Colon warns of further clarification and clarification. This function of the sign is revealed by different meanings: causality, justification, disclosure of content, specification of the general concept.
1. A colon is placed before the listing that ends the sentence:
A) If the enumeration is preceded by a generalizing word ( and often, in addition , more words for example, somehow, namely ), for example: Large fish strike with a sharp edge, such as: pike, catfish, asp, pike perch.
B) If there is no generalizing word before the listing, but it is necessary to warn the reader that some kind of list follows, for example: From under the hay one could see: a samovar, a tub of ice cream and some other attractive bundles and boxes.
2. A colon is placed before a listing in the middle of a sentence if the listing is preceded by a generalizing word or wordssomehow, for example, namely , for example: And all this: the river, and the willow twigs, and this boy - reminded me of the distant days of childhood.
3. A colon is placed after a sentence, followed by one or more sentences not connected to the first by means of conjunctions and containing:
a) clarification or disclosure of the content of what is said in the first sentence, for example:
I was not mistaken: the old man did not refuse the offered glass.
b) the basis, the reason for what is said in the first sentence, for example: You won’t catch up with the mad troika: the horses are well-fed, and strong, and lively.
4. A colon is placed between two sentences not connected by conjunctions, if the first sentence contains verbs such as see, look, hear, know, feel etc., a warning is given that what will follow is a statement of some fact or some description, For example: And then the beacon keeper and the Kyrgyz assistant see: two boats are floating along the river.
But (without a hint of warning ): I hear the earth shake.
5. A colon is placed after a sentence introducing direct speech, in particular a direct question or exclamation, for example: And I thought: “What a heavy and lazy fellow he is!”
Note. The group of sentences that contain direct speech should be distinguished from complex sentences with a subordinate clause: a comma is placed before the subordinate clause, as usual, and at the end of it - a sign required by the nature of the entire complex sentence, for example: I was thinking about what it is heavy and lazy fellow. Dash - a sign of very wide use. It means all kinds of omissions: omission of connectives in the predicate, omission of sentence members in incomplete and elliptical sentences, omission of adversative conjunctions. The second function of the dash is semantic: conveying the meanings of condition, time, comparison, consequence, opposition and juxtaposition, in cases where these meanings are not expressed lexically; Ultimately, this is also the recording of peculiar omissions.
1. A dash is placed between the subject and the predicate, expressed by a noun in the nominative case (without a connective). This rule is most often applied when the predicate defines the concept expressed by the subject, for example: Oak is a tree. Optics is a branch of physics.
Note 1. If a predicate expressed by a noun in the nominative case is preceded by a negation Not , then there is no dash, for example: Poverty is not a vice.
Note 2. In an interrogative sentence with the main member expressed by a pronoun, there is no dash between the main members, for example: Who is your father?
2. A dash is placed between the subject and the predicate if the subject is expressed in the nominative case of the noun, and the predicate in the indefinite form, or if both of them are expressed in the indefinite form, for example: The purpose of each person is to develop in himself everything human, common and to enjoy it. Living life is not a field to cross.
3. A dash is placed before this, this is, this means, here , if the predicate, expressed by a noun in the nominative case or indefinite form, is attached through these words to the subject, for example: Poetry is the fiery gaze of a young man, seething with an excess of strength.
4. A dash is placed before the generalizing word after the listing, for example:
Neither the crow of a rooster, nor the sonorous hum of horns, nor the early chirping of a swallow on the roof - nothing will call the deceased out of their graves.
5. A dash is placed before the application at the end of the sentence:
A) If you can insert it before the application without changing the meaning namely , for example: I don’t really like this tree - aspen.
B) If the application contains explanatory words and it is necessary to emphasize the shade of independence of such an application, for example: I had a cast-iron kettle with me - my only joy in traveling around the Caucasus.
6. A dash is placed between two predicates and between two independent clauses if the second of them contains an unexpected addition or sharp opposition in relation to the first, for example: I went out, not wanting to offend him, onto the terrace - and was stunned. I rush there - and the whole city is already there.
Note 1. To enhance the connotation of surprise, a dash can be placed after coordinating conjunctions connecting two parts of one sentence, for example: Ask for payment on Saturday and - march to the village.
Note 2. To express surprise, any part of a sentence can be separated by a dash, for example: And they threw the pike into the river. And she ate the poor singer to pieces.
7. A dash is placed between two sentences and between two homogeneous members of a sentence, connected without the help of conjunctions, to express a sharp contrast, for example: I am a king - I am a slave, I am a worm - I am god.
8. A dash is placed between sentences that are not connected by conjunctions if the second sentence contains a result or conclusion from what is said in the first, for example: The sun has risen - the day begins.
