Horsepower is a unit of measurement that does not have a single standard in the world, although most countries adhere to one of its numerical values. Horsepower is not included in the generally accepted International System of Measurement, and its official use was canceled in Russia. Meanwhile, this measure is used not only in everyday life, but also at the state level.

What is measured in horsepower

In horsepower, that amount mechanical work, which is produced for a certain period of time. The most common indicator is kilograms per meter per second. It is used mainly in relation to vehicles and some other mechanisms.

In Russia, the tax on transport is calculated on the basis of one horsepower, and in documents for vehicles equipped with an engine, this unit of measurement is often used to indicate its power.

What is horsepower

This measure was introduced in the late 18th century in England. Technological progress and widespread use steam engines identified the need for a common standard for determining their performance.

Using the method of practical measurements made during the work performed by a live horse under certain conditions, he calculated that in 1 second 1 horse is able to move a weight of 75 kg over a distance of 1 meter - this indicator was taken as one horsepower.

Power standard units

In the International System of Measurement, the official unit for determining power is Watt (1 kilowatt = 1000 watts). This measure will be the same throughout the world.

Watts measure power as the rate of energy transmitted or as the amount of work produced over a given time.

In connection with a single world standard, many manufacturers of cars, as well as other vehicles and mechanisms, indicate engine power in watts in their documents for equipment. However, in our country, each Horsepower in a car affects the amount of transport tax, so it is more convenient to know the power level of your car's engine in these units.

Metric horsepower

The most common calculation of horsepower (HP) in the world occurs in the metric system. For the calculation, kilogram indicators of the weight of the cargo are used, and the distance over which it is moved is measured in meters.

In this case, one horsepower is equal to 735.49875 watts, which is equivalent to 0.74 kW.

One kilowatt will be equal to 1.36 liters. with.

Horsepower table

Knowing the calculation formula, you can easily translate digital indicators from one measurement unit to another, but if you do not want to engage in calculations, you can use a comparison table. The numbers below are valid for metric measurements.

The difference in the calculation of horsepower in America and the UK

Due to the use in a number of countries, for example, in the USA and Great Britain, feet and pounds as measures of length and weight, their calculation of horsepower will differ from that adopted in most of the world states, including Russia.

In the traditional system of measurement of these countries, one horsepower would be equal to 745.6999 W (0.746 kW) and equal to 1.014 metric horsepower. Equal in a given unit of measure will make cars that are judged using feet and pounds more powerful in actual operation.

However, in most cases, the engine power in the accompanying documents is indicated in kW, so it can be recalculated using the standard formula.

Often real performance the capacities differ from the factory parameters and it makes sense to make real measurements:

• putting the car on a dynamometer is the most accurate type of diagnostics;
• by installing additional electronic equipment in it (which is advisable only for vehicles that need constant monitoring of this indicator, since maintenance and purchase of special equipment will not be cheap);
• or by checking with an application downloaded to a laptop, which is connected to the car via a cable and takes measurements during test drives.

Features of determining the gross and net power of the engine

Thanks to a kind of engine power metering system used in factories that produce vehicles in Japan and some belonging to the United States, the amount of horsepower in cars manufactured by them differed from the actual one during operation.

It's about the so-called net power and gross power. When measuring the first indicator, the energy consumption for the operation of associated units is taken into account - the cooling system, generator, drive belts. Their influence is not taken into account in gross power calculations. Therefore, real indicators for different measurement methods can differ significantly - by 10-25 percent.

Cars, in the documents of which the engine power is prescribed based on the gross indicator, will be weaker than cars with identical digital values ​​of net measurements.

Since in Russia the amount of tax paid for it depends on the amount of horsepower in a vehicle, it is better to find out the real performance of the engine in order to avoid overpayment, which in certain cases can be very significant. Especially if you have to not only add non-existent horsepower to pay at the same rate, but also multiply their total amount by the increased rate (this can happen if the theoretical and actual indicators are in different price groups for calculating the transport payment, for example, according to documents 155 liters. from., and in fact less than 150, etc.).

How to determine engine power

How is engine power calculated?

The horsepower of a car engine is not measured by horses in practice, and this is obvious. But how can you calculate the engine power of a car in another way? It's very simple: if you want to find out how much horsepower is in a car engine, you connect the engine to a special dynamometer. A dynamometer puts a load on the motor and measures the amount of energy that the motor can develop against the load. But, nevertheless, in order to calculate the engine power, there is one more step that must be overcome, and we will talk about this now.

Torque

Imagine that you have a large socket wrench with a handle on it 1 meter long, and you push down on it with a weight of 100 grams. What you do is called applying torque, which also has its own unit of measurement, and in this case it is calculated as 1 Newton * meter (N * m), because you are pressing 100 grams (which is approximately equal to 1 Newton) with "shoulder" 1 meter. You can get the same 1 N * m, if, for example, you push with a weight of 1 kg on a socket wrench with a handle length of 10 cm.

Likewise, if you attach a motor shaft instead of a socket wrench, the motor will give some torque to the shaft. A dynamometer measures this torque. And then you can easily convert torque to horsepower using a simple formula and thus calculate the power of the car. This formula looks like this:

Engine power = (Revolutions per minute * Torque) / 5252.

