vehicles was created, which was headed by the famous designer Vitaly Andreevich Grachev (1903-1978).
There, work began on the creation of powerful multi-axle all-wheel drive vehicles for the army and special purposes. In the 50s. prototypes of the ZIL-157 truck, the ZIS-485 amphibian, as well as the first domestic 4-axle transporters ZIL-134 and ZIL-135 (8 × 8) were created. In 1964, an experienced 5-ton vehicle ZIL-E167 (6 × 6) appeared, equipped with two 7-liter ZIL-375 V8 engines with 180 hp each. and the original onboard transmission. At the turn of the 50-60s. the plant began production of 9-ton army transporters ZIL-135K and ZIL-135LM (8 × 8) with front and rear steerable wheels.
They were equipped with two motors with a total power of 360 hp, an onboard transmission, a torsion bar suspension of two pairs of wheels, a power steering, a tire inflation system and 4-seater fiberglass cabins. Since 1966, this production was transferred to the Bryansk Automobile Plant (BAZ). Other original designs of those years include the all-wheel drive road train ZIL-137 (10 × 10), which consisted of a ZIL-131V truck tractor and a 2-axle 10-ton semi-trailer with active axles, a 20-ton amphibious vehicle ZIL-135P (8 × 8), all-terrain vehicle ZIL-132S on four pneumatic rollers.
In 1971, on the basis of ZIL, the production association MosavtoZIL (PO ZIL) was created, which was one of the five largest machine-building complexes in the USSR. It included 17 specialized enterprises located in different regions of the country. In the early 80s. the fifth reconstruction of the headquarters in Moscow was completed. The length of its conveyors reached 60 km, and the production capacity was 200 thousand trucks per year, or 8 times more than the capabilities of the ZIS after the first reconstruction in 1931. The record annual production volume was reached in 1988 - 209650 vehicles.
The development of the next generation began in the late 70s. For the first time, the results of these works were made public in 1981 with the appearance of an experimental vehicle ZIL-169G. Basic model a new family - the 6-ton ZIL-4331 began to roll off the assembly line in 1985. Its main differences were increased efficiency and efficiency, a simpler and more modern shape of the hood and a new comfortable cab. The car used a new diesel engine ZIL-645 V8 (8743 cm 3, 185 hp) with volume-film mixture formation and an 8-speed transmission, which included a conventional 4-speed gearbox with a planetary range.
Cockpit on soft suspension equipped with a sprung driver's seat and a steering wheel adjustable in tilt and height. To simplify maintenance, an integral empennage was introduced, which consisted of a hood block with wings. Reduced number of chassis lubrication points and automatic brake adjustment have contributed to the reduction in service time and costs. The new conditions of the perestroika period in the late 80s and early 90s, the loss of important markets, disruptions in cooperative ties and the actual cessation of the receipt of military orders forced ZIL to radically revise its policy and begin to adapt to market principles of economic management.
At first, this led to a sharp drop in demand for all serial trucks and put the plant on the brink of bankruptcy. At the same time, an active search for a way out of this situation began, as a result of which the entire production program was revised and expanded. This was also facilitated by competition from foreign firms, which ZIL had never experienced before. In 1992, PO “MosavtoZIL” was privatized and transformed into the Open Joint Stock Moscow Company “Plant named after I.A. Likhachev ”(AMO ZIL) with the preservation of the“ ZIL ”trademark. In addition to the parent plant, it includes 30 subsidiaries. The Moscow government became one of its shareholders.
The main achievement of ZIL was the prompt creation of a fundamentally new fifth generation of medium-class distribution trucks with a gross weight of up to 7 tons, designed for small entrepreneurs and predominantly used in cities for the delivery of small consignments. The basis of the family in 1996 was the ZIL-5301, a 3-ton semi-hood car, nicknamed by the people “Bull” for its specific appearance. It is equipped with an automobile modification of a tractor 4-cylinder diesel engine D-245 (4750 cm 3, 109 hp).
Minsk Motor Plant (MMZ). The 5-speed synchronized gearbox, power steering and 3-seater cab used on the car are unified with the ZIL-4331 truck. "Bull" is equipped with a hydraulic clutch and brakes, hypoid main gear, front disc brakes, 16-inch wheels with tubeless tires, a metal loading platform with an awning, has a small turning radius (7 m) and a small loading height. With a relatively high curb weight of about 4 tons, it has a top speed of 90-95 km / h.
The new family is based on several chassis of the same type with a short, extended or double 7-seater cab and a wheelbase of 3650 and 4250 mm 2.9 and 2.7 tons, as well as several types of universal, isothermal and refrigerated vans, a 3-ton dump truck ZIL-SAZ-1503, and since 1998 - an all-metal van ZIL-5301SS with sliding doors. In 1999, a compact van ZIL-5301NS with a capacity of 10.5 m 3 appeared on a chassis with a wheelbase of 3245 mm .. There is also a 3-axle version of the ZIL-5302 (6 × 2) and the all-wheel drive ZIL-5301FA (4 × 4) ...
The presence of a spar frame and a separate cab provide a very great opportunities on the use of the chassis for the installation of special equipment and various bodies. Among them are various dump trucks, cisterns, evacuation vehicles, fire trucks, buses for 15-21 places. In appearance and power unit, the closest relative of "bulls" is four-wheel drive vehicle ZIL-4327 (4 × 4) with a carrying capacity of 2.3 tons, unified on the chassis with the series "131". ZIL-5301 cars, which turned out to be simpler and cheaper than foreign analogues, fully satisfy the needs of Russian buyers. In 1999, 13,745 “bulls” were manufactured, which accounted for 63.4% of the total production of the plant.
Cardinal reforms in Russia in the 90s. significantly affected the position of ZIL. The initial reliance on close cooperation in the field of heavy trucks and diesel engines with Kenworth, Caterpillar, Volvo and Renault did not bring much success. As a result, the plant was forced to continue to focus on its own forces, that is, the creation of an extensive unified family based on its own serial trucks.
