We are all motorists, to one degree or another. Personal cars, taxis, buses, trams ... Therefore, questions related to fuel worry many, do you agree? But its - fuel - it is not enough to produce. It still needs to be delivered, stored and distributed. Needy. US.
Therefore, I propose to trace: what is the way gasoline goes from the refinery to our car. We throw lots, and ... Voila: we will look at the example of "Petersburg fuel company"- one of the largest operators in the north-west of Russia.
So ... Freshly prepared gasoline, poured into tanks, sets off. Up to your consumer. Long or short, but in the end, he arrives at the oil depot. In our case, this is the Ruchyi oil depot, owned by PTK
02. First of all, tanks go through volume control. Well, what if they didn’t fill up at the plant. Or merged somewhere along the way. Life, you know, is such a thing)
03. And even seals may not help. Therefore, a representative of the supplier, or an outside observer, is involved in the acceptance. So that everything is fair.
04. If everything is in order, start downloading. The compressor station can serve 32 tanks at the same time.
05. Fuel is pumped into "tanks" through pipes, which oilmen lyrically call "flutes". For some reason, I immediately remembered from Mayakovsky "and you could play a nocturne on flutes ..." There, however, there were drainpipes. But oil is also nothing!
While the gasoline is pumping, we will look at various little things ...
06. Nice crab, isn't it?
07. Safety above all! By the way, I could not understand one icon without a prompt) And you?
08. Information plate on the tank.
09. So ... Fuel checked, capitalized, and pumped in. In "tanks" - such huge "barrels".
I, as a true blogger (!))), Of course, really wanted to see these things closer. And even climb. And even dive. But ... I forgot my hat. Kidding.
The oil depot is undergoing reconstruction and renovation. Therefore, they were not allowed there. Well, we'll have to come back a little later!)
I didn’t know, and I think it’s interesting: each tank has a special floating cover. It prevents the fuel from evaporating. Well, what, nevertheless, evaporated, is diverted through pipelines to a special station, where the vapors are condensed and, in the future, are used. By the way, steam is also collected from fuel trucks.
The "tanks" themselves stand in blocks of four - "squares" - in such concrete baths. In case of leakage of oil products. Well, you never know! So that it does not spread. Safety precautions!
By the way, all buildings with people are located along it, by the way. In case it blows. I'm joking. There was no such thing. And I'm sure it won't.
10. There is undoubtedly quality control at all stages of storage and transportation.
11. The PTK laboratory is said to be one of the most advanced in Russia. And in Europe, too. We believe!
By the way, at the Ruchyi oil depot, many and different networks of filling stations fill up gasoline. The same gasoline. The same fuel. Therefore, conversations, they say, "there is gasoline - sucks, and yesterday I refueled there, and how flooded!" - this, to put it mildly, is not entirely logical. Gasoline is usually the same.
I think that better car just wash. So, as I wash it, so immediately "soooo flooded!")))
And our gasoline, meanwhile, splashes in containers and waits in the wings. "Its hour" comes when a buyer arrives for fuel. Well, or your own fuel tanker PTK.
12. At the oil depot, everything is automated. I arrived, held a special electronic card, filled in as much as it was supposed to, and left. And no paper documents. Everything is fast and clear.
13. In the meantime, our fuel truck rushes to the gas station, a few words about the director of the PTK - Andrei Gennadievich Mikheev. It's nice that a person in such a position is, after all, so open and benevolent. And an interesting storyteller. And pleasantly ironic) It seems to me that this is how it should be!)
14. Our fuel truck, meanwhile, drove to a gas station. Through such fittings, gasoline is poured into the underground storage.
Now at the gas station, of course, all accounting and control is automated. So, for example, if somewhere, suddenly, well, quite by accident, even 10 liters of gasoline is lost, the automation will say "Ata-taaa!"
15. Nevertheless, at the station there is a special "shtov", with which, if necessary, you can check the level in the container by simply lowering the pole inside. Is this a tradition ?!) The pole, by the way, is under lock and key.