Nevertheless, the torque, although it grows with the power with increasing revs, nevertheless, the power value is not always directly proportional to the torque. So if you plot power and torque against engine rpm, making marks in 500 rpm increments, what you end up with is the engine power curve. A typical power curve for a high-performance engine might look like this (in the example, a 300-horsepower Mitsubishi 3000):

This graph indicates that any engine has a peak power that can be calculated by a dynamometer - the number of revolutions per minute at which the engine's power reaches its maximum. The engine also has maximum torque in a specific rpm range. You can often see in technical characteristics vehicles with indication such as "123 hp @ 4,600 rpm, 155 Nm @ 4,200 rpm". Also, when people say that an engine is "low speed" or "high speed", they mean that the maximum torque of the engine is achieved at a fairly low or high speed, respectively (for example, diesel engines by their nature they are low-speed, and therefore (but not only because) they are often used on trucks and tractors, but gasoline engines, on the contrary, high-speed).

howcarworks.ru

Many people, buying a car or thinking about engine power, look at the value of "horsepower", and not at all at the torque indicator and its maximum value. Nevertheless, for forward-thinking drivers, this feature of the engine, which makes it possible to joyfully accelerate and, as a result, deftly maneuver, is also very important. What do you need to know about this characteristic, what does it depend on and the car with which torque is better?

By definition, the moment of force is a physical quantity calculated as the product of the radius vector, which has a starting point on the axis of rotation, and the final point at the point of application of the force, by the vector of this force. This is a concept that characterizes the rotational action of a force directed at a rigid body. The torque in the car engine is determined by multiplying the force acting on the piston by the distance from the central axis of the connecting rod journal to crankshaft, more precisely, its central axis. it traction characteristic, moment of force, for information, is measured in newton meters.

Machine power and engine torque are closely related. Getting into the car and following the highway, the driver finds that the ability of the engine to produce good dynamics at the lowest rpm is of paramount importance. After security, of course. The speed and dynamics of acceleration of the car depend on the engine power, well-known horsepower. Power is calculated by multiplying the torque by the shaft speed. Accordingly, there are two ways to increase it: to increase the torque or the shaft speed. Increase this frequency at piston engine not easy: inertia forces (by the square of revolutions), structural loads, friction (tens of times) affect. Each engine will have an inflection point on the graph where the torque, after a short increase, decreases, since when operating at high power, the filling of the cylinders with a mixture of fuel and air deteriorates. Another way: to increase the torque. Here, boost is needed in order to pump twice as much air and fuel through the engine. Then the torque will approximately double at the same speed. But in this case, thermal loads increase, hence other problems.

If you take medium car, then all forces will be involved only at 5000–6500 rpm. And with normal driving around the city, with low revs, in 2-3 thousand, the car is driven by only half of the horsepower. And only when performing a high-speed maneuver on the track, at high revs, the full power of the motor will manifest itself. Moreover, it is clear to anyone that the faster the engine picks up speed, the earlier the car will accelerate. The torque is directly proportional to the length of the connecting rod. That is, the longer it is, the higher the torque.

It often seems to a person that if he has so much horsepower under the hood, then they all work for him every second. But no! Let's say there is a car, the maximum engine power of which will be at 5000–6500 rpm. That is, for sufficient acceleration, you will have to accelerate the motor and increase the rpm. This will be possible only after a certain time, which can be very important when overtaking. In the case of a powerful motor with normal torque, when the required power appears already at 2000 rpm, we get instant acceleration for any risky maneuver.

The difference in torque in a small car gasoline or diesel engine

It is generally accepted that almost all subcompact cars with "high-torque" engines, as well as cars with diesel engines... Drivers of diesel vehicles especially notice fast acceleration even at low revs. When they boast, they often say that in him, in the torque, all the power is. Now it is clear: torque is not less than horsepower, important characteristic iron horse... It should be looked at first and foremost when buying a new car, as well as when selecting a used one.

Dependence of engine speed on torque

So it became clear what the same 200 Nm at 1700 rpm. better than the same 200 at 4000 rpm. Now it is clear that it is the torque that affects the agility and acceleration of the car. This is noticeable in the time during which you can accelerate further. Of course, it's great to invent a car, whose engine torque value at any speed, whether low, medium or high, is stable and would be as close to the peak as possible. It's a pity, but this ideal option does not exist yet. This is from the realm of fantasy.

www.fortunaxxi.ru

Determining vehicle power: how to calculate?

It is customary to refer to the horsepower as the dimensional unit of power. Initially, this concept was introduced by a Scottish engineer solely to compare power indicators. steam engines with the power in the horses. This parameter is used to calculate the power of absolutely any car. This value is indicated in the documents for the car. However, now the power vehicle is indicated in a completely different dimensional value kWh. Currently, the dimensional value in the form of horsepower is somewhat outdated and has lost its relevance. Although large automobile concerns use it to determine power, they are increasingly using the definition in kilowatts. In this case, the power can be calculated in horsepower again. How to do this and what is needed to carry out such a procedure, we will try to describe in detail in this article.

What is needed to calculate the power?

To calculate the horsepower of a car, you must first of all have a car and a service station. For such a procedure, it is recommended to use the Russian measurement system, since some inconsistencies may arise with European systems during counting. For them, it is customary to equate 1 horsepower to 75kgm / s. In other words:

1 hp = 75 kgm / s

where 75 is the power to lift a load weighing at a height of 1 m in 1 second.

In addition, horsepower can be converted into another dimensional unit of kilowatts. It looks like this:

1 HP = 735.5 W (0.735 kW)

Moreover, in this case, the maximum speed developed by the car will be called the boiler horse power.