9. A dash is placed between two sentences if they are connected in meaning as a subordinate clause (in first place) with the main clause (in second place), but there are no subordinating conjunctions, for example: Called yourself a milk mushroom - get into the back. The forest is being cut down and the chips are flying.
10. A dash is placed to indicate the place where a simple sentence splits into two verbal groups, if this cannot be expressed by other punctuation marks or word order, for example: I ask you: do workers need to be paid?
Such a breakdown is often observed when some member of a sentence is omitted (which is why the dash placed in this case is called elliptical), for example: Everything obeys me, but I obey nothing.
11. The following are distinguished by dashes:
A) Sentences and words inserted into the middle of a sentence for the purpose of explaining or supplementing it, in cases where the selection in brackets can weaken the connection between the insertion and the main sentence, for example: Here - there is nothing to do - friends kissed. Only once – and even then at the very beginning – did an unpleasant and harsh conversation occur.
B) A common application, placed after a qualifying noun, if it is necessary to emphasize the shade of independence of such an application, for example: In front of the doors of the club - a wide log house - workers with banners were waiting for guests.
C) A group of homogeneous members standing in the middle of a sentence, for example: Usually, from the upper villages - Elanskaya, Veshenskaya, Migulinskaya and Kazanskaya - Cossacks were taken into the 11-12th army Cossack regiments and into the Ataman Life Guards.
Note. A dash is placed after a listing in the middle of a sentence if this listing is preceded by a generalizing word or words something like, for example, namely .
12. A dash is placed as an additional sign after a comma before a word, which is repeated in order to connect with it a new sentence (usually a subordinate clause, reinforcing, supplementing or developing the main sentence) or a further part of the same sentence, for example: Now, as a forensic investigator, Ivan Ilyich felt that all the most important, self-satisfied people, without exception, were all in his hands.
13. A dash is placed as an additional sign after a comma, which separates the main sentence from the group of subordinate clauses preceding it, if it is necessary to emphasize the division of a single whole into two parts, for example: Who is to blame among them, who is right, is not for us to judge.
14. A dash is placed between two words to indicate spatial, temporal or quantitative limits (in this case, the dash replaces the meaning of the word “from... to”), for example: Flights USSR - America. Manuscripts from the 11th – 14th centuries.
15. A dash is placed between two or more proper names, the totality of which is called a doctrine, scientific institution, etc., for example: Boyle’s physical law - Mariotte.
Punctuation marks between parts of a non-union sentence
There are two types of complex sentences in Russian: conjunction and non-conjunction. In allied complex sentences, the parts are interconnected by intonation and conjunctions or allied words. In non-union complex sentences, the parts are connected only by intonation.
Compare three examples:
And
The squirrel jumped from branch to branch, That's why Snow fell in flakes on our heads;
The squirrel jumped from branch to branch - snow fell on our heads in flakes.
Let's try to determine the semantic relationships between the parts of the sentence in each example. In the first sentence, the two parts are connected, in addition to intonation, by the coordinating conjunction I, the main meaning of which is to indicate the sequence of events. In the second sentence, the two parts are connected, in addition to intonation, by a conjunction (more precisely, a conjunction analogue) THEREFORE, the main purpose of which is to indicate the consequence of those events that are described in the main part of the complex sentence. But in the third example there is no conjunction; we cannot accurately determine the essence of the relationship between the parts of the sentence. We can say that there are both cause-and-effect relationships and an indication of the sequence of events at the same time.
So, complex non-union sentences differ from complex allied sentences in that the semantic relationships between the parts are less clearly expressed in them. In order to make the semantic relationships between the parts of a complex non-union sentence clearer, different punctuation marks are used in writing: comma, semicolon, colon and dash.
The use of each punctuation mark is determined by a special rule.
Let's start with those cases when between the parts of a non-union sentence there is a comma or semicolon.
1. A comma is placed between the parts of a non-union complex sentence if it simply lists some facts. In this case, you can easily insert the union I after the comma. For example:
It was just getting dark, I told the Cossack to heat the kettle in the field style(According to Lermontov).
2. Between the parts of a non-union complex sentence, which lists some facts, a semicolon can be placed if the parts of the sentence are very common (contain homogeneous members, participial or adverbial phrases, clarifications, etc.). For example:
His head ached; he got to his feet, turned around in his closet and fell back onto the sofa(Dostoevsky).
3. A semicolon can also be placed in a non-union sentence where the parts are completely independent of each other. Such a complex sentence can be broken down into several simple ones without destroying the meaning. For example:
He was wearing a Life Campaign uniform; his head was heavily stained with mud and beaten in several places(Saltykov-Shchedrin).
Now let's turn to the staging rules colons and dashes. The choice of these two punctuation marks depends on the meaning of the parts of the sentence.