16. By the way, did you know that any gas station must have a calibrated and sealed device that measures the amount of fuel? Therefore, if it seemed to you that the column was lying, and you were poured with less gasoline than you need, you can safely contact the operator who is obliged to take a control measurement. Keep in mind! But don't overdo it, please!)
17. PTK are now rebranding and, among other things, re-equipping their filling stations. Look, it was like this
18. It became so. In my opinion, it's pretty.
18. Although, of course, a modern gas station is not only an opportunity to refuel, but also a service.
19. Buy little things, pump up the wheels, or just have a cup of coffee. Nice, agree.
20. And also ... I was always attracted by the position of a gas station operator - there is a hundredooooo much money!) I could not resist, I climbed. I looked. Everything is fine!)
21. Well ... Since we are tracking the path of gasoline, I decide to refuel too! With a card - a discount. As much as fifty a liter. A trifle, but nice)
So that is all! We tracked the path of gasoline from the tank to the car. Hurray for us!)
Oh, no, not still ...
Puff! 
Now - for sure, that's it!
The term "Petroleum products" includes the widest list of materials that differ significantly in physical and chemical properties, purpose, scope, marketability, which determines certain features of the methods and conditions of their transportation. The vast majority of petroleum products are categorized as " dangerous goods", Which makes it necessary to comply with certain rules for them.
Types of petroleum products
Depending on the state of aggregation at natural temperature and pressure, oil products are divided into:
- gaseous;
- liquid;
- solid.
Only the last two types are transported by land transport.
In general, several groups of petroleum products can be distinguished that have similar characteristics:
- motor fuel (gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, aviation kerosene, etc.);
- petroleum oils (motor, transmission, industrial, insulating, transformer, hydraulic, many other types);
- plastic and technological lubricants, conservation materials;
- solids (paraffin, cerebrin, cold bitumen);
- hot bitumen;
- special substances.
Rolling stock for transportation of petroleum products
Most of the listed types are transported in bulk using specialized rolling stock (SPS). These include:
- fuel trucks (tank trucks designed for the transportation of motor fuel, liquid petroleum oils, solvents and other goods with similar physical properties);
- fuel tankers (fuel trucks equipped with pumps for forced loading of fuel and its dosage);
- bitumen trucks (heated tank trucks for transporting hot bitumen) and asphalt distributors;
- gas carriers (special tank trucks designed for high pressure, for the transportation of liquefied hydrocarbon gases (LPG), equipped with pumps for pumping them into long-term storage tanks);
- gas carriers (for transportation of domestic LPG cylinders);
- some other types of ATP.
For transportation of some other types of oil products, rolling stock is suitable general purpose, retrofitted in accordance with the requirements, and in rare cases, conventional trucks. In this case, for the placement of petroleum products, a special container is required that meets the requirements of GOST 1510-84.
It should be borne in mind that petroleum products can be transported on ordinary rolling stock, if their quantity does not exceed the norms established by the Rules.
Example: for gasoline this amount is 333 liters, for diesel fuel 1000 liters.
In case of joint carriage of both types, the allowable quantity is calculated,
as the amount of gasoline multiplied by 3, plus the actual amount of diesel fuel.
The total amount should not exceed 1000.
Container for transportation of petroleum products
For transportation of liquid (fuel, solvents, special fluids) and viscous (oils, special lubricants) of petroleum products, cans and flasks with a capacity of 5 to 50 liters, metal or polymer barrels with a capacity of 48 to 250 liters are used. If the amount of the transported substance exceeds that established by the Rules (for gasoline and diesel fuel, for example, 60 liters), the container must be marked accordingly. The amount of substance in each barrel or canister should not exceed 95% of its geometric capacity.
Petroleum products of a commercial nature are transported in factory packaging, placed in standard packages (boxes, boxes) or on pallets covered with thermal film.
Some types of solid petroleum products (paraffin, cold bitumen, some others) can be transported in non-specialized containers - cardboard or paper drums, boxes, boxes, etc.
For the transportation of liquid petroleum products in large quantities on a rolling stock of general purpose, flexitanks are widely used - elastic removable containers for standard containers. Their volume ranges from 10 to 24 thousand liters.