In the 90s. on the basis of ZIL-4331, a wide range of unified vehicles with a total weight of 12 tons with a wheelbase of 3800 and 4500 mm was developed truck tractors ZIL-442100 and ZIL-442300 with short and extended cabins. On the 8-ton onboard ZIL-534330 with a gross weight of 14.5 tons and the ZIL-541760 and ZIL-541730 tractors, the YaMZ-236A V6 diesel engine (11149 cm 3, 195 hp) and an 8-speed gearbox are used.
Since 1999, the ZIL-541740 tractor has been produced with a 230-horsepower YaMZ-236NE turbocharged diesel engine. The greatest demand is for simple 6-ton vehicles ZIL-433110 and ZIL-433360 with an old 150 hp V8 carburetor engine inherited from the ZIL-130. In 1995, the ZIL-131D car was replaced by the ZIL-4334 (6 × 6) with a carrying capacity of 3.75 tons, equipped with a multi-fuel 170-horsepower ZIL-6451 diesel engine. The modern series "133" includes a 10-ton onboard version of the ZIL-133G40 (6 × 4) with a total weight of 17.7 tons, dump trucks ZIL-4514 and ZIL-4520, a ZIL-13305A truck tractor with a sleeping cab.
The main engine for them was a new diesel ZIL-6454 V8 (9556 cm 3, 200 hp), working with a 9-speed transmission. Since 1999, a new 10-ton truck ZIL-6309 (6 × 4) and a dump truck ZIL-6409 with a 195-horsepower YaMZ-236A diesel engine have been produced. In 1996, the main truck tractor ZIL-6404 (6 × 4) was presented with a 410-horsepower YaMZ-7511 diesel engine and a sleeping compartment, capable of towing road trains weighing up to 40 tons at a speed of 105 km / h. Several ZIL-4421S truck tractors (power up to 900 hp) with imported units were manufactured to participate in the FIA Cup in road-ring truck races.
In the early 90s. the previously classified production of special all-terrain vehicles was reorganized into OAO Vezdekhod GVA. Its name includes the initials of the creator of all-terrain vehicles V.A. Gracheva. The most interesting are the "Blue Bird" rescue amphibians, which previously had the ZIL-132K index. They were offered in cargo and cargo-passenger versions ZIL-4906 and ZIL-49061 (6 × 6) with gasoline or diesel engines with a capacity of 136-185 hp, an onboard 10-speed transmission, independent torsion bar suspension, disc brakes, fiberglass bodies, equipped with radio navigation devices and rescue equipment.
The total weight of the cars is 9.6-11.8 tons, the maximum speed on the highway is 75-80 km / h, afloat - 8-9 km / h. Since 1995, in the town of Balakhna, Nizhny Novgorod Region, at the Pravdinsky Plant of Radio Relay Equipment (PZRA), the assembly of their land-based 4.5-ton 185 strong versions has begun. Universal chassis ZIL-4972 and ZIL-4975 with an onboard platform and a hydraulic crane have full weight 12-13 tons and are equipped with an 18-speed transmission.
By the end of the 20th century, AMO ZIL remained one of the largest manufacturers of trucks in Europe. They are produced in more than 120 versions and are offered with bodies and superstructures, which are produced by 100 enterprises in Russia and the CIS countries, and 800 factories and workshops produce components for them. In 1998-2000. ZIL produced 20-22 thousand trucks each - this is 10 times less than its potential capabilities. Since the beginning of its activity at the enterprises of AMO, ZIS and ZIL, a total of about 6 million trucks and other types of vehicles have been produced.
©. Photos taken from publicly available sources.
Date of birth of the plant ZIL- August 2, 1916. The founding fathers are the owners of the Kuznetsov, Ryabushinskiy and K trading house. The plant began to work in full only in 1924, when an order came to the enterprise for the production of the first Soviet trucks.
Over the years of its activity, ZIL has repeatedly become an innovator and author of many new products in mechanical engineering, which have since been used and are still being applied to this day at all domestic car factories. So, ZIL became the author hydraulic drive brakes, 12-volt equipment system, eight-cylinder engine, hypoid final drive and power windows, four-barrel carburetor, car air conditioner, disc brakes and a four-headlight system.
Today ZIL is the largest automotive holding in Russia, which includes several large enterprises that produce both automotive equipment itself and its components. RyazanAvtoagregat AMO ZIL LLC produces driving rear and middle axles, front axles, cardan shafts, hot stampings, as well as spare parts. CJSC "Penza plant" Avtozapchast "produces automobile pistons for power units, wheel and master cylinder brakes and sintered guides of valve bushings to motors. ZAO Petrovsky Zavod of Auto Parts AMO ZIL produces gearboxes for rear axles, rear axles and front axles, clutch mechanisms, hydraulic shock absorbers and other products. JSC "Smolensk Automobile Aggregate Plant" has established the production of special vehicles. JSC "Kashirsky Foundry" Tsentrolit "produces shaped castings from ferrous and non-ferrous metals and alloys.
ZIL produces trucks with a carrying capacity of 6.95 to 14.5 tons, small buses with a length of 6.6 to 7.9 meters and executive cars. The ZIL model range is very extensive and consists of emergency repair vehicles, buses, lifts, dump trucks, fuel and oil tankers, vans, food tankers, road maintenance vehicles, chassis, side platforms, agricultural equipment (for the transportation of bulk feed and machines for transportation of hatching eggs and young poultry). Also in the model range of ZIL - sweepers, fire trucks, manipulators and other equipment.
A fairly wide range of special equipment is also produced on the ZIL chassis - armored personnel carriers, amphibians, special off-road vehicles, search and rescue complexes, cargo and cargo-passenger all-terrain vehicles, KDM, etc. Over the years of its existence ZIL exported more than 630 thousand vehicles to more than 50 countries of the world.