There are three cases when between parts of a complex non-union sentence you need to put colon:
1) if the second part indicates the reason for what is described in the first part, for example: In developed countries, the middle class decides the outcome of elections: it constitutes the majority of the population. You can insert the conjunction BECAUSE into this sentence;
2) if after the first part there is an explanation of what is being discussed in the first part, for example: Write a work plan: what needs to be purchased and prepared, where to start, what time frame the project can be completed.” or Like all Moscow priests, your father is like this: he would like a son-in-law with stars and ranks(Griboyedov). In these sentences between the parts you can insert the conjunction NAMELY;
3) if the second part has the meaning of an addition, and the conjunction WHAT can be inserted before it, for example: Yes, I wanted to report yesterday: the harrows need to be repaired(Tolstoy). In some cases, in addition to this conjunction, the missing predicate AND SAW or AND HEARD can be added to the sentence, for example: He looked into the room: a man was sitting at the table and was quickly writing something.
Dash between parts of a complex non-union sentence is placed under one of four conditions:
1) if a complex sentence has the meaning of opposition and a conjunction A or BUT can be inserted between the parts, for example: I looked around several times - there was no one there(Tolstoy);
2) if the first sentence contains the meaning of time or condition and the conjunction WHEN or IF can be inserted before it, for example: The authorities want us to obey(Gogol);
3) if the second part of the sentence indicates a consequence of what is described in the first part and the conjunction SO THAT can be inserted before it, for example: Gruzdev called himself get in the body(Proverb);
4) in rare cases, a dash is also used to indicate a rapid change of events, for example: The cheese fell out - there was a trick with it(Krylov).
Exercise
I looked at my watch and realized that the train had already left.
We can leave these things - they won’t be useful to us.
Snow fell and traffic jams began in the city center.
Ivlev looked around - the weather had become dull - livid clouds were gathering from all sides (Bunin).
The rank followed him; he suddenly left the service (Griboyedov).
The swallows have arrived_ it will be a good summer.
Suddenly Ivan Ivanovich screamed and was stupefied; a dead man seemed to him (According to Gogol).
Eyewitnesses give conflicting testimony - it is difficult to make the right decision.
I know that in your heart there is both pride and direct honor (Pushkin).
Decisions were not made easily; over a long period of time, it was necessary to take into account the interests of all parties.
Thunder will not strike; a man will not cross himself (Proverb).
And we march in this order: Nikolai walks ahead with drugs or atlases, I follow him, and behind me, modestly bowing his head, walks a draft horse... (Chekhov).
But let’s leave these arguments aside; they don’t go here (Gogol).
But this is the purpose of education - to make pleasure out of everything (Tolstoy).
At the present time, the most useful thing is denial - we deny (Turgenev).
We need to introduce him - he is timid, still a newbie... (Goncharov).
Yes, let them swallow each other alive - what do I want? (Dostoevsky).
You are still in danger - the wound may open (Pushkin).
From childhood he was distinguished by his remarkable beauty; besides, he was self-confident, a little mocking and somehow amusingly bile; he couldn’t help but like him (Turgenev).
A minute later there was more squealing and laughter; I had to drive under a huge overhanging rock (Chekhov).
Everything is quiet, calm, and only silent statistics protest - so many people have gone crazy, so many buckets have been drunk, so many children have died from malnutrition... (Chekhov).
"Nothing to do! - Bazarov finally said. - I picked up the tug - don’t say it’s not strong! We came to see the landowners, let’s see them!” (Turgenev).
Just look at this life - the impudence and idleness of the strong, the ignorance and bestiality of the weak, impossible poverty all around, overcrowding, degeneration, drunkenness, hypocrisy, lies... (Chekhov).
We take him to the emergency room, blood is pouring out - a terrible thing, and he keeps asking for his leg to be found, and he keeps worrying about the twenty rubles in his boot on his severed leg, lest they go missing (Chekhov).
Getting put on trial because of Laevsky, wasting time is not worth the candle (Chekhov).
The characteristic features of a cart horse that distinguish him from talent are as follows: his horizons are narrow and sharply limited by his specialty; Outside of his specialty, he is as naive as a child (Chekhov).
He is no stranger to questions of science; he is terribly angry with himself for forgetting to take seeds from a tree from the Flying Island whose juice resembles Russian vodka (Chekhov).
After all, there was a time when no man spoke to her like Kirilin, and she herself broke this time like a thread and ruined it irrevocably - who is to blame for this? (Chekhov)
It’s been a year since we’ve been in a strained relationship; he answers me disgustingly in exams, and I give him unities (Chekhov).
In my opinion, if the play is good, then in order for it to make the proper impression, there is no need to bother the actors; you can limit yourself to just reading (Chekhov).
