Synthetic motor oil, composition, characteristics. What is synthetic oil What is automobile oil made of?

Today we will move a little from the usual structure of such ratings - “the best mineral / semi-synthetic / synthetic oil". The reason is simple: a specific engine first of all needs the oil viscosity set by the manufacturer, and modern engines use low-viscosity lubricants (this is, as a rule, a high-temperature viscosity of 30, on many engines - 20). It is silly to discuss anything other than synthetics in this context. The division into categories “oil for gasoline / diesel engines"Taking into account that 90% modern oils are approved for use in both types of engines, discuss pure "diesel" oil in relation to passenger cars makes sense only in the segment of oils intended for engines with particulate filters.

Therefore, today we will divide engine oils according to the categories of their specific application, and not according to virtual and meaningless parameters:

Oils with high temperature viscosity 40(5W40 in our rating) - the best way for engines manufactured in the 90s - early 2000s. For the regions of the Far North, it makes sense to consider 0W40 oils, this can significantly facilitate starting the engine in winter.
5 W30 today it can be considered universal: this viscosity is used both in budget foreign cars and in engines of premium cars.
0 W20- low-viscosity motor oils used in a large number of modern engines. Moreover, pouring more viscous oils into them is categorically not recommended: piston rings specially having reduced elasticity to reduce mechanical losses, do not cope with a more durable oil film, the growth of oil waste begins.
High temperature viscosity 50 it is relevant for owners who strictly operate their cars - it is not for nothing that oils 5W50, 10W60 have received the name "sports" in everyday life.
10W40 - the standard choice of owners of old cars, as a rule, is budget semi-synthetics of outdated quality classes - SH, SJ.
Diesel with particulate filters should have minimal oil waste, which, at the same time, should not give a noticeable solid sediment (low ash content). This parameter is critical, therefore, only oils that have the appropriate certification are allowed to be poured into the engines of such cars. The vast majority of light diesel engines of this type use oils with a viscosity of 5W30, and we will consider them.

When choosing an engine oil, the main selection criterion is its characteristics, which directly affect the durability of the engine and its reliability. An incorrect decision leads to the failure of the entire lubrication system. By carefully studying different motor oils, their brand and characteristics, you can make the most balanced and deliberate choice. The selected product will allow the motor to operate for at least the manufacturer's recommended period.

Reducing friction is a key function of engine fluid, and engine performance often depends on its quality. If the friction is too high, the engine spends its energy mainly on overcoming this force, therefore, fuel consumption increases, power decreases, exhaust gases become more toxic, and the car is noisier.

Decrease in efficiency is not the only problem, as the metal elements of the motor accumulate surface fatigue, the bonds between the molecules become weaker, due to which even a slight load can lead to the destruction of parts.

Over time, the metal of the engine can completely collapse, since the fatigue limit sooner or later becomes critical.

The surfaces of the engine also suffer from excess friction. The gap between the friction pairs of the motor increases due to their grinding. Shock loads increase in direct proportion to the increase in clearances. As a result, the surface of the parts wears out. At minimum gaps, the noise level is also insignificant, but with their increase, the noise turns into knocking.

It is the use quality oil allows you to avoid the listed problems, but in addition to quality, you must also take into account the compliance of the oil with the recommendations of the manufacturer of your car.

Timely replacement

Timely replacement of engine oil is a prerequisite for manufacturers, in which the operating life of the engine will be as long as possible. If you ignore this recommendation, you should prepare for the following consequences:

intensive wear of engine parts, therefore, the failure of the entire unit;
failure of the oil receiver;
the engine oil lines are clogged and the engine elements stick together;
the formation of a solid sediment from the decomposing base;
filters are clogged with wear products of obsolete oil.

Before deciding which engine oil is best, you need to make sure that the option you choose meets three characteristics: the properties of the lubricant, the operating conditions and the design of the unit. Also, the oil must meet the following parameters.

High detergent, dispersant-stabilizing and solubilizing characteristics in relation to insoluble inclusions. Thanks to this property, it will be easier for you to clean the parts from dirt.
The ability to neutralize the action of acids, thereby preventing wear and tear on engine parts.
High thermo-oxidative and thermal capacity will allow the oil to be used to cool piston rings and pistons, which are very hot.
Low volatility and low waste consumption.
Lack of ability to form foam when hot and cold.
Compatibility with the material of the seals used in the exhaust gas aftertreatment system.
The ability to reliably lubricate parts in extreme conditions, as well as effectively pump lubricant in the engine and start it in a cold state.
Lack of the ability to react with metal elements of the motor during prolonged downtime or during operation.

Specific requirements of car factories

In addition to the basic requirements for engine oil fluids, there are those that are imposed by the car plant itself. We are talking about a list of specific characteristics and their importance can be considered on the following principle.