By the beginning of the fifties, the ZIS-150, the development of which began in the pre-war period, was morally obsolete. ZIL-164, serial production of which began in 1957, turned out to be only a temporary solution. In fact, it was a deep modernization of the same 150th model. The state needed absolutely new car... The first prototypes of the ZIL-130 with a carrying capacity of four tons were built at the end of 1956. An in-line six-cylinder ZIL-120 engine, familiar from the previous model, was installed under the hood. But soon this motor was abandoned in favor of a new unit. The V8 engine with a displacement of six liters produced 150 hp. The compression ratio was only 6.5 units, but the engine could run on 72 gasoline. It took six years to fine-tune and test the car, and the first experimental batches were assembled in 1962. But the machines required additional development tests. Large-scale production started only on October 1, 1964.
Appearance to the people
The truck at that time turned out to be innovative, with a level of comfort unheard of for a Soviet driver. Steering was with a hydraulic booster, and the five-speed gearbox was equipped with synchronizers for all but the first gear. The car started quietly from the second, and the first step was needed only for off-road or very steep climbs. Therefore, she was made spur-toothed.
The exterior of the truck was quite daring, even by international standards. Appearance entrusted to a young graduate of "Stroganovka" (Moscow School of Industrial Art) Eric Vladimirovich Sabo. Nothing of the kind until then, and then, among our freight vehicles did not have. The embossed radiator grill, stylish cab contours and, most importantly, the panoramic windshield! Only the government GAZ-13 Chaika and ZIL-111 could boast of such grace.
Another distinctive feature of the new car is the color scheme. Before that, the main color for the overwhelming majority of Soviet trucks was khaki - in order to quickly mobilize in case of war. But the 130th received a sky-blue cockpit with a white front end. Of course, there were other colors, including dark green. But most of the cars were blue.
ZIL-130 quickly won the love of drivers. It turned out to be beautiful, dynamic and comfortable. The carrying capacity was five tons - more than the vehicle's own weight. But the main thing is that he turned out to be very hardy. Estimated mileage up to overhaul 300 thousand kilometers for the sixties was a very decent figure. In May 1973, they carried out large-scale life tests of the 130th at the NAMI auto testing ground. He covered the distance of 25 thousand kilometers in 12 days. At the same time, not a single breakdown was recorded. But, the incredibly successful design partly became the curse of the plant ...
Belated shift
Of course, no one was going to rest on their laurels. No matter how successful the design is, progress does not stand still. And you need to prepare a successor. But at the end of the 60s, ZIL designers were busy developing a family of cabover trucks with diesel engine and with a carrying capacity of eight tons. In December 1969, the first samples of the new ZIL-170 car were assembled, which later turned into KAMAZ-5320. Only in 1976, when the serial production of KAMAZ trucks was launched in Naberezhnye Chelny, did the Likhachev plant finally start developing its own car, the successor to the 130th. However, time was lost. ZIL-130 was completely outdated by that time.
It was only in 1978 that the updated car 130–76 was launched into production, which is easy to distinguish by its modified "face" (sidelights and headlights have changed places). And in 1986, the car received a new index - 431410. But whatever it was called, it was the same 130th, the main drawback of which was the gluttonous Gas engine... And if for KAMAZ the diesel unit was created by the Yaroslavl Motor Plant, then ZIL had to develop its own diesel engine from scratch. The work on the car and the engine was long and painful. As a result, the successor to the 130th, the ZIL-4331, made it to the assembly line only in 1987. And not all cars were equipped with the new ZIL-645 diesel engine. Most of the new cars were produced with the same gasoline engine.
In fact, the new truck was a deeply modernized "one hundred and thirty" with a new cab. Moreover, both generations of cars were produced in parallel. The last ZIL-431410 rolled off the assembly line already in the post-Soviet era - in 1994. For thirty years of production, the ZIL-130 has acquired a large number of modifications. And the total circulation was almost three and a half million copies! This makes the 130th not only legendary, but also one of the most massive cars in the history of our automotive industry.
His successor did not even come close to achieving the same popularity. With the transition to a market economy, a medium-tonnage truck with a gasoline engine was out of work. The ZIL-645 diesel engine was raw and required revision, for which there was no longer enough money. The plant tried to establish production of model 4331 with engines from MMZ and Caterpillar. But all is in vain. The demand revived the ZIL-5301 "Bychok" developed in a short time, but the effect was temporary. We know perfectly well how it all ended for ZIL. However, this is a completely different story. And today the 130th continues to serve faithfully in many enterprises and farms. This pensioner has long deserved peace. But I am sure that we will meet the legendary truck on the roads for a long time to come.
Personal acquaintance |
| I myself had a chance to talk with the 130th ZIL, while still a student of a driving school. For category C training, there were two ZIL trucks in the park: 4331 and 431410 (read, 130th). I got the second one. Almost twelve years have passed since then, but the memories of managing ZIL are still fresh. The engine started easily and ran very smoothly. They say that with a properly tuned motor, the compressor should be heard better than the motor itself. It was just about a training car - the engine rustled barely noticeably. Interestingly, ZIL-4331, which was fifteen years younger, was in a much worse condition. From the second gear, the 130th got under way very easily and accelerated very confidently. Feedback and responsiveness on the steering wheel, which we evaluate during comparative tests, - not about this car. For ZIL, the main thing is that the steering wheel turns easily. The only thing that caused discomfort in the tight traffic on the streets of Moscow was poor visibility. The bonnet and front fenders were tall, after all. But I still remember that car with warmth. |
| dimensions: length / width / height / base | 6675/2500/2400/3800 mm |
| Curb / full weight | |
| Weight of the towed trailer | |
| Turning radius | |
| Fuel / fuel reserve | |
| Fuel consumption at a speed of 60 km / h | |
| ENGINE |
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| Full title: | JSC "Plant named after Likhachev" |
| Other names: | ZIL, Automobile Moscow Society (AMO), Automobile Moscow Society named after Ferrero, 1st State Automobile Plant, Plant named after Stalin, JSC "Plant named after I. A. Likhachev" AMO ZIL |
| Existence: | 1916 - today |
| Location: | Russia, Moscow |
| General manager: | I.V. Zakharov. |
| Products: | Trucks, cars. |
| The lineup: |
ZiS: ZiS-101; ZIS-101A-Sport; ZiS-102; ZiS-110; ZiS-112; ZiS-115; ZiS-5; ZiS-8; ZiS-16; ZiS-22; ZiS-22 / ZiS-22-50 / 52; ZiS-127; ZiS-150/151; ZiS-154; ZiS-155; ZIL: ZIL-111; ZIL-111G / 111D / 111V; ZIL-112S; Zil-114; Zil-117; Zil-130; Zil-157; Zil-131; Zil-41044 (Zil-115V); Zil-432930; ; Experimental: ZiS-E134 Model No. 1; Zil-E167; UralZis-352; ZIL-5901 (PES-2); Zil - PKU 1; Military: ZIS-485 BAV; |
The history of the Zil plant
August 2 (according to the old style - July 20) 1916 is considered the date of foundation of the ZIL plant. On that day, Major General G. Krivoshein, in Tyuffel Grove, near Moscow, in front of a large number of people, laid the first stone, which became the foundation of the new plant. The main persons of the project were Sergey and Stepan Ryabushinskiy - well-known entrepreneurs and A. Kuznetsov, known as the owner of Pereyaslavskaya Manufactory. The Ryabushinskys planned to start at the plant the production of a one and a half-ton truck "FIAT-15 Ter" (model 1915) and in parallel to produce staff cars, the license for which belonged to the French enterprise Hotchkiss.