Find out the value of power: how to do it?

To find out the value of the vehicle's power, the driver needs to translate all the listed parameters. This can be done using the translation formulas. You can find out the power of the car in the car passport. If in the data sheet the power value is indicated in kW, then to calculate the horsepower, this value only needs to be divided by 0.735. The resulting figure will be an exact designation of the power specifically for this car brand in horsepower.

Service station: how to calculate the power of a car with its help?

One of the most simple ways power calculation is considered to be a visit to a technical inspection station. Most modern stations have special equipment that allows you to quickly calculate the amount of power.

The computer can easily determine the amount of horsepower. In the workshop, this is done as follows:

• A car is driven onto the platform;
• The car starts up and the gas pedal is squeezed out all the way;
• Let the car run for a couple of minutes.

The computer installation is capable of performing all the necessary measurements in a few minutes. After that, the motorist will receive the most accurate results.

automend.ru

How to measure engine power

Some car owners do not want to drive a standard car after a while. That is why they switch to tuning their vehicle, which consists in certain changes. technical design in order to achieve an increase in the vehicle's capabilities as a result. But, even after upgrading, you need to know how powerful the car has become. You will learn how the engine power is measured later.

To measure engine power, you need a computer, a special program, a cable, and a dynamometer.

There are several methods for measuring the power of a car engine. It should be noted that they are all inaccurate, that is, they have some error. You can install special electronic equipment that monitors changes in engine parameters online.

This equipment has a moderate degree of error. But it has a disadvantage in the form of high cost. In addition, the installation of this equipment requires specialists, whose services are not cheap. Maintenance of expensive equipment can significantly exceed the cost of Maintenance car. The use of this equipment is advisable only if there is sports car requiring constant monitoring.

In addition, there are less expensive options for determining the power of your vehicle. This requires a computer with a special cable and software to measure the torque. This program should have instructions for use. It must be carefully studied, since the sequence of all actions is described in detail there. Locate the connector to diagnose your car. You need to remove the plug from it, connect the laptop, download the application. Next, you need to ride several times at different speeds. The application will remember these indicators, then an automatic calculation of the power of your motor will occur, and the errors in the calculations will also be indicated.

The most accurate way to measure engine power is to mount the vehicle on a dynamometer. For these purposes, you need to use a service that has such settings. You need to drive your car with the front end to the fan on the stand. The wheels must be placed exactly between the two drums. Fasten special belts to the supporting structure of the car and connect the equipment to the car using the diagnostic connector.

On exhaust pipe you need to put on a corrugated frame that removes gas from the box. Then you need to turn on the fan to simulate the resistance from the oncoming air, and accelerate your car to the maximum. In parallel, you need to monitor the condition of the connecting belts. You should try several times to eliminate the possibility of error. At each attempt, the computer will print a printout indicating maximum speed as well as power.

avtooverview.ru

Engine torque and power - what is it?

How can the same engine have different kickbacks? What is the difference between power and torque?

WHAT IS HORSE POWER?

How much strength do you have? - such a question has been heard by anyone who has ever touched the world of cars. It is not even necessary to explain to anyone what forces are actually meant - horse forces. It is in them that we are used to assessing the power of the engine, one of the most important consumer characteristics of the car.

Already, there is practically no horse-drawn transport left even in the villages, and this unit of measurement has lived and survived for more than a hundred years. But horsepower is, in fact, illegal. It is not included in the international system of units (I think many people remember from school that it is called SI) and therefore does not have an official status. Moreover, the International Organization of Legal Metrology requires the removal of horsepower from circulation as soon as possible, and the EU directive 80/181 / EEC of January 1, 2010 explicitly obliges automakers to use traditional "hp" only as an auxiliary value to indicate power.

But it is not for nothing that habit is considered second nature. After all, we say in everyday life "copier" instead of a copier and call the adhesive tape "scotch tape". Here are the unrecognized "hp" now it is used not only by ordinary people, but also by almost all automobile companies. What do they care about recommendation directives? If it is more convenient for the buyer, so be it. Why are there producers - even the state is following the lead. If anyone has forgotten, in Russia, the transport tax and the OSAGO tariff are calculated from horsepower, as well as the cost of evacuating an incorrectly parked vehicle in Moscow.

Horsepower was born during the Industrial Revolution, when it became necessary to assess how effectively mechanisms were replacing animal cravings. By inheritance from stationary engines, this conventional unit of measurement of power eventually passed on to cars.

And no one would find fault with this, if not one weighty "but". Conceived to make life easier for us, horsepower is actually confusing. After all, it appeared in the era of the industrial revolution as a completely conventional value, which, not only to a car engine, even to a horse, has a rather indirect relationship. The meaning of this unit is as follows - 1 hp. enough to lift a 75 kg load to a height of 1 meter in 1 second. In fact, this is a highly average performance indicator for one mare. And nothing more.

In other words, the new unit of measurement was very useful to industrialists who extracted, for example, coal from mines, and manufacturers of the corresponding equipment. With its help, it was easier to assess the advantage of mechanisms over animal power. And since the machines were already driven by steam, and later by kerosene engines, the "hp" passed by inheritance to self-run crews.

James Watt was a Scottish engineer, inventor, scientist who lived in the 18th and early 19th centuries. It was he who introduced into circulation both the now "illegal" horsepower, and the official unit of measurement of power, which was named after him.

