A car (lat. Mobilis - moving) is a self-propelled trackless vehicle designed to move on the surface of the Earth. For fast and comfortable movement of cars, special highways or paved roads are being built. Two-wheeled self-propelled vehicles, even with a trailer, as well as small three- and four-wheeled self-propelled vehicles are not classified as cars.
The story began back in 1768 with the creation of steam-powered machines capable of transporting a person. In 1806, the first cars powered by engines appeared. internal combustion in English. combustible gas, which led to the appearance in 1885 of the commonly used gasoline or gasoline internal combustion engine today. Cars powered by electricity appeared briefly at the beginning of the 20th century, but almost completely disappeared from sight until the beginning of the 21st century, when the interest in low-toxic and environmentally friendly transport arose again. Essentially, the early history of the automobile can be divided into stages, distinguished by the predominant mode of self-propelled movement. The later stages were determined by trends in size and style of appearance, as well as preferences in the intended use.
History of creation
The first known drawings of a car (with a spring drive) belong to Leonardo da Vinci, but neither a valid copy nor information about its existence has survived to this day. In 2004, experts from the Museum of the History of Science from Florence were able to restore this car from drawings, proving the correctness of Leonardo's idea. During the Renaissance and later in a number of European countries, "self-propelled" carts and carriages with a spring engine were built in single quantities for participation in masquerades and parades.
In Russia in the 80s of the XVIII century. the famous Russian inventor Ivan Kulibin worked on the car project. In 1791 he made a carriage - a scooter, in which he used a flywheel, brake, gearbox, rolling bearings, etc.
In 1769-1770. the French inventor J. Cugno was engaged in the construction of a log house and at the same time built a three-wheeled tractor for the movement of artillery pieces. The Cunyo Cart is considered the predecessor not only of the automobile, but also of the steam locomotive, since it was driven by the power of steam. In the 19th century, steam-powered stagecoaches and routiers (steam tractors, i.e. trackless steam locomotives) for ordinary roads were built in England, France and were used in a number of European countries, including Russia, but they were heavy, voracious and inconvenient, therefore widespread have not received.
The advent of a lightweight, compact and sufficiently powerful internal combustion engine opened up wide opportunities for the development of a car. In 1885 the German inventor G. Daimler, and in 1886 his compatriot K. Benz manufactured and patented the first self-propelled carriages with gasoline engines... In 1895, K. Benz manufactured the first bus with an internal combustion engine. In 1896 Daimler manufactured the first taxi and truck. In the last decade of the 19th century, the automotive industry was born in Germany, France and England.
In 1906, a Stanley steam car set a speed record of 203 km / h. The 1907 model traveled 50 miles on a single fill. The steam pressure required for movement was reached within 10-15 minutes from the start of the machine. These were the favorite cars of New England cops and firefighters. The Stanley brothers produced about 1000 cars a year. In 1909, the brothers opened the first luxury hotel in Colorado. From railway station a steam bus drove the guests to the hotel, made of a log house, which became the actual beginning of automobile tourism. The Stanley firm produced steam-powered cars until 1927. Despite a number of advantages (good traction, multi-fuel) steam cars left the scene by the 1930s due to their uneconomic and operational difficulties. In 1923, the Benz company manufactured the first truck with a diesel engine.
Car classification
A car - full weight no more than 3500 kg for the carriage of passengers (from 1 to 8, not including the driver) and baggage. Passenger cars are available with closed bodies (sedan, limousine, coupe, hatchback, station wagon and van) and with bodies that can be retracted (convertible, roadster, landau and phaeton).
SUV - a car, adapted for movement off paved roads. SUVs are usually characterized by all-wheel drive, tires with special tread patterns and other technical features.
A pickup truck is a cargo-passenger modification based on a passenger car or SUV with an open platform with a tailgate. Carrying capacity from 150 to 4500 kg
A racing car is a car designed specifically for sports competitions, as well as for setting speed records, etc.
Cargo vehicle (lorry) - a vehicle for the transport of goods. Special and special purpose vehicles are also produced on truck chassis.
An electric car is a car that uses electricity from its own accumulators or batteries to move.
A hybrid car is an economical vehicle that uses both an electric and a traditional combustion engine.
