The use of temporary road signs must be carried out in accordance with the requirements GOST R 52289-2004 " Technical means organizations traffic. Rules for the use of road signs, traffic lights and markings. Rules for the use of road barriers and guide devices."
The dimensions of temporary road signs must be no less than those that should be used for a given category of road or street in accordance with the current standard.
When carrying out work on highways, as well as when justifying the feasibility - on dangerous sections of other roads, signs of an increased standard size should be used. It is allowed to place images of signs on billboards whose surface has a fluorescent yellow color.
When road work lasts more than a day, it is recommended to use road signs, the images (details) on which are duplicated by LEDs operating in a flashing mode.
Road signs previously installed on a road or street in use at places of road work must be dismantled if their information contradicts the information of temporary road signs.
The dimensions of portable supports must correspond to the dimensions of the road signs used. The support elements should not protrude beyond the side edges of the sign by more than 0.2 m. In this case, the plane of road signs should make an angle of 90o with the surface of the pavement, and 90-100o for those installed on folding supports. It is allowed to install temporary road signs on the roadway, roadsides, fences or barriers used in areas where road work is being carried out. In this case, the bottom edge of the sign must be at a height of at least 0.6 m from the surface of the ground or road surface.
Temporary road signs are placed in accordance with GOST R 52289-2004.
Road signs located on the right in the direction of travel must be duplicated on the left side of the road, on the dividing strip or on the roadway if traffic conditions are such that the sign may not be noticed by the driver.
Temporary road signs or groups of signs must be located from each other at a distance of at least 50.0 m on roads outside populated areas and 25.0 m on roads in populated areas.
Sign 1.8 “Traffic light regulation” is installed when traffic in a regulated area is regulated by a traffic light.
Sign 1.15 " Slippery road» is used when increased slipperiness of the roadway is possible compared to the previous section, caused by the work being carried out, the removal of clay and dirt from adjacent roads along which a detour route is constructed, or the formation of ice.
Sign 1.16 “Rough Road” is installed if there are defects on the roadway surface in the road work area (potholes, ledges from the laid or removed coating layer, etc.).
Sign 1.18 “Gravel release” is installed when installing or repairing gravel and crushed stone surfaces, during surface treatment of the surface and in cases where gravel and crushed stone can be released from under the wheels of a car. The sign must be installed for the duration of the work and left until the coating is completely formed.
Sign 1.20.1 - 1.20.3 “Narrowing of the road” is installed to warn drivers about the narrowing of the carriageway or roadbed, regardless of the reasons that caused this narrowing.
Sign 1.21 “Two-way traffic” is installed to warn drivers about a section where two-way traffic is temporarily organized due to road work. The sign is installed in front of an area with two-way traffic if there was one-way traffic on the roadway before it.
Sign 1.25 “Road works” with plate 8.1.1 “Distance to object” must be installed first in the direction of travel. In addition, it must be repeated at least 50.0 m before the start of the traffic flow diversion zone with sign 8.2.1 “Availability zone”. In populated areas and in cramped conditions, a repeated sign 1.25 with plate 8.2.1 may be installed directly at the beginning of the road work zone.
When carrying out short-term work related to preventive inspection of wells of underground utility networks or cleaning the roadway, it is allowed to install one 1.25 sign on a portable support and a 1.6 or 1.7 barrier at a distance that provides advance warning to drivers of the danger, but not less than 15.0 m.
Sign 1.33 “Other hazards” is used to warn drivers of the presence of a hazard not covered by other warning signs (for example, compressor pneumatic hoses laid across the roadway, welding cables, etc.).
Signs 1.34.1 - 1.34.2 “Direction of turn” are installed in places where the direction of movement changes Vehicle. In this case, signs can be placed on billboards or barriers.
Sign 2.6 “Right of way for oncoming traffic” is usually installed on the side of the lane where road work is being carried out. In this case, sign 2.7 “Take advantage of oncoming traffic” must be installed on the opposite side.
Signs 3.11 “Limitation of the total weight of the vehicle”, 3.13 “Limitation of height, 3.14 “Limitation of width” are installed in the case when, according to the conditions of road work, the passage of vehicles must be limited by weight or size.
Sign 3.20 “Overtaking prohibited” should be installed on two- and three-lane roads when road work is carried out on the carriageway or shoulders. On multi-lane roads, overtaking is prohibited in the direction in which, due to ongoing work, traffic is carried out in a smaller number of lanes.
Signs 3.21 “End prohibition of overtaking”, 3.25 “End restriction maximum speed"or sign 3.31 "End of all restrictions" is installed outside the road work zone at a distance of no more than 100.0 m after the last fencing device in the direction of travel.
Sign 3.24 “Maximum speed limit” should be installed in the case when, at the beginning of the section in the diversion zone, vehicles are changing lanes due to a decrease in the number of traffic lanes or it is possible to enter roadway road workers.
Signs 4.2.1 - 4.2.3 “Detour around obstacles” are installed in cases where in the area under repair it is necessary to indicate the directions to avoid various types of fences or obstacles located on the roadway.
Sign 6.17 “Detour diagram” is installed 150.0-300.0 m before the start of the detour to indicate the route of movement in the event of traffic on the adjacent road network.
Sign 6.18.1 - 6.18.3 “Detour direction” is installed before the start of the detour and at all intersections on the detour route.
Signs 6.19.1 and 6.19.2 “Preliminary indicator for changing lanes onto another carriageway” are installed on roads with a dividing strip when one carriageway is closed to traffic and when traffic is bypassed along the carriageway intended for the oncoming direction. In this case, sign 6.19.1 is installed before the place of changing lanes onto another roadway, and sign 6.19.2 is installed before the place of returning to one’s own roadway.