In Tyuffle Grove, a celebration was held to mark the start of the construction of an automobile plant, where it was planned to produce 150 trucks by March 1917. However, certain difficulties prevented the plans for the construction of the plant, and the Ryabushinskys bought F-15 vehicle kits from Italy. The first director of AMO, Dmitry Dmitrievich Bondarev, a talented engineer who previously headed the Russian-Baltic Carriage Works. The core of the collective of the Moscow plant was the technical engineers and former workers of the automobile branch of the Riga firm.
However, the October Revolution, followed by civil war and devastation, prevented the construction of the plant, which was never built. By the time of the revolution, the plant was 95% complete. AMO was nationalized on August 15, 1918, accusing the Ryabushinskys of disrupting the terms of the contract signed with the Military Department.
Industrialization coupled with collectivization multiplies the need for cars, but nationalization turned the factory into a workshop for repairing foreign trucks. During the period from 1919 to 923, the plant mainly repaired the American 3-ton "Whites", in parallel trying to establish the production of motors.
At that time, the truck could be put into production, but as a result, the preference was given to the "FIAT-15 Ter", for which there were drawings and the design of which was lighter. In addition, over the years, the company has restored 230 cars, medium repairs were made for 18, and the current one for 67. 137 motorcycles were repaired.
Start of car production.
In 1917, the plant assembled 432 trucks, the next year - 779, and 108 cars in 1919. But, at the same time, the plant was not completed for the manufacture of its own cars. The reason for this is the October revolution and the war. Nationalization turned the unfinished enterprise into several large workshops specializing in the repair of cars and other equipment. From the beginning of 1920, AMO took part in the Soviet tank program. In the period from February to July, 24 tank engines of the Russian Renault tank were manufactured here.
April 30, 1923 The plant was named after the communist Ferrero, an Italian who was killed by the Nazis. But only in March 1924 the plant received a government order to manufacture the first batch of Soviet trucks.
In 1925 the plant was named after the 1st State Automobile Plant. In 1927 I.A. Likhachev. The plant was subordinated to an autotrest, which decided to undertake its reconstruction.
Production was gaining momentum. The year 1930 was marked by the purchase of a license for the American Autocar-5S truck with a carrying capacity of 2.5 tons. The plans were to produce trucks using the conveyor method.
The reconstructed plant was launched in 1931, and on October 1 of the same year, it was named after Stalin (Plant named after Stalin, ZIS). October 25, 1931 - the date of the launch of the first Soviet assembly automotive conveyor, which produced the first batch of 27 AMO-3 trucks.
During the first five-year plans, in accordance with the General Plan for the Reconstruction of Moscow, housing construction was launched. The workers of the factories "Dynamo" and "Amo" were housed in the newly built village of Dubrovka.
Since 1932, the production of minibuses AMO-4 (aka ZIS-8) began.
On August 21, 1933, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR decided to carry out the second reconstruction of the plant, which was aimed at expanding the lineup cars.
After going through the reconstruction of 33-37 years, ZiS made a new modification - ZIS-5, which was given the nickname "Zakhar". Since 1934, ZIS-6 trucks and ZIS-8 buses began to be produced. Cars ZIS-101 began to roll off the assembly line in 1936. Special vehicles based on ZIS and AMO were produced by many enterprises. Ambulances began to be produced in the late twenties. For them, the AMO-F-15 cargo chassis were used. Experimental models of thermo-vans were built in 1932-33 on the basis of the AMO-4 shissi. The Aremkuz plant in the same year produced bread vans on the AMO-3, ZIS-5 chassis. The Leningrad Dairy Plant began producing isometric milk tanks in 1934.
The war period.
The plant was evacuated from Moscow to the east on October 15, 1941. The plant's equipment was transported to the cities of Ulyanovsk, Shchadrinsk, Chelyabinsk, Miass. Evacuated equipment and people became the basis of new factories. This is how the Ulyanovsk and Ural automobile plants, the Chelyabinsk press-forging plant, and the Shadrinsk aggregate plant appeared. At the end of 1941, the original plant was prepared for destruction and stopped. But after the Red Army carried out a successful offensive in the winter of 1941-42, the ZIS began to work little by little, and in June 1942 this work bore fruit in the form of military ZIS-5V trucks (assembled from early production parts), half-track ZIS-22 tractors and ZIS-42 and all kinds of weapons for the front. The first "Zakhar" was released in Ulyanovsk on April 30, 1942. The post-war ZIS-150 truck is based on one of the ZIS-15, ZIS-15K variants.
