Types of emergency damage and body repairs. The mechanism and nature of typical damage in a car accident Typical types of damage to cars arising from an accident

Car body consists of a base, roof and frame, including struts, spars, cross members, beams and reinforcements to which welded and hinged front parts are attached - plumage. Moreover, all welded body parts (mud flaps, arches, floors, panels, etc.) can be attributed directly to the supporting or reinforcing elements of the body frame.

As a result of an accident, the body may be damaged, traces may appear on its surface deformations, scratches, scuffs and other damage.

Deformation - changing the shape and size of the body(parts, structures) as a result of external influences without changing its mass. The simplest types are tension, compression, bending, torsion. Deformation is subdivided into superficial (smooth) and deep. As a result superficial deformations are formed dents, bulges. As a result deep deformations are formed folds,

extractions, fractures of the ribs, destruction of the integrity of the material or the connection with the formation of cracks, ruptures, separation of fragments,

The types of deformations and repairs of car bodies are defined in some detail in the VAZ regulations.

Scratch - it is a trace on the surface that does not disturb the shape of the surface.

Bully- damage leading to the violation of the surface material.

The bodies of modern passenger cars are a complex spatial system designed for high dynamic and static loads. As a load-bearing body, the body perceives loads through the elements of the load-bearing frame, as well as internal and external panels.

Under normal operating conditions, car bodies will reliably serve for 10-12 years or more.

It must be borne in mind that in the case of road accidents and when driving at high speeds on broken roads, permanent deformation occurs in the body.

The most damaging body damage occurs when frontal collisions, in case of collisions with the front part of the body at an angle of 40 - 45 ° or from the side. If such collisions occur between two vehicles moving towards them, then their speeds upon collision add up. In such collisions, to the greatest extent collapses front part car body. Acting at the same time high dynamic loads in longitudinal, transverse and vertical directions transferred to all adjacent frame parts body and especially its structural elements and can cause their deformation even from the opposite side.

Let's consider several examples of accidental body deformation.

The blow has been dealt in the front part of the body in the area of ​​the left front fender, side member and left headlight(Fig. I). With this direction of impact, it is most likely that damage will affect following bodywork details:

radiator frame panels, bulkhead, fenders, hood, mudguards, front side members, windshield frame and roof. In the figures, this can be seen from the lines indicated by the dotted line.

The blow was inflicted on the car into the front part of the body at an angle about 40 - 45 ° (Fig. 2.). With this direction of impact, it is most likely that get damaged following bodywork details:

front fenders, hood, radiator frame panel, bulkhead, mudguard, front spars.

It is possible to restore the base points of the front part of the body using straightening methods. In this case, it is also necessary to restore the dimensions along the openings of the front doors and the coordinates of the front and central pillars, since the power loads were transmitted through the front doors to the front and central pillars of the body, and they acted with compressive forces on the threshold and the upper part of the sidewall of the body.

Fig. 2. Damage to the body when hitting the front at an angle of 40-45 °.

The impact was made from the side to the front part of the car body in the area of ​​the interface between the front panel and the front part of the side member and the left wing (Fig. 3). With this direction of impact, it is most likely that damage will affect following bodywork details:

front fenders, radiator frame, bulkhead, mudguards, side members, hood. Tensile forces violated the opening of the left front door, compressive forces caused deformation in the opening of the right door and in the sidewall of the left front door. At the same time, the front and center struts also received significant power overloads and have deviations from their original location.

Fig. 3. Damage to the body in a side impact in the area of ​​interface between the front panel and the side member.

Impact - from the side to the front pillar of the car body on the left side(Fig. 4). With this direction of impact, it is most likely that get damaged following bodywork details: .

left A-pillar, windshield frame, roof, floor and front side members, radiator frame, bulkhead, hood, fenders, mud flaps and front side members. In this case, the front of the car body "left" to the left; the sill and the upper part of the right sidewall took up tensile loads, central and rear pillars... - compressive loads; the right mudguard was "torn off" from the front pillar. ...

Specifications 017207-255-00232934-2006 "Body LADA cars, technical requirements when accepting for repair, repair and release from repair by the enterprises of the service and sales network of JSC AvtoVAZ ", Togliatti 2006, provide the following types of repair damaged (deformed) bodies (TU clause 2.6.1.):

elimination of distortions body;

repair individual parts (straightening, welding);

replacement individual body parts or damaged parts;

coloration and anti-corrosion treatment ".

Body skew - this is violation beyond acceptable limits geometric parameters openings (windows, doors, hood, trunk lid), and the locations of the base attachment points

"Elimination of distortions body (TU clause 2.6.3) is the restoration of the geometric parameters of the openings of windows, doors, hood, trunk lid, side members, interior frame and base points on the base of the body for fastening power unit, transmissions and suspensions ".

The geometric parameters of the bodies are given in the TU (Appendix B). The presence of distortions is established by measuring the corresponding openings or the location of the base attachment points power unit, suspensions (bridges) and transmission units on the base of the monocoque body frame.

3.3. Elimination of distortions openings and bodywork must be before straightening and repair front panels.

3.4. Allowed produce elimination of distortions bodies both with front panels (fenders, sidewalls, front and rear panels, roofs), and with disconnected front panels.

3.6. Depending on the degree of deformation of the body, the following classification of distortions is established:

skewed opening;

uncomplicated body distortion;

body skew of medium complexity;

complex body distortion;

body distortion of particular complexity.

3.7. Depending on the degree of damage or corrosive destruction of the body part, the following are foreseen types of repair with removed units and parts that impede the carrying out of straightening, welding and painting works:

renovation.0- elimination of damage on the front surfaces of the body without damaging the paint;

repair 1- elimination of damage in readily available places (up to 20% of the surface of the part);

repair 2 - elimination of damage with welding or repair 1 on the surface of a part deformed up to 50%;

repair 3 - elimination of damage with opening and welding, partial restoration * details up to 30%;

repair 4 - elimination of damage with partial restoration * details on the surface over 30%;

Partial replacement - replacement of a damaged body part with a repair insert ** (from the range of spare parts or made from the latter); ...

Replacement- replacement of the damaged body part with a part from spare parts ***.

Large block repair- replacement of the damaged part of the body with blocks of parts from rejected bodies with marking, cutting, fitting, drawing, straightening, welding of the latter. "

* Partial restoration of a part- this is the elimination of damage by drawing or straightening, with shrinkage of the metal; cutting out areas that cannot be repaired; production of repair inserts from rejected body parts or sheet metal with giving it the shape of a restored part. "

** Partial replacement it is most often performed when narrow and long parts are damaged (cross members, spars, sidewalls), when it is economically more expedient to replace not the entire part, but only its damaged part.

*** Replacing a part the body is made in case of its unrepairability or economic inexpediency of its repair.

Body repair is often associated with the need to perform reinforcement works on disassembly, assembly, removal, installation nodes, details. The list of reinforcement works is given in the technology of maintenance and repair of the corresponding AMTS.

Reinforcement works most often include:

disassembly, assembly:

Front, rear and rear doors;

Removal and installation;

The hood and its mechanisms;

Battery;

Trunk lids and their mechanisms;

Windscreen, rear and side windows;

Rear lights;

Front and rear bumpers;

Antennas, speakers, radio, radio, turntable;

Heater;

Dashboards;

Roof upholstery;

Safety belts;

Sidenev;

Block headlights.

Labor intensity of work on repair (replacement) of body parts and elimination of body distortions, as a rule, do not take into account labor intensity of work on removal and installation of assemblies and parts that impede carrying out renovation works.

In the laboriousness of replacing body parts taken into account the following works: detachment and removal of the old part, elimination of metal residues, loose and formation rust (corrosion), straightening of mating edges, fitting and welding new part, cleaning of welding spots and seams, leveling of surfaces with fillers and grinding of defective places. ("The complexity of work on maintenance and repair of VAZ cars " General Provisions item 9. Togliatti 2005)

Drawing up an inspection report

As a result of examination by a specialist identified and recorded in the relevant sections of the inspection report, all the information necessary for the assessment about the object of assessment, its damage, defects, repair technology, as well as his opinion on the cause of the detected damage.

1. IN IDENTIFICATION the section is entered:

REAL, and not indicated in the submitted documents, numbers auto moto vehicle and its units (registration number, an identification number VIN, body number, frame number, engine number, etc.);

odometer mileage;

For automatic telephone exchanges that are on warranty service, or which are repaired and serviced by authorized dealer or at a branded workshop, a special confirmation record must be made;

equipment a motor vehicle, the presence of additional, freelance, tuning equipment;

2. To section "INSTALLED DURING INSPECTION" the following information is entered, the correction of which is unacceptable:

was it produced replacement knots, assemblies and expensive components;

has been vehicle body repair earlier and what is its volume, nature and quality;

Availability on a motor vehicle, operational defects, first of all, the presence of metal corrosion (surface, deep or through).