I often forget ordinary words, and I always have to spend a lot of energy to avoid unnecessary phrases and unnecessary introductory sentences in writing - both of which clearly indicate a decline in mental activity (Chekhov).
But, imagine, I glanced forward: in the first row, sitting next to each other, was a general with a ribbon and a bishop (Chekhov).
It is not the wind that rages over the forest, it is not the streams that run from the mountains_ Moroz the Voivode patrols his domain (Nekrasov).
All this news is similar to one another and boils down to this type: one Frenchman made a discovery, another - a German - convicted him, proving that this discovery was made back in 1870 by some American, and a third - also a German - outwitted both, proving them that they both made a fool of themselves, mistaking air globules under a microscope for a dark pigment (Chekhov).
Don't come, don't come, you're out of the cold! (Goncharov).
I open the window, and it seems to me that I am seeing a dream: under the window, pressed against the wall, stands a woman in a black dress, brightly illuminated by the moon, and looks at me with big eyes (Chekhov).
Beauty goes away; you don’t have time to explain to beauty how you love it, beauty cannot be retained, and this is the only sadness of the world (Nabokov).
The purpose of the lesson: Generalization of introductions about the placement of colons and dashes in a simple sentence.
Formation of skills:
- establish semantic relationships between parts in the BSP,
- determine intonation in the BSP in accordance with the meaning of its parts,
- correctly put a colon and a dash in the BSP,
- determine the synonymy of BSP and SPP, SSP,
- compose BSP and use them in speech.
During the classes
I. Checking homework. Updating knowledge about the placement of colons and dashes in a simple sentence.
What rules for placing a colon in a simple sentence do you know? Give examples of placing a colon in a simple sentence.
Answers: “This is a colon with a generalizing word.”
Examples :
- Using a sharp folding knife, different patterns were cut out on a stick: a white ring, a narrow spiral, or a small chessboard. (V. Sol.)
- The guests talked about many pleasant and useful things, such as: about nature, about dogs, about wheat, about bonnets, about stallions. (Gog.)
- She had no expression on her face, no expression at all: no excitement, no joy, no fear - nothing. (Sim.)
- Now let’s remember the cases of placing a dash in a simple sentence.
Answers: “A dash between the subject and the predicate, a dash in an incomplete sentence, a dash when isolating applications, a dash when inserted constructions.”
Examples:
- Work is the best medicine.
- The task of science is to comprehend the laws of nature.
- A wound heals from a knife, but never from a word.
- Fish looks for where it is deeper, and man looks for where it is better.
- November has arrived - the month of autumn frosts.
- This summer I went to Tarusa, a quiet town on the Oka River.
- One day, after taking a nap after lunch - we were having lunch at noon - Misha left the house and slowly walked into the garden. (Boon.)
- Silence - it seemed to Natasha as deep as night water - stood in the forests. (Paust.)
II. Explanation of new material. Placing a colon in the BSP.
1. A colon is placed between parts of a non-union complex sentence if the second simple sentence has the meaning of reason.
I am sad: my friend is not with me. (P.)
What syntactic construction known to you can replace this BSP?
Answer: “For a complex sentence with the meaning of a reason” (I’m sad because I don’t have a friend with me.)”
2. A colon is placed between the parts of a non-union complex sentence if the second part has the meaning of explanation.
In one place, a completely incredible incident happened: a seller of children's balloons was carried away by the balloons. (Olesha)
In this case, between the parts you can put the word namely (incident, namely:)
3. A colon is placed between the parts of a non-union complex sentence if the second part has the meaning of explanation.
I looked up: a girl was standing on the roof of my hut. (L.)
What complex sentence can replace this non-union sentence?
Answer: “Complex subordinate with an explanatory clause” (I looked up and saw that a girl was standing on the roof of my hut.)
In the BSP with a colon between its parts, a warning intonation sounds.
III. Material for practicing the placement of a colon in the BSP.
1. Kyiv epics have a heroic character: the main purpose of the heroes is to stand on the borders of the Russian land and guard it from the invasions of steppe nomads. (Y. Lot.)
2. One thing was certain: he would not come back. (Turg.)
3. And two years ago, inexplicable incidents began in the apartment: people began to disappear from this apartment without a trace. (Bulg.)
4. Akaki Akakievich ran home in complete disarray: the hair that was still on his temples and the back of his head was completely disheveled, his side, chest, and all his trousers were covered in snow. (Gog.)
5. And he saw: white-white as death Lancelot stood near the dead heads of the dragon. (Schwartz)
6. I pulled my hand back: a bee flew out from the very middle of the flower with a furious hiss. (L.T.)
IV. Explanation of new material. Setting a dash in the BSP.
1. A dash is placed between parts of a non-union complex sentence if the first part has the meaning of time.
They plow the arable land without waving their hands.