A range of oils for an old low-power engine with a carburetor and cast iron sleeves much wider when compared to a high-speed motor with a nikasilev block, increased operating temperature and a three-way catalyst. Information in service book will allow you to deal with the situation and choose an oil that will not spoil the engine.

For example, the tolerance of Volkswagen oil - VW 504.00, therefore, when choosing analogs, it is necessary to focus on the same tolerance, since it specifies specific requirements specifically for VW engines that meet Euro 4 environmental standards. Choosing a product with a more recent approval is not always considered justified. In diesel engines of the same Volkswagen, greases with VW 502.00 approval cannot be used.

Lubricants with VW 503.00 approval, in turn, are prohibited for use in engines where there are no indications regarding a newer or specific conformity, since their feature is a reduced high-temperature viscosity.

Engine oil properties

Before considering different classifications engine oils and their characteristics, it is worth familiarizing yourself with the properties motor fluids that underlie these classifications. Among the key properties are the following.

Viscosity- the main property due to which the ability to use the product in engines of different types is determined.
Coking- the ability of the oil to form tar and carbon deposits. The better the oil is refined, the lower its coking properties. The optimal indicator is 0.7% for liquids with a high level of viscosity and 0.1-0.15% for low-viscosity substances.
Ash content- the presence of minerals that remain after cleaning and can turn into ash as a result of oil combustion. The optimum ash content is below 1%.
Content of impurities of mechanical origin which clog filters, oil channels and accelerate engine wear.
Water content leads to the formation of foam, which results in poor engine lubrication as the ducts become clogged.
Alkaline number determines the amount of alkalis and water-soluble acids in the product, which affects the detergency and corrosive properties.
Detergent properties are represented by the ability to prevent the formation of warm varnish deposits on the side surface of the piston and the skirt.
Flash point determines the amount of low-boiling fractions in the product, which indicates the ability to form carbon deposits and burn when in contact with hot elements of the engine. Flash points good oil should be high.
Pour point allows you to determine the moment when the oil loses its mobility and properties characteristic of liquids.
Transparency and color determined the quality of the oil earlier. The reference was a clear amber or honey colored oil. Now this indicator is not considered decisive, since manufacturers use different additive packages that can affect the color of the final product.

Individual code

To make the choice of the oil liquid as fast and simple as possible, it is worth familiarizing yourself with the principle of decoding the individual cipher that each product in this category has.

The code contains the following information:

base (synthetics, organic or semi-synthetics);
quality and purpose according to API classification;
viscosity indicators according to the SAE classification;
production date and batch number.

With the batch number, production date and brand, everything is extremely simple, the difficulties begin when it comes to the rest of the quality designations. It is about them that will be discussed further.

Classification of engine oils

Motor lubricating products are classified taking into account different methods and approaches, which together allows you to choose the best option for a particular engine. The basis of the oil, its viscosity, and quality characteristics are taken into account.

Classification of oils based on their basis

The base oil is the basis of motor lubrication and it is this oil that transfers its properties to the finished product. The additive package only corrects these properties to some extent. So the oil base could be as follows.

Mineral base is a product of the distillation of petroleum and is considered the oldest class. Mineral engine oil is not the best the best choice, since such a base is unstable and depends entirely on the source material. During operation, a lot of deposits form in the engine, since the composition easily oxidizes and quickly loses its viscosity. In the cold, such a base thickens quickly. The option is the most budgetary and is suitable only for old motors.
Synthetic base is created specifically taking into account the required properties, among which there may be an increase in the resource, an improvement in protective properties, etc. In this case, the same oil is used, but the technological process of its processing is more perfect. Synthetic motor oil has improved properties and higher cost.
Semisynthetics- This is the same mineral base, but with the addition of a hydrocracked synthetic part, which improves performance. Some manufacturers call semi-synthetics and fully hydrocracked base. Either way, this is a good compromise in terms of quality characteristics. Also, semi-synthetic engine oil is less likely to provoke the formation of deposits in the engine and less often needs to be replaced. These advantages fully pay off the higher cost. It is not recommended to use such a product only in heavily contaminated engines, because due to the improved detergent properties, old dirt will rise from the oil channels and go further in bed. camshafts and in the crankshaft liners.

At first glance, you might get the impression that the semi-synthetic base is the best option and will provide the motor with the best resource. In fact, any oil works well if it matches the properties of the engine, and the driver observes the required drain intervals.

Viscosity classification (SAE standard)

The limits of the viscosity of the lubricant are determined by the design of the motor. Lubrication of loaded components occurs under pressure due to the oil pump, while splashing from the camshafts and crankshaft provides lubrication of less loaded units.

The viscosity of the oil must be sufficient to build up pressure in the lubrication system, while the liquid state ensures the separation of micro-droplets of the substance to form an oil mist in the crankcase.