Availability on a motor vehicle of emergency damage (deformations, scratches, scuffs, etc.), their type, nature, degree of complexity, size and location.

Damage can be classified according to the time of occurrence:

Related to this emergency;

Received from previous accidents.

The specialist conducting the inspection must draw probabilistic conclusions about the belonging of the detected damage to this incident and make an appropriate entry in the Inspection Report of the following nature:

“With a high degree of probability, it can be assumed that the damage to the car found during the inspection may be the result of an accident recorded in the attached Traffic Police Certificate. Damages, about which it can be assumed that they are NOT a consequence of this accident, are marked in the "CONCLUSIONS" section with two asterisks ** "

Defects can be classified as follows:

Obtained due to correct operation and storage of automatic telephone exchange;

Received as a result of incorrect operation and storage of automatic telephone exchange;

The result of poor-quality repair work.

Since the description of damages, defects does not always give a complete picture of them .. it is advisable to accompany information about damages, defects with appropriate photographs, video filming, sketches, sketches, diagrams, etc.

To this section UNWANTED include conclusions and proposals on the possibility, methods, ways of AMTS restoration (replacement or repair of parts, the amount of labor intensity of the repair, its technology, etc.).

Damage, with a high degree of probability, related to the "incident in question, it is desirable to include in the inspection report indicating their presence or absence in the traffic police certificate. It is also necessary to indicate damage, with a high degree of probability, not related to this incident.

The presence of severe metal corrosion, or other defects in the operation of the vehicle, affecting to a large extent the technology, the cost of repairs, should be noted in the inspection report.

After filling out the section in the "Inspection Certificate" "INSTALLED DURING INSPECTION" this section is signed by the specialist performing the inspection, and after familiarization, by the interested parties present at the inspection. All signatories should be able to state their dissenting opinion and remarks in the Inspection Certificate.

When drawing up the Inspection Certificate and other documents, you must use terminology, adopted in the normative, technical, technological documentation: in the manual for the repair technology, the manual for maintenance and repair, in the catalogs of spare parts and other technical literature.

Each damaged part should have a separate section line and, if possible, a photograph.

Inspection should be carried out systematically, consistently. One of the options for the inspection sequence can be a scheme based on the principle of transition from one inspected group of parts to another only after the description of all damaged parts included in the group of the same name is completed. The sequence of alternating groups is chosen by a specialist, and the order of subgroups is desirable in accordance with the increase in their ordinal number. The proposed inspection procedure avoids missing damaged parts during inspection and is very convenient when calculating a repair estimate, especially if it is performed using a computer.

For example, first we inspect the parts of the 28th group (frame, protective elements of the body), then 84 groups (plumage), etc.

3. For recommendations on the repair of a vehicle in the Inspection Report there is a section "CONCLUSIONS". This section is filled in by a specialist without discussion and agreement with other participants in the inspection, after analyzing the technical feasibility and economic feasibility of carrying out the proposed work.

During the initial examination of AMTS, it is not always possible to identify all damage and defects. In such cases, all assumptions for hidden damage, defects should be recorded in the Inspection Certificate and the document issued to the interested organization (person), but they should not be reflected in the cost of repairs until they are finally established during subsequent inspections

AMTS. The calculation of the cost of repairs may include the necessary control and diagnostic operations.

By agreement with the customer Inspection certificate may not be compiled. In this case, all the necessary data is entered into the report.

Table 4.3.1.

Similar information.

rules road traffic approved by the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Federation "On the rules of the road" dated 23.10.1993, No. 1090 (with amendments that came into force on 01.04.2001), state that in the event of an accident, the driver involved in it is obliged to "Accept possible measures to provide first medical care victims, call the ambulance teams and the center of disaster medicine, rescue services. V emergency cases send the injured person on the way, and if this is not possible, take him to the nearest medical institution by his own vehicle ”.

Today, road traffic injuries around the world have become an epidemic. At the same time, a clear pattern can be traced between the number of deaths in road traffic accidents (RTA) and the level of economic development of the country. The death toll in Russia (per 1 million vehicles) is 3 - 5 times higher than in countries with developed road infrastructure. In our country, in recent years, there has been an alarming trend of growth not only in the number, but also in the severity of injuries sustained as a result of road accidents.

Road traffic accidents are divided into the following types:

1. Collision;

2. Rollover;

3. Collision with a stationary vehicle;

4. Hitting a pedestrian;

5. Hitting an obstacle;

6. Hitting a cyclist;

7. Hitting a horse-drawn vehicle;

8. Hitting animals;

9. Fall;

10. Other incidents;

Crossing, crushing and collision impact are the main traumatic factors leading to injury and injury in road accidents. Trauma is caused not only by cars, but also by road elements. The wounds in such cases are varied and complex. Naturally, the severity of the injury is primarily determined by the speed of the vehicle. The most serious injuries to a person in a car are received when they hit the door, steering column, windshield. Analysis of fatal injuries showed that 52% of them were caused by deformation of the body, and 48% were due to a passenger hitting the inside of the car.

In addition to speed, the severity of damage resulting from an accident can be influenced by the make of the car, its weight, the nature of the impact (head-on or tangential collision), the presence of an airbag and seat belts, and a safe steering column. Using seat belts more than 3 times reduces the number of fatalities in a frontal collision *.

* Among drivers and passengers who do not wear seat belts, 46.3% are injured, 3% of road traffic accidents are killed. For people wearing seat belts, these values ​​are 19.2% and 0.8%.

The most frequent (more than 70%) and most dangerous injuries in road traffic accidents are head injuries (bruises, compression of the brain, intracranial hematomas), injuries of the chest - chest and chest organs - lungs, heart and spinal injuries (especially the cervical spine).

The main reasons for the death of the victims are:

a combination of shock and blood loss - 40-50%;

severe traumatic brain injury - 30%;

injury incompatible with life - 20%.

In addition, the reasons for the high mortality are the time factor (late started medical care) - the "golden hour" rule and the low level of training of drivers and traffic police officers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in techniques and skills in providing first aid to victims.

A car injury is damage caused to the exterior and interior of a moving vehicle, or from falling out of the vehicle. There are the following types of car injuries:

1. Impact by parts of the car in a collision with a person;

2. Moving by wheel or wheels;

3. Falling out of the car;

4. Impact on a part or compression of the body by parts of the car in the cockpit;

5. Compression of the body between parts of the car and other objects;

6. Combined type of injury.

Damage resulting from a collision with a moving vehicle (collision) is the most common. This type of car injury includes several successive stages.

1. Impact of parts of the car with a person. The mechanism of damage is shock and general concussion of the body. Damage occurs on clothing and body, reflecting the contours of a part or the edges of the bumper, headlight, radiator grille, etc.

Localization of injuries - the lower limbs, the pelvic region, less often - the trunk, at the level of those parts of the car with which they were inflicted (contact damage, stamp damage).

2. The body fell onto the vehicle. Mechanism - impact on a part of the car (hood, fender, wiper fitting, etc.).

Localization - areas of the head, trunk, upper limbs. It should be borne in mind that the body is thrown onto a car during the initial impact below the center of gravity of a person (when hit by a car). If the primary blow is struck near the center of gravity (by a truck, bus, etc.), the body is thrown forward.

3. Throwing and falling of the body on the ground. The mechanism is an impact on the ground. Localization - the region of the head, trunk, upper limbs.

As a result of the collision, the human body acquires a speed close to the speed of the machine, as well as a rotational motion around the longitudinal axis.

Sliding the body on the ground. The mechanism is friction against the ground.

In a collision with a moving vehicle, the so-called bumper damage arising from a bumper hitting the thigh or lower leg, depending on the height of its location, is of particular importance. On the skin at the points of contact, a transverse banded bruise, abrasion or wound often occurs. Of particular importance is a transverse comminuted fracture of the leg and femur bones. In the area of ​​the fracture, in typical cases, a large wedge-shaped fragment is revealed, the base of which shows the location, and the sharp end shows the direction of the impact.

As a result of being hit by parts of the car, falling of the body on the car, throwing it on the ground, damage to the soft tissues of the head occurs, as well as fractures of the skull bones. Most often these are direct, closed, linear and comminuted fractures. Combined fractures of the bones of the vault and base of the skull are often observed. Linear and comminuted fractures originate at the site of impact and spread radially in different directions in the plane of injury, as if graphically marking the direction of impact on the skull. Damage to the brain, its membranes, blood vessels occurs at the site of application of force and in areas remote from the site of impact (in the area of ​​the counter-impact).

A severe blow to the upper thighs and pelvis often results in straight, linear or comminuted fractures of the pelvic bones. These fractures are often accompanied by damage to the pelvic organs. When struck from behind, the cervical and upper thoracic spine is often damaged as a result of a sharp excessive extension of the body.