Answer: “A complex adverbial adverbial with the meaning of time. When they plow the arable land, they don’t wave their hands.”
2. A dash is placed between parts of a non-union complex sentence if the first part has the meaning of a condition.
If you are afraid of wolves, do not go into the forest.
What complex sentence is this synonymous with?
Answer: “A complex adverbial with the meaning of a condition. If you are afraid of wolves, then there is no point in going into the forest.”
3. A dash is placed between the parts of a non-union complex sentence if the first part indicates a consequence, the result of what is said in the first part.
It's been raining lightly since the morning - it's impossible to go out. (Turg.)
What complex sentence is this synonymous with?
Answer: “A complex adverbial with the meaning of a consequence. It’s been raining lightly since the morning, so it’s impossible to go out.”
4. A dash between parts of a non-union complex sentence is placed in comparison relations.
When the nightingale says the word, it sings.
What complex sentence is this synonymous with?
Answer: “A complex adverbial with the meaning of comparison. The word speaks like a nightingale sings.”
5. A dash between parts of a non-union complex sentence is placed in opposition relations.
Don't be hasty with your tongue, be quick with your actions.
Answer: “A complex sentence with adversative conjunctions. Don’t be hasty with your tongue, but hurry with your deeds.”
6. A dash between parts of a non-union complex sentence is placed when there is a rapid change of events, an unexpected result.
The cheese fell out - there was a trick with it. (Kr.)
What construction is this sentence synonymous with?
Answer: “A complex sentence with coordinating conjunctions. The cheese fell out, and there was a trick with it.”
The dash appears at the highest intonation point of such BSP.
V. Material for practicing setting a dash in the BSP.
1. If you put a blot, I’ll make you lick it off with your tongue. (Schwartz)
2. At dusk, my brother cautiously looked at me - I pretended to be sleeping. (Boon.)
3. He looked - he looked familiar; ascended - so live. (Color)
4. I tried to walk - my legs gave way. (L.)
5. The thunderstorm has long passed - the stars began to shine, everything around was silent. (Turg.)
6. If I knew the craft, I would live in the city. (M.G.)
7. It’s getting light – it’s time to get up.
VI. Material for practicing setting colons and dashes in BSP..
1. Everyone involuntarily looked out the window: someone with a mustache in a semi-military frock coat was getting out of the cart. (Gog.)
2. Leaving the house, I walked through the streets; they were strange: mute, warm, damp everywhere, all around in the bare gardens and among the poplars of the boulevard there was a thick white fog mixed with moonlight.
3. Believe me: for them your crying and your reproach are ridiculous. (L.)
4. Let me go free - I won’t die of hunger, I won’t perish; give me arable land - I’ll pay a good rent... (Turg.)
5. The morning dawn does not burn with fire - it spreads with a gentle blush. (Turg.)
6. You pass by a tree - it doesn’t move: it luxuriates. (Turg.)
7. It’s not a shame not to know, it’s a shame not to learn.
8. I looked out the window: the stars were shining in the cloudless sky. (Turg.)
VII. Erudition task. Complete the quotes from Russian classics, add the necessary punctuation marks.
- I remember a wonderful moment... (P.)
- Goes right...left... (P.)
- There are miracles there... (P.)
- The cheese fell out... (Wing.)
- I would be glad to serve... (Mushroom.)
- The rank followed him... (Mushroom.)
- That’s why my custom is... signed... (Mushroom.)
- I hammered the charge into the cannon tightly and thought... (L.)
- I invited you, gentlemen, in order to... (Gog.)
VIII. Homework: learn the theory, write out 8 sentences from fiction using a colon and a dash in the BSP, make their diagrams.
- A comma is placed between the parts of a non-union complex sentence if these parts are closely related in meaning, for example: Pale cheeks sunken, eyes became big, big, lips were burning(Lermontov); The day was gray, the sky hung low, a damp breeze stirred the tops of the grass and shook the leaves of the trees.(Turgenev); The train left quickly, its lights soon disappeared, after a minute the noise was no longer heard(Chekhov); Nikolai's pockmarked face was covered with red spots, his small gray eyes gazed at the officer without stopping.(Bitter).
Note. If there is an introductory word between the parts of a non-union complex sentence separated by a comma, then a dash can be placed as an additional sign to show which part of the complex sentence the introductory word belongs to, or to emphasize the connecting nature of the second part. For example: An engine is knocking somewhere, apparently there is a workshop nearby; Angry dogs barked in the backyards, not daring to run out towards the chaise; passing soldiers must have weaned them out of this habit.(Sayanov).