Compliance with viscosity requirements is especially important in the case of modern engines, since the piston rings used in this case to reduce mechanical losses are not elastic enough, and if the oil is too viscous, it leaves a strong film on the cylinder walls, which oil scraper rings take off worse. The result is an increase in consumption.

The viscosity index is influenced by temperature, therefore it is customary to indicate this parameter with two control points, which is what the generally accepted SAE classification is guided by. The measurement of the oil substance takes place at temperatures of -30 and 100 degrees, while we are talking about winter start-up and operating temperature.

There are several measurement ranges.

Summer viscosity corresponds to a number between 20 and 60, while the number 60 indicates the thickest oil.
For winter viscosity, numbers from 20 to 0 and the letter W (winter) are used. In a frost of -30 degrees, 0W oil will be the thinnest, and 20W the thickest.

The designation can be seasonal (summer or winter) or all-season. For example, SAE 50 is a 50 year old lubricant, SAE 10W is winter lubricant, and SAE 10W-40 is an all season lubricant. Markings 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 with the letter W are for winter, and 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 are for summer viscosity grades.

It is better to give preference to multigrade oils as they are more convenient to use. When choosing, you can underestimate the low-temperature viscosity.

High-temperature viscosity must necessarily comply with the manufacturer's requirements.

Viscosity according to GOST

Viscosity indicators are taken as a basis in the Russian classification according to GOST.

summer classes correspond to the numbers 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20 and 24, which indicate the level of viscosity in square millimeters;
numbers 4, 5 and 6 correspond to winter classes;
When choosing a multigrade oil, also be guided by the number: the numerator will indicate the winter class, and the denominator will indicate the summer class.

API standards

The American Petroleum Institute (API) standard is used to define a characteristic list of properties, that is, designate product quality.

According to this standard, designations with the prefix C correspond to diesel engines, and the prefix S to gasoline engines (read about what it is).
The next letter will indicate the age of the standard edition (the further the letter in the alphabetical order, the more modern the edition). When choosing, you should not rely on more modern editions, since the standards are being tightened mainly due to the requirements of environmentalists, while the protective properties in relation to engine components may even deteriorate. For example, if an engine is designed for a product labeled API SJ, it will not perform better with SM / SN grease, since it has a lower phosphorus content and lower ash content, and these indicators are not important for an engine without a catalyst.

ACEA is a standard of the Association of European Automobile Manufacturers. Originally developed for European countries, but eventually found application in the world automotive market... According to this classification, there are three groups lubricants for the engine.

class A / B is suitable for gasoline and diesel engines of light commercial and passenger vehicles;
class C - for gasoline and diesel engines that meet modern environmental standards;
class E - for diesel engines of trucks Vehicle, which are operated under increased loads.

A number is indicated next to the letter in accordance with this standard. The higher its value, the higher the requirements for the product. The last two digits, separated by a hyphen, indicate the year the category was adopted.

Studying different motor oils, their brands and characteristics, we can conclude that the most famous brands in most cases prefer not to lose their reputation and continue to produce products from year to year. the highest quality... Since there are always exceptions in most cases, you should carefully study the reviews before purchasing products. In any case, it is necessary to focus more on the recommendations of the car manufacturer's plant, and not on advertising slogans. As for the most reliable and proven brands, the following brands of motor oils are worth mentioning.

Shell HELIX... We are talking about high-quality synthetic lubricants, the advantage of which is represented by the presence of special detergents in the composition - they prevent the formation of carbon deposits and keep the engine internals practically sterile. The range is wide and allows you to make a choice, taking into account any type of motor. Lubricants of this brand are not only environmentally friendly due to the minimum concentration of chlorine, but even exceed the requirements of modern standards.
Castrol... On the account of this brand twenty record achievements, including the promotion of the Formula-1 motor to 19,000 rpm in 2002. The range of products is no less diverse and includes both mineral and synthetic base greases. The fluids are produced with both diesel and gasoline engines, and taking into account automatic and mechanical boxes gear. Impurities in this case are completely absent and this is a huge achievement.
LUKOIL... The range of lubricating fluids exceeds 200 types, among which you can choose an option for any type of engine. There are separate categories for special equipment and trucks.
Xado supplies its products to fifteen countries around the world, provides protection against counterfeiting and reliable metal packaging. The range is represented by fluids for all types of engines, not only for cars, but also for motorcycles, hydromechanical structures, compressors and refrigeration equipment.
Liqui moly- a concern whose activities are focused on the production of transmission and engine fluids. Manufacturing facilities are concentrated only in Germany, which minimizes the likelihood of counterfeiting.
Esso produces lubricants on all types of bases (synthetic, mineral, semi-synthetic) and is distinguished by an almost jewelry definition of the ratio of additives. The products have been tested and satisfied with such world car brands like Volkswagen, Audi and Mercedes.

You might also be interested in our expert's article on performance.

