If the car is not comfortable, then after traveling, especially for a long distance or in case of idleness in traffic jams, it will cause you fatigue and irritation. Unfortunately, Russian roads leave much to be desired and not all car brands can boast of comfort and convenience.
But we must admit that most modern cars have become better in terms of reliability, quality and comfort. However, there are models that have a huge advantage over other brands in terms of comfort. We offer you our rating of the most comfortable cars. selected for comfort while driving, noise isolation, convenience of the driver's seat and front passenger seat... We have deliberately excluded compact small cars from our list, sports cars and convertibles, which by definition cannot be ideally comfortable due to their size or design features.
Also after reading the best cars for comfort, you can also find out if these models, as well as what they have, by clicking on the photo or the name of the model.
The A6 is very convenient and comfortable. A ride in this car will please even the most experienced driver.
This year's new Impala is a modern large sedan. Spacious interior, comfortable, quiet and pleasant to drive. Noteworthy are the large and spacious front seats. They are pleasant to the touch and perfectly support the lower back and relieve stress on the back, which allows you to comfortably travel long distances.
One of best sedans on the market. Space and comfortthe main merit of computer engineersResearch Institute Chrysler. Top-end equipment is the best. The control of all functions of the car is very convenient. Various amenities, luxury items and quietness during the trip will not let you get tired behind the wheel. Especially ideal for a car on the highway, where you will not hear loud work motor and tire sound.See also:
The highest comfort is available in a top-of-the-range vehicle. The cabin is quiet. The noise only comes from
ventilation climate control. Also, some noise will bother you for several minutes after starting the engine in cold weather. After warming up, you will not hear the sound of the motor. The front seats are well-shaped and very comfortable thanks to the support of the lower back. It is worth noting that it is the leather seats that hold the back better than the fabric chairs. Plus, the fabric-trimmed seats are somewhat stiffer than the leather ones, which can lead to fatigue on long trips in traffic.See also:
Complete silence in the cabin. Even at high speed, no wind noise is heard. The interior of the Lexus ES is thought out to the smallest detail.
Maximum comfort. Expensive interior trim pleasantly surprises with its textures. ES models have very quiet engines and expensive soundproofing. The seats are distinguished by their comfort due to their width and balanced softness.Reliability rating
Lexus LS The flagship sedan provides both the driver and passengers with a comfortable and calm journey at any distance. The LS on the road won't be a hassle on any road. Soundproofing at a height. The absorption of extraneous noise is perfect. The smooth running of the car and excellent handling are the main advantages of this model. All seats are very comfortable and luxurious.
With the growth of progress and material well-being, the statement "A car is not a luxury, but a means of transportation" is slowly but surely losing its relevance. When buying a car today future owner pays more and more attention to such a component as comfort. This characteristic includes many parameters that, at first glance, have nothing in common:
- The design and type of suspension, as well as the model of tires installed on the car;
- Soundproofing of the passenger compartment and engine compartment;
- Air conditioning system;
- Ergonomics of the seats and spaciousness of the cabin;
- The quality of the interior decoration material;
- Glass tinted or curtains;
- Availability of active and passive systems security.
The latter is the basis for ensuring that both passengers and the driver feel protected, because that is where the feeling of comfort begins.
Taking into account all these parameters when buying a new car means opting for elite models, the cost of which may be too heavy a burden for the budget. Search the best option, which would correspond not only to the desire, but also to the possibilities, can become a long and tedious quest that can pretty much fray the nerves of a future car owner. We decided to take an active part in the search and present to your attention an overview of the most comfortable cars that you can buy in car dealerships in Russia. For greater convenience, the selection of models for the rating was made in three fundamentally different categories of cars.
The most comfortable crossovers
This type of car assumes a large and spacious interior, high seating position and large wheel diameter. All this is part of more convenient travel conditions. The most comfortable crossover models will be presented in this rating group.
4 Renault KAPTUR
Best price
Country: France (produced in Russia)
Average price: 884,000 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.4
Four-wheel drive French SUV entered the top of our rating because this model completely changes the way we think about Renault cars. A bright, slightly futuristic design, with the possibility of individualizing the appearance of a car using Atelier Renault elements, immediately attracts the attention of others. The comfortable and elegant interior has excellent sound insulation, and the three-circuit door seals almost completely absorb sound waves from the outside, as soon as you close the door.
Ergonomic seats create a pleasant atmosphere. Using a car for long trips will never be boring - the standard interior can be changed in accordance with the owner's preferences - just choose one of the ready-made design solutions. Availability of cruise control, climate system, services active safety with elements of intelligent driver support - this is also Renault KAPTUR.
3 KIA Sorento Prime
Spacious salon. Heated and ventilated anatomical chairs
Country: South Korea
Average price: 2,495,000 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.6
As a result of implemented this year technical updates models, the third generation Kia Sorento received, among other things, a modernized and more spacious interior. The interior of the vehicle is highlighted by energetic interior trims made from quality materials. Anatomical seats with built-in heating and ventilation are literally made for long journeys. Even rear passengers can adjust their seat backrest tilt.
A premium multimedia system with a subwoofer, a wireless console for charging your phone - everything is designed exclusively for comfortable movement in space. Elements of active and passive protection, highly appreciated by Euro NCAP specialists, make driving the car as convenient and safe as possible.
2 Porsche Macan
The most comfortable salon
Country: Germany
Average price: 3,512,000 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.9
The first thing that catches your eye when you open the doors of this car are the seats. They provide the most comfortable fit for passengers and the driver, adjusting to their preferences in 8 positions by simply pressing certain buttons. Adjusting the lumbar support for long journeys is an indispensable feature for maximum body comfort. In the basic version, all seats are heated, and as an option, a heated steering wheel is available. Also, the standard version of the crossover is equipped with a three-zone climate system, which allows you to create an individual microclimate for both front and rear passengers.
By choosing a car with air suspension, new owner will receive an SUV that completely isolates the driver and his companions from the surrounding reality. The car will simply "float" over the road, all the irregularities of which will not be able to disturb you in any way. Interior soundproofing using modern materials will allow you to talk without raising your voice, even at high speed. As an option, you can install multi-layer tinted thermal glass, which will increase the already high level of comfort. There is a more conservative but effective alternative - mechanical shutters.