Table 8.1.1 “Distance to the object” must be used with warning signs if the distance from the sign to the beginning of the repaired area outside populated areas is less than 150.0 m or more than 300.0 m, and in populated areas is less than 50.0 m or more than 100.0 m.
Plates 8.1.3 and 8.1.4 “Distance to object” must be used with sign 1.25 in places of turn towards the section of the road being repaired.
Plate 8.2.1 “Availability Area” must be used with a repeated warning sign 1.25 “Road Works” to indicate the length of the road work area being repaired.
Temporary technical means of organizing traffic in places where road works are being carried out
8.1 Road signs
8.1.1 General
8.1.1.1 D traffic signs in accordance with GOST R 52290-2004 in areas of temporary traffic changes are firmly installed on supports, excluding the possibility of them falling, and are placed in accordance with GOST R 52289-2004 at right angles to the roadway.
Road signs are not usedthe images of which are damaged and can be interpreted ambiguously, or if more than 25% of the surface of the reflective film of the sign is damaged.
8.1.1.2 Installation of signs at work sites is carried out in accordance with GOST R 52289-2004 in terms of standard sizes of signs, the height of their installation and placement relative to the roadway and the area under repair, the distance of signs from each other, the order of placement of signs different groups on one support.
On sections of roads outside populated areas with two and three lanes, signs are installed II standard size, with four or more stripes - III standard size, on highways and dangerous sections of roads (if justified) - IV standard size.
8.1.1.3 It is recommended to install signs in such a way that the plane of the road signs makes an angle of 90° with the surface of the pavement, and signs installed on folding supports make an angle from 90° to 100°. It is not recommended that the elements of the folding support protrude more than 20 cm beyond the edges of the sign.
8.1.2 Warning signs
8.1.2.1 To warn drivers about the danger present at the work site, warning signs are used.
8.1.2.2 Sign 1.25 “Road works” installed in front of the road section within which any type of work is carried out. It is recommended to install the sign at the beginning of the warning zone on a separate post.
If work is being carried out on a sidewalk or bicycle path, then the sign is installed in cases where pedestrians or cyclists are forced to use the roadway for movement.
In cases where the installation distances for sign 1.25 according to GOST R 52289-2004 cannot be observed, it may be installed at a different distance, indicated in this case on plate 8.1.1 "Distance to object».
Outside populated areas, sign 1.25 is installed again at a distance of 50 to 100 m before the start of the work site. In populated areas and outside populated areas in cramped conditions, a repeat sign 1.25 is installed directly at the beginning of the work site.
Repeated sign 1.25 with plate 8.1.1 may be installed between the intersection and the beginning of the dangerous section in cases where the distance between them is from25 to 150 m outside populated areas and from 25 to 50 m in populated areas.
Plates 8.1.3 and 8.1.4 “Distance to object” are used with sign 1.25 in places of turn towards the work site.
In cases where it is necessary to indicate the length of the dangerous section, a repeated sign 1.25 is installed with a plate 8.2.1"Area of Action".
When carrying out short-term work (for example,preventive inspection of wells of underground utility networks, cleaning of the roadway, etc.) it is allowed to install one sign without plate 8.1.1 on a portable support at a distance of 10 to 15 m from the work site.
If road works are carried out on the side of the road, sign 1.25 applieswith sign 8.12 “Dangerous roadside”.
Signs 1.25, installed to the right of the roadway, are duplicated on roads with two or more lanes in a given direction. It is also possible to duplicate signs in other cases when this is necessary to ensure road safety (for example, when carrying out work on dangerous sections of roads or in places where traffic accidents are concentrated).
If other signs are used in front of the road section where road work is being carried out, sign 1.25 is installed first in the direction of travel, except in cases where signs 6.19.1 and 6.19.2 are used outside populated areas“Preliminary indicator for changing lanes onto another roadway.”
8.1.2.3 When regulating traffic in work areas using traffic lights, traffic participants are warned using sign 1.8 “Traffic light regulation”.
8.1.2.4 Sign 1.15 " Slippery road" used in cases where increased slip is possiblebone of the roadway compared to the previous section caused bywork carried out (for example, as a result of priming, repairpossible coating with liquid bitumen or tar, removal of clay and dirt fromconnecting roads along which a bypass route is arranged).
8.1.2.5 If there are defects on the roadway surface in the road work area (potholes, ledges from the laid or removed coating layer, etc.) that impede the movement of vehicles, sign 1.16 “Rough Road” is installed.
8.1.2.6 Sign 1.18 “Gravel release” is installed when installing or repairing gravel and crushed stone surfaces, during surface treatment of the surface and in cases where gravel (crushed stone) can be released from under the wheels of a car. The sign is removed after the formation of the coating is completed.
8.1.2.7 Sign 1.21 "Two-way traffic» is installed to warn drivers about a section where two-way traffic is temporarily organized due to road works. The sign is installed in front of a section of a road (carriageway) with two-way traffic if it is preceded by a section (carriageway) with one-way traffic.
Outside populated areas, sign 1.21 is installed again at a distance of 50 to 100 m before the start of the dangerous section.
8.1.2.8 Signs 1.23.1-1.23.3" Road narrows " are installed at work sites to warn vehicle drivers about the narrowing of the roadway.
Signs 1.23.1-1.23.3, installed to the right of the roadway, are duplicated on roads with two or more lanes in a given direction.
Signs 1.34.1-1.34.3 “Direction of turn” are installed in places where the direction of movement of vehicles changes.
In confined areas, it is recommended to install signs with two arrows.
8.1.3 Priority signs and prohibition signs
8.1.3.1 D To establish the priority of movement when vehicles alternately pass in one lane, signs are used 2.6 "Advantage to oncoming traffic" and 2.7 "Advantage to oncoming traffic" " Signs are being installed at a traffic intensity that ensures self-regulation of oncoming traffic and visibility of the entire section according to 5.4.4.
