Over the past decades, the market for various vehicles has expanded significantly. If before there were cars, motorcycles, bicycles, scooters, rollers and several other vehicles, now the names of modern technological modes of transportation can make your head spin. Monobikes, segways, longboards, jumpers are just a small part of modern devices that allow you to move around the city and enjoy it. Some of them will be discussed in this article.
Modern means of transportation around the city. TOP-8
✰ ✰ ✰
1JollyJumper
JollyJumpers translated from English sounds like "boots-runners". This creative invention allows you to run at speeds over 30 km / h. In such unique "walking boots" you can jump more than 2.5 meters in height.
JollyJumper (or simply Jumpers) have a unique spring mechanism - the design is tightly attached to the legs and serves as their "continuation". "Walking boots" - exciting entertainment and a great way to quickly pump up ankles, abs, hips and "butt", they also allow you to quickly move from one point of the city to another.
It is very easy to learn to stand in jumpers, since its skeleton itself is very stable and strong. Therefore, they are suitable not only for young people, but also for adults.
The price for such "fast walking boots" starts from 4 thousand rubles
✰ ✰ ✰
2Segway
Segway- the most popular modern form of urban transport, which has long been recognized in the West. Its design is simple: a comfortable platform and two wheels. As for the benefits, they are undeniable. In particular, on a segway, you can comfortably ride along the pedestrian zone, forgetting about traffic jams forever.
From point of view technical characteristics, Segway is a kind of electric self-balancing scooter. Its platform balances automatically when changing the position of the body: tilting forward serves as an impulse for movement. To reduce speed, it is enough to tilt the body in the opposite direction. Stop and reverse also occurs when the body is tilted towards you. Segway speed is up to 50 km / h, and its weight can reach up to 45 kg. With a full battery charge, you can drive about 40 km. This makes the Segway a great alternative to the car when driving short distances in good weather.
Recently, mini-segways have gained popularity, which are ultra-lightweight and compact. For example, the Robin-M1 model develops a speed of up to 15 km / h. Its charging lasts for 3 hours. The weight of this model is 18 kg, which is lighter than some models of baby strollers and is comparable to the weight of a bicycle. This type of vehicle is also attractive because it can be transported in the trunk of a car. Some models have built-in GPS and remote shutdown systems.
This modern two-wheeled vehicle can be purchased from 100 thousand rubles.
✰ ✰ ✰
3Electric bike (bike hybrid)
The bicycle hybrid can be described briefly: comfortable, fast, quiet. The bicycle hybrid differs from a regular bicycle in 3 design features: has an electric motor, battery and controller. Although externally, a bicycle hybrid is practically no different from a bicycle.
You can also set the electric bike in motion using conventional pedals. The advantages include the ability to independently regulate the degree of physical. load and overcome obstacles without much difficulty. You can charge the bike hybrid battery from the socket, the energy supply is enough for 20-40 km. If the battery runs out on the way, we start pedaling - everything is simple.
✰ ✰ ✰
4Motorcycle skate
The fashion for motorcycle skates came to us from the countries of Southeast Asia, but in Russia this type of transport is still considered exotic. The main feature of its design is that speed and braking control is carried out by means of a manual joystick. Motor skates are usually equipped with simple two-stroke engines, with a volume of 50 cubic centimeters. This allows you to easily overcome difficult obstacles in the form of mud, sand or steep climbs.
Riding a motorcycle skateboard is convenient, comfortable and easy, it overcomes any obstacles: sand, snow, mud. Everyone can learn how to operate a motorcycle skateboard and ride it is many times easier than a skateboard or snowboard. Maximum speed can reach 45 km / h. The weight of the device is about 30 kg.
The price of motorcycle skates starts at 20 thousand rubles.
✰ ✰ ✰
5Electric scooter
Electric scooter- universal city transport, which is convenient for both adults and children to ride. Maximum load up to 120 kg.
Within 5 seconds, the electric scooter can reach a speed of up to 15 km / h. You can charge the electric scooter from any network. Battery life depends on the model you select and the type of battery.
The main advantage of this type of city vehicle is that it is safe and environmentally friendly and can be stored in an apartment. Some models even have a folding frame.
You can find this and other types of modern electric transport in the online store www.moyo.ua/gadgets/elektro_transport/
The price for a children's model of an electric scooter starts at 4.5 thousand rubles.