Lorry, bus or trolleybus impact injuries are often localized to the chest area. In this case, damage can occur from objects with an extensive or limited (in case of impact by protruding parts) traumatic surface. A blow to the chest leads to unilateral (usually straight) multiple fractures of the ribs, arising at the site of direct application of force.

A blow from a car with the subsequent throwing away of the victim is often accompanied by a complex of indirect injuries to internal organs due to a concussion of the body. The most commonly damaged liver, lungs, kidneys and spleen. The abdominal organs are damaged more often than the chest.

With the so-called moving of vehicles through the victim's body, a complex of injuries occurs, which is characteristic of this mechanism of injury. Firstly, hemorrhages are formed, reflecting the tread pattern of the wheels, secondly, exfoliation of skin and other tissues in the form of pockets filled with blood are formed, and thirdly, traces of body dragging appear in the form of extensive abrasions. When the wheel travels over the chest or abdomen, tears and crushing of internal organs are often observed. With the same effect on the head, there remain: its significant deformation, comminuted fractures of the skull bones and crushing of the brain.

A driver's injury inside the passenger compartment in a frontal collision is characterized by a complex of damage arising from the action of the steering wheel, instrument panel and windshield in the form of bruises and compression of the chest and abdomen, accompanied by fractures of the ribs, ruptures of internal organs. From the windshield, damage in the form of bruises, wounds and abrasions is localized on the face and head.

medical assistance transportation trauma damage

In connection with technical progress, the number of road accidents is increasing, this happens due to the growth vehicles among the population of the Russian Federation and non-observance of road traffic rules by road users.

"A road traffic accident is an event that occurs during the movement of a vehicle on the road and with its participation, in which people were killed or injured, vehicles, cargo, structures were damaged."

Road transport is recognized worldwide as the most dangerous, by 1 billion passenger-kilometers per railway transport there are 2 fatalities, airborne - 6, automobile - 20 people. According to statistics, 65% of people die at the scene, and 2/3 die inside vehicles. A large percentage of those killed is explained by the inability of those around them to provide first aid to the injured.

According to Part 1 of Article 20 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation “everyone has the right to life”, it is important to possess the skills and abilities to preserve human life. According to Article 1 of the Law "On the Police" "The police in the Russian Federation are a system of state executive bodies called upon to protect the life and health, rights and freedoms of citizens ..." and in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 10 of the Law "On the Police": employees of the internal affairs bodies are obliged to " to provide assistance to citizens who have suffered from crimes, administrative offenses and accidents, as well as those who are in a helpless state or in any other state that is dangerous to their life and health. " police officers in emergency situations must be able to provide first aid to injured persons.

Assistance at the scene of a traffic accident is often provided by the first people who find themselves at the scene of an accident, most often they are traffic police officers, it is they who need to provide first aid to victims of an accident before the arrival of emergency medical specialists. A person's life may depend on the skills and knowledge of traffic police officers about the rules for providing first aid in an accident, about the methods and rules for transporting injured persons.

The nature of the damage arising from road traffic accidents is characterized by concomitant injuries, i.e. multiple lesions of various parts of the body, often in combination with dysfunctions of internal organs and the brain. In many cases, with timely and correctly provided first aid, it is possible to save a person's life and prevent severe long-term consequences of injury. When providing first aid at the scene of an accident, it is important to have a clear idea of ​​those around them about what organizational and therapeutic measures should be carried out by them.

Mechanisms and nature of typical damage:

Damage in a collision of a moving car with a pedestrian

The most common type of car injury is a collision between a moving vehicle and a pedestrian. This injury is mainly caused by pedestrians driving or crossing the road.

The mechanism of this injury depends on the following factors: the type of car, its design features, the shape and level of parts that come into contact with the human body, the speed and weight of the car, the resistance of the tissues, the nature of the coverage of the path onto which the pedestrian falls, etc.

A distinction should be made between three variants of a collision of a car with a pedestrian: collision of a pedestrian with the front, with the side and with the rear surface of the car. In the first variant, there are two possibilities of collision: a) with middle part the front surface of the car - a frontal collision, and b) with the edge of the front surface of the car - a front edge collision.

Depending on the type of vehicle and the type of collision, the mechanism of injury can consist of three or four phases. The first phase is characterized by the collision of parts of a moving car with a pedestrian, the second - by the fall of the pedestrian on the car, the third - by throwing it to the ground, and the fourth - by the body sliding along the road surface. In the first phase, damage occurs from a hit by a car and a significant general concussion of the body caused by this impact, in the second - from a second impact on a car and concussion, in the third - from concussion and impact on the road surface, and in the fourth - from friction against the surface. roads.

In a frontal collision with the front surface of the car, the pedestrian is hit by the most protruding parts of the car - bumper, headlight, etc. (phase I). Due to the fact that the initial blow in a collision with a passenger car, in most cases, is applied to an area of ​​the body located at a distance from the center of gravity (at the level of the shins), the victim after the initial impact falls on the hood of the car (phase II). Sometimes the blow is struck in an area located near the center of gravity (with a wing, radiator on the thigh or pelvis). In these cases, the speed of the vehicle is transferred to the victim, as a result of which its body receives a forward motion, is thrown forward, flies a certain distance in the air, and then falls and hits the road surface (phase III). In a frontal collision truck, a bus or trolleybus, a blow is applied to an area of ​​the body located in the immediate vicinity of or above the center of gravity. The design features of the front surface of these machines exclude the possibility of a victim falling onto the car, therefore, phase II is not observed. In some cases, after the victim falls on the road surface, the body slides along the road for some distance due to inertia (phase IV).

A collision between a pedestrian and the side of a vehicle is called a tangential collision. In this case, the blow can be delivered by the front part of the side surface of the car (side of the wing, step) or its middle and rear part. In the first case, the mechanism of injury is similar to the mechanism of frontal-edge collision, that is, it consists of 4 phases. In the second, there are 3 phases: a collision of a pedestrian with the side surface of a car, throwing the victim and falling to the ground, and sliding the victim along the road surface.

Collision of a pedestrian with the back of the vehicle while driving reverse is rare. In this case, the mechanism of injury depends not only on the speed of movement, which in such cases is not high, but mainly on the height and shape of the parts of the rear surface of the machine that come into contact with the human body. If parts of the rear surface of the machine are located at a height corresponding to the center of gravity of the human body or above it, after being hit by protruding parts of the machine applied at two points (when hit by car at the level of the legs and pelvis, upon impact of the cargo - at the level of the head and body), the victim's body is thrown back, falls to the ground and in some cases slides over it. In the case when the protruding parts on the rear surface of the machine are located at a height below the level of the center of gravity, then after the initial impact (phase I) the body falls onto the machine (phase II). Then the body slides off the car and falls to the ground (phase III). Sliding on the ground with this option is almost not observed.

Damage characteristics

The nature and localization of soft tissue injuries are very diverse and depend on the phase and mechanism of the injury, as well as the type of vehicle. In the first phase of a frontal collision, damage can be caused by the bumper, fender, headlight and other parts. Outwardly, these injuries appear in the form of abrasions, bruises, and less often - wounds. They are located either in the upper third of the lower leg, or at different levels of the thigh. Bruises are accumulations of blood, varying in intensity and origin, in the thickness of the tissue or in the intervals between them, when the vessel ruptures and the blood is poured into the surrounding tissue. Wounds are mechanical damage to soft tissues with a violation of the integrity of the integument of the skin.

In a tangential collision, damage is inflicted by parts located on the side surfaces of the car - a mirror protruding from the side, the cab movement handle, the side surface of the body. All these injuries have a transverse direction and are located, with the exception of abrasions and wounds inflicted by the footboard, in the face, neck, trunk and upper extremities.

In the second, third and fourth phases of injury from a collision of a car with a pedestrian, specific soft tissue injuries are not formed. During these periods, abrasions, bruises, and wounds with the most varied localization can occur, they are more often located on areas of the body that are not protected by clothing - the face, head and upper limbs. Characteristic lesions for phase IV are skin abrasions from dragging. They represent parallel grooved scratches, reddish in color, with a peeled epidermis, deeper and wider at the place of their beginning and superficial and narrow at their end.

Skull fractures are mostly closed and are more often combined - damage to the vault and base of the skull. There are two mechanisms of skull fractures. In the first phase of the collision truck with a pedestrian, regardless of the type of collision, damage to the skull is formed from a direct blow to the head with parts of the car at the place of application of force. In phases II and III, damage more often occurs from hitting the head on a part of the car or on the ground when falling.

Fractures of the cranial vault occur as a result of bending and further cracking of bone tissue at the site of application of force. Depending on the force and direction of the impact, the area of ​​contact of the traumatic object with the skull, the properties of the striking object and other factors, fractures of different nature occur - depressed, perforated, terraced, comminuted. The first three types of fractures are typical for phase I injury; comminuted are more typical for the next two phases, although they can also occur in phase I.

