In the driver's oath, which is taken by drivers of many foreign countries, the first paragraph is written: "I will always be kind and polite towards other drivers and cooperate with them in a comradely manner."
The road is a workplace for any driver and their interaction during the work on the safe driving of vehicles will make it possible to successfully complete this work or lead to a tragedy.
On the Roads, each driver constantly interacts with drivers of vehicles moving in the same and opposite directions, maneuvering, leaving side passages and areas, and even just standing on the road. According to the purpose, the nature of the movement of vehicles, according to the signals given by their drivers and many other signs, the driver is obliged to determine their intentions, to foresee the directions of movement, maneuvers, which is very important for ensuring traffic safety. Nothing threatens serious traffic complications like unexpected actions of drivers for other road users.
Among all vehicles, a special place is occupied by public transport vehicles, which, due to their special purpose, are provided by the Rules with a number of advantages over other modes of transport. When driving on established routes, they have the right to deviate from the requirements of some prohibitory and prescriptive signs. In addition, they have other benefits to ensure they are able to travel smoothly, especially on high-traffic roads. In settlements, drivers of all vehicles must not interfere with trolleybuses and public buses departing from the designated stop at passing direction.
When interacting with drivers of other vehicles, sound, light and other (for example, hand) signals play an important role. But some drivers, in violation of the Rules, for various reasons, do not give these signals when maneuvering. By doing this, they create an emergency situation both for themselves and for other road users. Experienced drivers usually anticipate the actions of others and take action ahead of time to prevent unwanted complications.
You must be very careful when driving behind a taxi or next to it. The taxi driver can make an unexpected maneuver or stop at the request of passengers. You must always be ready for this.
In the event of a sudden stop of a vehicle in front directly on the carriageway, the driver also stops his vehicle. Avoid the stopped vehicle in no case on the move, in front of him there may be pedestrians or animals that unexpectedly came out onto the roadway, a load that has fallen from the body of other cars, or any other obstacle.
They require special treatment cars with handicapped drivers. They are indicated only by special identification mark"Disabled", which is installed both in front and behind. Many driving operations are performed by disabled drivers only with their hands. They slowly get under way, slowly leave on the road, slowly maneuver. Any operations with the controls of disabled drivers are performed with a delay. Considering this, when following such a car, you need to maintain a greater distance; you should not signal the disabled person and demand that he accelerate the movement.
The relationship between the driver and the traffic police officer, the categories of people directly involved in road traffic, is far from simple. For many drivers, the sight of a man with a baton in a police uniform does not evoke positive emotions, although they perfectly understand its function. The newspapers, radio and television told about the heroic everyday life of our militia, and the driver, getting behind the wheel of a car, sometimes observed completely different pictures.
They stop you. Do not rush headlong to follow the instructions, hitting the brakes or drastically changing the trajectory of movement. Turn on the direction indicator, showing the inspector that you understood his direction, and warning other road users of your intentions. The included direction indicator does not give priority, therefore, before changing lanes, give way to passing vehicles (if any) and only then smoothly direct the car to the place where the traffic controller indicated.
The Manual states that the actions of the inspector must be clear to the driver.
The driver's oath mentioned above reads: "I will always be responsible for the passengers sitting next to me." When a driver is alone in a car and drives it risky, he endangers his life and the lives of other road users. In the presence of passengers, he now risks the lives of his passengers. The driver is the owner of his car and is obliged to take care of the safety of people who travel with him in the car.
The relationship between the driver of the vehicle and the passengers should be built on a benevolent, mutually polite basis. Drivers, especially of passenger transport, in addition to high skill in driving, must have an appropriate culture of communication with passengers, which is based on high responsibility for their life and health.
The driver constantly learns to recognize dangerous road traffic situations by their typical signs, quickly and correctly assess information in specific situations and predict not only the movement of his vehicle, but also the actions of other road users, to choose the most correct solutions to prevent a traffic situation. Prediction by the driver of the actions of other road users in modern conditions is of great importance. Traffic participants have, on the one hand, a limited ability to directly exchange information on their assessment of a certain road traffic situation and their intentions, and on the other hand, a relatively high probability of errors in the analysis of the road traffic situation and, therefore, in the development of appropriate decisions. This gives rise to a certain probability of a road traffic accident in every dangerous road traffic situation.
The ability to quickly, within a limited time frame, choose the right decisions to prevent a road traffic accident creates favorable conditions for developing skills to implement these decisions.
Vulnerable participants road traffic requiring special attention (pedestrians, cyclists, children, the elderly, the disabled)
Half of those killed in road accidents are the most vulnerable road users - pedestrians (22%), cyclists (5%) and motorcyclists (23%). Another 31% of road traffic deaths are accounted for by drivers and car passengers, and the remaining 19% are accounted for by other road users (most often their role as road users is unknown).
Any “vulnerable participant” has special advantages on the highway. The vulnerable participant is:
- - pedestrian (or equivalent to a pedestrian: persons who drive a handcart, a baby carriage, who transport a patient with a non-mechanical vehicle that does not require more space than is required for pedestrians and persons driving a bicycle or moped on two wheels);
- - a disabled person driving a manual or electric wheelchair at a walking speed;
- - cyclist;
- - a passenger of a car or railway transport.
Thus, the term “vulnerable road user” refers to any road user other than the driver of a car or rail.
Protective measures for vulnerable road users primarily concern pedestrians, cyclists and people with disabilities (disabled people). Drivers must give way to pedestrians who are at a pedestrian crossing or intend to enter a pedestrian crossing. In addition, all drivers must exercise caution, slowing down or stopping the vehicle when necessary in the presence of children, blind, disabled or elderly people, pedestrians or cyclists. It is a violation to endanger one of these categories of persons.
There are different areas for some categories of vulnerable road users:
sidewalks, boulevards, footpaths are parts of the road intended for pedestrians. In the absence of sidewalks or shoulders, pedestrians can use the carriageway or cycle path in accordance with certain rules (give way, follow the direction of travel, etc.). Pedestrians must cross the carriageway at a pedestrian crossing and have priority at this crossing. If not pedestrian crossings within 30 meters, they can cross the carriageway perpendicularly, but without the right of advantage;
bike paths are designated and compulsory parts of the road for cyclists. In the absence of a cycle path, cyclists can use part of the walking path, curb or parking in cities. Outside of cities, they can also occupy part of the sidewalk or highway. Cycle lanes should not be confused with “cycle lanes” (painted lanes), which always refer to highways. Some one-way streets can be occupied by cyclists and class A mopeds. Then, in case of a signal, cyclists have a priority right to exit from a one-way street. Special rules govern the priority between cyclists (and moped drivers) and drivers of motor vehicles. For example, a driver who crosses a cycle path must give way to cyclists who travel along it.