✰ ✰ ✰
6Fatbike
Fat bike Is another type of transport that is rapidly gaining popularity. This is a bike that differs from the usual one in the presence of thick tires. Thanks to this design feature and the reduced tire pressure, the fat bike can safely ride on sand, ice and snow. By the way, you can see this bike more often in winter. Due to the thickened wheels and a reinforced frame, the weight of the fat bike ranges from 14 to 25 kg.
In addition, the fat bike can be made more technologically advanced by adding an electric motor to it. Thus, the fat bike becomes a hybrid bike that can be used all year round.
The price of models for adults starts at 14 thousand rubles
✰ ✰ ✰
7Hoverboard
Hoverboard- this is the same segway, only without a rudder. The absence of a steering box makes this type of transport lighter, more mobile and at a price several times cheaper than the classic model. The weight of the device does not exceed 12 kg. The maximum speed that can be reached is 15 km / h. Hoverboard - perfect option for training the vestibular apparatus and lumbar spine. The only difficulty is that it is quite difficult to learn how to operate it. In the first weeks of training, it is recommended to wear equipment: knee pads, elbow pads and a helmet, because falls from this device at the first stage are almost inevitable.
The price of a gyro scooter starts at 8 thousand rubles
✰ ✰ ✰
8Unicycle
Unicycle(or unicycle) - the same hoverboard, with only one wheel. The balance of the monowheel is controlled by tilt sensors and gyroscopes located in the wheel itself. The main condition observed during its management is the ability to keep balance. The maximum speed is up to 15 km / h. Weight does not exceed 10 kg. This is the only one vehicle of the presented ones, which when folded can be carried in a bag. The monowheel helps to train body coordination. That is why it is better to ride a beginner monobiker wearing a helmet and knee pads. And this modern means of transportation is popular only among teenagers.
✰ ✰ ✰
Conclusion
Scientific progress does not stand still. The emergence of new composite materials, as well as ultra-light and durable alloys, together with the development and popularization of mobile electric transport, every year gives us technological innovations in vehicles. Modern means of transportation in the city, Thank you for the attention!
Left-hand traffic is the hallmark of England, as well as some other countries. But in Europe, Great Britain is considered the only country where it is customary to drive on the left. What is the reason for this phenomenon?
Left-hand traffic: historical background
According to historians, the left side of the road was chosen back in the days when horse-drawn carriages were driving around London. Driving on the right, the coachman could accidentally hit people on the sidewalk with a whip. Therefore, everyone drove to the left.
Some researchers believe that left-hand traffic came to the British Isles from the Romans who once conquered them. It was also more convenient there to ride a horse on the left, and hold a sword in your right hand. This would make it possible to quickly repulse the attackers with the strongest hand.
In addition, the English bill, introduced in 1756, worked in favor of the "left" movement. It said that only traffic on the left now exists on London Bridge. For violation of the rule, a large fine was assumed.
Exactly 20 years after the bill, left-hand traffic legislation was passed throughout England. This way of traveling by car is still relevant today.
Marine explanation
For a long time, the fate of Great Britain was associated with the sea. After all, only steamships and ships went to the islands. They were the link between England and the rest of the world. Therefore, maritime traditions are closely intertwined with the way of life of the British.
Previously, ships bypassed ships on the left. And for a country so closely connected with the sea, there is nothing surprising in the fact that this custom has become overland.
To date, overtaking on the right is accepted in navigation.
Countries that followed Great Britain
States using left-hand traffic made their choice under the influence of the following factors:
- Colonial reason. Even in the last century, England had many colonies under its control. Therefore, after the abolition of colonization, many states retained the usual pattern of movement, as the only correct one;
- Political reason. Thanks to Napoleon, France set the tone among other countries in choosing the side of the road. Those who supported Napoleon also introduced the right-handed scheme. And those who were against chose the left side.
The friendship between England and Japan resulted in the introduction of a left-hand driving scheme for the second country. New law was adopted in 1859. And it is valid today.
When the colonies of England in the United States gained freedom, they switched to right-hand traffic, but earlier they also drove there, keeping to the left. This was the response of the Americans to the invaders.
What about left-hand traffic in the world?
The world community is 72% of those who choose the right way. And only 28% of those who drive on the left.
In North America, the Bahamas, Jamaica and Barbados, driving on the left.
In South America, this is the state of affairs in Suriname and Guyana.