The role of the car in the life of society
In addition to those indisputable conveniences that a passenger car creates in a person's life, the public importance of mass use is obvious. personal cars: increases the speed of the message when traveling; the number of regular drivers is decreasing; the delivery of the urban population to places of mass recreation, to work, etc. is facilitated. The 21st century, undoubtedly, went down in history as the age of the automobile. At the beginning of the century, at the dawn of the era of the car, the slogan "A car is not a luxury, but a means of transportation" appeared, now this slogan has become a reality. Modern passenger transport provides transportation of people, their hand luggage and luggage. For passengers, the use of transport is associated, first of all, with saving time and effort spent on movement. Automobile transport as one of the species land transport received the greatest distribution and occupies a leading position in the transportation of passengers, goods, goods at various distances.
A person has always had to move both himself and various loads - stones and tree trunks for construction, household utensils and food when forced to change their habitat. Most often, these operations were carried out on the back of tamed animals or by dragging along the ground. But someone put a round wooden block under the load, and then pierced it with an axle, receiving a wheel. The wheel is one of the most remarkable inventions that have largely determined the development of our civilization. Almost all modern mechanical devices include either elements of a wheel, or its axle, or surfaces of revolution.
Gradually, the development of mankind began to acquire an increasingly technogenic character. Now it is difficult to judge why the development of human society took the path of labor mechanization, and not the path of biological development.
Apparently, the rejection of the path of biological development is associated with the very limited biological resources of our planet. When trying to create biological assistants, a person is immediately faced with the need to constantly maintain their minimum standard of living - that is, with the need to feed an animal, which in this case becomes a competitor to the person himself. At the same time, even in the recent past, the mineral wealth of the planet used in the construction of "mechanical substitutes" for man seemed inexhaustible. Technogenic development was also facilitated by the competition between individual communities for the most profitable habitat and vital resources, which often turned into bloody wars, success in which required the rapid movement of military resources.
The need to accelerate the movement of various goods and people was also facilitated by the economic principles of human existence - the faster the cargo is transported, the faster capital circulates, the greater the profit. The faster information or business papers move, the sooner decisions are made, the faster events are carried out, the faster profit reappears. That is, the pursuit of profit, the main component of the economic development of modern society, requires the acceleration of transport operations for various purposes. This circumstance is the main parameter that determines the development of transport in modern society.
Providing recreation is no less important for the development of transport. Transport is widely used in the field of life safety and in the performance of combat missions.
A car in a person's life has become an everyday companion for a long time, which is difficult to do without. It serves different people in its own way. To determine the benefits that the iron friend brings, you can conditionally divide people into groups, each of which uses it in different ways.
The first group includes people for whom a car is a means of transportation, without which it is impossible to get to work, take children to school, and solve other vital issues. This reason is relevant not only for residents of large cities, where the distance to the final points of arrival can be ten, twenty, or even more kilometers. This also applies to rural regions and urban-type settlements where transport such as route taxi, bus, tram may not exist. Therefore, the question of purchasing a car is extremely important here. A car that has such a set of advantages is suitable for such people: safety, efficiency, reliability, spaciousness. You need to be sure that the car does not break down on the way, the spaciousness will allow you to take the whole family on the road, and the safety equipment of the interior guarantees a quiet ride. Ideal option will purchase a station wagon that has roomy trunk for any trip. If you want to buy a domestically produced car, then such models as Lada Lagus are suitable, Lada Kalina... If you have more money, you can purchase Chevrolet cruze SW, Ford focus Wagon. An alternative to the station wagon is a crossover. Four-wheel drive type cars Renault Duster, Nissan juke, Opel Mokka, are quite popular in Russia. Pleasant appearance, the spaciousness of the cabin, and the high seating position will satisfy any driver who buys a car for a family.
For another type of people, a car on wheels is an image, a means to declare oneself and one's status. There are much fewer people of this type than the former, and the functions that the car performs for them are very different. Usually these are people who hold high positions in large firms or enterprises, successful entrepreneurs, deputies, and just people with money. A car for them is both a means of transportation and one of the expensive accessories (because they do not use cheap accessories). For this category of people, we can recommend executive business class cars, among which the Mercedes-Benz S-Klasse is the leader in popularity. The average price of this car hovers around $ 250,000. Alternative options There are many of this model, if you choose according to the Forbes rating, then the next ones will be: BMW 7 Series - $ 150,000, Audi A8 - $ 130,000, Hyundai equus- $ 100,000. The right to choose a car, as always, remains with the buyer. It is impossible to say which one is better, because each is a masterpiece of automotive engineering and has all sorts of bells and whistles that modern technology uses.