Approximately one hundred thousand trucks ZIS-5V, ZIS-42, ZIS-42M and ambulance buses ZIS-16S were produced during the war. At the same time, in June 1942, the ZIS was awarded the first Order of Lenin for the impeccable organization of the production of weapons and ammunition.
In the fall of 1942, the Stalin plant received an order from the country's leadership: to begin the development and construction of a new passenger car on its own. Andrey Nikolaevich Ostrovtsev, deputy chief designer for passenger cars, was specially invited to the enterprise. He was entrusted with the work on the creation of the ZIS-110 machine and all its modifications necessary in the future. On September 20, 1944, the State Defense Committee (State Defense Commission) approved a prototype ZIS-110. In September of the same year, the ZIS-110 was put into mass production.
During the war years, the ZIS plant produced weapons for the front. These are machine guns, mines, shells, mortars and so on.
As the enemy troops approached the capital more and more rapidly, the normal functioning of the ZIS plant was in jeopardy. In this regard, on October 15, 1941, production was stopped, and the workshops were urgently transferred to the east. Nevertheless, this laborious process made it possible to organize the production of trucks and their units by April 1942.
In the spring of 1942, in the city of Ulyanovsk, they began to produce cars again, but in a modernized and simplified form, under the brand name ZIS - 5V. Production in Moscow was established by the summer of 1942, and the production of ZISs at the Ural automobile plant Miass began in the summer of 1944.
After the victory in Germany, Hitler's archives were opened, which contained detailed reports describing the tests Soviet cars... Zis cars were rated especially highly in them. Possessing exceptional durability and unpretentiousness, as well as having excellent cross-country ability. In terms of production scale, the ZIS-5 was second only to the Gorky "lorry", and due to the high technical specifications was widespread in the army.
The plant was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor in October 1944.
For another two decades after the victory in the war, the ZIS-5 did not leave the assembly lines. The Miass Automobile Plant made consistent improvements to the truck. This is how the UralZIS-5M and UralZIS-355 models appeared. The pinnacle of production was the popular UralZIS-355M model, released in 1965.
The defeat of the fascist troops provided conditions for the re-evacuation of a number of factories to Moscow. On January 6, 1941, the State Defense Committee decided to resume car production, while not disrupting the pace of defense production.
The ZIS plant was reconstructed for the third time in 1946. The purpose of the reconstruction was the release of the first post-war products, namely the ZIS-150 trucks (production started in 1947), as well as trucks with increased cross-country ability ZIS-151, which began production in 1948.
November 1949 brought the plant an award with the second Order of Lenin for services in the field of Soviet autobuilding, as well as in connection with the 25th anniversary of the production of the Soviet car.
On April 30, 1950, refrigerators were included in the production of the plant, January 1951 was marked by the release of the first bicycle, the production of which continued until 1959.
At the beginning of 1953, a special department was created at the plant, which was engaged in the design of the first Chinese automobile plant. ZIS specialists provided assistance to the Chinese in Changchun, where the first chinese truck called "Jiefang", which was a copy of the ZIS-150.
In 1954, at the insistence of Marshal Zhukov, a design bureau was created at the plant, which was engaged in the creation of special equipment for mobile missile systems.
After the death of Ivan Alekseevich Likhachev in 1956, the plant was named after Ivan Alekseevich Likhachev. The end of this year was marked by the assembly of two samples of post-war trucks of the second generation (ZIL-130, ZIL-131).
In 1957, the production of the ZIL-164, 164A vehicle began, which replaced the ZIS-150. The engine of this car has been modernized, and the rear axle has acquired a stamped beam.
The ZIS-155 bus was replaced by new model- ZIL-158.
In the period from 1975 to 1989, the plant produced annually 195-210 thousand trucks. In the 90s, the volume of production began to decline rapidly, in 1996 it amounted to only 7.2 thousand trucks, but later increased again to 21-22 thousand. In the period 1924-2006, the plant produced 7,853,985 trucks, 39,501 buses, and 12,145 passenger cars(from 1936 to 2006). In addition, from 1951 to 2000, 5.5 million household refrigerators, 3.24 million bicycles were produced in just 8 years of production. At the same time, more than 630 thousand cars were exported, exported to 51 countries of the world.
In 1978, the outdated representative model ZIL-114 was replaced by ZIL-4104.
Since 1979, instead of ZIL-133G2, ZIL-133GYa trucks began to be produced, which were equipped with a KamAZ-740 diesel engine with a power of 210 hp, as well as a 10-speed gearbox and had reinforced springs.
The plant played a huge role in the production of KamAZ. It was ZIL that designed the foundry and car assembly buildings. Samples of the created trucks became the basis for car models from Naberezhnye Chelny.
The largest reconstruction in the history of the plant began in 1982 and coincided with dramatic economic changes in the country.
1984 marked the release of the first ZIL-130 vehicles with modernization front wheel drive under the symbol ZIL-431410. However, in the 90s, the production of this model (as well as the ZIL-131N) was transferred to the Ural Automobile Plant located near Yekaterinburg in Novouralsk.
At the beginning of the 90s, the previously classified production of special all-terrain vehicles was transformed into OJSC “Vezdekhod GVA”. The name of the enterprise includes the initials of the creator of all-terrain vehicles V.A.Grachev. The emergency rescue amphibian "Blue Bird" has become the most interesting exhibit. It was offered both in cargo (ZIL-4906) and in cargo-and-passenger (ZIL-49061), which had a 6 by 6 drive, as well as gasoline or diesel engines with a capacity of 136-185 liters. sec., onboard ten-speed transmission, disc brakes, independent torsion bar suspension, fiberglass body, which was equipped with radio navigation devices with rescue equipment.
Present time.
When the USSR collapsed in December 1991, long-term intra-union ties were severed. Therefore, a revision and expansion was carried out production program, which was facilitated by competition with foreign firms, which became a novelty in the history of ZIL.