When a vulnerable road user becomes a victim of an accident, compensation is automatically granted. “Automatically” means that it will be paid regardless of whether it is his fault in the accident or not.
Compensation is paid in the event of:
the person is injured as a vulnerable participant in a road traffic accident involving at least one power-driven vehicle on public roads;
the person was injured (in case of death, the compensation will go to the heirs);
it is impossible to prove that the vulnerable road user intentionally contributed to the accident;
there is a causal relationship between accident and injury.
Automatic compensation is paid only for injuries(including death) and damage to clothing and functional prostheses (glasses, hearing aids, etc.). It does not apply to other damage.
The civil liability insurance of the driver of the vehicle involved in the accident compensates for the damage. If more than one insurance company is involved, they must all provide full compensation to the victim. However, vulnerable road users usually seek compensation from the insurance company that insured the vehicle involved in the accident. A medical examination is required to assess the physical damage.
Reasons for granting an advantage on the road to vehicles equipped with a special light and sound signal
According to section 3 of the SDA RF:
3.1. Drivers of vehicles with a blue flashing beacon on, performing an urgent service task, may deviate from the requirements of Sections 6 (except for traffic signals) and 8-18 of these Rules, appendices 1 and 2 to these Rules, provided that traffic safety is ensured.
To gain an advantage over other road users, drivers of such vehicles must turn on a blue flashing light and a special sound signal. They can take advantage of priority only by making sure that they are given way.
3.2. When a vehicle approaches with a blue flashing light and a special sound signal on, drivers are obliged to give way to ensure the unhindered passage of the specified vehicle.
According to clause 1.2 of the SDA RF:
“Give way (do not interfere)” is a requirement that means that a road user must not start, resume or continue to move, perform any maneuver if this can force other road users who have an advantage over him or her to change direction of travel or speed.
Thus, according to the traffic rules of the Russian Federation, the driver of a vehicle, when a vehicle approaches with a blue flashing light and a sound signal, must give way to him.
A maneuver to rebuild into an adjacent lane in order to allow special vehicles to continue their unhindered movement in their own lane or in the oncoming lane does not fall under the concept of traffic rules to give way.
According to the traffic rules of the Russian Federation, the driver is obliged to let the special transport pass, for example, in the following cases:
- 1. When driving through intersections
- 2. When changing lanes of special vehicles into the lane in which the driver follows
- 3. When a special vehicle is performing turning, turning maneuvers
In addition, it should be noted that the requirements of section 1 ( general provisions) and 2 (general duties of drivers) of the RF SDA.
In addition, according to the Law of the Russian Federation "On State Civil Service" Art. 17, clause 8, the employee is prohibited from using for purposes not related to the execution job duties, means of material and technical and other support, other state property, as well as transfer them to other persons.
According to the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation:
Article 12.17. Failure to provide priority in movement to a route vehicle or a vehicle with special light and sound signals turned on
1. Failure to provide an advantage in movement to a route vehicle, as well as to a vehicle with a blue flashing light and a special sound signal turned on at the same time - entails a warning or imposition administrative fine in the amount of one hundred to three hundred rubles.
The term “granting of advantage” is absent in the RF traffic rules, the requirements of which must be observed by the driver.
At the same time, there is the term "Advantage (priority)" - the right to priority movement in the intended direction in relation to other participants in the movement. However, even here we are not talking about the obligation to make a maneuver in order to free up the lane for the subject of priority.
Since the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation only establishes responsibility for violation of certain points of the traffic rules of the Russian Federation, and does not replace the traffic rules, by analogy, it should be assumed that in this article of the Code of Administrative Offenses, granting an advantage is understood as the requirement to "give way" in terms of the traffic rules of the Russian Federation.
In the previous sections of the Report, we have focused many times on mutual courtesy and mutual assistance on the roads. According to the letter of the law, the special signal is turned on on special vehicles only when performing an urgent service assignment. Deliberate obstruction of urgent work does not fit into the concept of the ethics of the behavior of a civilized person. Often, something more than the wounded pride of a road user, past whom a "flasher" protected by law, flashed past, depends on the speed of passage of special vehicles. For example - human life. And even if "sometimes" is not so, it is better to make a mistake ten times in the opposite direction, than not to miss the ambulance once, in which doctors are fighting for the child's life.
How successful a driving is is influenced by many mental attributes and the state of the driver. But usually the person behind the wheel does not act alone, in traffic situation he communicates with pedestrians, with other drivers. Therefore, in order to become a really good driver, you need to own good qualities, be in a good mood, master the skill of driving and the ability to interact with others. First of all, this requires mutual understanding.
Unfortunately, drivers have a limited arsenal of means with which they can transfer information to each other and communicate with each other. In fact, these funds include two or three types: turn signal, brake light and sometimes switching headlights... Sound signals are used very rarely.
But there are situations when all the above mentioned means are powerless. For example, the driver is about to move into the next lane and gives a signal about it. But whether the driver who is driving behind him is going or not going to let him pass, he does not know, because there will be no response signal. A collision is possible here, which will arise only due to the fact that it is impossible to get a definite answer from a colleague in the traffic situation.
Therefore, using all possible technical means, it is necessary to improve the methods of communication and communication between drivers in the process of road traffic.
An experienced driver can easily predict his future plans only by how his colleague in traffic behaves. By the lane in which the driver wants to stand at the intersection, one can judge where he is going to move in the future. There is still a lot of maneuvers that the surrounding drivers understand.... Therefore, the person who sits behind the wheel should avoid unexpected and non-standard situations that the surrounding drivers may misunderstand or not understand at all. The road user must behave in such a way that all his actions are extremely clear to those around him. In this case, if the driver finds himself in a difficult situation through his own fault, other road users will understand him and help him get out of it with the least possible losses.
