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26.11.2017, 15:52 33103 0 Denis Orlov
Gorazd our people to give nicknames. Especially the chauffeurs. One gets the feeling that those of us who opened the category "C" in rights, in addition to everything else, passed a special exam in wit. "Kozel", "Loaf", "Tablet", "Tadpole" - all these are unofficial names of models of the Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant. And it is unlikely that a citizen of the former USSR will have to explain which ones. After all, nicknames, as they say, hit not in the eyebrow, but in the eye.
The history of the "Loaf"
And it all started with "Magpie". Imagine the city of Ulyanovsk in 1956. The homeland of Ilyich today is a rather dull spectacle, and even then even then. Barracks, legless invalids, dirt and yesterday's ZK, sullenly seeing off any stranger. And here is a car of an outlandish shape, without a hood, fenders, but with a smoothly falling roof and raised "eyebrows" above the headlights. And the color is black and white. Neither give nor take forty.
At that time, the department of the chief designer of the Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant mainly consisted of people from GAZ. The people were experienced, therefore, when an order came from the Ministry to carry out the scope of development work on the creation of several types of cars with a wagon layout, no one was surprised.
And it was necessary to make a van, an ambulance, a minibus and a flatbed truck. Moreover, as usual with us, everything had to be done in a short time. It is quite logical that they decided to link the new family as much as possible with the produced GAZ 69. Such a task has not yet been solved in our country. So, unexpectedly for themselves, the designers discovered that the truck driver, when backing up, usually looks not in the mirror, but through the slightly open door. And in the prototypes, it was fun on the rear hinges. Redesigned. I also had to change the shoes of the novelty into tires of an increased cross-section, since with the carriage layout front axle found himself overwhelmed.
In the all-wheel drive version, they somehow put up with this. But when the rear-wheel drive UAZ 451 family was launched in 1961, drastic measures were required. As a result, the engine was displaced deep into the base, sacrificing the size of the cargo compartment. But the goal was achieved.
With the UAZ 450 style, and the word design in those years was almost abusive, everything did not go smoothly either. The earliest examples of vans were born in Moscow. The factory did not have its own designers. Contact us. In the winter of 1956-57, a whole group of specialists arrived from Moscow to Ulyanovsk: Aryamov, Dolmatovsky, Kobylinsky, Molchanov. But they designed such that the phrase "artist-designer" in Ulyanovsk became offensive. Why did the factory workers not like Moscow creativity so much? Since the car was created by order of the Ministry of Defense, the requirements for it were very specific. The military also agreed that the driver who drove the car into the helicopter could not leave his workplace. Worse was something else. According to the terms of reference, the body of the all-terrain vehicle was supposed to accommodate four wounded on a stretcher. But the author of "Magpie" Vladimir Ivanovich Aryamov, proceeding from aesthetic considerations, made the roof sloping. It looked nice, but the rear doorway was so low that the stretcher of the upper tier could not be brought in if the lower one was busy.
Five of the first samples were built. And they had to be redone several more times. But in 1958, the production of the UAZ 450A ambulance began. After that, a cargo van UAZ 450 was launched.And in 1959, the turn came onboard UAZ 450D.
During the entire production period, that is, up to the present day, the car was slowly modernized, experimented with modifications, from truck tractors to tracked snowmobiles.
In 1985, the three-digit indexing was changed to a four-digit one. It's no secret that over the long years of release, the Ulyanovsk "Loaf" has repeatedly wanted to be replaced with something fresh, but nothing sensible came out. Apparently, this car is one of those rare one-piece designs that are created once and for all.
There have been attempts to make a novelty. So in 1989, within the framework of development work on the "GAK" theme, the UAZ 3972 family was created.
We built four cars. Their appearance was controversial. The factory workers immediately called them King Kongs. But this topic did not go further.
At the beginning of the 21st century, UAZ tried again to replace the "Loaf" new model... This is how the Simba or UAZ 3165 was born - a semi-hood all-wheel drive minivan. We made four prototypes: two minibuses, an ambulance and a flatbed truck. But at that time the plant had no time for new products, it would have survived. And the "Loaf" is a time-tested model that you can bet on. If that - take out.