If there is insufficient visibility of the traffic lane throughout the entire work area, signs 2.6 and 2.7 are not used. In such conditions, traffic is organized using traffic lights or traffic controllers according to paragraphs. 5.4.2, 5.4.3.
Sign 2.6 is usually installed on the right in the direction of movement of vehicles on the side where repair work is being carried out. In this case, sign 2.7 is installed on the opposite side.
In the case where the narrowing of the carriageway caused by repair work, occurs on both sides, sign 2.6 is installed for the direction from which the less intense traffic flow follows.
On horizontal sections of roads, it is recommended to install sign 2.6 tovehicles moving along a narrowing lane in the road zone works On sections of roads with a longitudinal slope, priority is given to vehicles moving uphill; sign 2.7 is installed for them.
The signs are installed directly in front of the narrow section of the road from its opposite ends, and sign 2.6 with plate 8.1.1 is placed on the same support with sign 1.23.1-1.23.3.
8.1.3.2 Sign 3.20 “Overtaking is prohibited” » used when the roadway is narrowedon sections of two- and three-lane roads, when overtaking is dangerous, the visibility of the oncoming vehicle is limited, as well as for the smooth entry of cars into a bottleneck.When carrying out road work, signs 3.20 installed to the right of the roadway are duplicated in accordance with GOST R 52289-2004.
8.1.3.3 Limiting the speed using sign 3.24 “Maximum speed limit” is recommended to be introduced at the work site in cases of reducing the width of the traffic lane, reducing the number of traffic lanes, limiting visibility, unsatisfactory condition of the roadway, as well as to protect and ensure the safety of people located in the work area.
When carrying out road work on a road with two or more lanes for traffic in a given direction, sign 3.24"Maximum speed limit" , installed to the right of the roadway is duplicated.
8.1.3.4 Sign 3.25 “End” maximum speed limits" are setand no more than 20 m from the end of the return zone.
8.1.3.5 Sign 3.27 “Stopping is prohibited” is recommended to be installed if standing cars may interfere with traffic, interfere with work, and reduce safety.
8.1.4 Mandatory and special requirement signs
8.1.4.1 Signs 4.2.1-4.2.3 “Detour around obstacles” are used to indicate the direction to bypass various types of fences or obstacles located on the roadway in the area under repair.
Signs 4.2.1 and 4.2.2 can also be used to indicate traffic deviationvectors of movement of vehicles from an obstacle.
8.1.4.2 Signs 5.15.5 and 5.15.6"End of the Strip » may be used to indicate a change in the number of traffic lanes in front of the work site; signs are installed at the beginning of the temporary transition marking line or at the first of the guide devices indicating the boundary of the lane diversion.
8.1.4.3 Sign 6.17 “Detour diagram” is used to indicate the route to bypass a section of the road temporarily closed to traffic and is installed outside populated areas at a distance of 150 to 300 m, in populated areas at a distance of 50 to 100 m from the intersection where the route begins detour.
To indicate the route before starting thedriving on existing road networks sign 6.17 is installed in front of the intersection closest to the road work site. On the sign The detour route is schematically displayed indicating populated areasareas in which the route changes its direction, or street names, according towhich he passes.
8 .1.4.4 In cases where the movement of vehicles is organized as a detour along the existing road network or along a specially constructed detour, signs 6.18.1-6.18.3 “Detour direction” are installed before the start of the detour and before each intersection on the detour route.
8.1.4.5 Signs 6.19.1 and 6.19.2 “Preliminary indicator of changing lanes onto another carriageway” are used on roads with a dividing strip to indicate the direction of movement to bypass a section of the roadway closed to traffic and the direction of movement to return to the carriageway intended for traffic in this direction.
Sign 6.19.1 with plate 8.1.1 is installed at a distance of 50 to 100 m, and outside populated areas and previously, 500 m before the break in the dividing strip along which the crossing is carried out onto the roadway intended for traffic in the oncoming direction.
Sign 6.19.2 with plate 8.1.1 is installed on the dividing strip at a distance of 50 to 100 m before the gap along which the crossing is made onto the roadway intended for traffic in this direction.
8.1.4.6 V In cases where, due to the conditions of road works, the passage of vehicles must be limited in weight or size, restrictions are established. 3.11 “Weight limitation”, 3.12 “Limitation of mass per vehicle axle”, 3.13 “Height limitation”, 3.14 “Width limitation”, 3.15 "Length limitation". EUthere is no detour near the work site, the closest one in front of itat the intersection, appropriatewarning signs 3.11-3.15 with plate 8.1.1 and sign 6.17“Detour scheme”, I inform you about the direction of the detour.
If it is necessary to prohibit pedestrian traffic on the section of road being repaired due to traffic safety conditions, sign 3.10 “Pedestrian traffic is prohibited” is installed. The sign is installed at the beginning of such a section and on the side of the road on which the restriction is introduced
77. Principles of Russian punctuation, functions and types of punctuation marks.
The punctuation system of the Russian language is built on a syntactic basis; almost all punctuation rules are formulated depending on the structure of the sentence.
Although the Russian language has many rules for mandatory punctuation, Russian punctuation has great flexibility: there are various punctuation options that are associated not only with the meaning, but also with the stylistic features of the text.
Functions of punctuation marks.
Punctuation marks indicate the semantic division of the text; they also help to identify the syntactic structure of the text and its rhythm and melody.
Types of punctuation marks:
- emphasis signs (their functions are to designate the boundaries of syntactic constructions that complement and explain the members of a sentence; intonation-semantic highlighting of parts of a sentence, constructions containing an address or attitude of the speaker to his statement): two commas and two dashes (single paired signs), brackets, quotes;
- signs of separation (their functions are designation of boundaries between separate independent sentences, between homogeneous members of a sentence, between simple sentences as part of a complex one; indication of the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement, according to emotional coloring): period, question and exclamation marks, comma, semicolon , colon, dash, ellipsis;
- a special punctuation mark is the red line (indicates the beginning of a new turn in the narrative).