We should not forget about another way to improve communication between transport drivers - the use of non-verbal communication, that is, sign language. It is the tin that is most useful when, in a difficult road situation, all drivers are forced to stop and wait for what others will do. Let us recall at least the crossroads of equivalent roads - a rare but common case.
In such situations, you need to take into account the unreliability of this method of communication. Therefore, when you receive some kind of information from other drivers in the form of gestures, the signals must be interpreted very carefully and prudently, check them several times before taking any action.
In order for road traffic to be safe, it is necessary to strive for mutual understanding between drivers and pedestrians. Statistics have established that more than half of all road accidents are to some extent related to the behavior of pedestrians, and 25% of them occur directly through their fault. Any pedestrian is in a simpler situation than a person driving. It is much easier for him to predict the actions of drivers: they increase or decrease speed, turn right or left. The machine is a rather large inert structure that gradually changes its position. She cannot move in a split second.
In turn, it is much more difficult for the driver to predict the behavior of the pedestrian... Unexpected behaviors immediately appear, especially when in front of you old man or a child. The way pedestrians behave does not obey any laws and cannot be predicted or predetermined. Therefore, the one who sits behind the wheel must count on the worst and most unexpected option and prepare himself in advance for any pedestrian maneuver, especially when there is a group of children in front of him.
In any case, the driver tries to get as much information as possible about how the pedestrian will behave and at the same time he needs to know whether he sees the approaching vehicle or not. Therefore, every driver from time to time decodes the movements, gestures, facial expressions of pedestrians, and judging by this information, he decides on a further maneuver.
Scientists have established some patterns in the behavior of pedestrians at crossings and roads, and patterns that are associated with the participation of pedestrians in road accidents. For example, a pedestrian wants to cross the street at a crossing that is not regulated by traffic lights, waits at the transition for 15-20 seconds, and. if no one lets him through, he tries to cross the road, even if there is traffic nearby... It is generally accepted that a safe crossing occurs when a person crosses the street, and after 8-9 seconds a vehicle passes. But, as a rule, people cross the road 2-3 seconds in front of the car. If you are driving and you see that a group of people has appeared at the crossing who have been waiting for more than 10 seconds, by all means stop and let them pass, otherwise the named unpleasant situations may arise. Just like passengers, drivers can act, for example, when they cannot leave the secondary. I have noticed more than once that if you are not allowed to pass for a long time, you start to get nervous and try to take risks.
Experts conducted research, as a result of which it was proved that the number of accidents at the entrance to the crossings and at the crossings themselves is much less than immediately after them. This is explained by the fact that before the entrance and at the crossings themselves, drivers behave more carefully than when such dangerous sections are left behind. Drivers should be aware of this pattern, which informs that immediately after crossing the road section remains no less dangerous.
Ensuring safety is unthinkable without clear interaction between road users. Therefore, it is very important to master and apply all the methods of such interaction.
How to communicate your intentions? When you want to change the direction of movement, do not forget that when changing lanes, turning, making a U-turn, the likelihood of a collision with another vehicle increases. Timely communication of your intentions greatly reduces this likelihood.
Do not forget to sound the signal whenever you change lanes, are about to turn, exit or leave the road, want to stop, start moving after stopping or parking.
Signals should be given so that they are clearly visible, noticed and correctly understood by other road users. The sooner you give a signal about your further intentions, the more time other participants will have to accept and respond to this signal.
Consider the driving conditions in some situations. Signaling too early can disorient other participants. For example, if you want to stop behind an intersection, you should not give a signal before the intersection, it is better to give it when you have already entered the intersection. If you are going to turn at an intersection in front of which there is another intersection in the immediate vicinity, do not turn on the direction indicator until you have passed the first intersection. If you give the signal earlier, then other participants may decide that you will turn not at the second, but at the first intersection, and will take actions that are dangerous in this situation, such as starting a left turn or completing overtaking.
Give a direction change signal as early as possible, but in a way that does not disorient other drivers. Get in the habit of turning on the turn signal whenever you change direction, regardless of whether there are other road users around or not. The habit must be developed firmly, reliably, thoroughly. After completing the maneuver, check that the turn signal is switched off. When cornering very smoothly, the automatic signal mute may not work.
Sometimes a hand signal is preferable to a turn signal. For example, on a clear bright sunny day (when the sun is shining directly into the eyes or from the side), it can be difficult to see if the turn signal light is on or not. In bad weather (rain, snow, mud on the road), you may also not see the signal if the pointer is splashed with mud.
Other people can judge your intentions by the position of your car on the road. For example, the fact that you are approaching an intersection, change to the far right lane, may tell other drivers that you want to turn right. However, only the position of the car, not supported by warning signals, gives very vague information. Don't forget about signals.
It is very important that the position of the vehicle instead of useful information did not give misleading information. For example, sometimes drivers deviate somewhat from the straight-line movement to the left not in order to then make a left turn, but, on the contrary, to turn right - they think that it is more convenient to “fit” into the turn. Such unjustified changes in the trajectory of movement can mislead those driving behind and lead to an accident. Therefore, before you change trajectory for no particular reason, think about how your actions might be interpreted by others and what consequences it might have.
In the driver's oath, which is taken by drivers of many foreign countries, the first paragraph is written: "I will always be kind and polite towards other drivers and cooperate with them in a comradely manner."
The road is a workplace for any driver and their interaction during the work on the safe driving of vehicles will make it possible to successfully complete this work or lead to a tragedy.
On the Roads, each driver constantly interacts with drivers of vehicles moving in the same and opposite directions, maneuvering, leaving side passages and areas, and even just standing on the road. According to the purpose, the nature of the movement of vehicles, according to the signals given by their drivers and many other signs, the driver is obliged to determine their intentions, to foresee the directions of movement, maneuvers, which is very important for ensuring traffic safety. Nothing threatens serious traffic complications like unexpected actions of drivers for other road users.
Among all vehicles, a special place is occupied by public transport vehicles, which, due to their special purpose, are provided by the Rules with a number of advantages over other modes of transport. When driving on established routes, they have the right to deviate from the requirements of some prohibitory and prescriptive signs. In addition, they have other benefits to ensure they are able to travel smoothly, especially on high-traffic roads.
