Consider different ways traction control implementations used by leading motorcycle manufacturers.

Deck of cards, palm, smartphone. This is the exact spot size of the tire. rear wheel your liter sportbike. All of these are in one size, which is approximately 64 sq. cm. All this rubber-based area should transmit more than 160 hp. and more than 80 Newton meters of torque to the asphalt surface.

If you open the throttle too sharply, the ability to transmit all the power of the contact patch will not be able to, and the tire will begin to slip. It's not over yet and the bike will start to slip, but if you get greedy and don't leave the grip coefficient, the bike will lose grip. It should be noted that the ideal rear tire slip is 15% faster than the front wheel rpm. In other words, if you are driving at a speed of 100 km / h in a corner, then the rear wheel can rotate 115 km / h without any problems. Naturally, if you have the skills to do this.

Since the tire with strong slippage cannot keep the motorcycle tilted, the bike begins to rotate around the vertical axis, straying from the intended trajectory. You have three options here. You can keep increasing the power to the tire and it ends up lowside. You can abruptly close the throttle, thereby stopping the power supply, the spot contact will regain its grip with the surface, and the motorcycle will immediately launch you like a catapult - the highsad is more painful. Or you can fine-tune the power and torque delivery to the rear wheel, keeping the spin speed under control, and thus keep the bike in a controlled skid.

Now it is time to ask myself: do I have the skills that can keep the bike sliding, and even at the peak of power and torque values? My name is Nikki Hayden, Kenny Roberts, Freddie Spencer? Of course not. As a result, at least six motorcycle manufacturers (Kawasaki, Yamaha, Ducati, Aprilia, BMW and MV Agusta) now produce factory traction controlled superbikes (TC, Traction Control), which, if necessary, will tame the power of your motorcycle, which it is able to transfer to the rear wheel, which means that severe consequences can be avoided.

Although the principle of traction control is very similar from different manufacturers, traction control is implemented in different ways: different algorithms, different sensors. We tried to understand these differences and explain how different factories implement traction control on their bikes. In part, all the details of the traction control management system are patented by the manufacturer and kept secret. Therefore, it is very difficult to gain access to the results of the work of engineers.

Yamaha offers six steps of traction control

All five motorcycle manufacturers who equip their bikes with TC systems (Aprilia, BMW, Ducati, Kawasaki, Yamaha) use high speed sensors on the wheels. These sensors were originally intended for use in ABS systems, where they have to read about 50 pulses per wheel revolution. Basically, braking control and traction control are identical math problems. In both cases, wheel slip or blocking results in a difference in wheel speed. Riders tend to view acceleration and deceleration as two completely different processes, but Newton and his Laws are not so picky. A change in speed is a change in speed. The underspeed detection sensor can easily handle the overspeed detection task.

The dark horse in this group is the MV Agusta and its F4 model. Unlike the others mentioned above who use wheel sensors to detect wheel slip, the Agusta monitors the engine speed instead. A sharp jump in the engine speed, exceeding the permissible limit, is dictated by the specified ECU algorithms (ECU, Electronic Control Unit), and is considered as rear wheel slip. In general terms, this is similar to those traction control systems that are installed as tuning.

It would seem easy to make a traction control system that only works on data collected from wheel sensors. The wheel began to rotate faster - the ECU enters the work. This traction control system will even work in most cases. But modern liter sportbikes are more powerful than ever, and opening the throttle handle by 100%, in 1st gear, will send the user to a highside. To avoid this, you need to know the throttle position, as well as the engine speed and the selected gear. Fortunately, all of these bikes are equipped with fuel injection and these values are known.

Ducati: If you're brave, you can turn off the traction control completely.

If not, use smooth adjustment

interference of electronics in rear wheel slip

You can stop there if you stick to a minimal approach. There is data on the speed of rotation of the front and rear wheel, torque value and throttle position. Kawasaki and Yamaha are of this opinion and have not added additional traction control sensors to their bikes.

Ducati engineers went a little further than the two Japanese manufacturers. They added one accelerometer to measure the bike's longitudinal acceleration. Ducati does not use information about the used gear ratio in transmission, tire radius, etc. Engineers have walked around this entire chain and uses an accelerometer to measure longitudinal acceleration.

BMW and Aprilia go a little further than Ducati, and their traction control systems include acceleration sensors (longitudinal and lateral acceleration) and two gyroscopes. It is not clear how the data collected from the lateral acceleration and yaw sensors are used.