1 Audi Q5
Most comfortable suspension. Popular model in the domestic market
Country: Germany
Average price: 3,325,000 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.9
Germans are very attentive to details, so their cars are the most comfortable and occupy a special niche in the market. Crossover Audi Q5, which was in the first position of our top-ranking, will amaze you with the smallest thoughtfulness of details and high-quality interior trim. Ergonomic seats and a customizable control system maximize travel comfort. In addition, Audi is considered the most "advanced" car and boasts many high-tech systems on board that make the trip not only comfortable, but also safe.
One of these systems is Audi Drive Select, which adapts the functioning of vehicle components in accordance with the priorities of the owner. A simple choice of mode - and the car becomes an off-road vehicle with high ground clearance or turns into sports car, with low ground clearance and stiff suspension. In the Comfort position, the standard engine and transmission dynamics are activated and the air suspension starts to operate more smoothly, which is immediately reflected in the driving comfort. This option is especially relevant for long trips.
The most comfortable sedans
As a rule, these are premium cars, which are distinguished not only by the maximum comfort, but also by a high level of safety, as well as by the presence of integrated modern and high-tech systems that make everyday operation pleasant and not burdensome. The models below are the very best and comfortable cars, which are sold today in Russia.
4 Nissan Sentra
The most attractive price. Spacious salon
Country: Japan (going to Russia)
Average price: 916,000 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.2
Already from an external examination of the car, one gets the impression of the spaciousness of its interior - the length of the car is just over 4.6 meters. Austere and concise elegance external appearance the car also accompanies the passenger inside - aluminum inserts in the interior of the cabin give it a more expensive, respectable look. Convenient control of on-board systems, the availability of services (depending on the selected configuration), providing a more comfortable and safe movement.
For long journeys, seating comfort is of particular importance. The Nissan Sentra has a rather high seating position, almost like in crossovers - there is no feeling that you are "falling through". Lateral support, comfortable adjustment and ample rear legroom make any journey as comfortable as possible.
3 GENESIS G70
Innovative driver support systems. Luxury salon
Country: South Korea
Average price: 1,999,000 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.4
This unusual, luxury car is the first representative of the premium segment of the South Korean Hyundai Motor Company. The elegant and modern design of the model anticipates the luxury interior comfort and innovative solutions implemented in the GENESIS G70. At your service is a projection of instrument readings onto the windshield, an intelligent all-round view function, passive and active safety systems, a luxurious speaker system consisting of 15 surround speakers, and many other modern high-end "chips".
The interior of the salon is distinguished by luxury and high quality materials used for finishing. The most comfortable and "smart" driver's seat has deep lateral support and electronic adjustment in 8 positions (only the lumbar support has 4 adjustment points). The ergonomic rear seats provide a comfortable seating position, which is key for long journeys.
2 Lexus LS
Image model. High level of comfort
Country: Japan
Average price: 5,540,000 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.8
The fifth generation of the most sought-after LS model, with a bright and dynamic design, is an integral attribute of speed and success. Only by sitting down on the magnificent, enveloping seats, you can fully experience all the luxury and comfort of the interior of this car. In addition to ventilation systems and dual-zone heating, rear passengers have access to 7 types of acupressure, which relieve fatigue and relax, which is very important for long trips.
High quality speaker system sound comparable to a home theater system, huge legroom for rear passengers (just over a meter) and adaptive suspension will allow you to completely withdraw from the outside world as soon as the door of this luxurious car is closed. The three-year manufacturer's warranty confirms High Quality and reliability, which is an integral part of comfort.
1 Mercedes S 350 d 4MATIC
Popular premium sedan... Comfortable suspension
Country: Germany
Average price: 6,720,000 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.8
German "Mercedes" at all times of its existence has symbolized success, prosperity and a subtle sense of style of its owner. This is a good reason for him to enter the top. best models our rating. Confident road behavior ensures four-wheel drive and auxiliary control systems. Inside, the owner will find an exquisite interior, finished with high quality materials, excellent noise insulation, ergonomic controls, a range of state-of-the-art intelligent driver assistance services and comfortable seats. Thanks to these components, the driver (all the more so) not so much gets tired of trips, but rests and relaxes, using the time behind the wheel to recuperate.
The special Curve suspension mode, which dampens inertial forces when cornering, makes the journey surprisingly comfortable. Futuristic soft neon illumination, which emphasizes the interior lines of the interior trim, adds pleasant emotions to passengers. A modern and very convenient projection screen displays not only the necessary information about the operation of the car directly on the windshield, but also a navigation map (depending on the equipment type). Its peculiarity lies in the fact that the driver does not see the information on windshield- illusory picture "hovers" over the hood of this luxurious car.
The most comfortable Chinese cars
The ever-increasing quality of Chinese models has become good reason and the reason for the most comfortable cars from China to be included in the top of our rating.
2 LIFAN X70
The best soundproofing of the cabin. Great popularity in Russia
Country: China
Average price: 799,000 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.3
When designing this crossover, Chinese specialists provided 14 special niches in the body structure for installing additional noise insulation. In total, there are 28 noise-absorbing zones that guarantee the best acoustic protection for passengers and the driver. Contoured to the body, the anatomical seats provide maximum comfort for long journeys.
The driver will feel the support of the ESP complex, Hill Start Assist (stabilization system when starting on slopes) and many other systems that ensure the convenience of car operation. It is also worth noting the strict design style of the interior decoration - laconic, with smooth transition lines, it is designed to enhance the harmony and comfort of this car.
1 GEELY EMGRAND GT
The most luxurious. Comfortable seats for rear passengers with adjustment
Country: China
Average price: 1,209,000 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.4
The secret of this car is that it is based on the proven and reliable Volvo S 80 platform (the Chinese now own this brand as well). Large and comfortable, the EMGRAND GT is equipped with the latest technology and is a serious competitor to more expensive and famous brands, the cost of which is significantly higher.
When finishing spacious salon high quality polymer was used, so there is no smell of phenolic compounds traditional for many cars from China. A two-zone climate system, electrically adjustable comfort seats (including the rear ones), a premium multimedia complex, an intelligent driver support system and many other features indicate that we have an expensive and prestigious top-class car in front of us.