In settlements, drivers of all vehicles must not interfere with trolleybuses and public buses leaving the designated stop in the same direction. The rules oblige the drivers of other vehicles to give way to the trolleybus (bus) leaving the stop, slow down or even stop and allow it to enter a free lane. There are no such requirements on country roads (Fig. 46). On roads with heavy or one-way traffic, a special lane may be allocated for trolleybuses and public buses. Above the lane or to the right of the carriageway are installed road signs: 5.9. "Lane for route vehicles" and 5.10.1. "A road with a lane for route vehicles."
On this lane, the movement of other vehicles is prohibited, it cannot be crossed, for example, to enter the courtyard or when leaving the courtyard, when changing lanes to turn at an intersection, parking and stopping are prohibited on it.
Sometimes the lane for route vehicles is highlighted with a dotted line. The movement of other vehicles on it and parking on it is also prohibited. However, it can be entered to pick up or disembark passengers, it can be crossed when leaving the road from the adjacent territory, it can be rebuilt before the intersection to make a right turn without interfering with route vehicles.
When interacting with drivers of other vehicles, sound, light and other (for example, hand) signals play an important role. But some drivers, in violation of the Rules, for various reasons, do not give these signals when maneuvering. By doing this, they create an emergency situation both for themselves and for other road users. Experienced drivers usually anticipate the actions of others and take action ahead of time to prevent unwanted complications.
So, for example, by moving to the center line or to the oncoming lane without changing the speed of the vehicle in front, an experienced driver determines the intention of his driver to bypass a vehicle standing on the right side of the road and decides to reduce the speed. A detour of a standing vehicle can be started only when the driver of the vehicle in front has finished it.
When following a vehicle with a load in the body or in the roof rack, the driver also pays attention to the position of the load. Loosely secured loads can fall onto the road and obstruct traffic. Having found such a load, the driver gives a sound or light signal and tries to overtake the transport with a poorly secured load. When overtaking with the help of passengers, by voice or gestures, the driver is made aware of a poorly secured load.
In the same way, the driver of a car moving in the same direction should be notified if his door is not tightly closed, a wheel is flat, a license plate is not properly fixed, etc.
In the event of a sudden stop of a vehicle in front directly on the carriageway, the driver also stops his vehicle. In no case should it be possible to go around a stopped vehicle on the move, in front of it there may be pedestrians or animals that unexpectedly come out onto the roadway, cargo that has fallen from the body of other cars, or any other obstacle. It is possible to bypass a stopped person only after a complete clarification of the situation.
When driving on a gravel road, especially on freshly poured gravel or pebbles, the windshield can also be broken by a stone flying out from under the wheels of an oncoming vehicle. Modern passenger cars are equipped with triplex windshields, consisting of two layers of glass and a special film between them. When a stone hits, such glass instantly becomes covered with many thin cracks and the road is not visible. The film in it often prevents the glass from scattering completely.
If the windshield is damaged, the driver stops immediately without changing lanes and turns on the hazard warning lights.
You must be very careful when driving behind a taxi or next to it. The taxi driver can make an unexpected maneuver or stop at the request of passengers. You must always be ready for this.
Hand-operated passenger cars with disabled drivers require special treatment. They are marked only with a special identification mark "Disabled", which is installed both in front and behind. Many driving operations are performed by disabled drivers only with their hands. They slowly get under way, slowly leave on the road, slowly maneuver. Any operations with the controls of disabled drivers are performed with a delay. Considering this, when following such a car, you need to maintain a greater distance; you should not signal the disabled person and demand that he accelerate the movement. It should be borne in mind that when starting off on an incline, it can roll back.
With representatives of the police and the State Traffic Inspectorate
The relationship between the driver and the traffic police officer, the categories of people directly involved in road traffic, is far from simple. It is impossible to describe them in two words, it cannot be said that everything is all right here. For many drivers, the sight of a man with a baton in a police uniform does not evoke positive emotions, although they perfectly understand its function. They know road control is essential. Without this, it is still impossible today, and the situation will not change in the foreseeable future.
SERGEY CHUGUNOV. DRIVER'S PSYCHOLOGY
FUNDAMENTALS OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
"The gift of communication is the highest paid"
Types of communication
1. "Contact masks" - formal communication, when there is no desire to understand and take into account the personality traits of the interlocutor. The usual masks are used (politeness, severity, indifference, modesty, sympathy, etc.) - a set of facial expressions, gestures, standard phrases that allow you to hide true emotions, attitude towards the interlocutor.
2. Primitive communication, when the other person is assessed as a necessary or interfering object: if necessary, they actively come into contact, if it interferes, they will push away or aggressive rude remarks will follow. If they have received what they want from the interlocutor, they lose further interest in him and do not hide it.
3. Formal-role communication, when both the content and the means of communication are regulated, and instead of knowing the personality of the interlocutor, they get by with knowledge of his social role.
4. Business communication, when the characteristics of the personality, character, age, mood of the interlocutor are taken into account, but the interests of the case are more significant than possible personal differences.
5. Spiritual, interpersonal communication, when you can touch on any topic and it is not necessary to use words, a person will understand you by facial expressions, movements, intonation. Such communication is established between friends, close people.
6. Manipulative communication is aimed at extracting benefits from the interlocutor, using different techniques depending on the personality characteristics of the interlocutor (flattery, intimidation, "throwing dust in the eyes", deception, demonstration of kindness).
7. Secular communication. The essence of secular communication is its pointlessness, i.e. people say not what they think, but what is supposed to be said in such cases; this communication is closed, because the points of view of people on this or that issue do not matter and do not determine the nature of communication.
Stages of communication
The following stages are distinguished in the communication procedure:
- the need for communication (the need to communicate or find out information, influence the interlocutor, etc.) encourages a person to come into contact with other people;
- orientation for communication purposes, in a communication situation;
- orientation in the personality of the interlocutor;
- planning the content of his communication: a person imagines what exactly he will say;
- unconscious choice of specific means, speech phrases that a person will use when communicating;
- perception and assessment of the interlocutor's response, control of the effectiveness of communication based on the establishment of feedback;
- adjustment of direction, style, communication methods.
If any of the links in the act of communication is violated, then the speaker fails to achieve the expected results of communication - it will turn out to be ineffective.