And in Europe England, Ireland and Malta are on the left. In Asia, 17 countries are left-hand drive.
In Africa, there are 13 such countries, and in Oceania, their number is 8. Not so few, if we look at it in general.
The rest of the world has chosen the right side of the road to drive. But what is the reason for this choice?
Left and right: reasons for the transition
Going from one side to the other is not easy. For example, in Sweden they switched to right-hand traffic because of the large number of cars suitable for this. We made the transition on a specially designated day.
The former colonies of England in the United States made their choice in protest against the former occupiers.
South Korea, breaking free from Japanese oppression, also changed "left" to "right". They did the same in China.
Features of driving on the left
Tourists who first come to a country where left-hand traffic operates, note the inconvenience of switching to a different driving style.
Some are afraid when changing directions. If the above factors are present, you should refrain from independent travel by car. After all, you can always use public transport or taxis. And getting over yourself behind the wheel is life-threatening.
It is not difficult to drive on the left side, the main thing is to carefully look at the signs and markings, and also take your time. A few days of practice on the youthful streets - and now you can drive to the main avenues of London.
To facilitate the task, you can build a route in detail in the navigator, as well as search in advance on the map for detours and parking spots. In addition to all this, in each country there are courses where they help to learn how to ride from a new side.
Left-hand traffic results in more simple rules movement, as well as a certain freedom for those who wish to be polite on the way.
For example, there are stories that English gentlemen advocated left-hand traffic, as it allowed you to freely shake hands at low speed, and then leave without problems.
Millions of motorists argue about which is better: driving to the right or to the left. But Great Britain made its choice long ago, and it seems that it is not going to change it.
England is very different from many other European states. She has a special culture, rich history and her own traditions that have turned into habits. And left-hand traffic for the British is as natural as oatmeal for breakfast. In the UK, they even believe that only this way of transportation is the most reliable, convenient and safe.
Time big cars with a large engine burning a huge amount of fuel passed. Nowadays, compact and economical modes of transport are in vogue, some of which can generally be carried with you in a backpack. And today we will tell you about 7 most memorable miniature vehicles.
The Impossible is the perfect personal vehicle for city dwellers. This electric scooter allows you to combine different types private and public transport within one day. Unlike bicycles or other mopeds, Impossible can be carried on the subway, bus or tram without fear of being repulsed by controllers and reproaches from passengers.
The fact is that the Impossible electric scooter fits easily into a regular backpack. It can be folded and unfolded within seconds. And this vehicle weighs only 5 kilograms. But despite its small size, the Impossible can carry people weighing up to 85 kg.
The Impossible has a lithium-ion battery that allows you to travel approximately 25 km on one full charge of the batteries. In this case, the scooter can be accelerated to a speed of 20 kilometers per hour.
Is another compact electric scooter for trips within a big city, when a person needs to repeatedly change from one type of public transport to another, as well as walk on foot during the day.
Trikelet allows you to get rid of long-distance hiking, it can easily take the owner to the nearest metro station or bus stop, after which the owner of this scooter can quickly fold his personal vehicle and take it with him to the salon.
Indeed, when folded, the Trikelet is so compact that it can fit on the luggage rack in the train car or in the owner's backpack. True, this electric scooter weighs much more than the aforementioned Impossible - twelve kilograms.
Chinese farmer He Liangcai, who is engaged in engineering as a hobby, has created a compact one, which does not even need a backpack to carry, because this vehicle is itself a suitcase.
This electric scooter is an integrated part of the travel bag. It can be used both for moving around the city and for traveling inside large premises - shopping centers, terminals of large airports and other spacious buildings. But at the same time, the suitcase can still be used for its intended purpose - it has enough space for storing and transporting clothes and other personal belongings.
A scooter suitcase without things inside weighs 7 kilograms. He can travel up to 50 km, while developing a maximum speed of 20 kilometers per hour. This is an excellent vehicle for people who travel a lot and therefore are tired of endlessly walking with a suitcase in hand or over their shoulders.
- this is perhaps the most famous example in the world of integrating a bag and a vehicle, but we will never get tired of talking about it. This is a regular travel backpack that has a built-in scooter.
This is where the Gig Pack is valuable. After all, this vehicle significantly accelerates the average speed of movement of a tourist, but at the same time it does not depend at all on the level of battery charge - a person can drive as much as he has enough physical strength.