One of the main criteria when choosing a car, which is guided by 90% of buyers, is just the level of comfort. Determining what comfort is at the same time is both simple and difficult, because until now it is impossible to articulate exactly what it is. And only in general terms, it can be noted that comfort is what makes our life easier and more convenient.
With regard to cars, manufacturers have brought some of their developments into a separate group, which is called the comfort system. In fact, these include almost all the advantages of a single car: visibility, fit, simplicity - all this, you see, creates one or another level of comfort. Nevertheless, in order to understand what it is - the comfort of modern cars, we decided on a very rough, but at the same time understandable classification of comfort systems:
- Direct comfort systems;
- Comfort enhancement systems
What are direct comfort systems?
What can we attribute to the first group? What does the motorist constantly face? Of course, this is the driver's seat. A huge number of innovative systems and technologies are aimed at making the driver's and passenger's landing as comfortable as possible. As a result, modern cars instead of banal mechanical seat adjustments, they are equipped with electric ones. The more you pay, the higher the comfort level. That is why BMW equips its luxury versions of its cars with variable geometry seats. For example, the lateral support of the seats changes, their length increases so that the legs are as little as possible in tension. Or, for example, a memory system for the position of the driver's seat - is it not a comfort system? Therefore, comfort and comfort are also different.
To direct systems of comfort, that is, what is used constantly and is already considered in the order of things, one can include either, etc. All this also creates a high level of comfort and is in use all the time. The list of systems can be endless, since everything that is done in a car is done for the comfort of those who will be in this car.
Comfort enhancement systems
What is meant by this group? For example, there is a car with a basic comfort system, which we talked about earlier: automatic transmission, power steering, etc. Comfort enhancement systems are those that are not used constantly, but only under certain conditions. For example, a system that connects only when the driver hits the track. On the one hand, the car already has a high level of comfort, but it is possible to make movement even more comfortable with the help of such systems that operate under certain circumstances, in certain conditions.
In addition to the cruise control, we can also mention the control system, the intelligent system, etc.
The main rule of comfort
All innovative systems that are being introduced into cars, in fact, only cloud the human mind and that, seeing how much useful options has one car, turns away from the one that has a simpler package, but at the same time is more comfortable.
What are the main criteria for comfort, which should be followed? This is not at all, in the form of heated wipers, remote start of the car, or. Yes, all this is certainly important, but there are systems that are decisive. These include characteristics, because it is very important how the car behaves on the road. For example, it can be stuffed with electronics, which supposedly increases comfort, but the part will be designed in such a way that each hole will penetrate into the interior. Yes, with this state of affairs, you will not want any of the latest technology, you will be ready to give everything for high-quality undercarriage... For the same reasons, noise, vibration and sound insulation can be considered. Comfort is unimaginable without silence. Engine characteristics, the same automatic transmission that we remembered about - these are the main and main parameters that affect the comfort of the car, and all the rest electronic systems- these are just minor additions to what is already available.
The study of the working conditions of drivers indicates a significant value of the parameters of the internal environment in the car. These parameters are only more or less likely to comply with the established standards, which makes it possible to extend the concept of reliability to a system that provides living conditions for people in a car. Operational observations are indirect evidence of its insufficient reliability in a number of cases. According to the results of a survey of a large number of professional drivers on the influence of internal environmental factors, the temperature regime in the cab (hot in summer, cold in winter) was negatively assessed - 49% of drivers; the presence of toxic substances (air pollution with exhaust gases) - 60%; the influence of vibrations - 45%, noise -
56% of the surveyed drivers.
1.13.1. Climatic comfort
Abnormal climatic conditions in the car cab have a detrimental effect on the health of the driver and are one of the reasons contributing to the occurrence of an accident. Under the influence of high or low temperatures in the cab of the car, the driver's attention is dulled, visual acuity decreases, reaction time increases, fatigue quickly sets in, errors and miscalculations appear that can lead to an accident.
One of the requirements of occupational safety and health is the exclusion of the possibility of penetration into the driver's cab of workers
gases that contain a number of toxic components, including carbon monoxide. Depending on the proportion of carbon monoxide in the air and the duration
the impact of the driver's work in such an atmosphere is different.
The most characteristic signs with minor poisoning are drowsiness, a feeling of fatigue, intellectual passivity, impaired
spatial coordination of movements, errors in determining the distance and an increase in the latency period in sensorimotor reactions. Studies have shown that only a small amount of
amount of carbon monoxide to make some people feel stupefied, intoxicated, headache, sleepy, and disorientated. such deviations that can lead to a deviation from the road, an unexpected turn of the steering wheel, falling asleep.
Carbon monoxide is sucked into the passenger compartment along with exhaust gases in case of technical malfunctions of the car. Free from any odor and color, carbon monoxide remains completely
imperceptible. In this case, a working person is poisoned three times faster than a person who is at rest.
It should be borne in mind that carbon monoxide also enters the driver's workplace together with the exhaust gases emitted by engines of other vehicles. This is especially dangerous for drivers of passenger cars - taxis, city buses and trucks systematically working in conditions of heavy and heavy traffic Vehicle in cities whose highways are filled with exhaust gases.
Studies of the air in the cabins of drivers and in passenger cabins of buses have shown that in some cases the content of carbon monoxide reaches 125 mg / m3, which is several times higher than the maximum permissible concentration for the driver's working area. Therefore, driving a car for more than 8 hours in a city is extremely dangerous due to the possibility of poisoning the driver with carbon monoxide.
Conditions in which a person does not experience overheating or hypothermia, sudden air movement and other unpleasant sensations can be considered thermally comfortable. Comfortable conditions in winter period somewhat differ from the same conditions in the summer, which is associated with the use of different clothes by a person. The main factors that determine the thermal state of a person are temperature, humidity and air speed, temperature and properties of the surfaces surrounding a person. With various combinations of these factors, it is possible to create equally comfortable conditions in the summer and winter periods of operation. Due to the variety of features of heat exchange between the human body and the external environment, the choice of a single criterion that characterizes comfortable conditions and is a function of environmental parameters is a difficult task. Therefore, comfortable conditions are usually expressed by a set of indicators that limit individual parameters: temperature, humidity, air speed, maximum air temperature difference in the body and outside, temperature of surrounding surfaces (floor, walls, ceiling), radiation level, air supply to a confined space (body , cabin) per person per time unit or air exchange rate.