Interpersonal barriers
A person, as an element of communication, is a complex and sensitive “recipient” of information, with his desires and feelings, life experience. The information received by him can cause an internal reaction of any kind, which, possibly, will strengthen, distort or completely block the information sent to him.
Experts identify the following communication barriers.
Barriers to socio-cultural differences between communication partners. Social, political, religious and professional differences can and do lead to different interpretations of certain concepts and ideas in the transmitted message.
The barriers to misunderstanding include phonetic, stylistic, semantic and logical barriers.
The phonetic barrier is associated with speech impairments, which include:
- too quiet speech, caused by a combination of excitement and improper breathing, in which it is difficult to hear already at a distance of several meters;
- too fast speech: when the communicator drumming his message, it makes it difficult for listeners to follow the thought, especially when reading the text;
- too monotonous speech, which lulls attention;
- noticeable pauses: "uh ... uh", "well", "known";
Swallowing words: Fading out the voice at the end of a sentence makes it harder for listeners to hear each word, increasing the risk of error.
The semantic barrier of misunderstanding is associated with differences in the systems of values of the participants in communication. This is a more general problem than the problem of jargon and slang. Very often, misunderstanding arises due to the fact that the same word is given different meanings and disputes arise that do not have an objective basis, but are associated with a different understanding of the meaning. To verify this, you can ask several people what an idealist is. Some will say that this is a person with ideals, while others that he is a supporter of idealism. Both the vehicle and others will be right. Words are ambiguous, and the thesauri of the participants in communication are different. It is necessary to constantly clarify what meaning the interlocutor puts into this or that term.
The stylistic barrier of misunderstanding can disrupt normal interpersonal communication. It occurs when there is a discrepancy between the communicator's speech style and the communication situation or speech style and the current psychological state of the communication partner. So, a pseudo-scientific style of speech is inappropriate in a working audience, officially a business style of speech in a situation of confidential conversation.
The logical barrier of misunderstanding arises in cases where the logic of reasoning proposed by the communicator seems incorrect to his communication partner, contradicts his inherent manner of proof, or is too complicated for him.
Psychologically, we can talk about the existence of many logics and logical systems of evidence. They distinguish "male" logic, which basically corresponds to formal logic, the beginning of which was laid by Aristotle, and "female" logic, which does not coincide with it, but is logical in its own way. Studies of female logic in psychology are just beginning.
Emotional barriers arise when, having received information from a communicator, a person is more busy with his feelings, assumptions than real facts. Words have a strong emotional charge, they even speak of the energy of the word. They generate associations that trigger an emotional response.
It is necessary not only to know the main barriers to communication, but also to learn how to successfully overcome them.
Communication conflicts
Conflict is a clash of opposing interests, views, aspirations; a serious disagreement, a heated argument leading to a struggle.
A conflict in communication takes place only when there is a mutual infringement of the dignity of at least one of the subjects: the criterion for distinguishing a conflict from a contradiction, from a struggle of opposites is the degree of infringement of moral dignity.
Communication conflicts arise:
- due to the value and target "incompatibility" of the participants in communication, when one opponent is focused in his behavior, in his communication on the value of duty, and the other on the value of pleasure, etc .;
- due to the mismatch of needs, motives, mental and moral qualities, antipathy, dissimilarity of characters, lack of understanding of the individual characteristics of communication partners, psychological (hysteria, incontinence, aggressiveness, imbalance, etc.), moral (selfishness, intolerance, unnecessary, cruelty, arrogance, greed, inertia, arrogance, snobbery, deceit, tactlessness, arrogance, etc.) and national prejudices;
- due to the inconsistency of style, manners, ethical standards and rules of communication.
Many conflicts have occurred only because of the wrong interpretation of certain actions, words, phrases, statements. Often a person simply cannot adequately express his intentions, motives, values, goals, preferences: he either lacks a culture of communication or does not consider it necessary to attach great importance to this. It happens, and vice versa, a person fundamentally cannot understand his interlocutor, despite all the efforts of the latter.
In communication, it is important not only to understand the feelings, but also the thoughts of the partner, to be able to conduct a kind of psychoanalysis possible reasons conflict, relying not only on the analysis of words, assessments, but also actions, movements of pantomime, etc.
In the process of communication, various values, goals, contradictions, interests, characters, tastes, habits, styles, stereotypes of behavior, etc. collide. They determine, as a rule, the structure of communication contradictions.
The causes of conflicts can be associated with a coincidence of circumstances and factors of communication, can be malicious or neutral, can be of a conscious or unconscious nature.
Sometimes, instead of resolving the contradiction in communication, without leading to a conflict, a person begins to “prove his innocence by all means”, seeks to “punish the culprit”, show him “where the crayfish spend the winter”, “teach him to respect the elders” and, in the end, gets completely different results than expected.
Features of effective communication
Any contact is a process consisting of a whole set of psychological techniques. Those who have mastered the most effective methods communication.
To get the expected response from the object, it is necessary to understand the features of human perception.
Here is some of them:
- the sense of phrases made up of more than 13 words is usually not perceived by the consciousness, so there is no point in using them;
- speech can be understood only at its speed not exceeding 2.5 words per second;
- a phrase pronounced without a pause for more than 5-6 seconds ceases to be recognized;
- a man, on average, listens to others attentively for 10-15 seconds, and then begins to think what to add to the subject of the conversation;
- a person expresses 80% of what he wants to communicate, and those who hear him perceive only 70% of this, understand - 60%, and only from 10 to 15% remain in their memory;
- the last part of information is remembered best of all, the first is somewhat worse, while the middle one is most often forgotten;
- a person's memory is able to preserve up to 90% of what a person does, 50% of what he sees and 10% of what he hears;
- actions interrupted for one reason or another are remembered twice better than completed ones;
- too much information is confusing and prevents its processing;
- a standing person has a certain psychological advantage over a sitting person.
One of the main conditions for any communication, regardless of its specific goals and content, is psychological contact. Having established it, you can get the necessary results in any communication and with any interlocutors.
Rules to improve communication efficiency
Communication plays a huge role in the life of society. Without it, the process of education, formation, development of personality, interpersonal contacts, as well as management, service, scientific work and other activities in all areas where transmission, assimilation and exchange of information are necessary, are inconceivable.
Technologies of effective communication are such methods, techniques and means of communication that fully ensure mutual understanding and mutual ability to put oneself in the place of another person, the ability to empathize with communication partners.