Ironically, horsepower was invented by a man named after the official unit for measuring power - James Watt. And since watt (or rather, in relation to powerful machines, kilowatt - kW) by the beginning of the 19th century was also actively included in the turnover, it was necessary to somehow bring the two values ​​to each other. This is where the key disagreements arose. For example, in Russia and most other European countries, they adopted the so-called metric horsepower, which is equal to 735.49875 W or, which is more familiar to us now, 1 kW = 1.36 hp. Such "hp" most often they denote PS (from the German Pferdestärke), but there are other options - cv, hk, pk, ks, ch ... At the same time, Great Britain and a number of its former colonies decided to go their own way, organizing an "imperial" measurement system with its pounds, feet and other delights, in which the mechanical (or, in other words, indicator) horsepower was already 745.69987158227022 watts. And then - off we go. For example, in the USA they even invented electric (746 W) and boiler (9809.5 W) horsepower.

So it turns out that the same car with the same engine in different countries on paper may have different power. Take, for example, our popular crossover Kia sportage- in Russia or Germany, according to the passport, its two-liter turbodiesel in two versions develops 136 or 184 hp, and in England - 134 and 181 "horses". Although, in fact, the output of the motor in international units is exactly 100 and 135 kW - and anywhere in the world. But, you see, it sounds unusual. And the numbers are not so impressive anymore. Therefore, automakers are in no hurry to switch to the official unit of measurement, explaining this by marketing and traditions. How is it? The competitors will have 136 power, and we have only some 100 kW? No, that will not do…

HOW IS POWER MEASURED?

However, "power" tricks are not limited to playing with units of measurement. Until recently, it was not only designated, but even measured in different ways. In particular, in America, for a long time (until the early 1970s), car manufacturers practiced bench testing of engines stripped naked - without a linkage, such as a generator, air conditioning compressor, cooling system pump, and with a once-through pipe instead of numerous mufflers. Of course, the motor that threw off the shackles easily produced 10-20 percent more "hp", so necessary for sales managers. Indeed, few of the buyers went into the intricacies of the testing methodology.

The other extreme (but much closer to reality) is taking indicators directly from the wheels of the car, on the running drums. This is what racing teams, tuning shops and other teams do, for which it is important to know the return of the engine, taking into account all possible losses, and transmission including.

Power also depends on how you measure it. It's one thing to turn a "naked" motor at the stand without attachments and quite another thing is to take readings from wheels, on running drums, taking into account transmission losses. Modern techniques offer a compromise option - bench tests of the engine with the hitch necessary for its autonomous operation.

But in the end, a compromise option was adopted as a model in various methods such as European ECE, DIN or American SAE. When the engine is installed on a bench, but with all the hitch necessary for smooth operation, including a standard exhaust tract. You can only remove equipment related to other systems of the machine (for example, the air suspension compressor or the power steering pump). That is, the engine is tested exactly in the form in which it actually stands under the hood of the car. This makes it possible to exclude the "quality" of the transmission from the final result and to determine the power at the crankshaft, taking into account the losses on the drive of the main attachments. So, if we talk about Europe, this procedure is regulated by directive 80/1269 / EEC, first adopted back in 1980 and since then regularly updated.

WHAT IS TORQUE?

But if power, as they say in America, helps cars sell, then torque propels them forward. It is measured in newton meters (N ∙ m), however, most drivers still do not have a clear idea of ​​this characteristic of the motor. V best case ordinary people know one thing - the higher the torque, the better. Almost like power, isn't it? That's just how, then, "N ∙ m" differ from "HP".?

In fact, these are related quantities. Moreover, power is a derivative of the torque and engine speed. And it is simply impossible to consider them separately. Know - to get power in watts, you need to multiply the torque in newton meters by the current crankshaft speed and a factor of 0.1047. Do you want the usual horsepower? No problem! Divide the result by 1000 (so you get kilowatts) and multiply by a factor of 1.36.

To provide the diesel engine (pictured on the left) with a high compression ratio, engineers are forced to make it long-stroke (this is when the piston stroke exceeds the cylinder diameter). Therefore, in such motors, the torque is constructively large, but the limiting number of revolutions has to be limited in order to increase the resource. Developers of gasoline units, on the contrary, find it easier to get high power - the parts here are not so massive, the compression ratio is less, so that the engine can be made short-stroke and high-speed. However, recently the distinction between diesels and gasoline units is gradually erased - they are becoming more and more similar both in design and in characteristics.

Technically speaking, power indicates how much work a motor can do in a unit of time. But the torque characterizes the potential of the engine to perform this very work. Shows the resistance that he can overcome. For example, if the car rests its wheels on a high curb and cannot move, the power will be zero, since the motor does not perform any work - there is no movement, but the torque develops at the same time. Indeed, in the instant until the engine stalls from strain, the working mixture burns out in the cylinders, the gases press on the pistons, and the connecting rods try to bring the crankshaft into rotation. In other words, moment without power can exist, but power without moment cannot. That is, it is "N ∙ m" that are the main "product" of the engine, which it produces, converting thermal energy into mechanical energy.

If we draw analogies with a person, "N ∙ m" reflect his strength, and "hp" - endurance. That is why low-speed diesel engines by virtue of their design features we, as a rule, have weightlifters - all other things being equal, they can drag on themselves more and more easily overcome resistance on wheels, albeit not so quickly. But high-speed gasoline engines are more likely to be runners - they hold the load worse, but they move faster. In general, there is a simple rule of leverage - we win in strength, we lose in distance or speed. And vice versa.