Ultimately, sensors alone are not enough for a traction control system. The traction control system must reduce slip to a safe level, do it quickly, and do it in a controlled manner. The computer reduces the slip of the driven wheel by limiting the motor torque. There are three mechanisms to do this: disabling the cylinder, changing the ignition timing, or closing the throttle valve. Each of these methods has its own advantages and disadvantages.

1. Shutdown of the cylinder. This is achieved by skipping fuel injection on the intake stroke, or by applying a spark (but this will result in unburned fuel in the exhaust gas, which will increase harmful emissions). Cylinder shutdown has an immediate engine response (requires less than 180 degrees of revolution crankshaft 4-cylinder motor), wide range (the torque value can be changed from 0 to 100%), but the change will be rough, the change will be 25%.

2. Reducing the ignition timing. Has an immediate response as well as subtle intervention. But the power can only be controlled within about 20% without causing misfires.

3. Close the throttle valve (if throttle valves are servo-driven and controlled by wire (Ride by Wire). There is a wide range of powers (from 0 to 100% torque drop), but as a rule this method has a slow response.

Manufacturer	Sensors	Traction control mechanism
Kawasaki		Disconnecting cylinders
Yamaha	Front and rear wheel gauge	Shutdown of cylinders,
Ducati	Front and rear wheel sensor, longitudinal acceleration accelerator	Disabling cylinders, reducing the ignition timing
Aprilia		Reducing the ignition timing, closing the throttle
Bmw	Front and rear wheel sensor, longitudinal accelerator, lateral accelerator, roll angle, yaw	Reducing the ignition timing, closing the throttle

All manufacturers include an anti-bilge option in their traction control systems. Antivilly is the prevention of angular movement of the motorcycle around the main (horizontal) transverse axis(pitch). It would be logical to assume that this is achieved based on information supplied by the gyroscope. But surprisingly, none of the manufacturers take advantage of this. Instead, the bike's wheel speeds are compared. If front wheel decelerates while the rear wheel continues to accelerate, the computer concludes that the front wheel has lost contact with the ground and instructs it to reduce torque. Interference with the bike's wheelie ability depends on the vehicle settings or, in the case of Aprilia, the anti-wheelie control setting.

The five systems discussed here were only rated based on the number of sensors and actuators. Kawasaki traction control is the simplest of all systems. The Yamaha is slightly more complex than the Greens, with a similar set of sensors, but with the addition of electronic controls. throttle... Ducati's sensor unit includes one inertial sensor, but no electronic throttle. Aprilia and BMW supplied the most sophisticated systems, each with electronic throttle control and four inertial sensors. We must point out that complexity can be justified in any system if the development costs are offset by the increased capabilities of the traction control system.

Remember that traction control (traction control) will not save you 100% from situations that may arise when driving a liter sports bike without certain skills.

(function (w, d, n, s, t) (w [n] = w [n] ||; w [n] .push (function () (Ya.Context.AdvManager.render ((blockId: "RA -136785-1 ", renderTo:" yandex_rtb_R-A-136785-1 ", async: true));)); t = d.getElementsByTagName (" script "); s = d.createElement (" script "); s .type = "text / javascript"; s.src = "//an.yandex.ru/system/context.js"; s.async = true; t.parentNode.insertBefore (s, t);)) (this , this.document, "yandexContextAsyncCallbacks");

What is a traction control system?

Traction control is the so-called traction control system of modern cars, which is a secondary electronic function. The main purpose of traction control is to ensure reliable adhesion of the wheels to the road surface.

Thanks to this system, the control process is greatly simplified while driving on wet asphalt, ice, off-road, as well as when performing various maneuvers: turns, bends, overtaking, advancing, turning.

Principle of operation

The principle of operation is quite simple, but it was practically realized only in the early 70s. First installed on Buick cars back in 1971, its name sounded like Max-Trac.

We managed to avoid slipping as follows:

sensors were constantly analyzing the angular speed of the wheels;
information was sent to the electronic control unit;
as soon as there was a mismatch between the amount of the supplied fuel-air mixture? , the speed of the vehicle and the speed of rotation of one of the wheels (simply put, you are accelerating, and the car does not accelerate due to slipping), traction control is activated by reducing sparking in one of the cylinders.

Later, the system was radically improved and applied to Mercedes-Benz S-class in 1987. Its name in German sounded like Antriebsschlupfregelung, or ASR.

Traction control components are:

sensors installed on each of the wheels and monitor their rotation speed, as well as sudden increases or decreases in revolutions caused by slipping;
ECU (Electronic Control Unit or electronic control unit) - processes the incoming data from the sensors and, in the event of a sharp increase in the number of revolutions, sends electrical impulses to the actuators;
Automatic traction control (ATC) valves - block wheels that slip.