The comfortable values of temperature and humidity, recommended by various researchers, are somewhat different. So, the Institute of Hygiene
doing light work, the air temperature in winter
20 ... 22 ° С, in summer +23 ... 25 ° С at a relative humidity of 40 ... 60%.
The permissible air temperature is + 28 ° С at the same humidity and its insignificant speed (about 0.1 m / s).
According to the results of French researchers, for light winter work, the recommended air temperature is +18 ... 20 ° C with a humidity of 50 ... 85%, and
for summer +24 ... 28 ° С with air humidity 35 ... 65%.
According to other foreign data, car drivers must work at lower temperatures (+15 ... 17 ° С in the winter period of operation and
18 ... 20 ° С in summer) at a relative humidity of 30 ... 60% and
the speed of its movement is 0.1 m / s. In addition, the temperature difference between the outside air and inside the body during the summer period should not exceed 10 ° C. The temperature difference inside the limited volume of the body in order to avoid colds in humans should not exceed 2 ... 3 ° C.
Depending on the working conditions, to ensure comfortable conditions, the temperature in the winter period can be taken equal to + 21 ° С with light
work, + 18.5 ° С at moderate, + 16 ° С at heavy.
Currently, in Russia, microclimatic conditions on cars are regulated.
So, for cars, the air temperature in the cab (body) in the summer period should not be higher than +28 C, in winter (at an outside temperature of –20 ° C) - not less than + 14 ° C. In summer, when the car is moving at a speed of 30
km / h the difference between the internal and external air temperature at the driver's head level should not be more than 3 ° С at an external temperature of + 28 ° С and more than 5 ° С at an external temperature of + 40 ° С. In the winter time in the zone
the location of the legs, waist and head of the driver should ensure the temperature is not lower than + 15 ° С at an external temperature of –25 ° С and not lower than + 10 ° С at an external temperature of –40 ° С.
Air humidity in the cabin should be 30 ... 70%. The supply of fresh air to the cab must be at least 30 m3 / h per person, the air speed in the cab and the passenger compartment must be 0.5 ... 1.5 m / s. The maximum concentration of dust in the cab (passenger compartment) should not exceed 5 mg / m3.
Ventilation system devices must create an overpressure of at least 10 Pa in a closed cabin.
The maximum concentration of dust in the cab (passenger compartment) should not exceed 5 mg / m3.
The maximum permissible concentration of harmful substances in the air of the working areas of the passenger compartment and the car cabin is regulated by GOST R 51206 - 98 for cars, in particular: carbon monoxide (CO) - 20 mg / m3; nitrogen oxides in terms of NO2 - 5 mg / m3; total hydrocarbons (Сn Нm) - 300 mg / m3; acrolein (С2Н3СНО) - 0.2 mg / m3.
The concentration of gasoline vapors in the passenger compartment and cabin of the car should not exceed 100 mg / m3.
The temperature regime in the cab (body) can be roughly
calculated according to the heat balance equation, according to which the air temperature in the cab (body) remains constant:
Heat supply to the cabin from various sources. V
in most cases, the thermal balance of the cabin (cabin) is determined by a number of factors, the main of which are: the number of people in the cabin (cabin) and
quantity of heat
QCH coming from them; quantity of heat,
coming through transparent barriers
(mainly from
solar radiation) and opaque fences
(quantity of heat,
coming from the engine
QДВ, transmissions
QTP, hydraulic equipment
electrical equipment with a fan.
Thus,
QEO) and together with external air
QVN supplied
ΣQi QCh QCh QP.O QNP.O QDV QTR QGO QEO QVN 0
It should be noted that the terms of the heat balance included in the equation should be taken into account algebraically, i.e. with a positive sign when heat is released into the cabin and with a negative sign when it is removed from the cabin. Obviously, the heat balance condition is satisfied if the amount of heat entering the cabin is equal to the amount of heat removed from it.
Temperature conditions and air mobility in car cabins are provided by heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems.
Currently, there are various ventilation and heating systems for cabins and car interiors, differing in the layout and design of individual units. The most economical and widely used on
modern cars are heating systems that use the heat of liquid cooling the engine. The combination of heating systems and general ventilation of the cab allows to increase the efficiency of the entire complex of devices for providing a microclimate in the cab throughout the year.
Heating and ventilation systems differ mainly in the location of the air intake on the outer surface of the car, the type of fan used and its location relative to the radiator
heater (at the inlet or outlet of the radiator), the type of radiator used (tubular-plate, tubular-tape, with an intensified surface, matrix, etc.), the control method
the operation of the heater, the presence or absence of a bypass air duct,
recirculation channel, etc.
Air intake from outside the cab into the heater is carried out in the place of minimum dustiness of the air and maximum dynamic pressure,
arising from the movement of the car. In trucks, the air intake is located on the roof of the cab. Water-reflecting partitions, blinds and covers are installed in the air intake,
driven from inside the cab.
To provide air supply to the cabin and overcome the aerodynamic resistance of the radiator and air ducts, an axial fan is used,
radial, diametrical, diagonal or other type. Currently, the most widespread is a double-cantilever radial fan, since it has a relatively small size with a large
productivity.
DC motors are used to drive the fan. The frequency of rotation of the electric motor and, accordingly, the fan impeller is controlled by a two- or three-stage variable resistor included in the power supply circuit of the electric motor.
The heat output of the heater and its
aerodynamic drag. To increase the efficiency of heat transfer from the radiator, the shape of its channels through which the air moves is complicated, and various turbulators are used.
The air diffuser plays a decisive role in the efficient and uniform distribution of temperatures and air velocities in the cab. The air distributor nozzles are made of various shapes: rectangular,
round, oval, etc. They are placed in front of the windshield glass, near the door glass, in the center of the instrument panel, at the driver's feet and in other places determined by the requirements for the distribution of intake air
flows in the cockpit.
Various dampers, rotary blinds,
control plates, etc. The drive to the dampers and rotary louvers is most often located directly in the air distributor housing.