Requirements for rolling stock and transportation conditions
Cars, as well as trailers and semi-trailers, but which carry most types of oil products, must meet certain requirements, regulated by the "Rules for the carriage of dangerous goods ...".
General requirements are:
- ensuring maximum fire safety measures (front location exhaust pipe a silencer with an installed flame arrester, the presence of a backup power switch ("ground switch") and its remote drive, grounding circuit and pin, mechanical protection of tanks and pipelines in case of impact or overturning, rear underrun bumper, some. etc.)
- availability of a hazard information system (information plates of the established form, the inscription "Flammable");
- availability of special painting of tanks;
- completing with additional fire extinguishing means (at least 2 fire extinguishers, sand, shovel, felt felt);
- complete set of personal protective equipment for the driver and accompanying persons;
- the presence of signaling means (two autonomous flashing orange lights).
For a vehicle that meets the necessary conditions, an ADR certificate is issued in accordance with the established procedure for its admission to the carriage of a specific type (types) of oil products.
Transportation of petroleum products must be carried out in strict observance of traffic rules, according to routes previously agreed with the consignor and the traffic police, during daylight hours.
Requirements for drivers
Drivers transporting petroleum products must undergo special training in the prescribed manner and have an appropriate certificate of admission to the carriage of dangerous goods. In addition, in addition to general briefings, they are required to undergo additional briefings regarding specific types of transportation.
Drivers must thoroughly know the rules for the transportation of oil products and strictly follow them, know the procedure for their actions in the event of an emergency situation, have in their hands all the documents necessary for the transportation of oil products.
Documents required for the transportation of petroleum products
In addition to the general ones, the driver must have the following with him:
- a copy of the contract with the shipper;
- waybill of the established form with appropriate marking;
- TTN for cargo transportation;
- ADR certificate for a vehicle;
- certificate of admission to the carriage of dangerous goods;
- instructions for transportation and order of actions in an emergency situation;
- route coordination;
- information sheet (a list of phone numbers of responsible persons, and those by which notification of the occurrence of an emergency is carried out.
It should be remembered that the transportation of petroleum products is a complex and responsible event that requires maximum discipline from all participants and strict adherence to the established rules.
It may seem that there is nothing complicated in the transportation of fuel. I poured it into a large barrel, which is called a gasoline tanker, and took it to the customers in the same way as they carry water or milk. And the fuel tanker itself is not much different from the milk tanker. Almost nothing! From the point of view of an amateur, this is so, but in fact, everything is much more complicated.
Let's start with the fact that any liquid fuel is dangerous cargo, of which there are a great many. Their transportation is regulated by many laws, therefore, the organization of such transportation was and remains an important and crucial moment.
Document classifying dangerous goods - GOST R 52734-2007. They all fall into the following categories:
- Explosives which, under certain conditions, can lead to an explosion,
- Gas and its varieties (compressed, liquefied, dissolved, etc.),
- Flammable liquids, including explosive ones,
- Solid flammable substances, or having spontaneous combustion properties by themselves or when interacting with water,
- Various oxidizing agents and pyroxides,
- Substances of an infectious and poisonous nature,
- Radioactive materials,
- Acids, alkalis, etc.,
- Other substances that are also considered hazardous, but do not fit into one of the above groups.
Group 3 is exactly what it is diesel fuel, gasoline and other liquid petroleum products. It is certainly not the most dangerous, but it requires very specific safety measures during transportation. Moreover, the law does not limit the methods of transportation. For example, diesel fuel can be delivered by any type of transport: rail, road, etc. Moreover, any vehicle must be specially equipped and personnel must have a special permit. There must be a UN N2 OOH sign and a danger sign number 3 on the back and front of the fuel tanker:
In addition, if more than 1000 liters of fuel are transported, the following conditions must be met:
- Availability of a document with the specified route of transportation.
- The presence of ADR (European Agreement on the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods), that is, a certificate of training the driver for the carriage of dangerous substances.
- The presence of a document stating that the vehicle is approved for the carriage of dangerous goods.
- Designation of a vehicle with hazardous cargo plates.
- Availability of fire extinguishing equipment.