PO ZIL was privatized on September 23, 1992, transformed into AMO ZIL, retaining the ZIL trademark. The board of directors became a new management body in the history of the plant and was adopted by the shareholders' meeting. In 1992, in connection with the renewal of the market, a 3-ton low-tonnage ZIL-5301 was developed. Moscow Mayor Luzhkov gave him the famous nickname "Goby".
In 1992, a small number of ZIL-4421 truck tractors were manufactured specifically for circuit racing on trucks (machine power up to 900 kg.)
The last ZIL-130 truck rolled off the assembly line on December 30, 1994. In the same year, small-scale production of the ZIL-5301 family begins, the chassis of which served as the basis for buses and an all-metal van with a capacity of 15 + 1 and 21 + 1.
The main truck tractor ZIL-6404 was introduced in 1996. Its 410-horsepower engine made it possible to tow road trains with a curb weight of up to 40 tons at a speed of up to 105 km / h.
The ZIL-432720 car with a wheelbase of 3340 mm was put into production in 1998. Chassis model 432722 is designed for the installation of special superstructures for public utilities and road services.
The reforms of Russia in the 90s had a dramatic effect on the position of the plant. Attempts of close cooperation in the field of heavy engineering with Kenworth, Volvo, Carterpillar, Renault did not bring the expected success.
New 10-ton heavyweights ZIL-6309 and dump trucks ZIL-6409 began to be produced in 1999. The latter was equipped with a 195-horsepower diesel engine. ZIL met the end of the twentieth century, releasing more than 120 variants of cars, offering for them a variety of bodies and superstructures, produced in more than 100 enterprises in the CIS countries. Components for these cars were manufactured in 800 different workshops and factories.
Nowadays, on the basis of the ZIL chassis, the plant, together with other similar enterprises, produces a huge assortment of all kinds of equipment: road construction, communal, vacuum, sewer washing, silo, emergency repair, as well as garbage trucks, car lifts and tank trucks.
In 2003, the plant began production of new models of cars ZIL-433180 and ZIL-432930, the engines of which are characterized by increased capacities and run on a diesel engine, while having certificates of conformity to Euro-2 standards.
4.3 / 5 ( 13 votes)
You can talk about the legendary ZIL 130 model for hours. It all began in the post-war years, when the Soviet Union needed equipment for agricultural needs. This Soviet, and later russian car, came to replace old model ZIL-164, the production of which was initially carried out as the ZIS-150. Before the model was as we know it, a lot of changes were made on it. Before the restructuring of the Stalin plant, the model was produced as the ZIS-125.
As a product of the Likhachev plant, it was produced in the period from 1962 to 2010. Initially, the assembly was carried out in Moscow, but in the 90s the capacities were transferred to Novouralsk. There the car was produced under a different name Amur. It is noteworthy that the ZIL-130 became the first truck of its kind, which began to be painted in white and blue. Before that, all ZILs were painted in khaki color, since they were created for military purposes. The entire model range is ZIL.
Appearance
The foreshadowing versions of the ZIL trucks were extremely unfinished and crude. The excuse is strong, a large amount of equipment was required to compensate for damage after the war. But in the end, already in 1956, the prototypes were much more beautiful than their predecessors.
After a series of further changes that concerned both the restyling of the truck and the plant itself, the ZIL-130 was presented at the annual international fair in Leipzig, where it received a gold medal, and the engineers received many diplomas. Since that time, the model "130" began to gain unprecedented popularity.
The fact is that the ZIL dump trucks had a lot of modifications. The most used of these were semi-trailers and articulated haulers. The most significant modifications were made in 1966 and 1977. On the basis of the usual "one hundred and thirtieth", fire engines and truck cranes, tank trucks and vans were created, onboard cars and construction dump trucks.
The car is efficient even in confined urban conditions thanks to a turning radius of up to 7 meters. With a carrying capacity of only 3 tons, the ZIL-130 itself weighs at least 4 tons. At the same time, it can be used to tow a trailer weighing no more than 8 tons. From the outside, the Russian truck for that time it looked very much even nothing. The car was capable of drawing attention to itself.
It was painted white and blue. Before the ZIL-130, all automobile enterprises worked only for the defense and army spectrum, based on this, the car had a protective paint. The hood was of an alligator type. ZIL received streamlined fenders, panoramic windshield. On top of that, a ventilation hatch and windows were provided in the cockpit.
Body
The body was delivered with a tailgate and was considered a cargo-passenger. Lattices located on the sides were equipped with benches that could be folded back. They could fit 16 people. There was also a bench that could be removed - it could accommodate 8 people.
The basic modification of the ZIL-130 includes an awning with arches, which can be removed and installed at any time. The body structure is also practical. The height of the floor of the cargo compartment of the ZIL-130 is similar to the height of the floor in railway cars. This fact greatly simplifies the process of loading and unloading.
Additional equipment included blackout for military versions, canisters, an ax, a shovel.
Cabin interior
The steering gear of the ZIL-130 was a screw with a special spherical nut plus a piston-rail. The hydraulic booster was built-in. The three-seater cab is located just behind the engine. At the same time, the seat is adjustable in length, height and backrest tilt. The main options in the cab were a heater, a wiper with two brushes, and a glass washer. For the 60s, cab ergonomics are top notch. Dashboard and functional instruments are located very conveniently in relation to the driver.
In the roof of the cab, the designers have provided two ventilation hatches. The radiator grill has become a memorable element. The cockpit was made of solid metal and was designed for three seats. The engineering staff did a great job, because the car was comfortable and very different from many Soviet trucks. The drivers received improved conditions for the performance of their work.
Sitting inside was much more comfortable, because the changes also affected the width - it was increased by 1.2 meters when compared with the ZIL-164 model. Instruments and controls were optimally located in the spacious cockpit. In addition, there appeared soft seats- for the driver and for passengers (double). The driver's seat could now be adjusted horizontally and vertically.
You could also change the angle of the back of the chair and cushions. It was on the ZIL-130 that the hydraulic power steering made its debut. This increased not only the ease of driving the truck, but also its safety - if the front wheel broke, it was easier to keep the truck on the road.