Basic rules for effective communication:
- focus on the speaker, his message;
- clarify whether you correctly understood both the general content of the received information and its details;
- in the process of receiving information, do not interrupt the speaker, do not give advice, do not criticize, do not summarize, do not be distracted by preparing an answer;
- strive to be heard and understood;
- observe the sequence of information communication;
- not making sure of the accuracy of the information received by the partner, do not proceed to new messages;
- maintain an atmosphere of trust, mutual respect, show empathy for the interlocutor;
- use non-verbal means of communication: frequent eye contact; nodding the head as a sign of understanding and other techniques conducive to constructive dialogue.
Raising the significance of the interlocutor can become a universal key to his soul, only if it is done sincerely.
SELF-REGULATION AND PREVENTION OF CONFLICTS
(psychological workshop)
Attention tests
Test number 1. Look at any unfamiliar picture, postcard, drawing, etc. for 3-5 seconds, then list the items that you remember.
Test number 2. Ask for 10-12 items to be prepared and placed on the table. Look at them for 3-5 seconds, turn away and list the items that you remember.
Test result. The vast majority of people have a volume of attention from 5 to 9 units (objects) of attention.
Bad result if you remember less than 5 items, good if more than 9.
This test is recommended as an exercise for developing attention and memory and gives very good results when used regularly.
Memory test
The test includes a game everyday life situation in which short-term and long-term memorization is required.
Imagine that you need to make purchases, the previously compiled list contains the following: “Buy in the store: bread, loaf, sausage, sausages, sugar, salt, vegetable oil, pepper".
You can do this test yourself. Read your list 5 times, put it aside, try to write again from memory, and then check the result. The list must contain at least 12 products.
Test result. You have a normal memory if you memorized from 5 to 9 products.
A bad result if you remember less than 5 products, and a good result if you remember more than 9.
Test for the influence of external factors on the emotional state
Check which of the following situations makes you nervous:
- you want to make a phone call, but the required number is constantly busy;
- when you are driving and someone is constantly giving you advice;
- when you notice that someone is watching you;
- you are talking to someone, and someone else constantly interferes in your conversation;
- when someone interrupts your train of thought;
- if someone raises their voice for no reason;
- you feel bad if you see a combination of colors that, in your opinion, do not match with each other;
- when you shake hands with someone and do not feel the slightest reciprocal feeling;
- a conversation with a person who knows everything better than you.
Test result. If you have marked more than 5 situations, it means that everyday troubles are affecting your nerves. Try to get rid of them so they don't take root.
Temperament Type Test
Temperament determines the level of a person's general ability to be active, energy, rhythm of life, emotionality. Since the time of Hippocrates, 4 main types of temperament have been distinguished: sanguine, choleric, melancholic and phlegmatic.
Sanguine
Answer the suggested questions. For every yes, give yourself 10 points.
1. You are very upset. By chance, what is called the edge of your ear, you heard a very funny story. Will a smile dispel your dark thoughts?
2. Are you lighthearted?
3. Have you ever successfully done two things at the same time?
4. Do you wake up easily?
5. Do your friends admire your sense of humor?
6. Do you like to travel?
7. When asked to talk about your hobby, do you find it difficult because you have rather versatile hobbies?
8. Do you really dislike slow work, do you prefer more active activities?
9. Do you have a very wide circle of acquaintances?
10. Are you a cheerful person?
Test result. If you scored at least 70 points, then you are a sanguine person. You are a very mobile, dynamic person.
Your emotional state easily changes, which is reflected in speech, facial expressions, gestures. You are good at tasks that require quick wits and reactions. Easily communicate with other road users, you are cheerful and able to maintain a good mood during a car trip.
You are characterized by high performance and emotional stability. Sanguine people perform well in busy traffic conditions, but they are not resistant enough to monotonous traffic in traffic jams, as well as when driving on long straight sections of the road. With a monotonous near-road landscape, you can easily fall asleep. Therefore, drivers with a predominance of traits of sanguine temperament are more reliable in city driving and less reliable when traveling long distances on the highway.
Answer the questions, giving yourself 10 points for each affirmative answer.
1. Are you completely unable to hide your feelings?
2. No matter how many times you fall in love, has it always been love at first sight?
3. You cannot rationally substantiate your feelings - you just like the person and that's it?
4. Do you do everything very quickly - talking, walking, working, driving?
5. Is it absolutely easy for you to combine several cases at once?
6. Do you often arrange loud scandals and stormy showdowns with your loved ones, but after five minutes you ask for forgiveness?
7. Is it true about you that you are a person of impulse?
8. In your actions, are you more often guided by mood rather than logic?
9. Do you always have an answer to your interlocutor?
10. Does your wit delight many people?
11. You absolutely cannot be friendly with people whom you cannot stand?
Test result. If you scored at least 70 points, you are born choleric. You do everything very quickly, your emotions control you, you are a very explosive person who causes bewilderment among others.
The choleric person is distinguished by a sufficiently high working capacity, but excessive activity associated with a large expenditure of neuropsychic energy contributes to the more rapid development of fatigue. He is less afraid of danger than others, decisive, initiative, but not restrained and disciplined enough.
The largest percentage of "reckless drivers" exceeding the speed limit are choleric people. If a red traffic light flashes in the distance, and the driver continues his journey at high speed, and then sharply brakes, which frightens pedestrians and makes drivers nervous, then we can confidently say that the car is driven by a choleric person.
A choleric person can be a good driver, but he needs constant control and self-control while driving.
If you scored less than 70 points, answer the questions on the next test.
Melancholic or phlegmatic
Answer the questions, giving yourself the points indicated in parentheses in the affirmative.
1. You spent the whole day off cleaning up, went to take out the trash, and when you returned, you found that your son had brought home a street puppy and after their five-minute game you would have to start all over again.
You:
a) lie down on the sofa and wait - maybe in the next half hour, your wife will return home, and she will do the cleaning (0 points);
b) shrug your shoulders, send them to play in the yard and start cleaning over again (1 point).
2. A friend, with whom you have never had a particularly warm relationship, offers you a basket of mushrooms he has collected. Will you take them:
a) no, suddenly the mushrooms are bad (0 points);
b) yes, but just in case you will carefully sort them out, what if your acquaintance is not very well versed in them? (1 point).