The electric valves are cut into the lines through which the brake fluid circulates. As soon as an impulse is received from the electronic control unit, the valve opens, letting in the required volume of liquid, and then closes abruptly to preserve high pressure required to actuate the working cylinder rod and press the friction pads against the brake disc of the vehicle. Also traction control is connected to the return pump brake fluid and the car ignition system.

(function (w, d, n, s, t) (w [n] = w [n] ||; w [n] .push (function () (Ya.Context.AdvManager.render ((blockId: "RA -136785-3 ", renderTo:" yandex_rtb_R-A-136785-3 ", async: true));)); t = d.getElementsByTagName (" script "); s = d.createElement (" script "); s .type = "text / javascript"; s.src = "//an.yandex.ru/system/context.js"; s.async = true; t.parentNode.insertBefore (s, t);)) (this , this.document, "yandexContextAsyncCallbacks");

As you can see, the idea is simple, however, for its implementation, it is necessary to have fast-working processors capable of processing large amounts of information within short periods of time.

Application of the traction control system in practice

It is enough to go to the official website of any car manufacturer to make sure that such auxiliary systems are widely used today - in the description of the configuration you can see so many abbreviations (TCS, BAS, ESC, EBD, ETC, VVT, A-TRC, Hill-Start, Down -Start and so on) that you need to take an English dictionary or search for a long time on the Internet for definitions of certain functions.

However, thanks to all of them, driving is becoming easier and more fun.

Traction control is widely used:

cars and trucks motorized vehicles;
Formula 1 racing cars - they skid less on sharp turns, accordingly, the speed increases, the number of accidents decreases, and new records appear;
motorcycles - first installed on BMW K-1, then used on Ducati and Kawasaki Concours-14;
SUVs - traction control is often installed together with a differential lock, (there are also models where TCS is used independently without a lock), for the first time such a solution was implemented in 1993 on RangeRover - ABS together with TCS, according to engineers, significantly increased handling on complex routes, and without a differential lock.

Unfortunately, there are no such innovations on domestically produced cars. For example, on a luxury station wagon LADA Largus only ABS is available. But the Granta Lux has ABS, Brake-Assist and EBD. We hope for the new LADA Vesta equipment will be closer to modern requirements.

(function (w, d, n, s, t) (w [n] = w [n] ||; w [n] .push (function () (Ya.Context.AdvManager.render ((blockId: "RA -136785-2 ", renderTo:" yandex_rtb_R-A-136785-2 ", async: true));)); t = d.getElementsByTagName (" script "); s = d.createElement (" script "); s .type = "text / javascript"; s.src = "//an.yandex.ru/system/context.js"; s.async = true; t.parentNode.insertBefore (s, t);)) (this , this.document, "yandexContextAsyncCallbacks");

For almost a quarter of a century now, for cars and trucks equipped with advanced safety systems, install traction control systems. From the name of this system, it is clear that it prevents the wheels of the car from slipping at the right time. The vehicle's traction control system is the second safety system after the ABS (anti-lock braking system). These two state-of-the-art systems work in tandem to prevent the wheels from locking or spinning. Drivers who are interested electronic systems security, often want to understand how it works traction control.

The abbreviated traction control system (PBS) translated into English sounds like Traction control system (TCS). German automotive engineers call it Antriebsschlupfregelung (ASR). These systems include a set of measures to prevent axle boxing on roads with insufficient adhesion.

The programs programmed in the brains of the car are optional and can be turned off. But this must be done anew every time after turning off the ignition. And not everyone does it.

Since the beginning of completing cars with such systems, it has become much easier and safer to operate them. Other drivers have never turned off these systems during the entire period of using the car. It's so convenient! During the trip, you do not need to worry about the fact that the car can be carried off the road, for example, on ice after pressing the gas or brake pedal too hard.

But true connoisseurs of a "clean" car, not strangled by security systems, turn off all electronic assistants in order to feel the soul and power of the car. But there are very few of them, one can even say a few.

The traction control system only works in conjunction with the anti-lock system, but not vice versa. That is, the anti-lock braking system can work without the anti-lock braking system, but the anti-lock braking system cannot work without the anti-lock braking system.

There are three main types of traction control systems. They are similar but used on different car brands.