Specifications
The ZIL-130 car was originally equipped with an eight-cylinder 4-stroke engine with a capacity of 148 horsepower (3000 rpm). At the same time, the working volume reached 6 liters. The engine lubrication system was combined, with splash and pressure. The power supply system of the engine is forced, the cooling system is liquid.
Suspension dependent, the frame consisted of steel spars with five crossbars. 1.5 hp starter switched on by means of a traction relay. Known to everyone, the ZIL-130 truck became a breakthrough in Soviet engineering. Together with him, there were three-seater cabins, a hydraulic amplifier for wheel, KP, which included helical gears and synchronizers, preheater motor, glass washers and more.
Power unit
ZIL-130 acquired power unit, the device of which had much in common with the motor from the ZIL-111 modification. It was a V-shaped eight-cylinder engine, but with a smaller displacement indicator, which was designed for the already familiar 76th gasoline at that time. The engine came with a 2-chamber K-88AE carburetor, with a falling flow, balanced with a float chamber. There was a speed limiter.
From the very beginning, an experimental type of engine was proposed, which was carbureted and had a V-shaped arrangement of cylinders. The volume was 5.2 liters. Such an engine was capable of developing up to 135 horsepower and 3200 rpm. The camber of the cylinder block was equal to 90 degrees. However, at the debut tests, it became clear that such capacities would not be enough and the ZIL-130 truck simply would not be able to get good dynamics.
Then work began on the use of 8 cylinders in the same V-shape. Such improvements made it possible to increase the engine power to 150 horses. Then it was decided to curtail the production of 6-cylinder units. A brand new motor allowed the car to reach speeds of up to 90 km / h. The valve arrangement on this 4-stroke engine was at the top. The volume of the engine was equal to 6.0 liters and 3000 rpm.
In 1974 it was decided to use a more economical engine type for some models. This replacement also increased the efficiency of the truck. This unit was a ZIL-157 with 6 cylinders arranged in a row, the power is 110 horse power... The engine continued to feed on A-72 gasoline.
The device used an economizer design and a mechanical pump for acceleration. It is equipped with a pneumatic crankshaft speed controller, which is centrifugal. The engine is lubricated in a combined cycle. In practice, this is done by pressure, splashing oil. Initially in this mechanism included a device for deep filtration. It looked like a set of thin plates made of steel. For enhanced purification, a jet-driven centrifuge was used.
The fuel pump provided forced feed of the engine. It was designed like the B-9 diaphragm with a single outlet and a pair of inlet valves. The crankcase blowing function is of a closed type. 2-stage air purification is carried out using the VM-16 filter. This engine was quite gluttonous - for a hundred it could eat from 30 - 40 liters. It is clear that at that time this was not a problem, since the fuel cost a penny. But today, many truck owners have had to remodel their vehicles in order to lower their operating costs. A full 170-liter tank was only enough for 445 kilometers.
| Model | ZIL-MMZ-554 | ZIL-MMZ-555 (A) | ZIL-MMZ-555K |
| Base chassis | ZIL-130B / ZIL-130B2 | ZIL-130D (ZIL-130D1) | |
| Engine | ZIL-157 | ||
| Engine horsepower | 150 | 150 | 110 |
| Engine power in kilowatts | 110,4 | 110,4 | 80,9 |
| Maximum torque (Newton meters) | 401,8 | 401,8 | 343 |
| Maximum speed | 90 | 90 | 90 |
| Fuel consumption N liters per 100 kilometers | 37 | 37 | 37 |
| Gearbox type | 5-speed mechanics | ||
| Dimensions (edit) | |||
| Wheelbase | 3 800 mm. | 3 300 mm. | 3 300 mm. |
| Vehicle dimensions | |||
| Length | 6 675 mm. | 5 475 mm. | 5 475 mm. |
| Width | 2,500 mm. | 2 420 mm. | 2 420 mm. |
| Height | 2 400 mm. | 2,510 mm. | 2,510 mm. |
| Platform dimensions | |||
| Length | 3,752 mm. | ||
| Width | 2 325 mm. | ||
| Height | 575 mm. | ||
| Square | 8.7 m 3 | ||
| Body volume m 3 | 5 | 3 | 3 |
| Body lift angle | 50 about | 55 about | 55 about |
| Wheel formula | 4*2 | 4*2 | 4*2 |
| Tire size | 260-508R | 260-508R | 260-508R |
| Technical dimensions of truck cranes ZIL-130 KS-2561D and KS-2561DA | |||
| Base | |||
| Switch installation type | The main | Non-retractable boom | |
| Changeable | Reach boom, Reach boom and jib | ||
| Main boom length | 8 m. | ||
| Departure | 3.3 - 7 m. | ||
| System capacity | 1,6 | ||
| Ascent / Descent speed | 02 - 5.3 m / s | ||
| Maximum lifting height | 15 meters | ||
| Boom lowered dimensions | |||
| Length | 10 600 mm. | ||
| Height | 3650 mm. | ||
| Width | 2,500 mm. | ||
| The weight | 8.8 tons | ||
By the end of the 1980s, it became clear that it was extremely irrational for trucks to drive on gasoline. In order to rearrange the ZIL for cheaper fuel, all forces were thrown into a new modernization of the engine. But unfortunately, it did not go beyond tests and prototypes.
Gearbox and clutch
The machine has a rear-wheel drive axle, uses a dry clutch with one disc and mechanical, with a pair of synchronizers (in 2nd and 3rd and 4th and 5th gears) five-speed box gears with constant gearing of gears of speeds, except for the 1st and rear. This unit was new in the automotive industry and underwent improvements.
The gearbox transmits torque from the engine to the rear axle via a propeller shaft. The standard 130th and the extended one had two shafts with an intermediate support, which was attached to the frame. And the short wheelbase model came with a single shaft that did not need an intermediate support.