Punctuation marks can be single or paired. Paired punctuation marks indicate that the placement of the first punctuation mark requires the placement of the second. These include two commas and two dashes (as single characters), parentheses and quotation marks.
78. Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence.
- The period is placed at the end of declarative and motivating non-exclamatory sentences (They went for a walk in the forest.);
Note: if at the end of a sentence there is a period indicating an abbreviated word, then the second period indicating the end of the sentence is not placed: In the store you can buy pens, notebooks, pencils, etc.
- a question mark is placed at the end of an interrogative sentence (Why don’t people fly?);
- an exclamation point is placed at the end of an exclamation sentence (How good it is to live in the world!);
- an ellipsis is placed as at the end of a sentence when the statement is incomplete (Dubrovsky was silent... Suddenly he raised his head, his eyes sparkled.);
Note: an ellipsis can also be placed in the middle of a sentence when there is a break in speech. (I don’t want... like this.)
79. Dash between members of a sentence.
Dash between subject and predicate.
1. A dash is placed between the subject and the predicate:
- with a zero connective (i.e. in the absence of a linking verb), while the subjects and predicate are expressed by a noun or a cardinal numeral in the nominative case, an infinitive. (My mother is a teacher.)
- if the predicate is preceded by the words this, that means it means (Defending the Motherland is our duty.)
2. There is no dash between the subject and the predicate:
- if comparative conjunctions are used as a connective: as if, as if, exactly, like, etc. (This house is like a block.),
- if the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun (the dash in this case is considered as the author's) (She is a ballerina.),
- if the predicate is preceded by a negative particle not (Poverty is not a vice.),
- if the predicate is preceded by a secondary member of the sentence that is not consistent with it (Plato is my friend, but the truth is more precious.),
- if between the main members of the sentence there is an introductory word, adverb or particle (Ivan is also a student. His father, apparently, is an engineer.),
- in conversational style sentences (His brother is a student.).
A dash in an incomplete sentence.
- A dash is placed in an incomplete sentence if a predicate (most often) or some other part of the sentence is missing, but it can be easily restored from the context or from the situation (She went home, he went to the cinema),
- If for a sentence the absence of a predicate is the norm, then a dash is not placed (the predicate is implied and can be easily guessed from the content of the sentence itself): Again, at the hour of a night cloud above the ground.
Intonation dash.
1. An intonation dash is placed at the point where a sentence breaks down into word groups in order to emphasize the semantic relationships between the members of the sentence and help the reader correctly connect words according to meaning (For children, this needs to be explained.)
Connecting dash.
1. A dash is placed:
- between words to designate a certain space (train Nikolaev - Moscow), quantity (buy two or three kilograms of sweets) or a period of time (Revolution of 1905-1907), if it replaces the meaning of the construction “from... to”,
- between proper names, the totality of which is some name (a teaching, a scientific institution, etc.): the Boyle-Mariotte law, the match “CSKA - Lokomotiv”.
80. Punctuation marks for homogeneous members.
1. If homogeneous members of a sentence are not connected by conjunctions, but only by intonation, then a comma is placed between them (They gave me candy, balls, toys.);
Note. If homogeneous members of a sentence are common and there are commas inside them, then they can be separated by a semicolon (I took a walk in public gardens, parks; I went to visit Katerina, Peter, Matvey; I called Anna, Andrey, Inna.).
2. Homogeneous members of a sentence, connected by non-repeating conjunctions:
- if homogeneous members of a sentence are connected by non-repeating adversative conjunctions, then a comma is placed between them (It was not I who did this, but he.),
- if homogeneous members of a sentence are connected by non-repeating connecting or disjunctive conjunctions, then a comma is not placed between them (Marina and Olga came into the class. Did Pushkin or Lermontov write this?);
- A comma is not placed before the conjunction yes and (I'll take it and leave.) and before the conjunction and, if it is followed by the demonstrative pronoun that, that, then, those (The child will cope with this task.);
3. Homogeneous members of a sentence connected by repeating conjunctions:
- a comma is placed before repeated conjunctions and...and, yes...yes, neither...nor, or...or, whether...li, either...either, then...then, etc. . (In this store you can buy notebooks, pens, and books.),
Note. For homogeneous members of a sentence connected by repeating conjunctions, a comma is placed after each homogeneous member (Teachers, students, and their parents came to the concert.).
- if homogeneous members are closely related in meaning, then a comma is not placed between them (Both summer and autumn were rainy.),
- A comma is also not placed if homogeneous members of the sentence are part of integral expressions (neither for themselves nor for people, neither this nor that).
4. A coordinating conjunction can connect homogeneous members of a sentence in pairs, and then the pairs are separated from each other by commas, and within the pairs a comma is not placed (The students in the class were 55 smart and stupid, excellent students and poor students),
5. A comma is placed before the second part of the double conjunction (I am the same age as you); double conjunctions are both...so and, not so...as, not so much...as, not only...but also, although and...but, if not...then, as much. ..how much, how...so much.
The main cases of placing punctuation marks for homogeneous members of a sentence:
[o, o, o, o] [o and o] [o, a o] [o, o, o and o] [and o, and o, and o] [o, and o, and o] [o and oh, oh and oh] [both oh and oh]
Generalizing words with homogeneous members of a sentence (main cases of punctuation marks).
1. [O: oh, oh, oh] Everyone came to the meeting: teachers and students.
[Oh, cc. words: o, o, o] Everyone came to the meeting, namely: teachers and students.
2. [oh, oh, oh - O] Children, old people, women - everything mixed in a living stream.