Skull fractures accompanied by damage and changes from the membranes and matter of the brain - hemorrhages, bruises and, less often, significant destruction. Damage to the substance of the brain occurs either at the place of direct application of force, or from a counterstrike at the opposite pole. Macroscopically, they appear in the form of focal hemorrhages in the cortex and white matter or crush injuries of the latter.

A wide variety of abdominal and thoracic injuries are observed in pedestrians who have died as a result of a collision with a car. According to their origin, they can be divided into direct and indirect. They arise:

• * from impact by parts of the car at the place of application of force (I phase);
• * when the body hits a car or road surface (II and III phases);
• * from a body shake caused by one of these blows.

Impact damage, are localized almost always on the organ surface that corresponds to the place of force application. If the body is protected from external violence by the ribs, then at the moment of impact, the latter bend or break. In this case, organ damage is caused either by a bent rib or by the ends of the damaged rib. The lungs are damaged much more often than other organs due to the fact that they have the greatest volume and are located close to the chest wall.

Among the injuries of the chest, bone fractures and injuries of the chest cavity are especially common. Depending on the mechanism of injury, rib fractures can be divided into direct (occurring at the site of impact), indirect (formed at a distance from the site of impact) and combined. Direct and combined fractures predominantly occur in phase I of the injury, while indirect fractures occur in phase II and III.

The traumatic force in cases of a collision of a car with a pedestrian more often acts on the chest from the side or rear. In cases where the impact is struck on the lateral surface of the chest with a part of the machine with a relatively small area, the rib or a group of adjacent ribs at the place of application of the force bends inward. In this case, the inner plate of the rib is subjected to tension. When the tensile limit of the bone is exceeded, at the site of the greatest bend, bone particles rupture and a fracture occurs. The fracture line is uneven, often serrated, sometimes with small bone defects, located in the transverse direction to the rib axis. When a blow to the lateral surface of the chest is struck by an object with a wide surface, such as a truck radiator, indirect fractures occur at the poles: in the front, along the mid-clavicular line; behind - along the paravertebral.

Clavicle fractures often occur in phase III injury and are associated with bone flexion that occurs when a person falls onto an outstretched arm or shoulder. Spine fractures, like collarbone fractures, are rare. They arise either from a direct impact on the back with parts of the machine (phase I), or as a result of excessive flexion or extension of the spinal column, more often in the cervical or thoracic regions (phases I and II). With excessive flexion or extension of the spinal column, the ligaments and intervertebral discs of the cervical vertebrae are more often damaged.

Fractures of the pelvic bones occur either in phase I of an injury from being hit by parts of a car, or in phase III as a result of a body hitting the road. The nature and localization of pelvic fractures are in direct proportion to the force and direction of the impact, as well as the features of their anatomical structure. They can be direct and indirect, isolated and, less often, combined, closed and, in exceptional cases, open.

When parts of the car hit the front surface of the pedestrian's body, fractures of the bones of the anterior pelvic ring often occur in the region of the horizontal branches of the pubic or ascending branches of the ischial bones. By their nature, these fractures are closed, oblique or comminuted, located in the anterior part of the pelvic ring on one side or simultaneously on both sides.

If force is applied in the lateral direction - a blow by machine parts into the region of the greater trochanter of the femur or the iliac crest, unilateral fractures of the pelvis occur. These are either marginal and central comminuted fractures of the bones that form the acetabulum, or various transverse fractures of the iliac wing. By their nature, they are closed, they can be incomplete or detachable. Pelvic fractures are always accompanied by significant hemorrhages in muscles and peri-pelvic tissue, and often injuries to the pelvic organs.

Among the fractures of the lower extremities in pedestrians, injuries of the femurs are predominant, which are more often located in the middle and lower thirds and are caused mainly by the bumper of a truck. Localization of fractures of the bones of the lower extremities depends on the ratio of the height of the individual parts of the car and the height of the pedestrian.

Fractures of the thigh and shin bones, as a rule, occur in phase I of the incident. They occur either as a result of a sharp single shock from the action of a traumatic force applied in the transverse direction to the axis of the bone (in this case, a shift of bone particles occurs), or as a result of the pressure of this force, which causes flexion of the bone. The mechanism of bone destruction also depends on the speed and duration of the collision, the mass and direction of action of the traumatic object, and the position of the limb.

In phase I of tangential collision, helical fractures of the femur and tibia in the lower third may occur. These fractures are formed as a result of the rotation of the trunk with a motionless fixed limb. In subsequent phases of injury, fractures of the bones of the lower extremities are extremely rare. In phase III, fractures of the ankles, heel bones, and other bones of the foot can occur.

Injuries from falling out of a moving vehicle

In road traffic accidents, there are cases when injuries are sustained by persons who have fallen out of moving vehicles on the move. The loss of victims from the car is observed in a variety of road accidents - collisions between cars and other types of transport, cars hitting roadside objects, overturning cars, etc. do not represent specific. Nevertheless, a number of them have features that, taking into account the circumstances of the case, give grounds not only to confirm this injury, but also to exclude others, both car and non-car injuries.

Falling out of a passenger or driver from a moving vehicle occurs with sudden and unexpected braking, with a quick start of movement, with sharp turns car and in other cases. In this case, the fallout occurs under the influence of inertial force or centrifugal force, or simultaneously under the influence of both forces.

The mechanism of the victim falling out of the car, as well as the nature and localization of the resulting injuries, depend on a number of factors: the location of the injured, the type of fall, the position of the body at the moment of impact on the ground, the speed of the car, the height of the fall, the curvature of the turn, body weight, properties of the object, about which the body hits, the properties of the tissues that come into contact with the object, in particular from their elasticity and resilience, affecting the softening of the impact, the contact area and many other points. More often than others, passengers who are in the back of a truck fall out. Before falling out, the passenger can be in the car body in different places (near the cab, at one of the outer boards, at the rear board) and occupy a variety of positions (stand, sit on board, etc.), regardless of the gate under the action of inertia forces or forces of centrifugal acceleration, the magnitude of which depends on the speed of the car, the passenger inevitably falls out of the body.

There are 3 options for falling out of the car body:

• * falling out under the influence of forces of inertia and forces of centrifugal acceleration (falling out to the side);
• * falling out under the influence of inertia force forward (through the cabin);
• * falling out under the influence of inertia force backward (through the tailgate).

For the occurrence of injuries in persons who have fallen out of the body or cabin of a car, it is not only the speed of the vehicle that matters, but also the height of the fall. The speed of free fall will be the greater, the more the body falls from the greater height, and, consequently, the greater the effective speed, which determines the force of the impact. In the event of damage, the position of the victim's body at the moment of impact is also of great importance. In the overwhelming majority of cases, the victim hits the road surface with his head when falling out of the body. Meanwhile, for a number of reasons, the victim by the time of landing can change the position of his body, and, consequently, hit the ground not with his head, but with another part of the body - legs, body.

Practically, two positions of the human body are distinguished at the moment of impact on the road surface - vertical and horizontal. In an upright position, the victim may hit the ground with his head, legs or gluteal region; with horizontal - back or front surface of the body. When hitting the head or legs, the area of ​​contact of the body area with a solid object is relatively small, however, the force is significant. When hitting with a large area of ​​the body, for example, the back, the force of the impact is distributed over a large area. Such a fall is characterized by the occurrence of less severe injuries.

Damage mechanism during different types the fallout is not the same:

• * When falling on the head, direct damage to the bones of the skull and brain occurs from hitting the head with the ground and indirect damage to internal organs from a general concussion
• * When falling on the legs, there are direct fractures of the bones of the lower leg and thighs, indirect damage to the bones of the skull and the substance of the brain, as well as internal organs from concussion;
• * When falling on the gluteal region, direct fractures of the pelvic bones occur from impact on the ground and indirect fractures of the spine, skull bones, brain damage, as well as internal organs from concussion;
• * When falling on the body (back, abdomen or lateral surface), there are direct fractures of the ribs, spine, bones of the upper extremities, sometimes the skull from impact on the ground and indirect damage to internal organs from concussion.

Thus, injuries to persons who have fallen out of the body or cabin of a moving vehicle may occur:

• * from hitting the body on a part of the car (rarely);
• * from hitting the body on the road surface;
• * from a general concussion of the body;
• * sometimes from sliding of the body on the road surface.

Injuries resulting from a fall from a moving car are most often located in the head area.

Damage characteristics

External damage, manifested in the form of abrasions, bruises and wounds, do not have specific features. Their localization corresponds to the place where the force is applied. In the area where soft tissue injuries are located, bone fractures or injuries of internal organs are often observed.