Photo from the archive
In the early 50s of the last century, it seemed that a nuclear war between the USSR and the United States was inevitable. The post-apocalyptic future was perceived as almost inevitable, and the whole question was only who would be better prepared for it. The Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant, which since the Second World War was a "branch" for the production of GAZ-69, on the eve of the almost beginning of the Third, receives a secret order from the Ministry of Defense: to develop a car for ... exporting the wounded and dead from the centers of radioactive destruction.
Almost no one knows about this now, except for a few surviving developers of this car, but in the usual "loaf" with a van body, which you can often see on the streets, the possibility of transporting, in addition to the driver and passenger, five stretchers with the wounded was realized: four of them are fastened along the sides in two tiers, and the fifth ones slide between the side ones ... Surprising? Doesn't sound like the truth? Of course, these facts have been strictly classified for many years!
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MADE IN USSR
In the second half of the 50s, it began to come to the understanding that if there was an apocalypse, it would not necessarily be right now. It may happen tomorrow, but today it would be very useful in everyday life. four-wheel drive car wagon layout, which is almost ready for production. The car, which by this time acquired the name UAZ-450, basically had a GAZ-69 chassis with an original body placed on top, drawn by designer V.I.
The car could take on board 800 kg of cargo and reach a speed of 90 km / h. In 1957, preparation for the production of this car was completed, and in 1958 its mass production began. Interestingly, two years earlier, a very similar car, the Ford FC, began to be produced in the United States. That car had two main options, a truck with a short and a long cab, the van appeared later and was produced in small quantities (like the model itself, which survived only until 1965), however, the disputes over the Soviet and American "loaves" do not subside to this day .. Did Aryamov steal the design from the Americans? Hardly - the machines were drawn and developed at the same time (in full accordance with the canons of the "arms race"), just the Soviet, as usual, was delayed with the release of the series. It's not about plagiarism, but about the general direction of the design of those years - take a look, for example, at the first Volkswagen Transporter.
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Second "loaf"
From 1958 to 1965, the "loaf" under the name UAZ-450 (the letter A was added to the index for an ambulance, B - for a van and D - for a truck with a wooden body) was produced in its original form: frame, 3-speed gearbox and petrol new motor volume of 2.1 liters, giving out 52 hp, all in its pure form from the GAZ-69 (the same engine, by the way, was put on the GAZ-20 "Pobeda"). By the mid-60s, the car was made more technologically advanced, having moved away from a direct relationship with an army jeep: the curved welded frame changed to the original straight, made of a channel profile, lever shock absorbers gave way to telescopic ones, and the power unit was borrowed from the GAZ-21 "Volga" - The overhead valve 2.5-liter 70-horsepower engine was mated to a 4-speed gearbox. In addition, the layout itself has been optimized. power unit and steering.
Along with this, the car received a "facelift" - the design of the front of the cab in the form in which we know this car now. In 1965, the modernized truck UAZ-452D went into production (it received the apt nickname "tadpole" among the people), a year later other modifications were tightened up: the UAZ-452 van, the "nurse" UAZ-452A (she was nicknamed "tablet" or " pill "), and the ten-seater minibus UAZ-452V, which first appeared in the range. By the way, according to one version, this "too civilian" and expensive modification for the UAZ of those years was born almost by accident - people from "Autoexport", an organization that sold soviet cars abroad. Although the "minibus" version was laid down in the first sketches!
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Variations
"Loaf" is a Soviet car-record holder in terms of the number of modifications and "tuning versions". This is due to two factors: a) the car turned out to be very successful and in demand; b) UAZ had a strong "sharpening" for the army and at the same time very modest production capacity. Modifications can be divided into two large groups: made by third-party organizations and the UAZ itself. The first group, numerous options for "non-factory tuning", were generated mainly by the long absence in the minibus range - auto repair and mechanical plants converted vans into buses, cutting windows and installing seats. Such machines, nicknamed "barbuhaiki", were deprived of normal ventilation, heating, and even entry-exit, but they saved the situation.