[oh, oh, o-vv. words, O] Children, old people, women - in a word, everything mixed up in a living stream
3. [O: oh, oh, oh -...] And all this: the river, and the willow twigs, and this boy - reminded me of the distant days of childhood.
81. Punctuation marks for repeated words.
- If the same word is repeated in a sentence to convey the duration or intensity of an action, then a comma is added (I’m going, I’m going home across the field.),
- If repeated words represent a lexical formation, which is like one complex word, then they are written with a hyphen (Far, far beyond the sea.),
- A comma is not used if
- The predicates are repeated, and between them there is a particle like this (To go like this.),
- the same word is repeated (possibly in different forms) and the second word is used with the negative particle not (I saw a bush not a bush, a tree not a tree).
82. Punctuation marks in sentences with isolated members of the sentence.
Definitions.
a) Separated:
- common definitions expressed by participial phrases or adjectives with dependent words, standing after the word being defined (I saw an old woman carrying a large bag and decided to help her.);
- two or more single definitions standing after the word being defined (Spring has come, sunny, bright.);
- a single definition, standing after the word being defined, if it has an additional adverbial meaning (usually causal or concessions) (Mom, tired, sat down in a chair.);
- common or single definitions, standing immediately before the word being defined, if they have additional adverbial meaning (Barely alive, they reached the city.);
- a common or single definition, if it is separated from the word being defined by other members of the sentence (Drenched in the sun, buckwheat and wheat fields lay across the river.);
- definition, if the word being defined is a personal pronoun (She ran out into the yard, flushed.)
- inconsistent definitions, in order to tear them away from the neighboring member of the sentence or if it is necessary to emphasize the meaning they convey (Boys, in black suits, with bouquets of flowers, went to congratulate their teachers on March 8.).
b) Not separated:
- common definitions, expressed by participial phrases or adjectives with dependent words and has no meaning, standing in front of the word being defined (The boy who entered the class is our new student.);
- common definitions expressed by participial phrases or dependent adjectives, depending on and following an indefinite pronoun (I saw something like a barn.).
Applications.
Separated:
a) commas
- common applications expressed by a noun with dependent words that come after the word being defined (less often - before) (The old woman, Grishka’s mother, died, but the old people, father and father-in-law, were still alive.);
- applications depending on personal pronouns (I, Ivan Ivanovich Ivanov, declare...);
- single applications that refer to a common noun with explanatory words (Here on a wide street they met General Zhukov’s cook, an old man.);
- applications depending on proper names if they come after the word being defined (Yesterday Ivan Petrovich, the school director, gathered us in the assembly hall.);
- applications expressed by a proper name, if they can be preceded without changing the meaning, namely, that is (The next one on the list, Silin, turned out to be a tall and broad-shouldered man.);
- applications that are joined by the union as or words by name, by surname, etc. and which have additional circumstantial meaning (As an honest man, he must now marry her.);
- applications that can be preceded by words, namely (He broke the tree - oak.); - common applications at the end of a sentence (The sun was shining high in the sky - a very clear and hot sun of the Kyiv summer.);
- applications relating only to one of the homogeneous members (I met my cousin, Misha - my fiancé, Pavel and Oksana.).
Additions.
Additions may or may not be isolated depending on the semantic load that the author has put into the sentence.
Usually, phrases are isolated, conventionally called additions, which are expressed by nouns with prepositions except, except, instead, lomimo, excluding, etc. and which have a restrictive or expansive meaning (I really liked the story, except for some details.). Circumstances.
a) Separated:
- common circumstances, expressed by participial phrases, and single circumstances, expressed by gerunds (Entering the room, he greeted everyone present. When I woke up, for a long time I could not understand where I was.);
- circumstances expressed by adverbs or nouns are isolated if they explain or clarify other circumstances (place and time); usually the structure is: before? (circumstance that is the main one) where exactly? (dependent circumstance); When? (circumstance that is the main one) when exactly? (dependent circumstance): In the room, in the corner, there is a closet. Later, in ten years, you will regret your words.
- circumstances introduced by words besides, despite, somehow, not counting, despite, etc., which clarify or limit the meaning of the words being defined (it is mandatory to isolate only the construction starting with despite): Despite the frost, they let's go to the forest.
- stable expressions expressed by participial phrases, which act as introductory expressions (To be honest, I don’t like this.)
b) Not separated:
- single gerunds that do not denote an additional action and are close to adverbs (The sister slowly opened her bag.);
- circumstances expressed by gerunds with dependent words, if they represent a stable combination (They worked with their sleeves rolled up.)
83. Clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the proposal.
Separated:
- words that clarify the content of the sentence, but are not connected with the previous expression by any special words (the words namely, without changing the meaning, can be placed before the clarifying expression): Five houses, two on the main street and three in the alley, were put into use.
Note. Sometimes a dash is used instead of a comma.
- most often, the clarifying members of a sentence are circumstances of place and time, as well as definitions (He went to the right, along the road. This is a large work, five hundred pages.)
- connecting phrases introduced by the words even, especially, including, etc., which introduce additional comments and explanations (He wrote a large essay, and a good one at that.)
84. Punctuation marks for comparative phrases.
1. Comparative phrases starting with words as if, as if, rather than, exactly, etc. separated by commas (I like cinema more than/than theater.)
2. Revolutions with a conjunction are separated by commas:
- if they denote simile and do not contain any additional shades of meaning (The night was approaching and growing like a thundercloud.).
- if before the phrase there are demonstrative words so, such, that, so (His facial features were the same as his sister’s.),
- if the phrase is introduced into the sentence with the combination like and (I have been to London, as well as to other European cities.),
- if this combination of type is none other than and nothing other than (None other than a tall palace rose in front.)