- If the parts of a non-union complex sentence are more distant from each other in meaning or are significantly widespread and have commas inside them, then a semicolon is placed between the parts of the sentence. For example: To the left was a deep gorge; behind him and in front of us, the dark blue peaks of the mountains, pitted with wrinkles, covered with layers of snow, were drawn on the pale horizon, still retaining the last glow of dawn(Lermontov); Light dust rises in a yellow column and rushes along the road; A friendly stomp can be heard far away, the horses run with their ears pricked up(Turgenev); Emerald frogs jump underfoot; between the roots, having raised its golden head, it lies and guards them(Bitter).
If a non-union complex sentence breaks up into parts (groups of sentences) that are distant from each other in meaning, then a semicolon is placed between them, and within these parts the simple sentences forming them are separated by commas. For example: The pale gray sky became lighter, colder, and bluer; the stars blinked with faint light and then disappeared; the ground became damp, the leaves began to fog up, in some places living sounds and voices began to be heard(Turgenev); The rooks flew away, the forest was exposed, the fields were empty; only one strip is not compressed(Nekrasov).
If in a complex sentence a non-union connection of parts is combined with a conjunction, then often a semicolon is placed between the parts connected without a union, and a comma is placed between the parts connected by a union. For example: The wind could not rage here; the road was smooth, the horse was encouraged and Vladimir calmed down(Pushkin); Lunch is over; the big ones went into the office to drink coffee, and we ran into the garden to shuffle our feet along the paths covered with fallen yellow leaves and talk(L. Tolstoy).
§ 117. Colon in a non-union complex sentence
A colon in a non-union complex sentence that splits into two parts is placed:
1) if the second part (one or more sentences) explains, reveals the content of the first part (the words “namely” can be inserted between both parts), for example: In fact, Akakiy Akakievich’s overcoat had some strange structure: its collar became smaller and smaller every year, because it served to undermine other parts(Gogol); I ask you one thing: shoot quickly(Lermontov); It’s pleasant after a long walk and deep sleep to lie motionless on the hay: the body is luxuriating and languishing, the face is glowing with a slight heat, sweet laziness closes the eyes(Turgenev); Make a plan of the apartment: how the rooms are located, where the doors are, where the windows are, where everything is(Bitter); A dark forest is good on a bright sunny day: there is coolness and miracles of light(Prishvin); Then a thought struck him: the partisans must be somewhere nearby.(V. Polevoy); Danilov formulated the task to himself as follows: Dr. Belov must be made a train manager(V. Panova);
2) if in the first part through verbs see, look, hear, understand, know, feel etc. a warning is given that what will follow is a statement of some fact or some description (in these cases, a conjunction can usually be inserted between both parts What), For example: I crawled through the thick grass along the ravine, I saw: the forest ended, several Cossacks were leaving it into a clearing(Lermontov); You yourself noticed: day by day I wither, a victim of evil poison(Lermontov); I also remember: she loved to dress well and spray herself with perfume.(Chekhov); Pavel feels: someone's fingers are touching his arm above the hand(N. Ostrovsky); He saw: the earth rose from the ashes, the unconquered earth, the indestructible life. But (without warning intonation before the second part): I hear the earth shake– comma instead of colon;
3) if the first part contains verbs look out, look around, listen etc., as well as verbs with the meaning of action, warning about further presentation and allowing the words “and saw that”, “and heard that”, “and felt that”, etc. to be inserted after them, for example : I looked up: on the roof of my hut stood a girl in a striped dress with her hair down.(Lermontov); We drove past a pond: ice edges were still visible on the muddy and sloping banks(Aksakov); Oblomov woke up: in front of him in reality, not in a hallucination, stood the real, real Stolz(Goncharov); I looked around: the night stood solemnly and regally...(Turgenev); He thought, sniffed: it smells like honey(Chekhov); Lukashin stopped and looked: water was accumulating in the ditch, the snow was white as sugar(V. Panova). In these cases, a dash is also used instead of a colon to convey various additional shades of meaning, for example: I looked at the ice hole - the water was dozing(Shishkov); He looked out of the room - not a single light in the windows(V. Panova) - however, for the purpose of justified unification, it is preferable to put a colon;
4) if the second part indicates the basis, the reason for what is said in the first part (a conjunction can be inserted between both parts because, since, since), For example: He blushed: he was ashamed to kill an unarmed man...(Lermontov); In vain you look around in all directions: there is no way out of the endless tundras(Goncharov); It’s good that Lemm didn’t hear us: he would have fainted(Turgenev); And Zhilin became depressed: he saw that things were bad(L. Tolstoy); He was even scared: it was so dark, cramped and unclean(Chekhov); Science must be loved: people have no more powerful and victorious force than science(Bitter); In Mexico you cannot praise something in someone else's house: it is wrapped in a piece of paper for you(Mayakovsky); Paul did not like autumn and winter: they brought him a lot of physical torment(N. Ostrovsky); Stepan was afraid to approach the cliff: it was slippery(Shishkov);
5) if the second part is a direct question, for example: There’s only one thing I don’t understand: how could she bite you?(Chekhov); You’d better tell me this: is it true that Mayakin’s son returned?(Bitter); It still remains surprising and unsolved: who took the divisional school off guard on that fateful night?(Furmanov); I was driving now, talking to you and kept thinking: why don’t they shoot?(Simonov).