The so-called external engine speed characteristic reflects the dependence of power and torque on the crankshaft speed at full throttle. In theory, the earlier the peak of traction and later the power, the easier it is for the engine to adapt to the loads, its operating range increases, which allows the driver or electronics to change gears less often and why not burn fuel in vain. These graphs show that a gasoline two-liter turbo engine (on the right) outperforms a turbodiesel of a similar volume in terms of this indicator, but is inferior to it in absolute torque.

How is this expressed in practice? First of all, you need to understand that it is the torque and power curves (together, not separately!) On the so-called external speed characteristic of the engine that will reveal its true capabilities. The earlier the thrust peak is reached and the later the power peak, the better motor adapted to its tasks. Let's take a simple example - a car is moving on a flat road and suddenly it starts to climb. The resistance on the wheels increases, so that with a constant supply of fuel, the revolutions will begin to fall. But if the engine characteristic is correct, the torque, on the contrary, will begin to increase. That is, the motor will adapt itself to the increase in load and will not require the driver or electronics to downshift. The pass is passed, the descent begins. The car went for acceleration - high thrust is no longer so important here, another factor becomes critical - the engine must have time to generate it. That is, power comes to the fore. Which can be regulated not only gear ratios in the transmission, and by increasing the engine speed.

It is appropriate here to recall racing car or motorcycle motors. Due to their relatively small working volumes, they cannot develop a record torque, but their ability to spin up to 15 thousand rpm and above allows them to deliver fantastic power. For example, if a conventional engine at 4000 rpm provides 250 N ∙ m and, accordingly, about 143 hp, then at 18000 rpm it could already produce 640.76 hp. Impressive, isn't it? Another thing is that "civilian" technologies do not always succeed in achieving this.

And, by the way, in this regard, electric motors have close to ideal characteristics. They develop maximum "Newton meters" right from the start, and then the torque curve gradually drops with increasing revs. At the same time, the power graph increases progressively.

Modern Formula 1 engines have a modest volume of 1.6 liters and a relatively low torque. But due to turbocharging, and most importantly - the ability to spin up to 15,000 rpm, they produce about 600 hp. In addition, engineers have intelligently integrated into power unit an electric motor, which in certain modes can add another 160 "horses". So hybrid technologies can work for more than just economy.

I think you already understood - in the characteristics of the car, not only the maximum values ​​of power and torque are important, but also their dependence on rpm. That is why journalists are so fond of repeating the word "shelf" - when, for example, the engine produces its peak thrust not at one point, but in the range from 1500 to 4500 rpm. After all, if there is a reserve of torque, power is also likely to be enough.

Still, the best indicator of the "quality" (let's call it that) of the return of an automobile engine is its elasticity, that is, the ability to gain momentum under load. It is expressed, for example, in acceleration from 60 to 100 km / h in fourth gear or from 80 to 120 km / h in fifth - these are standard tests in the automotive industry. And it may happen that some modern turbo engine with high thrust at low revs and a wide torque shelf gives a feeling of excellent dynamics in the city, but on the track when overtaking it will turn out to be worse than the ancient atmospheric engine with a more favorable characteristic not only of moment, but also of power ...

So even if the difference between diesel and gasoline units has become more and more blurred recently, let alternative engines develop, but the eternal union of power, torque and engine speed will remain relevant. Is always.

Based on materials: auto.mail.ru

Engine torque and power - what is it?

How to determine the engine power of a car

How to determine the power of a car

You will need

• wattmeter, ammeter, voltmeter, screwdriver, knife, wires.

Instructions

The easiest way is to determine the power according to the technical documentation attached to the electrical appliance. The power of the device is usually indicated on the first pages of such documents. Open the manual (instruction) and find there such words and phrases as power, power consumption, average power, maximum power, etc. The number after them (the range indicated by two numbers through a dash) will be the power of the appliance. The number should be followed by the designation of the power unit: Watt (W), Kilowatt (kW), Milliwatt (MW) or its international designation - Watt, W, kW, mW, if the instruction is not in Russian.

If there are no instructions and other documentation for the electrical device, you can determine the power by the inscriptions on the device. As in the above case, be guided by the words denoting power, and by the notation of units of measure of power.

If the device is relatively modern, then information about it is probably available on the Internet. Type in the search engine the name and brand of your electrical appliance. Most manufacturers of household and electronic appliances provide all the necessary information on their official websites. If you cannot find the information you need (this often happens with old or home-made electrical appliances), measure the power using instruments. To do this, de-energize the electrical circuit by turning off the input circuit breaker or circuit breaker. Prepare an open circuit by disconnecting one of the power wires from the input device. Attach a piece of wire to this place, stripping the ends to the desired length. Prepare two pieces of wire of sufficient length. The length of the wires is selected based on the placement of electrical equipment and electrical measuring devices.

Connect a wattmeter to the electrical circuit. Connect the current circuit to the prepared break. Connect the voltage circuit with wires to the input device. Apply voltage by turning on the circuit breaker or switch. Determine the amount of power consumption by the indicator or the scale of the wattmeter.