Air ducts to the air distributor are made of sheet steel, rubber hoses, corrugated plastic pipes, etc. V
some cars use cab parts as air ducts, the cavity of the instrument panel. However, such a design of the air ducts is irrational, since tightness is not ensured and the air consumption increases. Vehicle traffic safety is largely
depends on reliable and effective protection of the windshield from fogging and freezing, which is achieved by uniformly blowing warm air and heating it to a temperature above the dew point.
Such glass protection is structurally simple, does not impair its optical properties, but requires an increase in the performance of the ventilation system and a high heat capacity of the glass. The effectiveness of jet glass protection against
fogging is determined by the temperature and air velocity at the exit from the nozzle located in front of the glass edge. The higher the air velocity at the outlet of the nozzle, the less the temperature in the glass zone differs from
temperature at the outlet of the nozzle.
The layout of the ventilation and heating system depends on the design of the vehicle, cab, individual units and their location.
Currently, air conditioners are widespread - devices for
artificial cooling of air entering the cab (body). According to the principle of operation, air conditioners are divided into compression, air-cooled, thermoelectric and evaporative. Automatic control of the heater operating mode in some vehicles is carried out by changing the flow rate of fluid or air through the heater radiator. With automatic regulation by changing
air flow rate parallel to the radiator, a bypass air channel is performed, in which a controlled damper is installed.
As already noted, an important place in the ventilation system of the cab (body)
the car is occupied by cleaning the ventilation air from dust.
The most common way is to clean the ventilation air using filters made of cardboard, synthetic fiber materials,
modified polyurethane foam, etc. However, for the effective use of such filters, which have a low dust holding capacity,
dust concentration at the inlet to the filter. For preliminary air purification, dust separators of inertial type are installed at the filter inlet with continuous removal of captured dust.
The basic principles of dedusting ventilation air are based on the use of one or several mechanisms for the deposition of dust particles from the air: the inertial effect of separation and the effects of entanglement and
deposition.
Inertial settling is carried out with a curvilinear movement of dusty air under the action of centrifugal and Coriolis forces. On
the deposition surface is discarded such particles whose mass or velocity is significant and they cannot follow with the air along the flow line around the obstacle. Inertial settling is manifested and
when the obstacles are filter filling elements made of fibrous materials, the ends of flat sheets of inertial louvered grilles, etc.
When dusty air moves through a porous partition, particles
suspended in the air, stay on it, and air completely passes through it. Studies of the filtration process are aimed at establishing the dependence of the efficiency of dust collection and aerodynamic resistance on the structural characteristics of porous partitions, the properties of dust and the air flow regime.
The air purification process in fiber filters takes place in two stages.
In the first stage, the particles are deposited in a clean filter without structural changes in the porous partition. In this case, changes in the thickness and composition of the dust layer are insignificant and can be neglected. At the second stage, there are continuous structural changes in the dust layer and further deposition of particles in significant quantities. At the same time, the efficiency of dust collection of the filter and its aerodynamic resistance change, which complicates the calculation of the filtration process. The second stage is difficult and poorly studied; in operating conditions, it is it that determines the efficiency of the filter, since the first stage is very short-lived. Of the whole variety of filtering materials used in the filters of the ventilation air dedusting system of cabins, three groups can be distinguished: woven from natural, synthetic and mineral fibers; non-woven - felt, paper, cardboard, needle-punched materials, etc.; cellular - polyurethane foam, spongy rubber, etc.
For the manufacture of filters, materials of organic origin and artificial are used. Organic materials include cotton, wool. They have low temperature resistance, high moisture capacity. A common disadvantage of all filtering materials of organic origin is their susceptibility to putrefactive processes and the negative effect of moisture. Synthetic and mineral materials include: nitron, which is highly resistant to temperatures, acids and alkalis; chlorane, which has low thermal stability, but high chemical resistance; nylon, characterized by high abrasion resistance; oxalon having high thermal stability; fiberglass and asbestos, which are characterized by high temperature resistance, etc. The filter material made of lavsan has high indicators of dust-collecting, strength and regeneration parameters.
Non-woven needle-punched lavsan are widely used in filters with impulse air blowing during filter regeneration.
filtering materials. These materials are obtained by compaction of fibers followed by needling or needling.
The disadvantage of such filter materials is the passage of more
fine dust particles through the holes formed by the needles.
A significant drawback of filters made of any filter material is the need to replace them or Maintenance with the aim of
regeneration (recovery) of the filter material. Partial regeneration of the filter can be carried out directly in the ventilation system by backflushing the filter material with purified air from the car cab or by local jet blowing with air.
from a compressor with preliminary cleaning of compressed air from water and oil vapors.
Filter construction made of woven or non-woven filter materials
for cab ventilation systems, it must have a maximum filtration surface with minimum dimensions and aerodynamic resistance. The installation of the filter in the cabin and its change should be convenient and ensure reliable tightness around the filter perimeter.
1.13.2. Vibration comfort
From the point of view of reaction to mechanical excitations, a person is a kind of mechanical system. At the same time, various internal organs and individual parts of the human body can be considered as masses interconnected by elastic bonds with the inclusion of parallel resistances.
The relative movements of parts of the human body lead to stresses in the ligaments between these parts and mutual collision and pressure.
Such a viscoelastic mechanical system has natural frequencies and rather pronounced resonance properties. Resonant
the frequencies of individual parts of the human body are as follows: head - 12 ... 27 Hz,
throat - 6 ... 27 Hz, chest - 2 ... 12 Hz, legs and arms - 2 ... 8 Hz, lumbar spine - 4 ... 14 Hz, abdomen - 4 ... 12 Hz. Degree harmful effects vibrations on the human body depends on the frequency, duration and direction of vibration, individual characteristics of a person.
Long-term human vibrations with a frequency of 3 ... 5 Hz have a harmful effect on the vestibular apparatus, the cardiovascular system and cause motion sickness syndrome. Vibrations with a frequency of 1.5 ... 11 Hz cause disturbances due to resonant vibrations of the head, stomach, intestines and ultimately the whole body. With vibrations with a frequency of 11 ... 45 Hz, vision deteriorates, nausea, vomiting occurs, and the normal activity of other organs is disrupted. Oscillations with a frequency of more than 45 Hz cause damage to the vessels of the brain, a disorder of blood circulation and higher nervous activity occurs, followed by the development of vibration disease. Since vibration with constant exposure has an adverse effect on the human body, it is normalized.