§ 118. Dash in a non-union complex sentence
A dash in a non-union complex sentence, split into two parts, is placed:
1) if the second part contains an unexpected addition, an indication of a rapid change of events (a conjunction can be inserted between both parts And), For example: Ivan Ivanovich approached the gate, rattled the latch - a dog barked from inside(Gogol); Suddenly the closet door quickly swung open - all the servants immediately rolled head over heels down the stairs(Turgenev); Ignat pulled the trigger - the gun misfired(Chekhov); A ray of sun will fall on the grass - the grass will flash with emerald and pearls(Bitter);
Note. In the works of classical writers, and occasionally in modern fiction, instead of a dash in the case under consideration, a colon is found, for example: There was nothing to do: Marya Ivanovna got into the carriage and went to the palace...(Pushkin); We were driving behind: no one saw(Lermontov); Light rain falls in the morning: it’s impossible to go out(Turgenev); Volodin's horse was lame: dad ordered a hunting horse to be saddled for him.(L. Tolstoy); Worries, grief, failures exhausted the poor priest to the extreme: he became distrustful, bilious...(Dostoevsky);
8) if the second part is a connecting sentence (you can insert the word before it This, which is sometimes included in the sentence itself), for example: Not a single image on the wall is a bad sign(Lermontov); Inga was excited, Levshin was watching her too closely - this caught Klebe’s eyes(Fedin).
The second part may begin with pronominal words so, so, so, For example: An order is an order - that’s how the front raised him(Vorobiev); The world must be free from the threat of a new war - this is the demand of all progressive humanity.
If there is a word before the connecting clause This Sometimes a comma is placed before the dash, for example: The Russian intelligentsia grew and developed in absolutely brutal conditions - this is undeniable(Bitter); If writing is disgusting and boring for you, don’t write - it will still turn out bad, false(A. N. Tolstoy); At such a time we need to speak rudely and directly - this is smarter and more honest in front of our children(Leonov); The wide entrance was completely empty - it seemed strange to me(Kaverin).
Note. To distinguish between cases of placing a colon and a dash in non-union complex sentences, one can proceed from the following general position: if the main part of the statement (corresponding to the main clause in complex sentences) is contained in the first part, and the second (corresponding to the subordinate clause in complex sentences) contains an explanation, disclosure content of the first part, a statement of a fact, an indication of the reason, then a colon is placed between the parts; if, on the contrary, the main part of the statement is contained in the second part, and the first has a subordinate meaning (indicates time, condition, etc.), then a dash is placed between the parts. Wed: It’s impossible to go out: it’s pouring rain outside(the main statement is contained in the first part, the reason is indicated in the second). – It's pouring rain outside - it's impossible to go out(the reason is indicated in the first part, in the second the effect, the conclusion, which forms the basis of the statement). Wed. also while maintaining the same order of parts of a non-conjunctive complex sentence: The youth left: the evening became boring(left because I got bored). The youth left - the evening became boring(I left, so it became boring).
Depending on the meaning, semantic relationships between simple sentences, the following punctuation marks are used in non-union complex sentences: comma, semicolon, colon, dash. To check the meaning of a non-union complex sentence, you can use synonymous constructions of complex or complex sentences.
Comma in a non-union complex sentence it is placed if simple sentences are connected by enumeration relations (simultaneity and sequence). Between simple sentences you can insert a conjunction and.
Wed: The snowstorm did not subside, the sky did not clear(Pushkin). - The snowstorm did not subside and the sky did not clear; The train went quickly, its lights soon disappeared, after a minute the noise was no longer heard(Chekhov). - The train moved quickly, and its lights soon disappeared, and in a minute there was no more noise to be heard.
Semicolon in a non-union complex sentence it is placed if simple sentences are connected by enumeration relations, but are distant from each other in meaning or are significantly widespread:
To the left was a deep gorge; / 1 behind him and in front of us, the dark blue peaks of the mountains, pitted with layers of snow, were drawn on the pale horizon, still retaining the last glow of dawn/ 2 (Lermontov).