Antriebsschlupfregelung (ASR) system

ASR is the most common traction control system. It is installed by such flagships of the German and world markets as Mercedes, Volkswagen and Audi. The system tuned for these vehicles is of great help to newcomers who cannot be confident on the road. The list of main functions includes an instant differential lock, which makes it possible to feel the "free" or "welded" differential. The differential lock is used to control and correct the torque. Electronic brain on-board computer processes information from sensors on the hubs. After an instant comparison of the speed and rotation of the driving and free wheels, the system decides to slow down, increase speed and stop fueling.

This system involves three types of work. Control of the braking system of the driving wheels, control of engine thrust and combined, when two methods are applied at once.

The ASR system has a threshold for influencing brake system... This is usually 60 kilometers per hour. If this threshold is exceeded, the system will not affect the braking system in order to avoid dangerous situations. At high speeds, this system only affects the engine.

Traction control system (TCS)

This system first began to be installed on Honda vehicles.

TCS (Traction control system) is translated from English as traction control system. This electro-hydraulic system is needed so that at the moment of sliding there is no loss of wheel-to-road grip. This system works due to sensors that read the speed and frequency of rotation (revolutions per second) of each wheel. If the system detects a sharp jump in the speed (revolutions) of one of the driving wheels, then the traction of this wheel is turned off. The system will automatically engage traction on this wheel after equalizing the speeds. Further variation in the number of revolutions on each wheel will be corrected by a decrease in traction.

Such a system was used as an advanced system for the first time on Formula 1 cars in 1990 and was banned in 2008.

TRC (Traction Control) system

This security system is used mainly on expensive models of Honda and Toyota cars.

The work of this system complements the rest by preventing the car from skidding. The principle of this system is to reduce traction and torque to prevent dangerous situations. The operation of this system is noticeable when passing dangerous corners with slippery surfaces. Thanks to this system, a car with a leading front axle will not go off course even if the throttle is suddenly released in a corner. The TRC system is installed even on four-wheel drive vehicles e.g. Toyota RAV 4.

If this system works, then the driver cannot influence the movement of the car by pressing the gas pedal, because the system blocks this action.

So, modern cars are stuffed with various electronic assistants and this, of course, has a positive effect on road situations, because thanks to such systems, there are fewer accidents due to poor adhesion to the road, and drivers without driving experience in winter are not afraid of icy roads.

Video

See how TRC works with Toyota:

Forgot to write, Kuga-2, Titanium, 150hp, automatic transmission.

About skidding.
Our thoughts were such that the ESP worked, the car needed to be skidded. To do this, we tried to do this:
1) before turning, a sharp brake on the floor without letting go of the brake deliberately turns the steering wheel, as soon as the rear of the car goes into a skid, release the brake (during a skid, ESP should blink) and press on the gas on the floor, with all these actions the engine should be "strangled" by electronics automatically. This is what we provoked and expected to see but in fact it was so:

At that moment, as the car almost began to turn 90 degrees and the sharp pressure of the gas pedal to the floor + steering, I saw that the front wheels were throwing out streams of snow and ice to the side, and there was no "choking" in the engine... If you overdo it with gas even a little, you can turn it 180 degrees. It was we who did not understand what the joke of the vaunted electronics on the K2 was. On K-1, the driver said ESP flashes in these situations, but here for some reason not.
I want to note that the driver is an experienced crossover and Kugu-1 knows very well as he is the owner of this model. So I didn't understand anything about AWD or ESP on K2, maybe it works on asphalt or off-road?

From my experience with Grand Vitara

1. ESP cannot be cut down and more than 40 km / h. the electronics will always turn it on automatically.
2. Without ESP it is possible only on a reduced one.
3. ESP blocks skids and chokes the engine, it is easy to check if you remove the 40A ABS (ESP) fuse for comparison
behavior of the car.
At first it seems that the car has become faster, it starts to move with wheel slip, but on the road it definitely keeps the direction worse.
With intensive acceleration to the floor, as in a front-wheel drive car, you need to steer and maintain a course with the steering wheel and throttle.
In general, with all the electronic assistants in the snow, you don't really light up, you can't spin on the spot, you can't go sideways in a controlled drift. And no matter how electronics helped the all-wheel drive car, only my head saved me.

4. ESP can act as a simulated axial lock in some situations. On the other hand, ESP chokes the engine when slipping, which can land the car in mud or snow. in icy spikes the car drives predictably and confidently... ESP on Vitara intervenes in the control adequately, i.e. strangles the engine and does it not choke him AT ALL, I had such situations and it was extremely dangerous to slow down - one side of the wheels on the asphalt, one on the snow, the speed is 70-80 km, only a strong hold on the steering wheel helps, since he is obediently friendly with feedback.