The general approach to vibration regulation is to limit vibration acceleration or vibration velocity measured at the driver's workplace in
depending on the direction of the vibration, its frequency and duration.
Note that the smooth running of the machine is characterized by general vibration,
transmitted through the support surfaces to the body of a seated person. Local vibration is transmitted through the hands of a person from the controls of the machine, and its effect is less significant.
Dependence of the mean square value of the vertical
The vibration acceleration az of a seated person from the vibration frequency with his constant vibration load is shown in Fig. 1.13.1 (curves of "equal concentration"), from which it can be seen that in the frequency range f = 2 ... 8 Hz, the sensitivity of the human body to vibration increases.
The reason for this is precisely the resonant vibrations of various parts of the human body and its internal organs. Most curves
"Equal condensation" are obtained when the human body is exposed to harmonic vibration. In case of random vibration, the curves of "equal concentration" in different frequency ranges have general character, but
quantitatively differ from harmonic vibration.
Vibration hygienic assessment is carried out using one of three methods:
frequency (spectral) analysis; integral estimate of frequency and
"Dose of vibration".
In a separate-frequency analysis, the normalized parameters are the root-mean-square values of the vibration velocity V and their logarithmic levels Lv or vibration acceleration az for local vibration in octave frequency bands, and for general vibration - in octave or one-third octave frequency bands. When normalizing vibration, "equal thickening" curves were first taken into account in the ISO 2631-78 standard. The standard establishes the permissible root-mean-square values of vibration acceleration in one-third octave bands
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frequencies in the range of geometric mean frequencies 1 ... 80 Hz with different duration of vibration. ISO 2631-78 provides for the assessment of both harmonic and random vibration. In this case, the direction of the general vibration is usually estimated along the axes of the orthogonal coordinate system (x - longitudinal, y - transverse, z - vertical).
Rice. 1.13.1. Curves of "equal concentration" at harmonic vibration:
1 - the threshold of sensations; 2 - the beginning of unpleasant sensations
A similar approach to vibration regulation is used in GOST
12.1.012-90, the provisions of which are the basis for determining the criterion and indicators of smooth running of cars.
As a criterion for smooth running, the concept of "safety" was introduced, not
impairing the health of the driver.
Ride indicators are usually assigned according to the output value, which is the vertical vibration acceleration az or the vertical vibration velocity Vz, determined on the driver's seat. It should be noted here that when assessing the vibration load on a person, vibration acceleration is the preferred output value. For sanitary standardization and control, the vibration intensity is estimated by the mean square
az value
vertical vibration acceleration, as well as its logarithmic
Threshold root mean square
vibration acceleration.
Mean square value az
called "controlled
parameter ", and the smoothness of the machine is determined with constant vibration in the frequency range of 0.7 ... 22.4 Hz.
With an integrated assessment, a frequency-corrected value of the controlled parameter is obtained, with the help of which the ambiguity of a person's perception of vibration with a different spectrum is taken into account
frequencies. Frequency-corrected value of the monitored parameter az
and its logarithmic level
are determined from the expressions:
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~ ∑ (k zi a zi);
10 lg ∑100,1 (Lazi Lkzj),
- root-mean-square value of the controlled parameter
and its logarithmic level in the i-th octave or one-third octave band;
Is the weighting factor for the root mean square value
of the controlled parameter and its logarithmic level in the i-th band
kzi i; n is the number of bands in the normalized frequency range.
The values of the weighting factors are given in Table 1.13.1.
Table 1.13.1
Average frequency of one-third octave and
Third octave frequency band
Octave frequency band
octave bands
According to sanitary standards, with a shift duration of 8 hours and general vibration, the standard root-mean-square value of the vertical vibration acceleration is 0.56 m / s2, and its logarithmic level is 115 dB.
When determining the vibration load on a person using the vibration spectrum, the standardized indicators are the root-mean-square value of vibration acceleration or its logarithmic level in one-third octave and octave frequency bands.
The permissible values of the spectral indicators of the vibration load on a person are given in table. 1.13.2.
Table 1.13.2
Sanitary norms of spectral indicators of vibration load for vertical vibration acceleration
geometric
Normative mean
square value
Regulatory
logarithmic
one-third octave frequency
vibration acceleration
vibration acceleration
and octave
Third octave
frequency band
Octave
frequency band
Third octave
frequency band n
In the case of using the integral and separate-frequency methods for assessing the vibration load on a person, you can come to different results. As a priority, it is recommended to use the method of separate-frequency (spectral) assessment of vibration load.
At present, the standard indicators of the smoothness of the machine, such as vibration acceleration and
vibration velocities in the vertical and horizontal planes, set differentially for different vibration frequencies.
The latter are grouped into seven octave bands with an average geometric frequency from 1 to 63 Hz (Table 1.13.3.).
Table 1.13.3
Standard indicators for the smooth running of transport vehicles
Parameter
Vibration speed,
Geometric mean frequency of oscillations, Hz
1 2 4 8 16 31,5 6
vertical horizontal Vibration acceleration, m / s2: vertical horizontal
On a number of special wheeled and tracked vehicles operating in difficult road conditions, where the amplitudes of the micro-profile are significant, it is difficult to ensure the values of the smoothness indicators, regulated for transport equipment... Therefore, for such machines, standard indicators of smoothness are set at a lower level (tab.
Table 1.13.4
Ride-on Ride Indicators for Machines Operating in Severe Road Conditions
Workplace acceleration
driver - (operator)
Vertical:
mean square maximum from episodic
shocks
maximum from rotary jolts
Horizontal RMS
Transport traction
Ride standards for trucks, buses, cars, trailers and semi-trailers are determined for three types of sections of the NAMI auto-range:
I - a cement dynamometric road with a root mean square value of the heights of irregularities of 0.006 m;
II - pothole-free cobblestone road with RMS
roughness values of 0.011 m;
III - potholed cobblestone road with rms roughness values of 0.029 m.
The standards of smooth running of cars, established by OST 37.001.291-84,
are given in table. 1.13.5, 1.13.6, 1.13.7.