Despite the fact that external injuries are observed quite often, their severity, nature and localization, as a rule, do not correspond to the severity and nature of internal injuries. External injuries are insignificant, superficial, occur only on the side of the body that comes into contact with a solid object at the time of impact. Damage to internal organs is always severe, extensive and multiple.

Injuries to the skull and brain predominantly occur when falling on the head as a result of a direct impact with the head on the ground. However, it can also occur with other types of falls. A significant number of deaths from falling out of a moving vehicle are due to fractures of the skull bones and extensive damage to the brain substance. The localization and nature of skull fractures are very diverse, depending on the mechanism of injury and the place of application of force. Most of the total number of skull fractures are closed. They result from direct injury from a fall on the head or torso. Open fractures were observed only in cases of falling on the head and hitting the parietal or occipital region against a limited object.

Among the bones of the cranial vault, the most common are fractures of the parietal and temporal bones. Fractures of the parietal bones are usually single, zigzag-like, as a rule, begin in the region of the parietal tubercles or near the sagittal suture. When falling on the head, in a number of cases, compression fractures of the bodies of the cervical vertebrae occur, accompanied by hemorrhages in the membranes and crushing of the spinal cord. When falling on the buttocks or outstretched legs, fractures form at the base of the skull, mainly in the posterior or simultaneously in the posterior and middle cranial fossa around the foramen magnum. Due to the characteristic shape of the fracture, reminiscent of a ring - a circle, it was designated circular, or ring-shaped. The mechanism of annular fractures is as follows. When falling on the buttocks or feet, the latter, upon contact with the ground, suddenly stop their movement, while the rest of the body (spine, head) continues to move by inertia. With such a fall, the base of the skull, which continues its movement, is pushed onto the remaining cervical spine, while the occipital bone breaks along the circumference of the foramen magnum.

The severity of a skull injury is determined not only by bone fractures, but also by damage to the brain, its membranes and numerous blood vessels. Ruptures of the dura mater are usually caused by fragments of depressed vault bones. In some cases, ruptures occur from overstretching as a result of dehiscence or fractures of the bones of the base of the skull. The localization of ruptures is very diverse, but in most cases it corresponds to the location of the fracture.

Injury to internal organs in persons who have fallen out of the car occurs mainly as a result of a significant general concussion of the body. The mechanism of damage from concussion is especially pronounced when falling on the head, buttocks, legs, and in some cases when falling on the trunk. Damage to internal organs during concussion is characterized by great severity, simultaneous damage to various organs, symmetrical localization, diversity of its character and inconsistency in the nature of external damage.

Of the total number of injuries to the abdominal organs, more than half are combined injuries of two, three, less often four organs. The most sensitive to concussion are organs that are of great weight, volume and mobility due to their ligamentous and suspension apparatus. These organs are the liver, lungs, spleen, heart, etc. The severity of morphological changes in these organs depends on the degree of concussion. The most characteristic and often observed changes include hemorrhages in the region of the ligamentous and suspension apparatus of organs, resulting from ruptures of blood vessels passing in the ligaments of organs as a result of overstretching when the organ moves by inertia after a blow; breaks. Hemorrhages are of various sizes and shapes, and, as a rule, are combined with other organ damage. Tears and tears in most cases occur simultaneously. Lung and liver ruptures are more common. Liver ruptures are always multiple, zigzag-shaped, located on the anterior-upper surface parallel to each other, more often in the transverse or cross-oblique direction. The size and depth of the breaks are usually not very significant. Heart ruptures are rare; they are more often localized at the site of aortic discharge. Hollow organs - stomach, intestines, bladder are rarely damaged during a concussion. The ruptures of the latter more often occur with direct trauma, as a result of a blow with the stomach against a hard object.

Fractures of the pelvic bones occur when falling on the gluteal region or outstretched legs, less often when falling on the side or back. The location and nature of the fracture depends on the type of fall. The most significant fractures occur when falling on the gluteal region. The falling one is struck by the sacrum and ischial tubercles of the bones of the same name. As a result of such a blow, bilateral fractures of the anterior pelvic ring occur with localization in the region of both branches of the ischial and horizontal branches of the pubic bones. A fall on straightened legs is characterized by the occurrence of fractures in the region of the upper edge of the acetabulum and, less often, of the femoral neck.

Unlike a fall on the buttocks and straightened legs, when falling on the side or back, pelvic injuries are asymmetric and localized only on one side of it. In this case, the traumatic force acts in the direction of the axis of the femoral neck through its head on the bones that form the acetabulum. With such an impact, fractures of the femoral neck often occur, as well as central and marginal fractures of the acetabulum bones with complete destruction of its walls, up to the penetration of the femoral head through the damaged acetabulum into the abdominal cavity.

Damage to the bones of the lower leg is observed much less frequently than the thighs, usually closed and localized in the lower third of the lower leg. When falling on straightened legs, they are often indirect and arise under the influence of two forces - torsion and pressure, acting in different points in parallel, but in opposite directions.

When falling on the trunk and rarely in other types of falls as a result of hitting the chest against the ground, rib fractures often occur either at the place of force application (straight), or at a distance from it (indirect) rib fractures during a fall, as a rule, one-sided, always closed, rarely multiple and at several points of the costal arch. Direct fractures arise from the deflection of the rib at the site of impact, often along the axillary or scapular line. Indirect - are formed from the flexion of the rib and are localized along the paravertebral or midclavicular line.

The nature and localization of fractures of the bones of the shoulder girdle and upper extremities are similar to injuries that occur when falling from a height. Clavicle fractures are more often caused by indirect injury from flexion of the bone due to an impact directed along its longitudinal axis (when falling on the side and hit by the front surface of the shoulder, when falling on an outstretched arm) and, less often, by direct impact on the clavicle from the front. As a rule, they are closed, oblique, in most cases they are located in the middle and outer third of the clavicle.

Scapular fractures are uncommon for this type of injury and are extremely rare. Injuries to the humerus are also rare. They arise either as a result of direct injury from impact with the outer surface of the shoulder on the ground, or as an indirect injury when falling onto an outstretched arm. Most shoulder fractures are closed.

Damage when moving a human body with the wheels of a car

Moving as an independent type of car injury is rare and only in cases where the victim before the accident is in a horizontal position on the road. Moving is much more common in combination with other types of car injuries. In these cases, it is customary to talk about combined types of car injuries. Crossings are especially common in combination with injury from a collision of a car with a pedestrian and injury from falling out of a moving vehicle. In such cases, running over with the wheels of a car is the final phase of the injury.

The injuries that occur to those who died as a result of being run over by the wheels of a car are in most cases combined, multiple, and always significant and severe. Their predominant localization is the chest, abdomen and pelvis. The death rate from moving injuries is very high.

The mechanism of injury when a person is driven by a car wheel is complex and largely depends on design features and the type of car, the momentum of its movement, mass, radius of the wheel, properties of the soil and object, their ability to compress, body weight of the victim, coefficient of friction and many other conditions.

The mechanism of injury from moving by wheels consists of several successive phases. The number of the latter depends on whether the move is an independent type of car injury or part of any combined type of car injury. Direct crossing is possible only at the moment when the victim is on the road in front of a moving wheel in a horizontal position. The crossing itself can be complete - the wheel completely rolls over the victim's body, and incomplete - the wheel enters and stops at a certain point on the body.

When moving directly, the following phases are observed. Initially, the victim's body, while in a horizontal position, is hit by a moving wheel. Following this, the wheel drags the body at some distance, sometimes rolls it over or pushes it away, and only then moves and squeezes.

When moving, a very diverse damage occurs, both in nature and in localization. Each phase of the move has its own inherent damage.

Damage characteristics

Skin injuries during moving are often minor and do not correspond to injuries to internal organs and bones, which are always more extensive, more common and more severe. Skin marks and soft tissue injuries resulting from a move can be specific, characteristic and uncharacteristic for the move. Specific traces and damage to the skin include imprints of the wheel tread pattern. They can be positive, reflecting the pattern of the protruding parts of the tread, and negative, reflecting the pattern of the grooves of the tread. Positive imprints on the skin can appear either in the form of layering of various substances - dust, dirt, paint, or in the form of abrasions and bruises. Their origin is associated with the friction of the protruding parts of the protector against the skin. The mechanism of negative tread imprints on the skin is as follows. At the moment the wheel moves over one or another area of ​​the body, the convex areas of the tread exert pressure on the skin in contact with them. As a result, the blood in the vessels of the squeezed skin is sharply displaced to the non-squeezed areas, which correspond to the deepened parts of the protector. In these areas, as a result of the overflow of blood vessels with squeezed blood, intravascular pressure increases, and the walls of the vessel rupture, as a result of which hemorrhages are formed under the skin.