The tank for transportation is prepared in a certain way. If other fuel was transported in it before filling, the tank must be thoroughly washed and dried. No mixing of flammable substances is allowed. The tank must be grounded, which will reduce the likelihood of spontaneous ignition of the transported fuel. The tank must be marked with a plate indicating the type of dangerous cargo. In the case of transportation in road tanks, these same tanks should be painted in a bright orange or red with an inscription "Flammable".
A driver who has passed special training and medical supervision who has been driving such a vehicle for at least 3 years, not under the influence of any drugs. The driver must have a trace. the documents:
- Vehicle admission certificate (issued by the traffic police of the Ministry of Internal Affairs at the place of registration).
- Carriage agreement in accordance with applicable law.
- A document defining the route of transportation (must be certified and / or drawn up by departments and divisions of the State Automobile Inspection of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, through the territory of which the route passes).
- Emergency card (to be filled in by the manufacturer of the hazardous substance).
- Consignment note.
Transporting fuel around the city of Moscow is even more difficult. It is necessary to have a special license permitting the transport of dangerous goods within the third transport ring. Our company has such a license and delivers fuel to any point in Moscow.
"Oil-Expo" - wholesale deliveries of diesel fuel and gasoline in Moscow and the region.
Gasoline transportation and storage methods
Gasoline from the oil depot is transported to trucking companies by truck tanks, containers and barrels. The most widely used method of transporting gasoline is in tank trucks. At present, centralized transportation of oil products is carried out, in which specialized rolling stock is most effectively used.
Tank trucks are distinguished by vehicle make, capacity, shape and equipment. The capacity of the tank is determined by the brand of the car or trailer on the chassis of which it is installed. The shape of the tank can be cylindrical, oval and "suitcase" type (side walls are straight, and the top and bottom are rounded).
To reduce hydraulic shocks of the fuel when changing the speed of movement and at stops, as well as to give the walls of the tank more rigidity, partitions with cutouts (breakwaters) are installed inside the tank. Tanks of large capacity tanks can be divided into separate hermetically sealed compartments, each of which is equipped with filler neck and a device for draining fuel.
Typical equipment of the tank consists of a vertical cylindrical neck, air outlet and drainage device, devices for fuel discharge, flexible hoses and pumps. The neck of the tank is equipped with a filling pipe and a filling level indicator. An inspection window, a filling tank equipped with a filter with anti-explosive nets and a mechanical breathing valve are installed on the filler cap.
To prevent the formation of air pockets during filling, the tank is equipped with an air vent. This device consists of vertical pipes installed in the upper part of the tank along its edges, or horizontal pipes laid along the upper line of the tank, which end near the bottom and are brought out into the neck above the filling level.
Depending on the conditions of use, the tanks are equipped with a hand-operated pump that drives a car engine or an electric motor. The tank truck is equipped with receiving and unloading hoses, which are stored in special boxes, fire-fighting equipment and a grounding device. The grounding device consists of a metal cable, welded at one end to the tank body, and a metal tip, which is immersed in the ground when the fuel is drained. The tank truck also has a metal ground strap that drags along the ground as the vehicle moves. The grounding device and the chain are designed to discharge static electricity generated during the movement of fuel in pipelines and when moving it in the tank. Since the tank is installed on tires that prevent the flow of current into the ground, in the absence of grounding devices when draining gasoline sparks may form due to the discharge of static electricity. Specifications transport and refueling tanks are established by GOST 6030-63.
Tank containers are used for the transportation and storage of petroleum products. They make it possible to reduce downtime Vehicle for loading and unloading oil products, as well as more fully use the carrying capacity of the vehicle (in comparison with the use of barrels). When using containers, it is necessary to have special cranes for loading containers and unloading their vehicles at oil depots and warehouses of motor vehicles.