There is also a third category - these are people for whom the car is something like a second child. They love everything related to mechanical engineering: buying, selling, assembling, disassembling a car. Passion for cars is their life. Such people love to "upgrade" or tune their car. Car tuning can affect both the exterior and the interior. Changes in appearance can be very diverse: installing a spoiler on the trunk, increased exhaust pipe, painting the car body or replacing its cover, increasing and selecting disks and much, much more. All these details only decorate and modify the car. Internal (technological) tuning is also possible, which greatly changes the driving ability of the car. It includes: tuning the transmission and engine. It is difficult to say which car is worth buying for this category of people, because they themselves are well versed in them and understand what exactly they need. This question depends only on the cash investment and the imagination of the motorist.
In conclusion, I would like to say that buying a car is always a holiday for a person. But you always need to remember traffic rules and not violate them, so that not only the driver, but also pedestrians are safe. Be attentive and accurate, pleasant trips to everyone!
So, let's get down to the main thing: A car is not just a means of transportation, but short description style and character of its owner. Well, who will take seriously the example of the owner, Oka "", with the inscription, Do not overtake, do not offend the baby "". But at the same time, each of you will be happy to conclude a serious deal with the owner of a Japanese serial production car, the Isuzu VehiCross. "" I think the meaning is clear.
By its appearance, as well as by the make and price of a car, you can find out a lot of information. By the way, those who are enthusiastic about cars are well versed in the psychology of other car owners. There are people who are literally obsessed with cars and their number is growing every day, since People have become more serious about driving. Previously, cars were more used as a way to get around, so as not to stand for hours at stops and not waste time, but now having a car is also very cool.
In this regard, now every second seeks to buy it, but important details are often not taken into account: brand, speed. Many just buy what is cheaper and do not care about the rest. Usually, this method of purchasing a car is no different from buying regular junk. There is a famous expression: "A car is not a luxury, but a means of transportation." I am not ashamed to say that this is complete nonsense. To those people who still hold this opinion, I again advise you to buy a garbage truck.
And for those who enthusiastically read my article, I will give a lot of normal ones, useful tips... Firstly, even if you have financial difficulties, in no case buy a car just because it suits you in price. In any case, you should listen to yourself, even if buying the car of your dreams will cost you a lot. You can take out a loan or wait a couple of years, but it’s a good idea to buy a car that screams "" your personality right and left.
For example, if you are a calm, balanced and intelligent person, then, for example, a German car will suit you well. Mercedes benz E-class, which contains both calmness and elegance and can perfectly emphasize your character. Suitable for temperamental people sports cars, and for serious amateurs, the same serious cars that are able to climb the mountain and generally overcome all kinds of obstacles, these are mainly German, Russian or Japanese SUVs. It can be our beloved Russian, Niva "" or the Japanese I mentioned twice, Isuzu "". In a word, I cannot list all the brands, but it is already clear how you should make your choice. After you purchase a car using my article, in no case should you forget about caring for the car.
Its appearance will also easily betray your character. By the way, you always need to monitor both the serviceability and cleanliness of the car. Do not forget to buy tires that match the time of year, for example, in winter you will not go far with Naked tires. In addition, the music in the car also says a lot and try to choose it carefully, and not throw it on the disk and put anything. Driving speed also plays a role, but try not to reach a speed that you do not fully control, and then you will feel much more confident.
It is also important not to clog the trunk so that it remains half open, my advice to you is that it will not look beautiful. And one last thing: before you confidently step on the gas and set off on a long and exciting journey on a new, comfortable and undoubtedly cool car don't forget to check that you have a full gas tank so that there are no awkward situations when looking for a gas station on the road. And as the ending of the famous saying, Do not go faster than the guardian angel can fly you "".
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"Car movement" - Red, like a traffic light peephole, always speaks of danger. The car needs 75-80 meters to stop. If you are out on the road and suddenly hear a car horn, what should you do? The traffic light is over 300 years old. There were traffic lights with arrows that looked like clocks. If there is no sidewalk next to the road, where should a pedestrian walk?
"Turkish Cars" - Benefits of the Turkish Automotive Industry. Automotive Industry of Turkey. The number of cars produced. The largest cluster in Turkey. Konya. Market policy of Turkey: Protected market until 1980. In the area of the Sea of Marmara, mainly in Bursa. O? B in a nutshell. in 2008 5th place in car production.
"Beware of the car" - Beware of the car! About b about h and n and. The stranger is red With a bright yellow stripe. What is, guess: Not a bus, not a tram. Automobile. P erec to tok. What would you do? T a to s and. Road. Doesn't need gasoline, Though the wheels are on rubber. Trolleybus. No Pedestrians. Regul and r about in shch and k.
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