And moreover - "barbukhaiki" provoked the development of a whole new branch of the Soviet automobile industry: over time, quite decent minibuses began to be produced on the chassis of the "loaf", sometimes even superior to the factory UAZ-452V in terms of comfort - such, for example, were the minibuses APVU (Pskov Automobile Repair Plant ). And then the same factories began to assemble specialized transport on the same proven platform - this is how auto-cine moving vehicles (Kuban plant), cars for filming (Chernigov special motor transport plant) and even equipment for land reclamation (Pskov Gidroimpulse plant) appeared. As for UAZ's own research, the engineering staff gave rise to just a gigantic number of all kinds of prototypes, and what a pity that most of them did not find a place on the conveyor: " Ambulance"with soft hydropneumatic suspension, resuscitation vehicle for rescuers, 16-seat bus, tracked all-terrain vehicle, truck tractor ...
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Evolution
During the 1970s, "loaves" were practically not modernized. But during the restructuring in 1985-1989, the family of all-terrain vehicles was still updated: the engine power was raised to 90 hp, a double-circuit brake drive was installed with vacuum booster and upgraded bridges with other gear ratios... The designations of the versions also changed: the flatbed truck became known as UAZ-3303, the van - UAZ-3741, the minibus - UAZ-2206, and the ambulance - UAZ-3962.
In 1997, the car finally received a new engine - UMZ-4218 with a volume of 2.9 liters and a capacity of 98 hp. In 2008, this engine, together with Bosch, with which UAZ collaborated in the field of electronic fuel injection, was modernized, it became known as UMZ-4213 (2.9 liters, 99 hp) and met the Euro-3 standards. And in March 2011 it was brought to "Euro-4", in addition to this, having equipped the car with seat belts of the same standard ("Euro-4"), ABS system and power steering ... All these are laudable attempts to fit into modernity, but now they are already clearly reminiscent of the expression "what a dead poultice" - to date, the car, designed in the early 60s, does not meet any requirements.
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Advantages and disadvantages
This car in its current form will never pass the European crash test. The drivers even have such a sad joke about the "loaf": "to death 1.5 millimeters." This means the distance that separates those sitting in the cabin from the "street" - there is nothing in this car that could extinguish the energy of an impact in a collision. Add to this the complete lack of comfort in its modern sense (if someone has never ridden in such a car, try it, you will have a wonderful experience - it shakes there mercilessly and at any speed) and very high consumption fuel (passport for the combined cycle - 13 l / 100 km, but real - 5-7 liters more). So why is this car still alive?
Is it irreplaceable?
In cross-country ability, the "loaf" is almost on a par with its "brother", the great and terrible UAZ-469 (aka 3151, now Hunter). Even the rear-wheel drive version of the loaf (in the 1960s-1970s there was also such a one) was able to go where ordinary minibuses could not get through - the ground clearance was 230 mm versus 170-180 for "civilians"! Think about it: four-wheel drive "loaves" are able to overcome the 40-centimeter virgin snow and calmly move along the track, rolled out loaded "Urals". And the simplicity of the design allows you to make repairs practically in the field and without special tools - here they are, army roots!
So is there no substitute for her? And what, in this case, is destined for her to study? Fall under a production ban after the introduction of the next safety and environmental standards? Yes, this is a very likely outcome. But ... as we know, UAZ participates in the "Cortege" project (which, in addition to equipment for the government, also includes "civilian" versions of cars), and now in Ulyanovsk, work has begun with a completely new platform, on which by 2018 they should begin to build a wide family of SUVs. It is also possible that UAZ will build (attention!) Minibuses on the same platform. Indeed, why would a UAZ, going through a difficult "transition" period, abandon such an exclusive niche as a minibus-all-terrain vehicle? .. "NEW loaf" ?! Why not! We fantasized about how such a car might look, and this is what we got ...
The Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant produces many worthy models that have been popular with consumers for many years. Such is the UAZ-452, which is often called the "Loaf". It began to be produced in the last century, but it can still compete with many modern vehicles.
Loaf car design
The UAZ Bukhanka car was created taking into account the fact that with its help it will be possible to transport heavy loads with a total weight of up to 800 kg. Therefore, as a basis vehicle selected chassis from GAZ-69. But in the process of designing and assembling the car, it turned out that it was too short and could not withstand such loads.
Therefore, the developers decided to slightly re-equip the body, as a result of which two modifications of the UAZ-452 were created. One of them was body or carriage, and the second was onboard.
The designers decided to reinforce the car frame with transverse stiffeners. They were placed in the upper part, which led to the appearance of the name "Loaf". This design was approved in the 50s of the last century, after which the serial production of the car began.