3. Revolutions with conjunctions are not separated by commas:
- if the adverbial meaning is in the foreground (The ring burns like heat - can be replaced with the combination burns with heat),
- if the meaning of equating or identifying is in the foreground (I’m telling you this as a doctor.),
- if the turnover is part of a complex predicate or is closely related to it in meaning (Work as work.),
- if the turnover is a stable expression (Everything went like clockwork.),
- if there is a negative particle not before the phrase (I did not act like a patriot.).
85. Punctuation marks for introductory words and phrases
Introductory words and phrases.
Introductory words and phrases are separated by commas (You apparently do not share our views.),
- if the introductory phrase forms an incomplete construction, i.e. if any word is missing that can be restored from the context, then a dash is placed instead of a comma (On the one hand, she does not know how to cook, on the other, she wants to learn it.).
- punctuation marks for homogeneous members of a sentence with a generalized word in the presence of an introductory word or phrase:
[Oh, cc. el.: o, o, o] Everyone came to the meeting, namely: teachers and students.
[o, o, o - vv. ate., O] Children, old people, women - in a word, everything mixed up in a living stream.
some words can be both introductory and separated by commas, and parts of a sentence:
is an introductory word | is not an introductory word |
|
| finally | - indicates the connection of thoughts, the order of presentation - gives an assessment of the fact from the point of view. speaker (Come in, finally!) | - equal in meaning to after all, finally, as a result of everything |
| in the end | - the same function as “finally” (Shut up, after all!) | - (We walked and walked and finally arrived.) - the same function as “finally”. (They argued for a long time and eventually made a decision that suited everyone.) |
| however | - stands in the middle or at the end of a sentence (Look, however, how he spoke!) | - stands at the beginning of a sentence or between homogeneous members of a sentence and is an adversative conjunction (I didn’t want to see her anymore, but I had to.) Exception: in sentences like: “However, it’s a cold spring today!” the word “however” is at the beginning of the sentence, acts as an interjection and is separated by a comma |
| Certainly | - usually acts as a water word (Of course, I will help you.) | - can act as a particle (Of course I would go there...) |
| Means | - if equal in meaning to the words therefore, therefore (I didn’t see her at school today, which means she was really sick.) | - if it plays the role of a predicate in a sentence (the meaning is close to the word means) (She means too much to me to deceive her.) |
| at all | - if the combination is equal in meaning generally speaking (Actually, this is very interesting) | - in other meanings (He generally forbade going out after twelve) |
| mainly | - if the combination is equal in meaning, the most important thing is (To prepare for the lesson, you need to read the theory and, mainly, complete the assignments.) | - if equal in meaning to the words predominantly, basically, most of all (He survived mainly thanks to his friends.) |
| anyway | - if it has a restrictive value (At least I didn't say that.) | - if relevant under any circumstances ([In any case, he will never leave his former pet.) |
| in your queue | - if used in a figurative meaning. (The following minor members are distinguished: definition, addition and circumstance, in the group of the latter, in turn, by the circumstance of place). | - if used in a meaning close to direct (“And you?” I asked Lena in turn.) |
- if the introductory word is at the beginning or end of a separate common member of a sentence, then it is not separated from it by a comma, and if it is in the middle, then it is separated by commas (The young man, apparently having recently graduated from college, made many mistakes when answering. The young man the man, who had apparently recently graduated from college, made many mistakes in his answers.)
- if the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged, then it is separated by a comma from the preceding coordinating conjunction; if this is impossible, then a comma is placed only after the introductory word, and on the border between the conjunction and the introductory word is placed (Firstly, he is very busy and, secondly, he does not want to see you. The misfortune did not change him at all, but on the contrary, it made it even stronger.)
- introductory sentences are highlighted: with commas, if they are small in volume (For me, you know, everything has always worked out.) or if they are introduced using conjunctions like, how many, if (Today, as the newspapers report, a rally will take place in the center of Moscow.) ;
- dashes if they are common (They - I noticed this right away - wanted to get rid of me as quickly as possible.);
- Inserted constructions are highlighted in brackets (unlike introductory sentences, they do not express the speaker’s attitude to what was said, but contain some kind of incidental or additional remarks): One evening (this was in the fall of 1912)...
86. Punctuation marks when addressing.
- addresses are separated from other members of the sentence by commas (Alyosha, come to me, please.),
- sometimes an exclamation point is placed after the address at the beginning of the sentence (Kirill! Why are you taking so long there?),
- the particle o standing before the address is not separated from it by a comma (Oh Moscow, you are so beautiful!),
- between repeated addresses connected by the conjunction a, a comma is placed, and after the conjunction itself, it is not placed (Fal, but fallen, buy me this toy.),
- if two addresses are connected by a non-repeating connecting conjunction, then a comma is not placed between them (Hello, sun and merry morning).
87. Punctuation marks for interjections, affirmative and negative words.
- interjections from sentence members are separated by commas (Life, alas, is not an eternal gift.),
- if the interjection is pronounced with an exclamatory intonation, then an exclamation mark is placed instead of a comma (Hurray! Our team wins the match)),
- particles o, well, ah, oh, which are used to enhance the semantic connotation, are not distinguished by commas (Oh yes, you are absolutely right. Oh, that’s what you are! Well, no, that’s too much.),
- the word yes (expresses an affirmation) and the word no (expresses a negation) are separated from the sentence by a comma or exclamation mark (Yes, that is exactly what I want to say. No, you are mistaken.)
88. Punctuation marks in complex sentences.
- A comma is placed between simple sentences in the Compound, regardless of what kind of conjunction they are connected with: connective, adversative, disjunctive, adjunctive or explanatory (The sky frowned, and soon a thunderstorm broke out. He had already forgotten everything, but she could not forgive him. Either the sun is shining very brightly, or my eyesight has become completely bad.).
- If the phenomena spoken of in parts (of a complex sentence) quickly follow each other or are opposed to each other, then a dash is placed (A rocket fired - and everything around rumbled.).