If there was no wattmeter nearby, then you can get by with a multimeter or a pair of instruments - an ammeter and a voltmeter. To do this, connect an ammeter or a multimeter to a previously prepared break in the electrical circuit. If it is a multimeter, then put it in the current measurement mode. Turn on the circuit breaker or breaker to apply voltage. Write down or remember the current readings on the indicator (scale). Disconnect voltage. Disconnect the ammeter (multimeter) and restore the circuit as it was.

Apply voltage again. Take a voltmeter or put the multimeter in voltage mode. Measure the supply voltage by touching the test leads of the device to the output contacts of the switching device. Remember or write down the measured voltage value. Then calculate the power consumption by multiplying the current value by the voltage value. If the voltage was measured in volts, and the current in amperes, then the power will be obtained in watts (W).

If the electrical appliance is powered from a household power outlet, then the voltage can be omitted and taken equal to 220 Volts (V). If batteries with a known voltage are used for power supply, then voltage measurement can also be omitted.

Related Videos

note

All operations with electrical equipment (except measurements) should be carried out with a de-energized electrical circuit.

www.kakprosto.ru

5 ways to calculate the power of a car engine. Calculator for determining the power of the internal combustion engine online

Consider 5 popular ways to calculate the power of a car engine using data such as:

• engine speed,
• engine volume,
• torque,
• effective pressure in the combustion chamber,
• fuel consumption,
• performance of injectors,
• machine weight
• acceleration time to 100 km.

Each of the formulas that will be used to calculate the power of the car engine is rather relative and cannot determine with 100% accuracy the real horsepower of the driving car. But after making calculations with each of the given garage options, relying on not these or those indicators, you can calculate, at least, the average value, whether it is a stock or a tuned engine, literally with a 10 percent error.

Power is the energy generated by the engine, it is converted into torque at the output shaft of the internal combustion engine. This is not a constant value. Next to the values ​​of the maximum power, the rpm at which it can be achieved is always indicated. The maximum point is reached at the highest average effective pressure in the cylinder (depends on the quality of filling with fresh fuel mixture, combustion efficiency and heat losses). Modern motors produce the greatest power at an average of 5500–6500 rpm. In the automotive field, it is customary to measure engine power in horsepower. Therefore, since most results are displayed in kilowatts, you will need a kW to hp conversion calculator.

How to calculate power through torque

The simplest calculation of the engine power of a car can be determined by the dependence of torque and revolutions.

Torque

The force multiplied by the shoulder of its application, which the engine can give out to overcome certain resistances to movement. Determines how quickly the motor reaches maximum power. Calculated formula of torque versus engine displacement:

Mcr = VHxPE / 0.12566, where

• VH - engine displacement (l),
• PE is the average effective pressure in the combustion chamber (bar).

Engine speed

Crankshaft rotation speed.

Formula for calculating engine power internal combustion car looks like this:

P = Mcr * n / 9549 [kW], where:

• Mкр - engine torque (Nm),
• n - crankshaft revolutions (rpm),
• 9549 - coefficient in order to substitute revolutions in rpm, and not in alpha cosines.

Since, according to the formula, we will get the result in kW, if necessary, it can also be converted into horsepower or simply multiplied by a factor of 1.36.

Using these formulas is the easiest way to convert torque to power.

And in order not to go into all these details, a quick calculation of the power of the internal combustion engine online can be done using our calculator.

If you do not know the torque of the engine of your car, then to determine its power in kilowatts, you can also use a formula of this kind:

Ne = Vh * pe * n / 120 (kW), where:

• Vh - engine volume, cm³
• n - rotation frequency, rpm
• pe - average effective pressure, MPa (for conventional gasoline engines leaves about 0.82 - 0.85 MPa, forced - 0.9 MPa, and for a diesel engine from 0.9 to 2.5 MPa, respectively).

To obtain the engine power in "horses", and not in kilowatts, the result should be divided by 0.735.

Calculation of engine power by air flow

The same approximate calculation of engine power can be determined by air flow. The function of such a calculation is available to those who have installed on-board computer, since it is necessary to fix the value of the consumption when the car engine, in third gear, is spun up to 5.5 thousand revolutions. Divide the resulting value with the DMRV by 3 and get the result.

Gw [kg] / 3 = P [hp]

Such a calculation, like the previous one, shows the gross power (bench test of the engine without taking into account losses), which is 10-20% higher than the actual one. And it is also worth considering that the readings of the DMRV sensor strongly depend on its contamination and calibrations.

Calculation of power by weight and acceleration time to hundreds

Another interesting way to calculate engine power on any type of fuel, be it gasoline, diesel or gas, is by the dynamics of acceleration. To do this, using the weight of the car (including the pilot) and the acceleration time to 100 km. And in order for the Power Calculation Formula to be as close as possible to the truth, it is also necessary to take into account slip losses depending on the type of drive and the speed of response of different gearboxes. Approximate start losses for front-wheel drive vehicles will be 0.5 sec. and 0.3-0.4 for rear-wheel drive cars.

Using this engine power calculator, which will help you determine the engine power based on the dynamics of acceleration and mass, you can quickly and accurately find out the power of your iron horse without delving into the technical characteristics.

Calculation of the power of the internal combustion engine by the performance of the injectors

An equally effective indicator of the power of a car engine is the performance of injectors. Previously, we considered its calculation and relationship, therefore, it will not be difficult to calculate the amount of horsepower using the formula. The estimated power is calculated according to the following scheme:

Where, the load factor is not more than 75-80% (0.75 ... 0.8), the composition of the mixture at maximum performance is about 12.5 (enriched), and the BSFC coefficient will depend on what kind of engine you have, atmospheric or turbocharged (atmosphere - 0.4-0.52, for turbo - 0.6-0.75).