The Gig Pack scooter backpack can carry a person weighing up to 90 kilograms. It has a secure laptop compartment, and the wheels in this vehicle are made of durable rubber, which significantly increases its off-road capability.
Onewheel is an unusual electric vehicle that gives a person the feeling of real flight. Unlike other skateboards, it has not two or four wheels, but only one.
But the electric motor and intelligent balancing system Onewheel allows a person to literally float in space without taking their feet off the board. He does not need to push off the asphalt when riding with his foot - the board itself carries him forward, it is enough to choose the direction of travel, and doing this on the Onewheel is as intuitively simple as on the popular Segway electric scooter.
Onewheel can travel at a speed of 20 kilometers per hour, traveling up to 10 kilometers on one full battery charge. Battery charging speeds range from 20 minutes (80 percent capacity) to two hours (full charge).
The Solowheel is another one-wheeled electric vehicle. But, unlike the aforementioned Onewheel, we are not talking about an analogue of a skyboard, but about a scooter. True, from the moped, the Solowheel only has a wheel, and even then, one.
But this Solowheel has everything a person needs to get around the city. This includes two foot platforms, an electric motor, a battery, and an intelligent control system. Balance is as easy on the Solowheel as it is on the Segway. But this scooter has a much smaller scale and cost.
The Solowheel unicycle electric moped is 43 centimeters in diameter and 13 centimeters wide. It weighs only 9 kilograms, and for ease of carrying from place to place, this vehicle has a built-in convenient top handle.
Solowheel can travel up to 19 kilometers on a single battery charge. Its batteries can be fully charged in just forty-five minutes. The cost of this vehicle starts at $ 1,495.
Boosted Boards is a skateboard that looks like a real skateboard. But unlike its original predecessor, this vehicle does not have to be propelled by human legs, because Boosted Boards has a built-in electric motor.
Due to the electric motor, the Boosted Boards board can ride independently, not only on horizontal surfaces, but even under a slight upward slope. This is an excellent means of transportation not only for lazy skateboarders, but also for those whose professional activities are associated with constant travel around the city, for example, couriers, postmen or pizza delivery guys.
Boosted Boards can be accelerated by force electric motor up to a speed of 30 kilometers per hour and drive up to 10 km on one battery charge. But even after the batteries are completely discharged, the Boosted Boards can continue to be set in motion in the old fashioned way due to the strength of the person's legs on it.
The methods of movement of scouts in settlements and in premises depend on the tasks assigned to the scouts, the nature of the terrain, the weather, the time of day of the enemy's actions, etc. finally, from the presence of all kinds of engineering fortifications and barriers. However, there are a number of general and specific methods of action that an intelligence officer must know.
In large settlements, the observation range is limited, since houses in cities have different heights; Therefore, in order to advance to a favorable observation post, the scout often has to move among the ruins of buildings, inside knowledge, on the roofs of buildings, attics, etc.
The difficulty of movement in settlements increases due to the large amount of broken bricks, scrap iron, wire, boulders of collapsed buildings, mined barriers and wire-braided obstacles Skillful overcoming of all kinds of obstacles and impeccable conduct of close combat are the most important requirements for a scout when operating in settlements.
Before moving to a separate building, building, yard or group of houses, you should start covert surveillance of the outskirts of the settlement, for detached buildings, and then sequentially for the main local objects. After that, under the cover of folds of the terrain and local objects, move crouching, on all fours or crawling.
For the purpose of covert movement, move along roadsides, ditches, along fences, bushes and trees.
Moving around in ruins
When moving in places where there are piles of broken bricks, destroyed structures, tumbled down walls, rubble, funnels, try to bypass them, listen carefully and look through the holes, corners, holes for shelters. If you need to walk over them or through them silently, then put your foot on top and, having found a solid point of support, transfer the weight of the body to it, and then take the next step (Fig. 47).
When climbing over an obstacle, it is possible to pass over it lower and not to jump off it, but to descend. In all cases, beware of objects that produce noise (cans, wires, sleeves, wooden objects, etc.)
If the scouts have a long crawl over the area with hard and uneven ground, then it is desirable that they have primitive knee pads, sewn from rags and lined with tow or cotton wool: these knee pads are sewn to trousers in places corresponding to the knee joint.
On sunny din and moonlit nights for movement it is recommended to choose the shadow sides and disguise themselves behind the objects themselves.