Every car enthusiast knows that the guarantee of efficient and stable engine operation internal combustion- use of high quality motor lubricant. But the wide variety of protective material is sometimes misleading and makes it difficult to choose. The engine oil classification is designed to make it easier to find the right fluid.

Let's try to figure out what classifications exist and what their labeling can tell the car enthusiast.

First of all, let's figure out what kind of engine oils are in terms of chemical composition. There are three main groups of motor oils: mineral, semi-synthetic and synthetic.

Mineral consists entirely of natural ingredients. They are produced by direct transportation of petroleum products. Their use is rational in new engines that are not designed to operate under severe overload conditions. Mineral water is ideal for a temperate climatic zone, where seasonal temperature drops are almost invisible. This feature is explained by the inability of the oil to maintain a stable operating condition in high and low temperature conditions: at negative temperatures, the mineral base freezes and stops circulating evenly in the power plant, at positive temperatures it acquires high fluidity and quickly evaporates. The frequency of changing such an oil varies within 5-7 thousand kilometers (provided that the car is not subjected to large overloads). The main advantages of such auto oils are availability and their low cost. The negative side, in addition to the impossibility of using the fluid under conditions of increased loads, is the large accumulation of harmful to the environment impurities contained in the exhaust gases. The designation of the mineral base on the canister labels is rarely indicated.

Semi-synthetic oils contain natural and unnatural elements in their composition. They are produced by synthesizing petroleum products and special chemical additives, the main role of which is to increase the service life of a car's power unit.

Additives allow you to maintain the original properties of the fuel and lubricant for a long time, and also allow it to withstand temperature extremes. The main disadvantages of semi-synthetics include its “mineral side”: oil products can form sediment or carbon deposits, thereby polluting the working area. The oil is suitable for new gasoline and diesel engines . Also, its use is permissible in motors that have developed a small resource.

The synthetic base consists of ingredients that do not occur in pure form in nature. The process of synthetics production involves a complex molecular chemical synthesis aimed at improving the performance properties of the protective material. This oil does not leave carbon deposits and does not contaminate the working mixture. Moreover, it contains detergent additives that gently clean the engine from dirt and soot. If you are accustomed to a sporty driving style or live in a region famous for sharp temperature changes, then it is better to “pamper” your iron friend with high-quality synthetics. It does not liquefy, does not thicken with time and climatic jumps, but allows you to increase the resource of the engine where the usual mineral water would have completely “lost control”. The frequency of replacing synthetics can be up to 15 thousand kilometers. Moreover, its use is permissible in both new and old power units. The fact that the liquid in the canister belongs to synthetics , informs the corresponding inscription on the label.

The defining parameter when choosing a chemical-based motor fluid should be the technical condition of the motor.

SAE classification of engine oils

The characteristics of engine oils are directly related to their viscosity. In this regard, an international classification of motor SAE oils... It allows you to create a gradation of automotive fluids based on their degree of fluidity and resistance to high temperature conditions.

According to this classification, all motor oils are divided into three groups: winter, summer and all-season.

Average oil performance ranges

Winter group designations include a number and a W next to it. The figure itself identifies the low-temperature limit, up to which the fuel and lubricants retain their consumer properties. The letter W symbolizes the winter season. Such fluids have a high degree of fluidity, which allows them to be instantly distributed over the working surface of a cold engine, providing it with an easy start. At temperatures above 0 degrees Celsius, such a liquid cannot be used - overheating will cause even greater fluidity, as a result of which the liquid will simply begin to seep through the oil seals and gaskets, leaving the engine without proper protection.

Summer engine oil in its labeling contains only two-digit numbers. These numbers conventionally indicate the high-temperature limit, after reaching which deterioration occurs. technical parameters oils. The summer group has a high degree of viscosity, which makes it possible to prevent excessive fluidity of fuels and lubricants in conditions of positive temperatures. At temperatures below 0, its viscosity index increases, therefore the use of summer oil in winter period is simply impossible.

International standards provide for the third group of fuels and lubricants - all-season. This category is the most rational from the point of view of its use: motorists do not have to study the weather forecast for the coming days in order to guess when to make a seasonal replacement.

It is easy to recognize a universal car oil: its label indicates a marking containing two numbers and a letter between them. Combining summer and winter values informs the car owner about the possibility of year-round use of oil fluid: the first digit indicates the range of negative temperatures, the second - the range of positive temperatures.

Knowing what is the decoding for engine oils, you can accurately recognize them on the shelves of car dealerships.

API labeling of engine oils performs three roles at once:

It informs the car owner about which type of engine the fluid is applicable to.
Informs about performance characteristics ah motor fuel and lubricant.
Warns which engine year this lubricant can be used.