EBD - distribution braking efforts, the system ensures that the wheels brake evenly. ABS prevents the wheels from locking during braking, and therefore, loss of control during braking. I had to get used to the brakes, the rear brakes are also disc brakes, so the brakes are very grippy, while braking occurs evenly, the car does not bite with its nose - you can feel the work of EBD.

ESP is generally a very general name, it is not one system, but a whole complex of systems, mechanical and electronic, the general purpose of which is to control the stability of the vehicle, prevent skidding, etc. TCS / TRS - traction control system, often part of ESP, prevents wheel slip, especially at the start, smoothly transmitting torque. ESP. this is a very important thing in the first place for security system directional stability helps to stabilize the car in a skid, and secondly, the anti-skid or TRC function is wired into the ESP. As soon as you press the pedal to the floor, the traction is not gained, the wheels begin to brake in the right places, the car does not take away.

When there was enthusiasm and great interest in all this, I personally checked the imitation of differential locks, and on Vitara, the lock works thoughtfully, the car is not afraid even of strong diagonal hangings, it drives literally on 2 wheels, when 2 others are completely in the air, you need to watch the gas so that the brake ... the pads were pressed and the torque was transferred to the loaded wheels!

TCS stands for Traction control system and stands for traction control or traction control. This system has more than 100 years of history, during which it was first used in a simplified form not only on cars, but also on steam and electric locomotives.

The deep interest of automakers in the TCS system appeared only in the second half of the 60s of the twentieth century, due to the arrival of electronic technologies in the auto industry. Opinions on the use of the Traction Control System are not unambiguous, but, despite this, the technology has taken root and has been actively used by all leading car manufacturers for about 20 years. So what is TCS in a car, why is it needed and why is it so widely used?

Electro-hydraulic traction control TCS is part of the active safety vehicle and is responsible for preventing the drive wheels from slipping on wet and other surfaces with reduced adhesion. Its task is to stabilize, level the course and improve grip on the road in automatic mode on all roads, regardless of speed.

Wheel slip occurs not only on wet and frozen asphalt, but also during sudden braking, starting from a standstill, dynamic acceleration, cornering, driving on sections of roads with different grip characteristics. In any of these cases, the traction control system will react accordingly and prevent the occurrence of an emergency.

The effectiveness of the Traction control system is evidenced by the fact that after its testing on high-speed Ferrari cars, it was adopted by Formula 1 teams and is now very widely used in motorsport.

How TCS works

TCS is not a fundamentally new and independent introduction, but only complements and expands the capabilities of the well-known ABS - anti-lock braking system that prevents the wheels from locking during braking. The traction control system successfully uses the same elements that are at the disposal of ABS: sensors on the wheel hubs and the system control unit. Its main task is to prevent loss of traction of the drive wheels with the road, with the support of hydraulics and electronics that control the braking system and the engine.

The workflow of the TCS system is as follows:

The control unit constantly analyzes the rotation speed and the degree of acceleration of the driven and driven wheels and compares them. A sudden acceleration of one of the drive wheels is interpreted by the system processor as loss of traction. In response, he acts on the braking mechanism of this wheel and performs forced braking in automatic mode, which the driver only states.
In addition, TCS also affects the engine. After receiving a signal about a change in wheel speed from the sensors to the ABS control unit, it sends data to the ECU, which gives commands to other systems, forcing the engine to reduce tractive effort. Engine power is reduced by delaying ignition, stopping sparking, or reducing fuel supply in a cylinder, and in addition, the throttle valve may be covered.
The latest traction control systems can also affect the operation of the transmission differential.

The capabilities of TCS systems are determined by the complexity of their design, on the basis of which they make adjustments to the operation of only one of the vehicle's systems or several. With multilateral participation, the traction control system can use various mechanisms to influence the road situation, including the system that is most suitable for the given conditions.

Opinions and facts about TCS

Although many experienced drivers note that the traction control mechanism somewhat reduces the performance of the car, for an inexperienced car enthusiast, the Traction control system is an indispensable assistant, especially when control over traffic situation, for example, during bad weather, is lost.

If desired, TCS is disabled with a special button, but before that, it is worth recalling once again the list of those advantages that, when disabled, become unavailable:

easy start and good overall handling;
high safety when cornering;
prevention of drifts;
reducing risks when driving on ice, snow and wet asphalt;
deceleration of rubber wear.

The use of the traction control system also brings some economic benefits, since it reduces fuel consumption by 3-5% and increases the engine resource.