Having learned all the necessary data, enter the indicators into the corresponding cells of the calculator and by pressing the "Calculate" button you immediately get a result that will show the real engine power of your car with a slight error. Note that you do not need to know all the parameters presented, you can clear internal combustion engine power by a separate method.

The value of the functionality of this calculator lies not in calculating the power of a stock car, but if your car has undergone tuning and its weight and power have undergone some changes.

Questions about the calculator,

and also leave ideas in the comments

How to calculate engine power

Engine power determines its high-speed qualities - the more powerful the engine, the greater the speed the car can develop. Methods for calculating the power of an internal combustion engine and an electric motor are different. Let's consider them.

Typically, the power ratings of an internal combustion engine are indicated in the technical specifications. However, over time, the resource is depleted and the capacity weakens. To do this, you can check it with the help of specialists and certain equipment.

If you want to experiment and calculate the engine power yourself, for this you need to find out the mass of the car (from the data sheet), determine the mass of fuel in the tank and the driver. After that, quickly accelerate the car to a speed of 100 kilometers per hour. Record the time it took you to overclock in seconds.

To determine the power, you need to apply the following formula: P = 27.78² * m / (2 * t), that is, we multiply the mass of the car, fuel and driver by 27.78 squared, where the last figure is the speed of 100 kilometers per hour, translated in meters per second. The result is divided by the acceleration time in seconds, multiplied by 2. As a result, we get the power in watts. If you want to convert to kilowatts, then using the good old formula, multiply the resulting number by 1000. To get the value in horsepower, the power in kilowatts must be divided by 0.735.

If there is a need to measure the power of the electric motor, you need to connect the motor to a current source, the voltage of which you know reliably. The current strength in amperes of each of the windings should be measured with a special tester. Summarize the received data. Multiply the result by the voltage of the current source. The resulting number is the power of the electric motor.

Motor power can also be calculated by size. To do this, determine the diameter and length of the stator core in centimeters. Measure the synchronous speed of the shaft and the network to which the motor is connected.

Next, calculate the pole division constant. The diameter is multiplied by the synchronous frequency and a constant number of 3.14. Divide the result by the sum of the mains frequency and 120. Using the pole division and their number, determine the constant C for the motor. To do this, use the table. Power is calculated by the formula P = C * D² * l * n * 10 ^ -6. The resulting number will determine the power in kilowatts.

It should be noted that in real life, engine power largely depends on the speed. Therefore, for maximum speed, the power of the motor matters, and for acceleration, the torque is important.

What is the engine power?

Engine power expresses the ratio of the mechanism to the time interval of its completion. The standard unit of measure for engine power is “horsepower” (1 hp = 736 watts). The maximum power value is often reached at 5600 rpm, perfect crankshaft in a minute. It is easy to find out what engine power your car has without making calculations, since it is the value of the maximum power that is indicated when describing the parameters for the engine power of the car. Please note that the maximum power value and the maximum torque value are achieved both at different engine speeds and at different speeds.

To calculate the power value car engines there are not only various units of measurement, but also different ways measurements that show different results. The standard method of measuring power in kilowatts, which is accepted in Europe. If the power is indicated in horsepower, then in different countries the measurement methods will differ (despite the fact that the same horsepower will be calculated). Japan and the United States use their own standards for determining engine horsepower, however, they have long been unified with others.

How to find out the engine power of a car

So, in America and Japan, two types of indicators are used: net and gross.

1. Net measurement. Measurement of net engine power (from the English netto, net) means bench testing of a car engine, which is equipped with all auxiliary and necessary for operation vehicle units: fan, generator, muffler, etc.
2. Gross measurement. Under the measurement of gross engine power (from the English brutto, gross) is meant a bench test of an engine that is not equipped with all the additional and necessary units for the operation of a vehicle: a muffler, a pump of the cooling system, a generator, etc.

The gross power indicator can give a value greater than the net power data by 10-20% or more. This discrepancy was exploited successfully by North American car manufacturers by overstating engine power ratings until a new federal standard was set in 1972.

Calculation of engine power

For gross and net indicators, one value of "effective power" is characteristic: Рeff is an indicator of the measured installed engine power.

Engine power: Рпriv = Рeff × К, where Рпрв - converted to a certain reference state (reduced) power,

K is the correction factor.

To calculate engine power, a parameter called horsepower is used. Every person close to the automotive theme knows that this parameter must be indicated in the documents for the vehicle. However, power is not always determined by horsepower. So, the power of the motor can be measured in kilowatts per hour. You need to know a few things to get accurate calculations.

You will need the following:

• vehicle;
• station TO.

For a clear understanding of the process of measuring the engine power of a car, below is a sequential algorithm of steps that allows you to quickly understand the process of interest.

Procedure:

Interesting to know! In 1789, in Scotland, James Watt was the first to use the concept of "horsepower" to define the power of a car engine.

So, using the knowledge gained in high school in math lessons, as well as spending a little time, you can determine an important parameter of your vehicle - engine power.

1 kW equals 1.3596 hp. when calculating engine power.
1 h.p. equal to 0.7355 kW when calculating the motor power.