Engine oil marking consists of the following designations:

the EU letter code (may not be prescribed) after the name of the API classification indicates to which class of energy-saving motor fluids this product belongs.
the Roman numeral after the abbreviation informs about the possibility of fuel economy.
the letters “C” or “S” refer to diesel and gasoline engines, respectively.
after the letters "C" or "S" there are letters from A to N, characterizing the quality class of the motor fluid. And the further the classifier is removed from the beginning of the alphabet, the higher the quality of the fuel and lubricant.

You can find out what the letter codes of the API engine oil classification mean from the table below.

ACEA engine oil classification

Another classification of motor oils was developed by the Association of European Automobile Manufacturers. It is worth noting that manufacturers of motor fluids must obtain an ACEA certificate before the start of sales of a new product on the European market.

The marking of engine oils gives an idea not only in what type of engine it can be used; the decryption shows whether the lubricant saves fuel consumption or not.

On the containers of the engine fluid, you can find designations with the letters A, B, C or E:

Engine oil in the engine

The letter “A” means that the oil is used for a gasoline engine.
The letter "B" indicates that liquid is poured into diesel motors passenger cars.
The letter "C" indicates the use of oil in engines (gasoline and diesel), with an installed catalyst.
The letter "E" means that fuel and lubricants are applicable for trucks equipped with a diesel power plant.

In addition to the letter, the ACEA marking also contains numbers.

There are ten main classes of motor products according to the ACEA classification:

A1 / B1 - this group is used in those motors that allow the use of an oil-viscous protective film at high temperatures and high shear rates.
A3 / B3 - the main properties of this class are a large interchange interval, high resistance to destruction and instant adaptation to temperature extremes. These advantages make it possible to use oils of the second group in engines that are subject to regular overloads.
A3 / B4 - the third group also has high technical characteristics, with the only difference that such oils are used in highly accelerated gasoline installations and diesel units with direct injection of a fuel mixture.
А5 / В5 - a distinctive feature of the fourth class fuels and lubricants - significant fuel economy.
C1 - oils with a high degree of environmental friendliness. They contain a low content of sulfur and phosphorus, which significantly reduces the toxicity of exhaust gases.

Engine oil

C2 - engine oils of the group are poured into engines equipped with particulate filters and three-way catalysts. Due to the uniqueness of the oil composition, the resource of these parts, when using fluids marked with C2, is significantly increased. There are also significant savings in fuel consumption.
C3 is a group of oils designed for modern power units meeting the latest environmental safety standards.
C4 - class of fuels and lubricants, developed in 2004. According to ACEA requirements, oil with C4 classifier is poured into Euro-4 engines. On the positive side, it is worth noting the low content of harmful impurities and the ability to increase the resource of a three-way vehicle catalyst.
E6 - motor oils of the ninth class have not only high resistance to mechanical destruction, but also “have excellent immunity” against aging. Pour such a liquid into diesel engines. trucks operating in conditions of heavy overload. Despite constant temperature drops, fuels and lubricants perfectly retain their consumer properties and effectively protect the engine from wear.
E7 is a class applicable in diesel "truck" engines that meet the requirements of Euro-1, 2, 3 and 4.

ILSAC classification of engine oils

Ilsac is a classification developed by American and Japanese engineers. It includes five groups of motor oils, specifications which correspond to the API classification:

the GF-1 marking is currently not used. Conforms to API SH classifier, i.e. designed for engines manufactured from 1995 to 1996,
GF-2 marking is analogous to API SJ, i.e. engine oil of this standard can be filled in an engine manufactured between 1997 and 2000. The viscosity characteristics of the group correspond to oils 0W-20 and 5W-20,
GF-3 marking - "reflection" of API SL. The use of fuels and lubricants with such a classifier is permissible in the engine produced from 2001 to 2003,
GF-4 marking conforms to API SM, i.e. suitable for engines manufactured after 2004,
GF-5 marking is analogous to API SN and is intended for modern automobile engines equipped with the latest systems neutralization of exhaust gases.

Engine oil , poured into turbocharged engine, according to the Ilsac classification, it is marked DX-1.

A distinctive feature of the American-Japanese standard is that all products falling into the above classes of motor oils have energy-saving properties and can be used at any time of the year.

Classification of engine oils according to GOST

In accordance with GOST 17479.1-85, the designation of engine fluids includes the capital letter “M”, numbers characterizing the class of kinematic viscosity of fuels and lubricants, and capital letters indicating that the lubricant belongs to a particular group in terms of operational parameters.

The numbers 3, 4, 5, 6 are used to designate winter motor oils; for summer - 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20 and 24. Moreover, the higher the number, the higher the viscosity of the protective film. Universal lubricants in their marking have indicators of both seasons, spelled out with a fractional line (for example, 3/8).
GOST provides 6 groups, classified according to the scope of use. Designations include the letter A, B, C, D, E or E and a number. Index 1 implies the use in gasoline power plants, index 2 - in diesel. If there is no numerical indicator next to the letter, then the tool is universal for all motors.