In order to confirm the fact that the wheel of the car has been moved, the damage arising in the phase of dragging and direct crossing by the wheel, combined into a group characteristic of this type of injury, is of great importance:

• * abrasions of the skin from dragging;
• * wide abrasions;
• * breaks in the skin from its hyperextension;
• * exfoliation of the skin from subcutaneous fatty tissue and aponeurosis (aponeurosis is a connective tissue plate, with the help of which muscles are fixed) with the formation of cavities filled with blood;
• * imprints of fabric and parts of clothing on the skin in the form of bruises or parchment stains.

These injuries are not classified as specific, but as characteristic, because they occur not only when driving with a car wheel, but also during other injuries.

Skin abrasions from dragging are multiple, parallel, linear, superficial scratches, wider and deeper at their origin and narrow and less deep at their end. If death occurs quickly, then as a result of the process of dehydration and drying of the skin, the noted abrasions become parchment and acquire a brown color. If the period of time between injury and the moment of death is longer, then the lymph covering the abrasion dries up, forming delicate, brownish-yellow towering crusts. Localization of skin abrasions from dragging is very diverse. Most often, they form on exposed and exposed parts of the body - on the face and upper limbs.

In addition to the specific and characteristic injuries described, when the vehicle wheel runs over the body, injuries that are not typical of an automobile injury often occur. Among them, abrasions, combined with bruising and wounds, predominate. Among the latter, bruised, bruised-lacerated and scalped wounds with localization in the area of ​​the face, head, lower extremities and pelvis prevail. Laceration wounds form in places of bony protrusions from overstretching of the skin, especially often in the iliac crest, on the chest, in the clavicle and in other places.

The nature and localization of chest injuries are determined by the force of compression, the direction of its action, the position of the victim at the moment of contact with the wheel, as well as the area of ​​contact of the wheel with the body. The size of this area is determined not only by the width of the balloon, but also by the direction of its movement. When the wheel moves in a direction strictly perpendicular to the long axis of the body, the number of injuries is less than when the body moves in an oblique or longitudinal direction.

Moving the chest and abdomen is characterized by the occurrence of minor damage to the skin and soft tissues and extensive, multiple, severe damage to the bone skeleton and internal organs. Rib fractures are observed in the vast majority of cases of moving the chest with wheels. In the origin of rib fractures, two mechanisms are important - impact and compression by a wheel. The most common signs of rib damage when moving are the following:

• * closed nature of damage;
• * a significant number of fractures, mainly V - VIII ribs, protruding outward;
• * predominantly their bilateral location;
• * multiple fractures along the costal arch along two or more anatomical lines;
• * a combination of fractures of different mechanisms - from impact and compression;
• * more significant fractures on the side of the chest, on which the wheel enters, than on the opposite;
• * change in the configuration of the chest - its deformation caused by significant fractures of the ribs, etc.

When moving the chest, rib fractures are constantly accompanied by damage to the clavicles, shoulder blades, sternum, spinous processes and vertebral bodies. Fractures of these bones, with the exception of the spinous processes of the vertebrae, do not represent anything characteristic. Their frequency, nature and localization are very different, and the mechanism of their occurrence is associated with the pressure of the wheel. Clavicle fractures are rare. They are, as a rule, closed, localized in its middle part, usually in an oblique direction and less often comminuted.

A car injury is often accompanied by multiple fractures of the pelvis, leading to a violation of the integrity of the pelvic ring. Moving the pelvis with a car wheel can only occur when the victim is on his stomach or back and is excluded when he is on his side. Fractures of the pelvic bones when moving are caused by impact from a rotating wheel and mainly from compression.

At the point of impact and entry, the wheel spends the greatest energy to overcome the obstacle. In this regard, more extensive damage to soft tissues and bones is formed on this side than on the opposite side of the pelvis, from which the wheel rolls. The wheel can move the pelvis in different directions - transverse to the long axis of the body, oblique and longitudinal. The nature and localization of pelvic fractures is determined by many reasons: the direction of the move, the weight of the car, the position of the victim, the condition of the ground, the presence or absence of thick clothing on the victim, and other moments.

When the wheel moves over the basin, the following may occur:

• * isolated fractures of individual bones, not accompanied by disruption of the continuity of the pelvic ring;
• * multiple fractures of the pelvic bones with discontinuity of the pelvic ring.

Isolated fractures of individual bones are uncommon for moving and are rare. They are observed when moving with wheels over a victim lying on soft ground (sand, snow); in cases where there is a dense layer of clothing on the body; when the vehicle is relatively lightweight. More typical for moving are multiple bilateral bone fractures with discontinuity of the pelvic ring in many places. These fractures are localized on the right and left sides, simultaneously in the anterior and posterior parts of the pelvic ring. Discontinuity leads to deformity of the pelvis. It becomes flatter, its transverse size increases, the anteroposterior one is shortened.

Moving injuries to the lower extremities are uncommon for this injury and are very rare. The insignificant number of fractures of the bones of the lower extremities is explained, on the one hand, by the small diameter of the extremity, which makes it easier to move, and, on the other hand, by the good protection of the bones by muscles, which to a certain extent absorb pressure.

When a limb is moved, it is compressed between the wheel and the ground surface. At the moment of compression, the long tubular bone bends, while the bending is insignificant, since it is limited by the space between it and the road. Deflection occurs as much as space allows. The larger it is, the greater the deflection. A bone fracture occurs from flexion at the most prominent point of the arch.

When moving the chest and abdomen with a car wheel, severe damage to the parenchymal and cavity organs almost always occurs. These injuries, as a rule, are closed, multiple, located in several areas of the same organ, are characterized by extensiveness, high severity, frequent displacements of damaged organs from one cavity to another, as well as a sharp discrepancy to external injuries.

Among the organs of the chest cavity, the lungs, heart and aorta are most often damaged, and among the organs of the abdominal cavity - the liver and spleen. Also, a characteristic sign for moving are ruptures of the diaphragm and displacement of the abdominal organs into the pleural organs.

The mechanism of damage to internal organs when moving is that the organ is squeezed between the ribs and the spine. A force acting in depth with a wide area of ​​application with a fixed torso leads to direct extensive tears, crushing or tearing of many organs at the same time.

Injuries to the skull when moving are caused by compression of the head between the moving car wheel and the road surface or soil. In this case, multiple multifragile fractures of the skull bones are formed, accompanied by deformation and a change in the configuration of the head. But head deformation is also observed with other types of injuries: a fall from a height, a fall on the head of a heavy object, etc. Therefore, this symptom can be attributed to characteristic damage for a move only in cases where there are indications of a move in the case file.

When moving the head with a wheel, comminuted fractures of the bones of the vault, the base of the skull and the facial skeleton occur, often with divergence of the seams and destruction of the brain. Trauma to the skull from moving is characterized by the following features: the absence of isolated fractures of individual bones of the skull, individual cranial fossa and areas of the skull - the vault or base; a significant number of open fractures; frequent damage to soft tissues by bone fragments, as well as large destruction of the membranes and matter of the brain. When the wheel is moved over the head, gross brain damage is always observed. With open fractures of the skull, there is a complete or partial prolapse of the brain from the cranial cavity. In case of incomplete prolapse, the part of the brain remaining in the cranial cavity in most cases is a crushed, shapeless mass. In closed head injuries, brain damage manifests itself in the form of softening and crushing, mainly in places corresponding to the points of application of force, with hemorrhage into the substance, and sometimes the ventricles of the brain.

Injuries due to compression of the human body between parts of the car and other objects or obstacles

Compression of the body between parts of the car and other objects is observed in a variety of circumstances. The parts of the car that cause injury and the areas of the body that are subject to compression are different. Expert practice shows that trauma, accompanied by compression of the body, mainly occurs in road accidents and, especially when rolling over and overturning cars. Under these conditions, the human body is squeezed between certain parts of the car and the ground. But compression can also be observed under other circumstances. There are frequent cases of compression of the body between parts of the car and the garage wall, observed when entering and leaving the car, between parts of the car and other fixed objects - a wall, fence, gates, etc., when the car passes through narrow spaces, between parts of the car and the post , wood and the like, when reversing the vehicle and in other cases.

The mechanism of injury in this type of car injury usually consists of one or two phases. The first is characterized by the fact that the victim's body is hit by some protruding part of the car. The second is by squeezing the body between a part of the car and the ground or vertically standing objects. The first phase, mainly observed during compression by the front parts of the car, is not decisive in the origin of the damage. As a rule, all resulting injuries are caused by compression of the body between two solid objects.

The nature and localization of damage arising from this type of injury depends on a number of conditions: the weight of the car, which is pressed against the body; force application area; properties and nature of the surface of the pressing object; properties and condition of the soil or object against which the body is pressed; the position of the victim's body; areas of the body undergoing compression; availability of clothing; speed of compression and other factors. The force acting in this case is many times greater than the elasticity of the chest, as well as the resistance of other bones of the skeleton of internal organs. As a result, fractures and destruction of internal organs occur. The larger the surface of the car, which compresses the body, and the heavier the car, the larger the area of ​​damage to the body and the more significant the resulting damage.