Colon in non-unioncomplex
1. The second simple sentence explains the meaning of the first (explanatory relationship). Before the second sentence you can put the words namely, that is.
Wed: A terrible thought flashed through my mind: I imagined it in the hands of robbers(Pushkin). - A terrible thought flashed through my mind, namely: I imagined her in the hands of robbers.
Note!
A colon is required if the first sentence of a non-union complex sentence contains the words so, so, so, one etc., the specific content of which is revealed in the second sentence.
My custom is this: signed, off your shoulders(Griboyedov); I'll tell you only one thing: you can't sit back(Chekhov).
2. The second simple sentence complements the content of the first (additional relations). Before the second sentence you can insert the conjunction that.
Wed: I knew: the blow of fate would not bypass me(Lermontov). - I knew that the blow of fate would not bypass me.
Note!
Sometimes there are verbs in the first sentence look out, look around, listen and etc.; phrases raise your eyes, raise your head and others, warning about further presentation. In this case, between the parts of a non-union sentence you can insert not just a conjunction that, but a combination of words: and I saw that; and heard that; and felt that and so on.
Wed: I looked out of the wagon: everything it was dark and stormy (Pushkin). - I looked out of the wagon and saw that everything was darkness and whirlwind; He thought, smelled: it smells like honey(Chekhov). - He thought, smelled and felt that smells like honey.
3. The second simple sentence states the reason for what is said in the first sentence (causal relations). Before the second sentence, you can insert a causal conjunction because.
Wed: Now everyone is in the house had a stern expression: the earthquake was not good(Tynyanov). - Now everyone in the house had a stern expression because the earthquake was not good; The birds were not heard: they do not sing in hot hours(Turgenev). - I couldn't hear the birds because they don't sing in hot weather..
Shooting range in the non-unioncomplexsentence is placed in the following cases:
1. The second simple sentence contains an unexpected addition, indicating a rapid change of events. You can insert words before the second sentence and suddenly, and unexpectedly, and suddenly, and immediately:
The cheese fell out - there was a trick with it(Krylov). - The cheese fell out, and suddenly there was such a trick with it; The wind blew - everything trembled, came to life, laughed(M. Gorky). - The wind blew, and immediately everything trembled, came to life, and laughed.
2. The second sentence of a complex non-union sentence expresses opposition. Between simple sentences you can insert conjunctions a, but.
Wed: I would be glad to serve, but being served is sickening(Griboyedov). - I would be glad to serve, but being served is sickening; He is the guest - I am the host(Bagritsky). - He is the guest and I am the host.
3. The second sentence contains a consequence, result, conclusion. You can insert words between parts therefore, then, as a result.
Wed: I'm dying - I have no reason to lie(Turgenev). - I'm dying, so I have no reason to lie; I would like to become a pilot - let them teach me(Mayakovsky). - I would like to become a pilot, so let them teach me.
Note. If the meaning of the consequence is not expressed intonationally, a comma is placed instead of a dash, for example: A man is not a needle, we will find him(Chekhov).
4. The first sentence has the meaning of time or condition. Before the first part you can put conjunctions when, if.
Wed: Cats squabble, and mice are welcome (proverb). - When cats squabble, mice have fun; If it rains, there will be fungi (Pushkin). - If it rains, there will be fungi.
Note If the second sentence is in non-union If a complex sentence begins with a particle like this, then a comma is placed instead of a dash, for example: Give everyone vodka, and soon you yourself will have to starve(Pushkin).
5. The second sentence contains a comparison. Between simple sentences you can put conjunctions as if, as if.
Wed: Says a word - the nightingale sings(Lermontov). - He says a word as if a nightingale is singing.
6. The second sentence in a complex non-conjunctive sentence has a connecting meaning and begins with the words so, so, so:
An order is an order - that's how he was raised(Vorobiev).
The second sentence has a connecting meaning and you can put the word this in front of it (sometimes this word is in the sentence itself):
Plan for analyzing a non-union complex sentence
- Indicate the type of complex sentence (non-conjunction complex sentence).
- Indicate how many parts a unionless complex sentence consists of (highlight the grammatical bases).
- Indicate the meaning (semantic relationships) between the parts of the non-union sentence. Justify the use of punctuation (comma, semicolon, colon, dash).
- Construct a diagram of a non-union complex sentence.
Sample parsing
The oak tree holds on - the reed has fallen to the ground(Krylov).
Non-union complex sentence; consists of two simple parts: 1) oak holds on; 2) the reed fell to the ground; grammar basics: 1) oak holds on; 2) the reed fell. The second sentence contains opposition (you can insert a conjunction between the parts: a: The oak tree holds on, but the reed has fallen to the ground). Therefore, a dash is placed between the parts of a complex non-union sentence.
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opposite