Outcome

Decoding engine oils can tell a lot to a car enthusiast. The main thing is to remember the main parameters by which the choice of high-quality material will be made in the future.

It should be remembered that, despite the huge number of recommendations in the field of application of one or another type of motor lubricant, the main preference should be given to the requirements of the vehicle manufacturer. Before releasing a model for sale, manufacturing companies empirically select the most effective fuel and lubricant that can extend the operating period of the power plant.

Whatever the engine oils, their characteristics can adversely affect the condition of your vehicle's engine. Therefore, before experimenting with your machine, take a look at its owner's manual.

Most car enthusiasts who care about technical condition their vehicles are concerned about the issue of motor oils, their types and characteristics. The correct operation of the car engine and the duration of its operation directly depend on the quality indicators and performance characteristics. In the article we will talk about the main classification of the product and present a summary table of compatibility of brands and oils.

Requirements for engine oils

The main purpose of oils is to ensure effective lubrication of internal elements of rotary and piston engines internal combustion. The product contains base oils and additives that help cool parts that interact with each other during operation.

When motor lubricant is found in the elements of the combustion engine system and on the surfaces of parts, it is exposed to influences of a different nature, namely: mechanical, thermal and chemical. The factor affects the characteristics, which is reflected in the duration of the operating period.

When choosing a lubricant for a motor, it is important to ensure full compliance with three characteristics: the design of the unit, its operating conditions and the properties of the lubricant itself.

Before purchasing, make sure that the oil meets the parameters below:

Possesses in relation to insoluble inclusions high detergent, solubilizing and dispersant-stabilizing characteristics... The feature helps to effectively clean parts from dirt.
Differs in high thermal and thermal oxidative capacity to effectively use the engine lubricant to cool very hot pistons and piston rings.
Possesses the ability to effectively protect engine parts from wear, neutralizing the action of acids.
Does not have a corrosive effect on metal parts of the motor during operation and during long periods of inactivity.
Provides engine cold start, effective pumpability of the grease in it, as well as reliable lubrication of parts in extreme conditions.
Compatible with the material of production of the sealing elements of the systems to neutralize exhaust gases.
Does not create foam in cold and hot conditions.
Is different low consumption for waste and low volatility.

engine oil

Classification

Since the beginning of the last century, they began to be divided into several categories, depending on the degree of viscosity of the lubricant. A similar classification system, developed and implemented by the American Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), was immediately appreciated by manufacturers motor lubricants and their consumers, for whom it has become much easier to select them for their equipment.

Such a division is actively used in order to select engine oils, their brands and characteristics, depending on the requirements of the consumer.

Now the range of lubricants for cars and trucks is really huge. To choose a product, car owners have to rely on their experience, manufacturer's recommendations, or on the reviews of other drivers. Recently, synthetic motor oil has been gaining more and more advantages: it interacts well with engine parts, benefits, and at the same time costs relatively little.

The thing is that the class of "synthetics" includes many product lines on a different basis and produced using different technologies, therefore, the cost of oil may differ. In our article we will try to figure out what is the difference between certain synthetic materials, what are their advantages and which brands are now most popular among consumers.

Why is it necessary to purchase engine oils?

For many, the answer to this question is obvious. However, we will try to consider in detail all the nuances of the engine's operation, because they are the starting point for the development of new types of lubricating fluids. All modern internal combustion engines operating on any type of fuel (gas, diesel, gasoline) function in such a way that the surfaces of the mechanism elements are in constant contact.

This generates friction, and a large amount of thermal energy is released. Because of this, the efficiency of the motor is not as great as we would like. And also, due to friction, metal parts wear out faster, which means that the car needs expensive repairs. To eliminate negative effects in the operation of the motor, oil is used. It minimizes the coefficient of friction. And modern engine oils, in addition, perform many other additional functions: they make the engine quieter, remove vibrations, clean components, etc.

Types of engine oils: synthetics, semi-synthetics and mineral water

Now all lubricants are made on the basis of natural materials - oil and gas. The cheapest type of motor oils are mineral oils. These are the products of the most natural origin. They have a number of disadvantages: short service life, do not interact well with some parts of the motor, have a narrow temperature Range operation - thickens strongly in the cold and quickly becomes too liquid in the heat. Therefore, at one time it took a significant improvement in the mineral base.

The following requirements were imposed on oils:

They must not freeze at temperatures of -30… -40 ° C;
Motor oil should not be liquid like water in summer;
The lubricant should not coke at elevated temperatures (that is, form carbon deposits);
Motor fluid must be stable viscous under all climatic conditions;
The engine oil should have an extended drain period.