Transportation of oil products in barrels is allowed only in the absence of tanks and tank containers. When transporting oil products in barrels, there are significant fuel losses (about 3-5%), as well as an extremely low degree of use of the vehicle's carrying capacity and working time,
During transportation, the filled barrels are placed in one row with the plug holes upwards. To prevent the barrels from rolling or hitting, they must be laid on wooden lining in the form of wedges or on special frames and tied. For transportation and storage of gasoline, barrels with a standard capacity of 100, 200 and 275 liters are used. Trucks, on which leaded gasoline is transported, must be cleaned and rendered harmless after each transportation.
Vehicles regularly used to transport fuel in drums and containers must have mufflers extended forward, a grounding chain and at least two thickened fire extinguishers.
Gasoline storage. When storing gasoline, fire safety and its safety must be ensured. Besides,
during storage, the quality of gasoline should not deteriorate, which is especially important when using cracked gasolines.
It should be borne in mind that gasolines A-66 and A-70 consist mainly of a cracking component, which contains a significant amount of chemically unstable hydrocarbons (alkenes). During storage of gasoline, they are easily oxidized by atmospheric oxygen. As a result, resinous substances and organic acids are formed (especially with improper storage of gasoline).
The nature of the growth of resins in gasoline during its storage has a certain pattern. The period during which there is a gradual accumulation of primary active oxidation products is called the induction period. Then comes a period of intense gum formation due to the oxidation of hydrocarbons and the build-up of actual resins and other oxidation products. Thus, the expedient shelf life of gasoline is determined by the duration of the induction period. The longer the induction period, the longer you can store gasoline without deteriorating its properties.
The duration of the induction period depends not only on the chemical composition of the fuel, but also on the temperature, the size of the surface in contact with the air, the catalytic action of the metal, the ambient temperature, as well as on the possibility of water and some metals getting into gasoline.
Rice. 1. Curve of formation of tar in gasoline during storage
Gasoline is stored in tanks and containers (cans, barrels, containers). In both cases, the location of the tanks can be above ground or underground.
Therefore, it is most rational to store gasoline in underground tanks, storage facilities or in above-ground tanks. The capacity of the tanks is chosen depending on the daily consumption of gasoline and the number of days of the reserve established by the standard. When the tanks are located on the ground, it is advisable, instead of one large-capacity tank, to install several tanks with a capacity of one or two days.
To reduce gasoline losses and slow down its oxidation processes, ground tanks should be painted in light colors.
The following are used to cover tanks:
1) aluminum paint, consisting of 0.5 kg of aluminum powder and 4.5 kg of drying oil or 5 kg of aluminum powder, 16.9 kg of varnish No. 177 and 3.1 kg of white spirit or varnish kerosene;
2) paint, consisting of 56% dry zinc white, 33.3% drying oil, 0.1% drier and 10.6% linseed oil;
3) red lead iron with the addition of aluminum nitrate: thick-grated paint contains 19-20% drying oil, 76-81% pigment.
Before painting, the outer surface of the tank is thoroughly cleaned of grease stains, rust and scale.
To protect tanks from fires and explosions, the following are used:
1) fire safety devices;
2) inert gases;
3) water.
Protection of reservoirs with fire safety devices has become the most widespread in practice. In this method, the cavity of the reservoir communicates with the atmosphere through a breathing valve and a fire safety device. The communication of the tank cavity with the atmosphere is necessary when filling it with gasoline and also as gasoline is consumed and formed in it times. rezheniya. Periodic opening of the breathing valve at a certain excess pressure of gasoline vapors in the tank (to release them into the atmosphere) or under vacuum in the tank (to get air inside) protects gasoline from the loss of volatile fractions.
Rice. 1. Fire fuses: a - plate; 1 - case; 2 - flange; 3 - box with aluminum plates; 4 - housing cover; 5 - the handle of the box with the plates; b - gravel; 1 - adapter sleeve; 2 - flange; 3 - nipple; 4 - lattice; 5 - gas tube; 6 - gravel; 7 - thrust ring
The fire safety device (Fig. 1) is a cast iron body, one flange of which is attached to the reservoir lid, and the other is connected to the breathing valve. V middle part a steel box with 0.2 mm thick aluminum plates having a corrugated surface with a large number of vertical slots through which air and gasoline vapors can freely pass.