To improve the indicators of the smooth running of cars, the following measures are used:
The choice of the layout of the car, which ensures the independence of vibrations on the front and rear suspension sprung weight of the machine;
The choice of the optimal characteristics of the elasticity of the suspension;
Ensuring the optimal ratio of the stiffness of the front and rear suspensions of the car;
Reducing the mass of unsprung parts;
Suspension of the cab and seat of the driver of a truck and a road train.
Table 1.13.5
Limit technical standards smooth running of trucks
Corrected values of vibration accelerations on seats, m / s2, not more
horizontal
RMS vertical
vibration accelerations in
vertik roads
longitudinal
characteristic points of the sprung part, m / s2, no more
Table 1.13.6
Limiting technical standards for the smooth running of passenger cars
Corrected values of vibration accelerations in the driver's and
Road type
passengers, m / s2, no more
vertical horizontal
Table 1.13.7
Limiting technical standards of smooth running of buses
Corrected values of vibration accelerations on bus seats, m / s2, no more
other urban types
driver passengers driver and passengers
1.13.3. Acoustic comfort
Various noises occur in the vehicle cab, which negatively affect the driver's performance. First of all, the auditory function suffers, but noise phenomena, possessing cumulative properties (i.e. properties to accumulate in the body), inhibit the nervous system, while psychophysiological functions change, the speed and accuracy of movements are significantly reduced. Noise causes negative emotions, under its influence the driver gets distracted, apathy, memory impairment. Human exposure to noise can be categorized into the following groups, depending on the intensity and spectrum of noise:
Very strong noise with levels of 120 ... 140 dB and above - regardless of the spectrum, it can cause mechanical damage to the hearing organs and cause severe damage to the body;
Strong noise with levels of 100 ... 120 dB at low frequencies, above 90 dB at medium frequencies and above 75 ... 85 dB at high frequencies - causes irreversible changes in the hearing organs, and with prolonged exposure it can be
the cause of a number of diseases and, first of all, of the nervous system;
Noise more low levels 60 ... 75 dB at medium and high frequencies has a harmful effect on the nervous system of a person engaged in work that requires focused attention, to which work belongs
car driver.
Sanitary standards divide noise into three classes and establish an acceptable level for them:
Class 1 - low-frequency noise (the largest components in the spectrum are located below the frequency of 350 Hz, above which the levels decrease) with an allowable level of 90 ... 100 dB;
Class 2 - mid-frequency noise (the highest levels in the spectrum
located below 800 Hz, above which the levels decrease) with an allowable level of 85 ... 90 dB;
Class 3 - high-frequency noise (the highest levels in the spectrum are located above 800Hz) with an acceptable level of 75 ... 85 dB.
Thus, noise is called low-frequency when the vibration frequency is not
more than 400 Hz, mid-frequency - 400 ... 1000 Hz, high-frequency - more
1000 Hz. In this case, according to the frequency of the spectrum, the noise is classified into broadband, which includes almost all frequencies of sound pressure (the level is measured in dBA), and narrowband (the level is measured in dB).
Although the frequency of acoustic sound vibrations is in the range of 20 ... 20,000
Hz, its normalization in dB is carried out in octave bands with a frequency of 63 ...
8000 Hz constant noise. The characteristic of non-constant and broadband noise is equivalent in energy and perception
human ear sound level in dBA.
Permissible internal noise levels for vehicles on
GOST R 51616 - 2000 are given in table. 1.13.8.
It should be noted that the permissible levels of internal noise in the cab or passenger compartment are established regardless of whether there is a single source.
noise or several of them. Obviously, if the sound power emitted by one source meets the maximum permissible sound pressure level at the workplace, then when installing several such sources
the specified maximum permissible level will be exceeded due to the addition of their effects. As a result, the overall noise level is determined by the energy summation law.
Table 1.13.8
Permissible levels of internal noise from motor vehicles
Permissible
Motor vehicle
Cars and buses for the transport of passengers
sound level, dB A
M 1, except for wagon models or
half-hood body layout
M 1 - models with wagon or 80
semi-hood body layout.
M 3, except for models with
the location of the engine in front of or near the place
driver: 78 at the driver's workplace 80 in the passenger compartment of class II buses 82
in the passenger compartment of class I buses
Models with 80 layout
engine in front of or near the driver's seat:
at the workplace of the driver and in the passenger 80
the premises
Trucks for the transport of goods
N1 full weight up to 2 t 80
N1 with gross weight from 2 to 3.5 t 82
N3, except for models
destined for international and 80
intercity transportation
Models for international and 80
intercity transportation
Trailers for the carriage of passengers 80
Total noise level, dBA, from several identical sources
LΣ L1 10 lg⋅ n,
L1 - noise level of one source, dBA;
n is the number of noise sources.
With the simultaneous action of two sources with different sound pressure levels, the total noise level
LΣ La ∆L,
- the largest of the two summed noise levels;
∆L - additive depending on the difference in noise levels of two sources
∆L values
depending on the difference in noise levels of the two sources
> Lb) are shown below:
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La - Lb, dBA ... ..0 1 |
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∆L, dBA ... ... 3 2.5 |
Obviously, if the noise level of one source is higher than the level of the other by
8 ... 10 dBA, then the noise of a more intense source will prevail, since
in this case, the addition ∆L
very small.
The total noise level of sources of different intensity is determined by the expression
−0,1∆L1, n
Σ 1 10 lg 1 10
... 10 ,
L1 - the highest noise level of one of the sources;
∆L1, 2 - L1 - L2;
∆L1,3 L1 - L3; ∆L1, n L1 - Ln ⋅ L2, L3, ...., Ln
Noise levels
respectively, the 2nd, 3rd, ..., nth sources). Calculation of the noise level, dB A,
with a change in the distance to the source is performed according to the formula
Lr Lu - 201gr - 8,
- source noise level; r is the distance from the noise source to
the object of his perception, m.
The general noise of a moving car consists of noise generated by the engine, aggregates, the car body and its components, the noise of auxiliary equipment and tire rolling, as well as noise from the air flow.