History

Horsepower (hp) is a non-systemic unit of power that appeared around 1789 with the advent of steam engines. Inventor James Watt coined the term "horsepower" to illustrate how economically his machines are more economical than live draft. Watt found that, on average, one horse lifts 180 pounds by 181 feet per minute. Rounding off the calculations in pound-feet per minute, he decided that horsepower would be 33,000 of those pound-feet per minute. Of course, the calculations were taken for a long period of time, because for a short time a horse can "develop" a power of about 1000 kgf · m / s, which is approximately equal to 13 horsepower. This power is called boiler horsepower.

There are several units of measurement in the world called "horsepower". In European countries, Russia and the CIS, as a rule, horsepower means the so-called "metric horsepower", equal to approximately 735 watts (75 kgf · m / s).

In the automotive industry in the United Kingdom and the United States, HP is most commonly used. equates to 746 watts, which equals 1.014 metric horsepower. Electric horsepower (746 W) and boiler horsepower (9809.5 W) are also used in industry and energy in the United States.

The payment of any tax by the population is an obligation for everyone, which is present both in our country and around the world. This ensures the activities of the state and other institutions. There are several types of deductions:

• transport;
• to the ground;
• Personal income tax;
• at a profit.

This article will focus specifically on the transport tax. Let's consider this topic in more detail.

general characteristics

Transport tax is categorized as regional. This means that he obliges to pay only on the territory of his subject. The procedure for introducing this type of tax is presented in Chapter 28 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

The legislative authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation independently determine:

1. Tax rate (within the framework established by the Tax Code).
2. The amount of benefits.
3. Payment procedure and period.

Features for individuals and legal entities

This type of tax, based on Article 357 of the Tax Code, must be paid by everyone who has registered at least one vehicle.

Payers of TN are:

• individuals;
• legal entities.

Transport must be registered with the traffic police. The owner's data is indicated in the vehicle's passport, contract or other document that confirms the right to own it.

Objects subject to taxation include:

1. Ground transportation.
2. Air Transport.
3. Water transport.

Individuals pay transport tax usually after receiving a receipt or notification.

Entrepreneurs, on the other hand, must independently submit the required documents and fill out a declaration each reporting tax period. They are also obliged to make advance payments for transport tax every quarter.

The terms of payment, the conditions of accrual and the reporting period for legal entities differ from the indicators provided for individuals, but the tax base for fees remains the same.

How to calculate?

To determine the amount of tax on transport registered for a legal entity, the following formula is applied:

ТН = НС * НС * НБ, where:

• НС - tax rate, which depends on the power of the vehicle or other parameter of the object;
• NP - period, which is usually one year;
• NB - tax base (capacity or other characteristic).

In turn, regional regulations may provide for other additional adjustment factors that will affect the final calculation of the amount of transport tax.

For individuals the amount of the payment is calculated using the following formula:

CH = H HP * HC * (t / y), where:

• H l. with. - the number of horsepower;
• t is the number of months of ownership;
• y is the number of months in a year.

On January 1, 2004, a law came into force on levying an increased tax from the owners of expensive foreign cars. That is, if the cost of passenger transport is more than three million rubles, then a multiplying coefficient is used.

In calculating the tax on expensive foreign cars, both a factor increasing in value and a decreasing one in terms of age are taken into account. In other words, the newer the car, the higher the tax on it.

If the reporting period has not been established by the regional authorities, then the increasing coefficient is used once, when the tax is calculated for a year.

By this time, all data, as well as the average cost of the vehicle, should be known.

Tax rates

Since the transport tax is regional, the rates may differ for each region. But despite the fact that the constituent entities of the Russian Federation can regulate and establish them, the tax code sets a limit that does not allow the rate to be exceeded by more than 10 times.

Changes can be both up and down, but within the limits.

Article 361 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation establishes base rates for all regions, which are shown in the table below.

How to find out how much horsepower

Horsepower is used to calculate engine power. Anyone who is in one way or another connected with the topic of cars knows that this indicator is necessarily indicated in the vehicle passport.

To calculate it you will need:

• a car;
• service center.

To have an idea and clearly understand how the process of measuring engine power goes, you need to pay attention to the following points:

1. To calculate the indicator, use the European or domestic system. According to both methods 1 l. with. is equal to 75 kilograms, which rise 1 meter in 1 second.
2. The horsepower indicator can be converted to kilowatts, then 1 hp. with. equal to 0.735 kW.
3. For the simplest calculation of the amount of horsepower, it is better to go to a service station equipped with modern computer technology and perform the following sequence of actions:

• the car is parked on a specially equipped area;
• gas is squeezed out to the end;
• while the engine is in working order, the device reads all the parameters of the car and gives the obtained result.

Calculation examples

Let's consider several calculation options using specific examples:

Calculator

The vehicle tax calculator allows you to calculate the amount required to be paid by the owner of a car that has been registered and registered, regardless of whether you are an individual or a legal entity.

When the due date is due, you usually receive a notice or receipt. But it happens that the letters do not reach. Then you can use an online calculator to calculate the tax.

The following data must be entered:

• region;
• type of vehicle;
• power;
• the year for which the TN is paid.

For example, you can use the following online services:

For the avoidance of misunderstanding, the tax must always be paid on time and in the amount indicated in the notice. Tax evasion has serious consequences. If the notification was received by mistake, it is imperative to contact your inspection.