When using inert gases and CO2, N2 to protect tanks from fires and explosion, the free space of the tank is filled with an inert gas under a certain excess pressure. Gasoline is supplied to the dispensing hose by increasing the gas pressure. The use of shielding gases has not become widespread due to the complexity and high cost of the installation.
When using water to protect tanks from fires, the space freed up with gasoline is filled with water (the layer of remaining gasoline is on the surface of the water). When filling the tank with gasoline, the water is drained. With this method, moisture can get into gasoline, as well as freezing of water.
TO Category: - Technical maintenance of cars
GOST 1510-84 establishes the rules for packaging and labeling, storage and transportation of oil and oil products. When using and transporting leaded gasoline, the sanitary rules approved by the Ministry of Health, regulated by regulatory and technical documents, must be observed.
For transportation, liquid fuel is packed in railway tanks and tank trucks, gondola cars, tankers. It is transported by all types of transport: pipeline, rail, road, air, sea and river. When transporting fuel oil, it is necessary to provide for the conditions for its heating in order to reduce the viscosity to a level that ensures the possibility of pumping and draining.
Liquid fuels of each brand must be stored in separate metal and reinforced concrete tanks, excluding the ingress of atmospheric precipitation and dust. The filling degree of the tanks should be as high as possible, since the loss of fuel depends on it. Thus, in a tank filled with gasoline, 90% annual losses are 0.4%, and 20% -13.6% of the stored fuel mass. The guaranteed shelf life in warehouses, oil depots and filling stations for motor gasoline is 5 years from the date of manufacture, for aviation gasoline - 2 years.
Each batch of petroleum products must be accompanied by a quality document (passport) containing the name of the liquid fuel, its brand and standard number; name or trademark of the manufacturer, gross and net weight (and, if necessary, the volume of packed petroleum product), date of manufacture; batch number; the inscription "Flammable" - for light petroleum products, the inscription "Poison" - for poisonous.
The documents must also indicate the norms of quality indicators established by the normative and technical documentation, and the results of testing this oil product. Petroleum products are taken by weight, which is determined by weighing, or by volume and density. After determining the mass of the oil product, it is compared with that indicated in the invoice, the passport is checked and, if all indicators are met, the arrived fuel is poured into the tanks. If the oil product arrived without a passport (the tank number does not correspond to the number indicated in the accompanying documents; the seals on the tank are damaged or missing; the tank is sealed by an intermediate station, and not by the sender's station), the consignee is obliged to analyze a sample of this oil product in the laboratory and not consume (do not accept ) it before issuing a passport. If the quality of the resulting oil product does not correspond to the standard, an act is drawn up in the prescribed form. One sample taken from the tank with the participation of a railway representative is kept by the consignee for arbitration analysis until the claim is resolved.
Gasolines are explosive, flammable and flammable liquids. In rooms where liquid fuel is stored, strict adherence to fire safety rules is required: smoking, lighting matches, and renovation works in which sparks are emitted; storage of oily rags and foreign objects in the warehouse. For prophylaxis, periodic inspection of electrical wiring and insulators should be carried out, the condition of the grounding of tanks, pipelines, unloading and other equipment should be checked.
Liquid fuels are toxic substances and have a harmful effect on human health; they can enter the human body through the respiratory system and the oral cavity.
The danger of poisoning exists at all stages of production, storage, transportation and especially the use of liquid fuels. The maximum concentration in the air is strictly regulated: for solvent gasoline, it should not exceed 300 mg / m 3; for motor gasoline - 100 mg / m 3 and for kerosene - 300 mg / m 3. Leaded gasoline is the most dangerous, since tetraethyl lead is a persistent strong poison that accumulates in the human body, on surrounding objects and clothing.
For storage, reception, dispensing of leaded gasoline, special containers, intake-dispensing risers, dispensers, pumps and pipelines should be allocated. Equipment for operations with it is painted in a bright color that distinguishes it from the rest, with large inscriptions in indelible paint "Leaded gasoline. Poison".
Compliance with safety rules when handling liquid fuel prevents accidents, accidents, and its loss. Persons who have been properly instructed and passed a safety examination may be allowed to work with liquid fuels.