This is how synthetic motor oil was created. It is produced by synthesizing petroleum molecules. During the manufacturing process, all particles "line up" in chains that will exhibit the necessary properties. Synthetic motor oil is always a product that qualified specialists worked on the development of, since now fluids must necessarily meet the requirements of car manufacturers. It is considered to be more efficient and highly regarded among car owners.

Semi-synthetics are obtained by mixing mineral and synthetic fluids. It is average in its characteristics and is in demand due to its relatively low price.

Production of synthetic engine oil

Synthetics, unlike mineral oil, are made by targeted chemical synthesis. Crude oil is distilled, processed into base molecules, and from this base oil is obtained. It must be supplemented with additives - substances that improve the characteristics of synthetic motor oil.

Such fluids exhibit exceptional properties and can be used in a variety of conditions: at elevated pressures, at too low or high temperatures, at extreme speeds.

Features of a good synthetic motor oil

Extended period without replacement;
Engine oil retains its characteristics throughout the entire period of use;
Excellent thermo-oxidative stability;
High viscosity index, while the viscous structure remains at any temperature within the specified operating range;
Minimal volatility;
Excellently lowers the coefficient of friction, which means that it increases the efficiency of the engine.

Benefits of synthetic motor oil

When compared with semi-synthetics and mineral water, the following can be distinguished:

Due to the high-quality composition, an oil film of optimal thickness is formed on the surface of all parts, which remains during the entire period of use. The knots wear out less, “scuffs” are excluded.
Synthetics remain fluid even at low temperatures. When starting the car in cold weather, the engine oil immediately flows to all parts of the engine, therefore, the risks and negative effects of a cold start are reduced.
Resistance to evaporation reduces fluid consumption. You buy synthetic motor oil less often, which means you save on refills.
Precisely worked out molecular structure of the liquid well reduces friction. The efficiency of the motor increases, the oil temperature decreases.
Due to its special composition, oil, when interacting with oxygen, practically does not oxidize, does not form deposits, carbon deposits, and does not coke. In addition, additional additives help clean the engine of these types of sediments.

Types of synthetic engine oils

As noted above, now under synthetics we mean a lot of different oils that differ in composition. Some of them are considered more modern and effective, some less. The classification of base engine oils was carried out by the American Petroleum Institute, and according to the API standard, synthetic fluids are divided into several groups. The parameter for the division was polymeric substances, which are the main component.

Group V - synthetics made from esters;
Group IV - motor oils based on PAO;
Group III - synthetic hydrocracking oils.

Hydrocracked Synthetics

It should not be confused with semi-synthetics. Hydrocracking oils are obtained by careful processing of light oil fractions. A mineral base is taken, then nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen are removed from it, thereby bringing the molecular structure of "mineral water" closer to synthetic oil. Processing takes place within the framework of the most modern technology, so the final oil base is practically no different from the synthetic one. Finally, additives are added to the base fluid to improve properties.

Advantages of Hydrocracked Synthetic Oil:

More low price in comparison with synthetics;
More simplified production method, shorter lead times;
Longer engine oil change interval;
Relative cleanliness of the base;
Excellent performance characteristics.

Most of the synthetic motor oils currently on the market are manufactured using this technology. They are the best option because they combine the quality of full synthetics and affordable price... In general, such oils are as close as possible to those produced on a PAO-basis, therefore they are safely classified as synthetic.

Synthetics based on PAO (polyalphaolefins)

They can be considered a kind of "absolute" among synthetic motor oils. Produced by combining short chains of ethylene and butylene into longer ones. This is how the perfect structure of the oil is obtained: the longer the length of one molecular bond, the more resistant the liquid to destruction. This oil can be considered 100% synthetic, very resistant to oxidation. To increase service life, the grease is supplemented with a unique additive package.

Benefits of PAO Synthetic Motor Oils

High viscosity indicators;
The oil ensures safe starting of the motor at cold temperatures. It exhibits excellent lubricating properties even in arctic frosts. Does not freeze and does not lose its properties;
Also used successfully in hot weather;
The oil does not crystallize at subzero temperatures, retains its density over a wide range;
PAO-based motor lubricant is resistant to destruction under extreme and unstable operating conditions (changes in speed, load, travel speed).

Ester synthetic motor oils

Such synthetics are considered a new generation of lubricating fluids. During the manufacture, the technology of neutralization of carboxylic acids with alcohols is implemented. As a result, ester molecules have polarity, which means they have a unique ability to "stick" to the surfaces of the metal parts of the motor. Thanks to this property, synthetic ester oils are used without additives, which means that the amount of carbon deposits and deposits on engine elements is significantly reduced.

Benefits of ester-based synthetics

Compared to other types of synthetics, these oils evaporate and fade less;
The fluid forms a very strong, reliable film to protect the motor;
Ester synthetics exhibit excellent detergency properties, sometimes it is even added to other products as an additive to improve the cleaning properties of the liquid.