The number of seats and their location in the cabin varies, depending on the modification of the vehicle and its purpose. To get inside, there are stationary steps and side doors with a handle. The rear opening has double swing doors and a folding footrest.
Technical parameters of UAZ-452
The main specifications Loaves of UAZ-452 are presented in the following table:
| Length | 4.44 m |
| Width | 2.1 m |
| Height | 2.101 m |
| Curb vehicle weight | 1720 kg |
| Full mass | 2670 kg |
| Wheelbase | 2300 mm |
| Wheel formula | 4x4 |
| engine's type | Petrol |
| Motor power | 82.4 kW |
| Engine volume | 2.683 l |
| Number of valves in the cylinder | 2 |
| Torque | 208 Nm |
| Transmission type | Mechanical, 4-speed |
| Brake system | Tympanic |
| Shock absorbers | Double acting, hydraulic type |
UAZ vehicle modifications
UAZ Bukhanka after its creation was constantly modified, which led to the creation of new models with some features. The most popular ones are:
- 452A. The famous ambulance, which can accommodate up to 6 people or four stretchers;
- 452AC. Modification of the famous ambulance 452A;
- 452AE. It is a chassis suitable for the installation of various auxiliary equipment;
- 452B. It is a minibus capable of transporting up to 10 people;
- 452D (3303). Truck with four-wheel drive equipped with an all-metal cabin for two people;
- 452D. Mainly used as a television machine;
- 452G. Played the role medical car, was distinguished by its large volume;
- 452K. The bus is designed to carry 16 people. It was not released into mass production due to its complex design;
- 452P. It is a truck tractor.
The well-known Loaf has many advantages, but there are also some disadvantages.
Advantages of the Loaf car
The main advantage of UAZ Loafs is easy repair and affordable spare parts. This advantage compensates for the lack of comfort in the cabin. The car is also characterized by increased cross-country ability, versatility and spaciousness. In the cabin of the Loaf, in addition to the driver, there can be nine more people and one ton of cargo. The car is able to transfer such weight over long distances without losing its qualities and without significant damage to the main working units.
UAZ-452 can be performed with or without separating the driver's seat by a partition. If desired, its salon can be equipped with a table, a high-power heating device, which will allow you to use the Loaf for outings or for travel.
Optimal technical and operational parameters of the UAZ-452 are another advantage. It is equipped with a powerful and economical engine. Fuel consumption is 17 liters per 100 km with a volume fuel tank 50 l. The motor is very reliable, which is appreciated when transporting goods or people over long distances. If it stalls, the main cause of breakdown is most often damaged spark plugs.
The design of the car is quite simple. Therefore, it is often used by specialized services ( health care, army) to organize their work. Even if the "Loaf" stalls, most breakdowns can be quickly and effortlessly repaired in the most extreme conditions.
Disadvantages of the UAZ car
The main disadvantage of the UAZ-452 is the poor-quality outer metal cladding. It is susceptible to corrosion, therefore, it constantly requires repair and, over time, replacement. After several years of active operation, the casing is covered with through holes, and after ten years it is completely destroyed. Replacing it is easy, since the Loaf has a frame structure.
After the launch of the UAZ-452, engineers did nothing to improve driving safety. The car does not have airbags, which, in the event of an accident, leads to serious injury to the driver and crew. But usually, such disadvantages seem like trifles in comparison with the numerous advantages of the vehicle, which have been tested over decades of operation.
UAZ 2206 is a car of the Ulyanovsk plant, which is designed to carry both passengers and goods. This car off-road is biaxial and has a 4x4 wheel arrangement. It combines the features of an all-terrain vehicle with the comfort of a small bus.
The release of the model began in 1958, while the car was developed as a military one. He often accompanied tank columns during the march. In view of the recognizable design in the form of a “pill”, the car was nicknamed “loaf” among the people.
In different years, new vans and designs of this model appeared: medical, cargo-passenger, with an onboard platform, etc. In 1966, the car was awarded a gold medal, and in 1977 it received the State Quality Mark.
In 2011, the UAZ 2206 car was modernized. During the updates, the manufacturer added ABS system, power steering, seat belts and an engine that meet the Euro-4 standard. Today, cars of the 2019 model year can be purchased from different types power unit, depending on the modification: diesel or gasoline. However, most often the latter is included in the package.