3. Imagine that you have won a very large sum of money in the TV game "Our Lotto". You:
a) assume that people will start to envy you, and therefore begin to get nervous and avoid friends (0 points);
b) buy different things, but leaving money for a “rainy day” (1 point).
4. Suppose that your spouse at work is not being appointed to the position you were hoping for. You:
a) think that this is better than dismissal, and start saving on everything (1 point);
b) you are very worried, because what could be worse than injustice towards the dearest person (0 points).
5. You are ill and your doctor has written a prescription for you. You:
a) find out from the doctor which of the drugs is the most necessary, buy it without fail and will take it strictly according to the doctor's instructions (1 point);
b) buy everything that the doctor prescribed, and at the same time you will find out in the pharmacy if there is anything else from your illness and replenish your home medicine cabinet with this remedy - what if it will save you in the future? (0 points).
6. Do you have a desire to give up everything and go somewhere?
a) such thoughts rarely come, besides, all things are planned for the year ahead, and I don't want to break these plans at all, since you are used to doing everything on time (1 point);
b) yes, this happens quite often, but you think that it is not only true that it is good where we are not, but also bad where we are. Therefore, it makes no sense to think about leaving (0 points).
7. You have been entrusted with a very difficult and responsible job. Your knowledge and skills are enough, but you have to make every effort. No sooner had you completed even a quarter of the task, when you encountered a difficulty that seems insurmountable. You:
a) ask for an increase in the deadline for its implementation. If you try to do everything even more carefully and accurately, everything will definitely work out (1 point);
b) immediately drop your hands. If they want, let them be fired, but you will not be able to complete the task (0 points).
8. You are already late for work, stuck in a traffic jam, although you are in the middle of the way:
a) you will be in a hurry with all your might, if only the delay was less significant (0 points);
b) this happens quite rarely. Usually, you calculate your route taking into account all the possible troubles that may happen on the road. But since you are late, you will treat this philosophically - wait until the movement improves (1 point).
9. In the evening you were watching TV alone, when suddenly the lights went out and did not come on for a long time. You:
a) yawn and go to bed - let the time not be wasted (1 point);
b) you will be angry that you have not looked good gear; you do not like the dark; other plans are thwarted (0 points).
10. Do you check several times if the front door is closed before going to bed:
a) no, because you are firmly sure that you closed it, you never forget to do it (1 point);
b) better check, because sometimes you forget to close the door (0 points).
Test result. If you scored less than 5 points, you are melancholic. You are suspicious, like to whine (though you do it more often mentally) and superstitious.
Slow mood swings are typical of you. Your mood finds a faint external expression. You are going through the difficulties of life hard, often closed, uncommunicative, his movements are slow, monotonous.
The melancholic, who is characterized by indecision, tendency to hesitation, confusion in a difficult environment, is considered the least suitable for a car driver.
If you scored more than 5 points, you are a phlegmatic. The slogan of your life: "The quieter you go, the further you will be."
A phlegmatic person is a slow, balanced, calm person. However, phlegmatic people are distinguished by high efficiency. Balance and calmness of a phlegmatic person, his high resistance to monotonous stimuli make him indispensable on long-haul flights.
But the decisions and reactions of the phlegmatic are usually slowed down, which makes it difficult for him to act in emergency situations occurring in conditions of lack of time.
For the sake of truth, it should be noted that pure temperaments are almost never found, in life we communicate with people who have a combination of individual traits different types temperaments.
Assessment of your own behavior in a conflict situation on the road
For road safety, it is necessary to learn how to evaluate conflicts arising in road traffic, as well as your participation in them, fictional or real.
You need to answer the test questions. Read the answers and fill in a score for each option.
You need to imagine yourself in a conflict situation, as well as your usual behavior in it. If you have a particular behavior, you need to put the appropriate number of points after each number of the answer characterizing a certain style of behavior.
So, imagine that you are in a minor accident without any consequences or with minor damage (tin).
Possible answers:
- this behavior is typical for me - 3 points;
- this behavior is typical for me to a small extent - 2 points;
- this behavior is unusual for me - 1 point.
Test assertions:
1. I will immediately blame the second driver.
2. I will try to accept the opponent's point of view, and I will reckon with it as my own.
3. I will seek compromises.
4. I agree that I am wrong, even if I cannot believe it completely.
5. I will avoid direct conversation with my opponent, I will close myself in the car.
6. I will try, by all means, to achieve my goals.
7. I will try to find out what I agree with, and with what - categorically no.
8. I will compromise.
9. I'll take all the blame on myself.
10. I will try to change the topic of the conversation.
11. I will persistently bend my line until I achieve my goal.
12. I will try to find the source of the conflict, to understand how it all began.
13. I will give in a little and thus push the other side to make concessions.
14. I will propose a peaceful resolution of the conflict.
15. I will try to turn everything into a joke.
Answer sheet
"A"
"B"
"V"
"G"
"D"
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Processing test results
"A" - "hard" type of conflict and dispute resolution. You stand your ground to the last, defending your position. By all means, you strive to win. This is the type of person who always considers himself to be right.
"B" - "democratic" style of behavior. You always strive to negotiate. During a dispute, you try to offer an alternative, looking for solutions that would satisfy both parties.
"B" - "compromise" style. Right from the start, you agree to a compromise.
"G" - "soft" style. You "destroy" your opponent with kindness, you readily take the opponent's point of view, abandoning your own.
"D" - "outgoing" style. Your credo is to leave on time. You try not to aggravate the situation, not to bring the conflict to an open clash.
Ways to eliminate unwanted emotional state
Breathing exercises
Among the many methods of breathing, the most famous among psychotherapists is the method of "embryonic breathing". With such breathing, the person must reproduce the breathing of the fetus in the womb.
Psychotherapists claim that the fetus does not breathe through the nose or mouth, that breathing is done through the umbilical cord, which they called the "gate of fate." All those who dream of finding peace of mind on the road are advised to master fetal breathing.
Exercise: "air retention". Retire in some room where no one will disturb you. Lie on a comfortable bed, get into a comfortable position for you, close your eyes.
Now try to hold your breath for a long time, in other words "lock" the air in your chest, plugging your nose and not opening your mouth.