- There is no comma:
- if parts of a compound sentence have a common member of the sentence or a common subordinate clause and if they are connected by connecting conjunctions and, yes (in the meaning and) or separating conjunctions or, or, then a comma is not placed between them (Cars raced through the streets and trams rattled. When did it start rain, the game stopped and everyone went queen.).
- between noun clauses connected by connecting conjunctions and, yes (meaning and) or disjunctive conjunctions or, or (Walking in the park and riding a bicycle.),
- between interrogative sentences, connected by connecting conjunctions and, yes (in the meaning of and) or dividing conjunctions or, or (When do we leave and what time does the train leave?)
Punctuation marks in complex sentences.
- If the subordinate clause comes before or after the main clause, then it is separated by a comma (When I came home, everyone was already asleep. The glory of those who die for the fatherland does not die.). If the subordinate clause is in the middle of the main clause, then it is separated by commas on both sides (In the evening, when I no longer had the strength to work, I went to the embankment.).
- If a subordinate clause is attached to the main clause using conjunctions because, because, since, in order to, despite the fact that, etc., then the comma is placed only once either before the entire complex conjunction or before its second partly (I didn’t come because I had a lot to do. I came to express my condolences to you.)
- If subordinate clauses depend on the same member of the main clause, then the rules for placing punctuation marks between them are the same as for homogeneous members of the sentence: , (),().
- At the junction of two subordinating conjunctions or a subordinating and coordinating conjunction, a comma is placed between them only if the omission of the subordinate clause does not require a complete restructuring of the sentence (Masha said that when she comes next time, she will bring her fiance.); if the second part of the subordinate clause begins with the words how, but, then a comma is not placed (Masha said that when she comes next time, she will bring her fiance.)
- Sometimes, when underlining intonation, before explanatory and conditional clauses with a conjunction, not a comma is placed, but a dash (I was sent some books, but I don’t know which ones yet.)
, () And ().
[ , (), A ().
, (), () And ().
, and (), and (), and (). (after the main clause there is no comma before the first subordinate clause)
, (), and (), and ().
, () and (), () and ().
He said that the weather would improve and (that) we would go on a picnic.
Slavik behaves equally evenly both when he is angry and when he is very happy.
Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence.
Between parts of the non-union complex sentence can be put:
- a comma if the parts are independent of each other, but united in meaning (The horses started moving, the bell rang, the carriage flew.),
- semicolon, if there are commas inside one or both parts or if the sentences are far apart in meaning (the sentence splits into two semantic parts): Gerasim grabbed Mumu. squeezed her in his arms; in an instant she licked his nose, eyes, mustache and beard.
- colon if
- the second sentence explains the reason or tells about the consequences of what is said in the first sentence (They were silent the whole way: the noise of the engine prevented them from talking.),
- if in the first sentence there are words see, hear, know, etc., which prompt the reader that a statement of some facts will follow (I understood: she wanted me to leave.),
- If a quotation is syntactically related to the text, then it is enclosed in quotation marks, but written with a small letter (Pushkin wrote that “the habit has been given to us from above.”)
- Quoting can be framed as direct speech. (Pushkin said: “The habit has been given to us from above.”)
- If the quotation is not taken in full, then an ellipsis is placed at the gap, either at the beginning or at the end (Depending on where the text is trimmed). If the sentence in this case begins with a quotation, then it is formatted as follows: “...Quoting” the text itself. (A capital letter is written even if the original is written in lowercase).
- When a comma and a dash meet, both a comma and a dash are written (The woman performing on stage is my mother.),
- When encountering quotation marks:
- with a dot, quotes are written first, and then a dot. She said: “Come in.”),
- with a question mark, exclamation mark or ellipsis, in direct speech the question mark, exclamation mark or ellipsis is written first, then the quotation marks. Even if this is the end of the entire sentence, there is no period after the quotation marks (She asked: “What do you think about this issue?”),
- with the same signs, but when only certain members of the sentence are enclosed in quotation marks, an exclamation mark, a question mark and an ellipsis are placed depending on the construction of the entire sentence (Have you ever watched “White Sun of the Desert”?),
- If the comma is before the closing or opening parenthesis, then it is skipped; if after the closing one, it remains.
Authors do not always follow the rules of punctuation. Often they find their own, special use for them, and this achieves special expressiveness and beauty of the text. This punctuation is called the author's use of punctuation marks.
A selection of the most important documents upon request Installation of road signs(regulatory legal acts, forms, articles, expert consultations and much more).
Regulatory acts: Installation of road signs
3. No later than twenty days before installation road sign or markings prohibiting the entry of all vehicles in a given direction, stopping or parking of vehicles, or indicating a one-way road or carriageway or exit onto such a road or carriageway, citizens are informed about the introduction of the corresponding ban and (or) a change in the road layout movement, as well as the reasons for making such a decision. Information can be provided through the official website of the federal executive body, the executive body of the subject Russian Federation or the local government body in charge of which the relevant road is located, information boards (stands) placed in publicly accessible places near the place where the relevant road signs are installed or markings are applied, as well as in other ways provided for by the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, the regulatory legal acts of the subject of the Russian Federation Federation, municipal regulatory legal acts.
"GOST R 52289-2004. National standard of the Russian Federation. Technical means of organizing traffic. Rules for the use of road signs, markings, traffic lights, road barriers and guide devices"
(approved by Order of Rostekhregulirovaniya dated December 15, 2004 N 120-st)
(as amended on 12/09/2013) 5.1.2. Signs installed on the road must comply with the requirements of GOST R 52290 and during operation meet the requirements of GOST R 50597.