The injuries suffered by victims of being crushed by vehicle parts are manifold. Their number and severity depend mainly on the degree, speed and duration of compression. With significant and sharp compression, the lesions are more extensive, more diverse and quantitatively more than with weak and slow compression.

Damage to the skin and soft tissues is always insignificant, does not correspond to the severity and extent of damage to the internal organs and bones of the skeleton. Abrasions and bruising are almost equally common on the chest and head, while wounds are more common on the head. The nature of the wounds of the soft tissues of the head is monotonous - bruised and bruised-lacerated wounds prevail.

In contrast to damage to the skin and soft tissues, the nature of damage to the bones of the skull and the substance of the brain, chest and internal organs, as well as the bones of the pelvic ring, arising from the compression of one or another area of ​​the body between parts of the car and stationary objects, have much in common with damage from moving a body with a car wheel.

Fractures of the skull bones are closed comminuted in nature and are located simultaneously in the region of the fornix and base of the skull. Depending on the degree and direction of compression, the fracture lines can be localized in two or three cranial fossae, on one side or both sides, in a very different direction. With significant fractures of the bones of the vault and base of the skull, as well as the facial skeleton, deformation of the head with a change in its configuration can be observed. It is characteristic that in all cases of skull trauma, hemorrhages are noted in the membranes, ventricles, and sometimes in the substance of the brain. Damage to the substance of the brain is often found.

When the body is compressed between parts of the car and stationary objects, fractures of the bones that form the chest and damage to internal organs are very common. Rib fractures are closed, they are multiple, located along one or two anatomical lines (mainly along the midaxillary and scapular lines), both on the right and on the left. In most cases, fractures are symmetrical and are accompanied by damage to other bones of the chest - the sternum, collarbone, or spine.

The generality of the mechanism of injury when compressed by parts of the car and when the body is moved by the wheel of a car is the reason that the damage to the ribs in these two types of car injury are largely similar. There is a particularly great similarity in the nature of fractures with frontal compression of the chest.

Among the organs of the chest cavity, such injuries as bruises, ruptures and, less often, tears of the lungs and heart prevail, and among the organs of the abdominal cavity - damage to the liver, kidneys and intestines.

Damage to the bones of the upper and lower extremities when they are squeezed between parts of the car and immobile solid objects are extremely rare.

Damage in the car cab

The conditions under which injuries occur to drivers and passengers in a car are very different. More often they are injured at the time of all kinds of road accidents - when cars collide with each other and other types of vehicles, when a car hits fixed roadside objects, when cars fall into a ditch, from an embankment, a bridge. In the event of an injury in the cab of a car, as a rule, several persons in the cab are injured or killed. The resulting injuries differ in their severity, often lead to death at the scene, and are very diverse in nature and location.

The occurrence of damage to drivers and passengers of cabins during a collision of cars with each other, with other modes of transport and stationary objects is explained by the phenomenon of inertia. When the car starts to move, the people sitting in its cab lean back, and this deviation is the greater, the faster the car transitions from rest to motion. When the vehicle slows down or when it suddenly stops, the persons in the cab lean forward in accordance with the direction of the vehicle.

An abrupt and sudden stop of the machine leads not only to a tilt of the body, but often to throw it forward. At the same time, various parts of the front surface of the driver's and passenger's body (head, chest, lower limbs) hit the parts and mechanisms of the car's cab located in front - on the control panel, ceiling, wheel, windshield.

The location and nature of damage is influenced by the location, density and shape of various parts of the cab, the speed of the vehicle, the weight and position of the victim's body, and other factors. The higher the speed of the machine and the more sudden the stop, the higher the inertial force, and, consequently, the force of impact of the human body on a part of the cabin.

Damage characteristics

Soft tissue injuries in drivers and passengers in the cab, as a rule, are located on the head, front surface of the face, trunk and lower extremities, less often - on the side (on the left side of the driver; on the right side of the passenger) and extremely rarely - on the back

Head and face injuries arise from impacts on the steering wheel, windshield and its frame, dashboard, pillars and other parts of the cab. When struck against the windshield or glass of the door, as a result of their damage on the face and head, numerous cut wounds of various shapes, sizes and depths appear, sometimes in combination with extensive scalped wounds of the scalp. They are located on the most prominent parts of the face - on the forehead, in the region of the eyebrows, on the nose, lips, chin, and less often on the cheeks. In the depths of cut and scalped wounds, as a rule, fragments of broken glass are found. Occasionally, as a result of a blow to the dashboard panel on the front surface of the neck, the passengers of the cabin develop abrasions and bruises, accompanied by hemorrhages into deep soft tissues, fractures of the cartilage, hyoid bone and damage to the neck organs. Injury to the soft tissues of the chest in passengers occurs much less frequently than in drivers.

Almost equally often, the drivers and passengers of the cab have injuries to the soft tissues of the anterior surfaces of the knee joints or the upper third of the lower legs, which are formed as a result of an impact on the control panel. They appear in the form of transversely located abrasions, more often of a linear shape, sometimes with a bruise around, or less often in the form of bruises of various shapes and sizes.

Injuries to the head of those injured in the cab of the car are accompanied by fractures of the bones of the skull and damage to the membranes and matter of the brain. Fractures of the bones of the skull arise from hitting the head against a part of the cabin, fractures of the bones of the skull can be closed and open, isolated or combined, depressed or comminuted. Most of them are closed, isolated, with more frequent localization in the region of the base of the skull.

When the face hits the steering wheel, cab pillar, windshield frame or windshield, drivers and passengers, along with fractures of the skull bones, often have fractures of the bones of the facial skeleton and damage to the teeth. More often than other bones of the face, fractures of the lower jaw are noted. In most cases, they are open, located in the vertical direction along its front surface between the first or first and second teeth. The fracture line is always jagged, uneven. These fractures are often accompanied by tears in the lining of the gums and sometimes the lips. Fractures of the upper jaw and nasal bones are mostly open and multi-splintered.

Simultaneously with fractures of the bones of the skull, the injured to one degree or another are observed damage to the membranes, the substance of the brain and their vessels, which are associated with subsequent intrathecal hemorrhages and hemorrhages in the substance and ventricles of the brain.

In the origin of damage to internal organs, the impact of the body on the front parts and mechanisms of the car's cabin is of primary importance. The force of impact in a cab injury is less than in other types of car injuries. Therefore, the phenomena of general shaking of the body in such cases are less pronounced, and less for drivers than for passengers.

Depending on the nature, all injuries to internal organs can be subdivided into bruises, ruptures, crush injuries and detachments. Contusions and ruptures of lung tissue can have two or three mechanisms in their origin - shock, concussion, and shock. Bruises appear in the form of focal hemorrhages, localized simultaneously on both lungs. Ruptures of the lungs arise from a blow to the chest against a part of the cabin, less often from a concussion, and very rarely are caused by the ends of fractured ribs.

In passengers, as a result of the impact of the front of the neck on the control panel, sometimes damage to the larynx wall, hyoid bone fractures, and damage to the cartilage and rings of the larynx occur. The danger of such injuries is that they can lead to the development of edema of the mucous membrane of the larynx, which often ends in the death of the victim.

Injuries to the cavity organs - stomach, intestines and bladder - are relatively rare. They are no different from tears from any other blunt trauma. Along with injuries of the bladder, the victims of this injury always have fractures of the pelvic bones, especially the pubic ones, the fragments of which damage the bladder.

Injuries to the chest are formed when the front surface of the body hits the steering wheel (for drivers) or the control panel (for the passenger), and less often - from hitting the cab doors.

At the moment of a collision of the car, the driver strikes his chest against the steering wheel in front of him, the impact falls on the location of the body of the sternum and the xiphoid process, respectively. At the moment of impact, the body of the sternum and the row of ribs attached to it bend, resulting in a straight transverse fracture of the sternum at the border of the body and the arm. Fractures of the sternum in drivers are invariably associated with injuries to the ribs, clavicles and ligaments of the sternoclavicular joint. The most frequent and characteristic combination of injuries is one-stage transverse fractures of the sternum and longitudinal damage to the cartilage of the II, III, IV ribs attached to it. Rib fractures are less common in drivers than in passengers. The cause of their occurrence in drivers is a blow with their chest on the steering wheel and, less often, on the left door of the cab, and for passengers - a blow on the control panel or the right door of the cab.

Along with fractures of the ribs, injuries to the vertebrae are often observed in the cabin. The injury is associated either with the direct impact of traumatic force on the back region, or with excessive flexion or extension of the spine. More often they are localized in the middle part of the thoracic spine (IV-VIII thoracic vertebrae), less often in the lumbar and cervical regions. Injuries to the vertebral bodies are predominantly of a compressive nature. The spinal cord and its membranes are not always damaged when the spine is injured. Hemorrhages under the hard and soft meninges are more often observed.