The main disadvantage of such engine oils is the high price. The use of such lubricants is limited, most often, by professional drivers for equipment involved in auto and motor sports. Ester oils are also suitable for use under normal conditions. For the mass consumer, manufacturers reduce the cost of liquids by mixing hydrocracking and PAO-base with esters.

ZIC synthetic motor oils: features and benefits

This brand represents the products of the manufacturer from South Korea - the Lubricants corporation. For more than 20 years, this organization, specializing in the extraction and processing of oil, has been producing lubricants for cars and equipment. All engine oils are based on the unique YUBASE base fluid. Modern developments of the company necessarily take into account the latest trends in the automotive industry and meet the requirements of environmental friendliness, economy and efficiency.

As noted by many car owners, synthetics for engines from ZIK are distinguished by excellent viscosity. Balanced additives are added to the composition, and most oils can be considered multigrade.

ZIK synthetic motor oils can be used for any engines: gasoline, diesel, gas, turbocharged or not, with an additional exhaust gas filtration system. Suitable for new and outdated car models of European, Korean, American, made in Japan... Motor oils for ZIC engines have API, ACEA, ISLAC certificates and approvals.

Benefits of synthetics from ZIC

The oils have a very low friction value. Thanks to anti-friction components, all parts of the motor receive reliable protection. A durable film wraps around each element, making ICE operation more efficient. For the driver, this translates into improved dynamics and power, fuel economy.
ZIK synthetic engine oils make driving in a car more comfortable. Lubrication removes extraneous sounds and vibrations, the operation of the unit becomes smooth, soft, smooth. The overall noise level is reduced.
ZIK engine oils practically do not evaporate. The engine practically does not consume such synthetics. The amount of deposits in the mechanism is reduced, and a large volume of fluid is not required for refilling in the periods between replacements.
The South Korean corporation is famous not only for its modern developments in the field of auto chemistry, but also for its attentive and responsible approach to production. All engine oils are thoroughly checked by experts, laboratory tests.
ZIC synthetic oils are characterized by a long service life. Under certain conditions, it is possible to increase the fluid change interval, while at the same time it retains all its lubricating and protective properties.

Rules for choosing a synthetic engine oil

The oil should be recommended for the make and model of your vehicle. Before buying, read the instructions for use and select a fluid taking into account the specified viscosity parameters. The properties and qualities of the engine oil must comply with the manufacturer's advice.
Be sure to check the operating temperature range of the selected oil. Make sure it is suitable for the climate in your area.
Before pouring synthetics, it is better to fill the engine with mineral and semi-synthetic engine oil. This will be a kind of preparation period for the unit.
Always select a fluid based on your financial capabilities. There is no need to buy expensive PAO synthetic or ester motor oil. Please note that refilling may be required, and in the future you will have to replace it several times, especially often if you travel a lot by car. For a normal urban cycle, hydrocracking oil will be enough, which is now almost as good as 100% synthetic compounds.

Can different types of oils be mixed?

It is highly discouraged to use any different liquids at the same time. You only need to top up the engine with the oil that is already inside. This is due to the fact that different fluids have their own compositional characteristics, and the reaction of the additives can be unpredictable. Therefore, mixing oils is a last resort and should be resorted to only if there is no other way out.

Engine oils from the same manufacturer are optimally compatible. Even if you buy synthetics and semisynthetics from the same brand, it will be better than buying a liquid of the same type, but from a different brand. Lubricants made at the same plant will have the same base and chemical structure of additives, which means that there will be fewer negative consequences.

The transition from one manufacturer to another must be carried out smoothly, since about 5-10% of the liquid usually remains in the motor, and when pouring a new one, this residue can react with it. These replacement cycles should be shortened and the unit filled with fresh oil more frequently than usual.

If the brand or manufacturer of the oil is changed;
If you change the viscosity or type (synthetics for "mineral water" or vice versa);
If there is a suspicion that foreign liquid has penetrated into the engine - antifreeze, fuel;
If you notice that the currently used engine oil has a bad effect on the operation of the internal combustion engine;
If during the repair, the main cylinder block (cylinder head) was opened;
If you recently purchased a car and do not know exactly when the lubricant was last changed.

Conclusions: why choose synthetic oil?

This type of lubricant is considered to be the best on the auto chemical market today. By its properties, it is in the lead, stands out favorably against the background of semi-synthetics and mineral oils... In the production of synthetic formulations, oil undergoes multi-stage processing by the most technologically advanced methods, as a result, the product has predictable properties. It is characterized by no sludge, no carbon deposits, excellent shielding properties and excellent friction-reducing properties. It has a long service life and remains effective throughout the entire cycle.

Obviously, synthetic oil will be beneficial only when it is selected taking into account the specific characteristics of the engine. Therefore, to get the best result, turn to professionals who can recommend the best product for you at a reasonable price.