Articles, comments, answers to questions: Installation of road signs
As follows from the case materials, by definition Arbitration Court In the Astrakhan region, an additional examination was assigned on April 18, 2011, the conduct of which was entrusted to a closed joint stock company"Center for Testing, Implementation, Product Certification, Standardization and Metrology", from the conclusion of which it is clear that the work performed by the plaintiff on installing road signs, road markings, fences for pedestrians at the specified construction site do not fully meet the requirements of design and regulatory documentation.
Open the document in your ConsultantPlus system:
Question: Under what type of expenses and article (subarticle) of KOSGU should the expenses for services for applying road markings, installation of barriers and road signs on public roads be reflected?
Punctuation marks play an important role in the perception of written text. A classic example is the phrase “Execution cannot be pardoned,” which changes its meaning to the opposite depending on where the comma is placed. Correctly placed punctuation marks are the key to ensuring that the text will be understandable to the recipient. However, even adults who have successfully completed school often experience difficulties with punctuation.
There are 10 punctuation marks in the Russian language, which play an important role in allowing the written language to be understood equally by both the writer and the reader of the sentence. As an example, let's try to learn how to place punctuation marks correctly.
Quick navigation through the article
Functions of punctuation marks
Punctuation marks have two functions: semantically distinctive and intonation-expressive:
- The semantic distinguishing function ensures the division of text and sentences into semantic pieces, helps to place semantic accents and correctly understand the relationships of words in a sentence.
- The intonation-expressive function allows you to demonstrate the purpose of the statement, intonation and emotional accents.
Basic rules of punctuation
Usually difficulties arise with punctuation marks in the middle of a sentence. These can be commas and dashes, when placing which you need to follow several rules:
- The sentence needs to be spoken out loud and special attention should be paid to places where there is a pause during reading - most likely commas or dashes will be needed there.
- When listing words and phrases, they are separated by commas unless there is a conjunction “and” between them. In this case, you need to make sure that the listed adjectives are not a compound name (for example: porcelain dinner plates) and do not refer to the same word (for example: comfortable desk);
- If repeating conjunctions are used with homogeneous members of a sentence when listing: “and..., and...”, “neither..., nor..”, “or..., or...”, then they are separated by commas;
- A comma is always placed before adversative conjunctions: “a”, “but”, “however”, “but”;
- Participial phrases are always distinguished by commas on both sides (for example: a nickel, jingling and bouncing, rolled along the pavement);
- In a sentence there may be isolated secondary members of the sentence that stand out intonationally and in meaning. In this case, you need to take into account what part of speech they belong to, whether they have dependent words, and whether they come after the word being defined or before it;
- Appeals and introductory words are separated by commas on both sides. (for example: I, of course, will come at seven. I, Masha, miss you);
- Simple sentences within a complex sentence are separated by commas. To highlight simple sentences, you need to find the grammatical basics (who does what and what), determine the boundaries of each simple sentence and put a comma between them (for example: on the seashore the wind was blowing, and the waves rolled onto the sand with a slight rustle);
- If the word “this” is missing from the sentence, then you need to put a dash in its place. (for example: an island is a piece of land surrounded on all sides by water).
Additional Information
- In order to learn how to correctly place punctuation marks, it is useful to read aloud and with expression passages of texts on different topics, paying attention to semantic pauses and how they relate to punctuation marks;
- Text overloaded with punctuation marks is perceived poorly - it is better to skip a comma than to add an extra one;
- In difficult cases, you need to use reference books;
- Regularly performed exercises will help develop punctuation skills and ensure a high level of literacy.
There are only 10 punctuation marks. But in writing they help to express all the variety of shades of meaning in oral speech. The same sign can be used in different cases. And at the same time play a different role. 20 chapters outline the main patterns of punctuation marks that are studied at school. All rules are illustrated with clear examples. Give them special attention. If you remember the example, you will avoid mistakes.
Introduction: What is punctuation?
§1. Meaning of the term punctuation
§2. What punctuation marks are used in writing in Russian?
§3. What role do punctuation marks play?Chapter 1. Signs of completeness and incompleteness of thought. Period, question mark, exclamation point. Ellipsis
Period, question and exclamation marks
Ellipsis at the end of a sentenceChapter 2. Signs of incompleteness of a statement. Comma, semicolon
§1. Comma
§2. SemicolonChapter 3. Sign of incompleteness of a statement. Colon
Why do you need a colon?
Colon in a simple sentence
Colon in a complex sentenceChapter 4. Sign of incompleteness of a statement. Dash
§1. Dash
§2. Double dashChapter 5. Double signs. Quotes. Brackets
§1. Quotes
§2. BracketsChapter 6. Punctuation of a simple sentence. Dash between subject and predicate
A dash is placed
There is no dashChapter 7. Punctuation of a simple sentence with a complex structure. Punctuation marks for homogeneous members
§1. Punctuation marks for homogeneous members without a generalizing word
§2. Punctuation marks for homogeneous members with a generalizing wordChapter 8. Punctuation of a simple sentence complicated by a separate definition
§1. Separating agreed definitions
§2. Separating inconsistent definitions
§3. Segregation of applicationsChapter 9. Punctuation of a simple sentence complicated by a separate circumstance
Circumstances are isolated
Circumstances are not isolatedChapter 10. Punctuation of a simple sentence, complicated by clarifying or explanatory members of the sentence.
§1. Clarification
§2. ExplanationChapter 11. Punctuation of a simple sentence complicated by introductory words, introductory sentences and inserted constructions
§1. Sentences with introductory words
§2. Sentences with introductory sentences
§3. Offers with plug-in structuresChapter 12. Punctuation when addressing
Addresses and their punctuation in writing
Chapter 13. Punctuation in comparative phrases
§1. Separate comparative turns with commas
§2. Turns with a conjunction: comparative and non-comparativeChapter 14. Punctuation in direct speech
§1. Punctuation of direct speech accompanied by the words of the author
§2. Dialogue punctuation