Fractures of the pelvic ring bones occur when the lower abdomen strikes a part of the cabin, less often when this area is compressed between the displaced steering wheel and the seat back, and extremely rarely from the lumbosacral region hitting the seat back. When the stomach is struck and compressed, the traumatic force acts from front to back. The resulting fractures are localized at the site of force application, which corresponds to the pubic and ischial bones.

On impact with the front surface of the bent knee joint about dashboard fractures of the patella often occur. Most often these are linear, jagged cracks located in the transverse direction. In some cases, patellar injuries are accompanied by comminuted fractures of the tibial or femur condyles.

3. Methodological provisions for the identification of the object of examination

4. Methodical provisions for establishing the presence and nature of technical damage to vehicles

5. Methodological provisions for establishing the causes of technical damage to vehicles

6. Methodological provisions for the establishment of methods, technology and volume of repair of vehicles

8. Recommendations for organizing an independent technical examination

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4. Methodological provisions for establishing the presence

and the nature of technical damage to vehicles

4.1. The presence and nature of technical damage to vehicles is determined by the type of impacts that caused them, which are divided into mechanical, thermal and chemical.

4.1.1. Mechanical effects are caused by the mechanical interaction of the examination object with other vehicles or objects, as well as explosions. The main types of damage caused by mechanical stress include scratches, chipping, denting, scuffing, extrusion, chipping, separation, breakage, shearing, knocking out, falling out, peeling, rupture, puncture, breakdown, fold, crack, change in the arrangement of structural elements relative to each other. friend (skew, displacement, jamming, jamming, sinking, beating, stretching, twisting, bending), complete destruction.

4.1.2. Thermal influences are caused by the action of high temperatures on the object of examination as a result of a fire or explosion. The main types of damage caused by thermal effects include swelling, burning, melting, carbon deposits, warpage.

4.1.3. Chemical influences are caused by reactions occurring under the influence of chemically hazardous substances (cargo) on the object of examination or during explosions. The main types of damage caused by chemical attack include corrosion, swelling, melting, flaking, carbon deposits, warpage.

4.2. According to the impact on the performance of the vehicle, technical damage is divided into failures and malfunctions. Failure is the loss of the vehicle's performance due to an unacceptable change in its parameters or properties. A malfunction characterizes the state of the vehicle, in which at least one of its main or additional parameters does not meet the requirements of technical documentation, as a rule, without losing the vehicle's performance.

4.3. According to the degree of manifestation and the possibility of detection, technical damage is divided into detectable by organoleptic methods and hidden. Research methods are used to identify hidden damage technical condition vehicle with the use of technical diagnostics.

4.4. Damage as a source of information about a road traffic accident can be divided into 3 groups.

The first group is damage resulting from the mutual introduction of two or more vehicles at the initial moment of interaction. These are contact deformations, a change in the original shape of individual vehicle parts. Deformations usually occupy a significant area and are noticeable during external examination without the use of technical means. The most common deformity is a dent. Dents are formed in the places of application of forces and, as a rule, are directed towards the inside of the part (element).

The second group includes tears, cuts, breakdowns, scratches. They are characterized by through destruction of the surface and the concentration of wake-forming forces over an insignificant area.

The third group of damages is prints, i.e. surface displays on the trace-perceiving area of ​​the surface of one vehicle of protruding parts of another vehicle. Imprints are exfoliation or layering of a substance that can be reciprocal: the flaking of paint or another substance from one object leads to a stratification of the same substance on another.

Damages of the first and second groups are always volumetric, injuries of the third group are superficial.

4.5. It is customary to distinguish also secondary deformations, which are characterized by the absence of signs of direct contact of parts and parts of vehicles and are a consequence of contact deformations. Parts change their shape under the influence of the moment of forces arising in the case of contact deformations according to the laws of mechanics and resistance of materials. Such deformations are located at a distance from the place of direct contact. Damage to the side member (side members) passenger car can lead to skewing of the entire body, i.e. the formation of secondary deformations, the appearance of which depends on the intensity, direction, place of application and the magnitude of the force in the process of a road traffic accident. Secondary deformities are often mistaken for contact deformities. To avoid this, when inspecting vehicles, first of all, traces of contact deformations should be identified, and only then can secondary deformations be correctly recognized and identified.

4.6. The most complex damage to a vehicle is distortions, characterized by a significant change in the geometric parameters of the body frame, cab, platform and stroller, door openings, hood, trunk lid, windshield and rear window, side members, etc.

4.7. The main share of technical damage to a vehicle is damage to body elements and empennage. The body and empennage of a passenger car include the following main elements: body frame, hood, trunk lid (tailgate), side doors, fenders, decorative details (radiator trim panel, front and rear bumpers, decorative overlays, etc.). The main elements of the body and empennage of a truck are: frame, cab, cab doors, radiator trim panel, hood, fenders, steps, onboard platform (base, sides, awning frame) or bucket-type platform and subframe for a dump truck. The main elements of the body and tail of the bus are: body (base - frame, floor panels, floor covers, front - frame and panels, sidewall - frame and panels; rear - frame and panels, roof - frame and panels), front door, backdoor, driver's cab door, hood, front fenders, rear fenders, footrests.

Damage to body and empennage elements is characterized by the area of ​​damage, location of damage, their linear and volumetric dimensions (length, width, depth), shape, as well as their coordinates relative to the undamaged part of the vehicle.

According to the degree of deformation, damage to body and tail elements made of sheet material is divided into three groups. The first group includes damage to the surface of an element that did not cause a change in the shape of this element (scratches, small dents), the second - damage that caused smooth deformation (without folds and creases) of the element, the third group - damage that caused complex deformation (folds, creases ) element.

4.8. Damage to the tires of a vehicle is subdivided into punctures, punctures, cuts, ruptures, "pneumatic explosions", tire bead, peeling of the tire tread.

4.9. When describing technical damage, it is advisable to use classifiers of damage to vehicles, in particular, the Unified classifier of malfunctions of automotive products.

The body is one of the most expensive and at the same time vulnerable parts of a car, and not a single car owner wants to overpay for repair work. That is why it is so important to know what types of damage to the body exist, and in what cases they occur.

Two types of body damage

All damage car body are divided into two types:

• Operational
  As the name implies, such damage occurs during the operation of the machine. The weight of the driver and passengers, dynamic loads while driving, increased loads due to uneven roads, engine vibration - all these are "natural" causes of deformation and damage to the body. Operational damage can only be avoided if the machine is not used at all. But since a car is not a luxury, but a means of transportation, this option is not suitable. This means that you need to carefully monitor the condition of the body and, if necessary, carry out repair work.
• Emergency
  If damage to the body appears as a result of an accident, it will be called "emergency". The overwhelming majority of such damage requires repair work and is often very serious and expensive.

The higher the speed of the car during the accident, the greater the amount of damage and their scale.

Operational damage

The main damage to the car body during operation:

• Deformation of individual parts
• Sagging car doors
• Deformation of door / window openings
• Violation of paintwork, as well as anti-corrosion coating of the body
• Wing warping
• Detachment of welded / glued parts causing squeaks and knocks
• Cracks in the pillar area
• Breakage of bolts, nuts

Among all these types of damage, the most common is the appearance of corrosion on the body. Even if the car is stored in a garage or box, it is very difficult to avoid the appearance of rust, because over time the paintwork wears out, becomes thinner and more vulnerable.

If you find rust spots on the surface of the body, you can not postpone the repair and wait for the corrosion to completely destroy the paint. Full body repair is an expensive procedure, so it is important to timely polish, apply an anti-corrosion coating, and even better - periodically cover the body with a protective polyurethane anti-gravel film.

The masters of our centers are always ready to help and perform a full range of works on anti-gravel film.

Emergency damage

Almost any accident, even the smallest one, leads to damage to the car body. The most serious damage occurs in frontal collisions, when the main impact falls on the front of the vehicle. It is clear that such damage requires repair and, as a rule, urgent.

The scale of the accident damage depends on many factors: the speed of the car, the mass of the vehicle, the angle of contact with the obstacle, road conditions etc.

All accidental damage can be divided into three categories:

• Severe damage
  Damage after which it is necessary to carry out full replacement body.
• Medium damage
  In this case, the body can be saved, but most of its parts will need to be replaced.
• Weak / minor damage
  Holes, dents, scratches caused by a collision at a low speed - such damage can be easily repaired in a car service or on your own.

Any damage - accidental or operational - must be repaired in a timely manner, even if it is a small dent or chip on paintwork body. Moreover, if you do not have enough experience to conduct self repair, it is better not to experiment and immediately contact a specialist for diagnostics and complete restoration of the body.