Noise in a specific source is generated by certain physical phenomena, among which the most characteristic in a car are:
impact interaction of bodies; friction of surfaces; forced vibrations of rigid bodies; vibration of parts and assemblies; pressure pulsation in pneumatic and hydraulic systems.
In general, the sources of vehicle noise can be divided into the following:
Mechanical - engine internal combustion, body parts,
transmission, suspension, panels, tires, tracks, exhaust system;
Hydromechanical - torque converters, fluid couplings, hydraulic pumps,
hydraulic motors;
Electromagnetic - generators, electric motors;
Aerodynamic - intake and exhaust system of an internal combustion engine, fans.
Noise has a complex structure and consists of the noise of individual sources. The most intense sources of noise are:
structural engine noise (mechanical and combustion noise), intake and system noise, exhaust and exhaust system noise, cooling fan noise, transmission noise, tire rolling noise (tire noise), body noise. Many years of research have established that the main sources of noise generation in a car include the internal combustion engine, transmission elements, tires, aerodynamic noise. A secondary source of noise is the body panels. Additional sources include noises from engine attachments, some transmission elements, electric motors, heaters, windshield blowing, doors slamming, etc.
The listed sources generate mechanical and acoustic vibrations, different in frequency and intensity. The nature of the frequency spectrum
disturbances are very difficult to analyze due to the overlap and interconnection of the frequencies of working processes and disturbances from transmission elements, chassis, aerodynamic processes, etc.,
and also due to the fact that many sources are simultaneously causative agents of mechanical and acoustic vibrations. The vibration spectra of the main transmission units and noise show up mainly
harmonic components from main sources of excitation
(engine and transmission).
The dynamic interaction of parts of vehicle units generates vibrational energy, which, spreading from vibration sources,
creates a sound field of a car, a tractor, i.e. car noise.
In accordance with this, the following paths can be outlined to reduce the intensity of noise:
Reducing the vibration activity of the units, i.e. reducing the level of vibrational energy generated in the source;
Taking measures to reduce the intensity of vibrations on their way
distribution;
Impact on the process of radiation and transmission of vibrations to attached parts, i.e. decrease in their vibroacoustic activity.
Reducing the vibration activity of the source is achieved by improving the kinematic properties of vehicle systems and choosing the parameters of mechanical systems so that their resonant frequencies are
are maximally removed from the frequency range containing the operating frequencies of the units, as well as by minimizing the vibration levels at the reference points and minimizing the amplitudes of forced vibrations. Reducing noise can be achieved by creating a low-noise process
combustion, improving the vibroacoustic characteristics of body parts, units, introducing damping into their design, improving the design and manufacturing quality of movable
parts, increasing the acoustic efficiency of intake and exhaust mufflers, etc.
Fight noise and vibration as they propagate in the process
radiation and transmission of vibrational energy to attached parts and
units can be made by "detuning" the system of bearing elements from resonance states by means of vibration isolation, vibration damping and vibration damping.
Vibration isolation - the choice of such parameters of mechanical systems that ensure the localization of vibrations in a certain area of the car without
its further distribution.
Vibration damping - the use of systems that actively dissipate the vibration energy of vibrating surfaces, as well as the use of materials with a large decrement
attenuation.
Vibration damping - use in units tuned to a certain frequency and mode of vibration, systems operating in antiphase.
Suppression of noise at its source is an active method of noise suppression and the most radical means of dealing with noise. However, in many cases, this method, for one reason or another, does not
it is possible to apply. Then you have to resort to passive methods of protection against noise - vibration damping of surfaces, sound absorption, sound insulation.
Soundproofing refers to the reduction in sound (noise) to the receiver due to reflection from obstacles in the transmission path. The sound-insulating effect always occurs when the sound passes through
waves across the interface between two different media. The higher the energy of the reflected waves, the lower the energy of the transmitted waves, and, therefore, the greater the soundproofing ability of the interface between the media. The more sound energy is absorbed by the obstacle, the higher its sound-absorbing
ability.
Noise caused by medium and high frequency vibrations is transmitted to the passenger compartment mainly through the air. To reduce this transmission, a special
attention should be paid to sealing the cabin, identifying and eliminating acoustic holes (acoustic holes). Acoustic holes can be through and non-through slots, technological holes, areas with
low sound insulation, significantly impairing the overall sound insulation of the structure.
From the point of view of the features of the transmission of sound energy, they are distinguished
large and small acoustic holes. A large acoustic hole is characterized by a large, in comparison with unity, ratio of the linear dimensions of the hole to the length of the sound wave incident on the hole. In practice, we can assume that sound waves pass through a large acoustic hole according to the laws of geometric acoustics and that the sound energy passed through the hole is proportional to its area. Each hole category has one or more effective methods their elimination.
To determine effective ways to reduce noise, it is necessary to know the most intense noise sources, to separate them, and also
determine the need for and the magnitude of the reduction in the levels of each of them.
Having the results of the separation of sources and their levels, it is possible to determine the sequence of tuning the car for noise.
Control questions
1.For what purpose is the safety of the construction of vehicles regulated?
2. What are the main properties that determine the safety of the structure of vehicles
3. By what criteria is the impact of active vehicle safety on road safety determined?
4. What is the relationship between vehicle weight and risk
receiving bodily harm in an accident for his passengers?
5. What determines the width of the dynamic corridor during curvilinear movement?
6. What size classes are cars sold in Europe?
with GOST R 52051-2003?
8. What forces act on the car accelerating uphill?
9. What changes in the technical condition of the car affect its traction dynamics and how?
10. What is the dynamic factor of a car?
11. What is called lateral stability car?
12. What is called the longitudinal stability of a car?
13. What is vehicle directional stability?
14. What are the main technical requirements (test methods)
impose on the braking properties of vehicles?
15. What standards regulate the stability and controllability of vehicles as active safety properties?
16. What types of resistance tests do you know?
17. What indicators are assessed in the "stabilization" test?
18. What types of car steering are there?
19. For what technical reasons is the loss of controllability of the car possible?
20. What is the stopping distance of a car?
21. How the Type 0 test is carried out braking systems Vehicle?
22. What indicators determine the requirements for tires and wheels?
23. Indicate the main characteristics of the coupling devices.
24. What devices are used for information support of vehicles?
25. What technical requirements present for lighting and light signaling devices?