Psychotherapists recommend holding the air in order for it to accumulate and increase in volume. After that, he was to be directed down, where he would calm down, and then thicken and sprout.
When it grows, it should be directed upward again so that it reaches the crown. And only after that, exhale.
Do this exercise until you are completely tired, trying to direct the air currents inside the body.
Exercise: "heavenly drum". Psychotherapists have divided breathing into “external”, in which you breathe in the external air that surrounds you. And "internal", in which you breathe the air that is inside you.
So, the moment you breathe in the outside air through your mouth, quickly close your mouth and begin to "beat the heavenly drum" at least fifteen times, but more is better.
To do this, clasp your head with the palms of your hands and press on your ears. Place your index finger on the middle finger, creating force, lower it down. Begin by loudly clicking your fingers on the back of your head, and it should sound like a drum is being pounded.
When doing the exercise, you swallow the internal air that is in the throat at this time. This air descends with a noise, drop by drop, like water.
Pass it mentally through the esophagus, massage it with your hand, so that it would sooner enter the "ocean of vitality", which is two fingers (index and middle) below the navel.
After three swallows, as experts teach, the "ocean of vitality" will be filled and then the air must be carried throughout the body. If something hurts, then the air should be led to the sore spot.
If you are just learning to breathe, you should visualize two stripes of white air and mentally follow these stripes making their way through the body to every cell of your body.
Exercise: melt air. In addition to the previous method of breathing controlled by the practitioner, Psychotherapists recommend a method of free circulation, when the air is not controlled by a person, but goes freely throughout the body - "melting air".
Retire to a quiet room, relax your clothes or take them off altogether, loose your hair, lie on a clean bed with your arms and legs stretched out.
So, after swallowing the outside air, hold your breath as long as you can.
When it becomes unbearable to hold your breath, when the air tends to leave, you need to open your mouth and release it slowly and little by little, in small portions.
Having calmed the breath and bringing it into harmony, one should again begin to "melt the air".
You cannot do this every day, but only at intervals of five to seven days.
Exercise: embryonic respiration. Starting position as in the previous exercise. Inhale through your nose and then close it, block the air by holding it for 120 heart beats, then gently exhale through your mouth.
Inhaling and exhaling should be done silently and without tension, so that the feather placed in front of the nose or mouth does not move.
In this case, it is necessary to inhale a large amount of air, and exhale a small amount.
As you master the "embryonic" breathing, the interval between inhalation and exhalation should be increased to a thousand heart beats, which should lead to the rejuvenation of the old and the health of the body.
Calm meditation
This meditation not only contributes to the overall strengthening of health, increase in life potential, but also makes exercise indispensable for the rehabilitation of body functions.
The inflow of energy into the body from space can help in eliminating disorders of cardiac activity and other functional systems.
So, are you ready to dissolve into the space around you?
Then let's fly!
Lie on a bed that's comfortable for you and close your eyes. Imagine a crystal clear blue sky around you. You soar in the sky, and only it surrounds you.
Being in the sky, you feel that your posture is solid, below there is a veil of clouds, you are above the cloud level, and wherever you look, there is one clear blue sky.
The blueness of the sky inspires you, and this magical flight delights you ...
Exercise: energy flow. So you lie there and nothing bothers you. Bend your elbows and place your hands on the solar plexus, with your left palm on top of your right.
Before starting meditation, you need to normalize your breathing. Make sure that the duration of the inhalation is equal to the duration of the exhalation.
Now we begin to meditate, focus all attention on the solar plexus. Throw away all extraneous thoughts, you think only of the solar plexus. You should feel how in the area of the solar plexus it begins to feel like some kind of clot, a dense lump. As soon as you feel that the plexus has warmed up, switch your consciousness to breathing.
Take a full breath. Imagine how energy from the inhaled air enters the solar plexus through the lungs and accumulates there.
When you exhale, imagine that the solar plexus contracts, as it were, dispersing the accumulated energy into all parts of the body, into the tips of the toes, hands, and into the head.
Breathing should be deep.
The next time you inhale, you accumulate energy in the solar plexus, while exhaling, you distribute it evenly throughout the body.
If you feel tired, about 10-15 minutes after starting the exercise, stop it.
This exercise combines all the positive effect of full breathing, there is not only the improvement of the pulmonary alveoli, upper respiratory tract, massage of the pleural sacs and other internal organs with the diaphragm, but also the flow of energy to all organs.
Exercise: Space Energy. This exercise is performed while lying down. Stretch your arms along your torso, close your eyes and try to relax as much as possible, imagining the Cosmos above your head with shining bright stars above your head, its endless expanses.
As in the previous exercise, concentrate all your attention on the solar plexus. After taking several full breaths, begin to gradually reduce the frequency and intensity of respiratory movements.
Imagine a Space filled with radiant energy penetrating any obstacle.
Switch your attention to your legs. Imagine that the energy of space is absorbed by the legs, it penetrates the skin and is absorbed by the bones of the legs, like water is absorbed by a sponge. From the legs, it flows into the solar plexus, where it accumulates, and when you exhale, it is distributed throughout the body.
Once you have accumulated a large amount of energy, you can begin to radiate it around you. Imagine a large spindle that rotates clockwise as you exhale, starting from the legs. This spindle envelops the entire body as it rotates.
Inhale, as a result of which the energy of the Cosmos is absorbed through the skin and bones, exhale and let the soft parts of the body be filled with this energy. Remember to keep the spindle rotating on its axis. This rotation is maintained during inhalation, however, during exhalation, a new impulse is given to it each time.
As you do this exercise, at some point you will feel that your breathing becomes less and less frequent. You have enough oxygen even without breathing movements, you breathe not oxygen, but cosmic energy.
If you feel a lack of oxygen, make a few rare additional breathing movements light, but this need will soon gradually disappear, thanks to the saturation of the body with energy.
After 10-15 minutes of exercise, or if you feel tired, finish the exercise in the opposite direction. First, the spinning spindle disappears, from head to toe.
Then the flow of energy will weaken, since your entire body has already absorbed the amount of energy it needs from the Cosmos. Your breathing becomes normal, even, lying down a little, you gradually open your eyes and slowly get up.
Under no circumstances should the exercise be practiced in a polluted atmosphere near industrial plants or strong sources of magnetic fields.
The best place to practice is in some clean corner of nature.