The mechanical type gearbox was designed in 1961. Already 6 years later, in 1967, the gearbox device went through small changes - it was expected and it happened, the appearance of a front bearing for the driven shaft, the shaft journal changed its device. Instead of a needle-type bearing, a cage was installed.
There was no retaining ring in the restyled box. In order to avoid water getting into the gearbox when the car is overcoming a ford or during heavy rainfall, the gearshift knob has become insulated with a rubber seal, the shape of which resembles a cover and a clamp.
And a special paste allowed manufacturers to protect the gearbox cover and hatches, the surface of the oil sump and other parts of the device. Everything inside is ventilated with a ventilation tube. The box crankcase itself was made of the best cast iron, which significantly increased its service life. Hydraulic shock absorbers are used on the front axle, and telescopic at the rear.
Brake system
On the ZIL-130 truck, drum brakes are installed on all wheels. They function when exposed to the pneumatic system. The air reserve is stored in a specialized tank at the pressure provided by a mechanical compressor.
It is brought into the operating position by the pulley of the water pump of the belt drive. The work of a 2-cylinder compressor is 2000 rpm, which is 220 liters per minute. It is liquid cooled. The number of air cylinders is 2 pieces of 20 liters each. The parking brake also uses a drum, which blocks the propeller shaft.
Electrical system
The voltage of the electrical system is 12 volts. Power is supplied from a 6ST-90-EM battery. The number 90, in the title indicates the amount of AMCh. The generators were of two types: the most common 32.3701 (found on trucks from other manufacturers, for example, KamAZ), provides a current of 60 amperes; for the ZIL-157D, the package included a G108-V with a capacity of 60A.
The voltage regulator is PP350-A (3702), contactless, semiconductor. Starter - ST130-AZ, is found not only in ZIL products. Ignition distributor - R-137, with automatic ignition timing control through centrifugal vacuum regulators. Ignition coil - B114-B. Spark plugs - A11 with M14 * 12.5 thread.
Dimensions (edit)
The dimensions of the ZIL-130 are as follows: length - 6 672 mm, width - 2500 mm, height - 2400 mm. Clearance - 275 mm. The wheelbase is 3 800 mm. The rear track is 1,790 mm. The front track is 1,800 mm. The minimum turning radius is 8,900 mm. The body platform is 5.10 cubic meters. The floor area is 8.72 square meters. Platform dimensions: width - 2 326 mm; length - 3,752 mm; height - 575 mm.
Options and prices
Most car enthusiasts buy these trucks for trucks and make them what they are - masterpieces. In the vastness of the Internet, you can find a lot of photos of ZIL after its upgrade. You can buy a real Russian truck for a very modest price - from 35-50,000 Russian rubles.
It is clear that their common and technical condition not ideal, but purchase necessary spare parts for a car is quite easy. Those cars that have been preserved in good condition, are sold a little more expensive, the cost can go up to 380,000 rubles.
Complete set
On the platform of the ZIL-130 truck, the automobile plant produced cars:
- - was produced for the transportation of various oversized cargo and low-density elements, as well as for towing a trailer, the total weight category of which is not more than 8 tons. The machine itself is capable of transporting up to 6 tons of cargo (wheelbase 4,500 mm);
- - a semitrailer-type tractor designed for towing different semitrailers, the total mass of which (this also includes the weight of the semitrailer) is not more than 14.4 tons on a hard road surface (wheelbase 3,300 mm);
- ZIL-130D1 - a platform for building a dump truck ZIL-MMZ-4502 and ZIL-MMZ-555; did an excellent job of transporting trailers;
- - a platform with a pneumatic outlet and a towing device, which is intended for building a dump truck-tractor ZIL-MMZ-45022;
- ZIL-130B2 - also a platform with a pneumatic outlet, only for a trailer and a towing device, which was intended to build a dump truck-tractor ZIL-MMZ-554M for agriculture.
Apart from those that were not mentioned, the production could produce complete sets of machines, which were assigned to operate in different climates. Any similar model of the 130th has its own letter or digital code. The operating time of the machine and its reliability, as well as economic indicators, largely depend on the grinding of parts during the first time of operation.
Initially, the plant planned the production of such models. standard configuration:
- - it was the release of a flatbed tractor for full functioning with a trailer, the total weight of which is 8 tons. It is equipped with a combined brake valve, a towing device and pneumatic and electrical outlets for connecting the brake system and electrical devices of the trailer;
- - platform long-wheelbase truck with 2 sectional side boards (wheelbase 4,500 mm);
- ZIL-130V - truck tractor with a short wheelbase (3 300 mm);
- - a truck tractor with a short wheelbase (33 cm) and a stronger rear axle;
- ZIL-130D - a platform for a construction dump truck with a short wheelbase (33 cm);
- ZIL-130B - a platform for an agricultural dump truck with a wheelbase of 3 800 mm.
- ZIL-MMZ-555 - dump truck with rear loading. Built on the basis of ZIL-130D1. Due to the shortened base, the truck has good maneuverability.
When trucks were produced, a couple of significant upgrades of the ZIL-130 unit were carried out in 1966 and 1977. Following the latter, the grille was changed. At the request of the customer, it was possible to install a foreign-made motor in various modifications:
- Perkins345, 140 hp
- Valmet 411BS, has 4 cylinders and works with a power of 125 hp.
- Leyland400, the presence of 6 cylinders and diesel fuel provide power of 135 horses.
It is also possible to install a third non-driving axle to increase the lifting capacity. These machinations were carried out by subsidiaries outside the plant.
Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages of the car
- Record low car cost;
- Low requirements for the required fuel;
- Small dimensions allow good maneuvering even on city roads;
- Good maintainability;
- It is not hard to find the details you need;
- Good cross-country ability and high ground clearance;
- Hydraulic power steering.
Cons of the car
- Minimum vehicle speed;
- Not a record carrying capacity of the machine;
- Year of issue;
- Many parts often fail;
- High fuel consumption;
- Lack of comfortable conditions in the cockpit (by modern standards);
- Problems with starting in the cold season;
- Low noise and interior insulation;
- Inconvenient chairs.