When an enemy transport is encountered, the scout is obliged (in the event that he does not have special instructions), without revealing himself, to observe: if there are hidden areas of the terrain, then the scout must, having looked and noticed what he needs, use the noise of the engine for free movement by throw in a given direction. For the same purpose, you need to use the wind. It is more convenient to approach the enemy silently when the wind blows from him towards the scout.
In all cases of movement in settlements and villages, as well as indoors, beware of dogs. When a dog appears, go around this place or structure and continue moving.
Moving inside buildings
In most cases, scouts, before entering a building, study the regime and behavior of the enemy; evaluate the conditions of penetration into the building and the time and moment favorable for this. To successfully enter a building, it is sometimes advisable to use distractions - to set fire to a neighboring house or make noise nearby. During reconnaissance inside a building, scouts often have to act swiftly, launching a grenade, point-blank bullet and edged weapons; in these cases, you need to move quickly, in some places silently and always act carefully, but decisively.
When moving in secret and silently indoors, along corridors and stairs, wear soft shoes, wrap rags around the boots or take off your shoes.
Walk along the corridors and rooms along the walls in small steps, on tiptoes. Climb the stairs through 2-3 steps, go down one by one, move closer to the railing. Constantly watch out for squeaking floors or stairs. In the room it is recommended to disguise behind doors, cupboards, in wall niches, closets, under stairs, etc. From around the corner, at turns in the corridors, go out quickly; to enter rooms also quickly. Always keep the weapon in the readiness shelf; beware of mined items.
Instructions for teaching movement in settlements and within a building
Scouts should be trained on the outskirts of settlements (when approaching them) among buildings and inside an educational building, a barn or a dugout, both in special classes and in physical training classes, and when following to other classes.
The training should be carried out in the form of bilateral actions in the following forms: one unit secretly and silently approach a group of houses; while another unit takes cover among the buildings and watches; one group of scouts is disguised among buildings, in a shed, in a training hanging, while the other seeks to detect the enemy and engage in hand-to-hand combat with rifles or knives with a soft tip; two or three different groups from different sides to approach the building, enter it and take a prisoner, etc.
Train scouts in stealth and noiseless movement around a section of terrain with broken bricks, cans, pieces of wire, while simultaneously overcoming rubble, holes, destroyed walls on the way along the fence, wattle fence, climbing into the windows of an educational building, moving up stairs, corridors, attics, etc. In addition, train scouts in fast movement and overcoming obstacles in settlements and premises.
5. MOVEMENT OF THE SCORER ON AREA WITH VARIOUS VEGETABLE COVER
(meadows, crops, plantations, reeds and bushes)
When walking or running across terrain with different vegetation in the zone where the enemy does not see or hear the scout, move with long strides; the leg is most often placed from the heel to the entire foot or from above on the entire track at once. You need to look forward and downward, try not to put your foot on lying stones and branches in order to avoid minor bruises and injuries. Sowing, reeds, bushes encountered on the way, smoothly move away, spread your hands or with your left hand, if the right one is holding a weapon (Fig. 48). After passing, gently lower the vegetation into place behind you.
When walking silently on tall grass (especially dry) and leaf fall, raise your leg higher and put it off your toe (Fig. 49).
When silently crawling over dry grass and leaf fall, move on poluvrevnykh slowly, alternately moving your arms and legs forward, or on your side; in the latter case, first carefully rearrange the left arm, then move the body and rearrange the right leg.
Before passing a section of terrain with crops, reeds, bushes and grass as tall as a man, the scout, if possible, should first take a closer look at this section of terrain from a height (from a hill, tree, etc.) and outline profitable, hidden approaches and passages.
If the terrain is viewed by the enemy from a height, then the scout, moving along it, must be in a camouflage robe and disguise himself as the color of the terrain. You need to move so as not to move the tops of crops, reeds or bushes, since the movement of the tops at a great distance is noticeable from a height and unmasks the scouts. Therefore, you need to move crouching, on all fours or lying along paths, between crops, under bushes and between bushes (Fig. 50); when driving, be careful not to step on dry, noisy branches.
Instructions for teaching movement in terrain with different vegetation cover.
During training, do not spoil crops and plantations. Select an area close to crops and plantations, such as weeds with tall grass, small reed shrubs (close to roads, in ravines, on wastelands, etc.)
Movement training should be carried out in a column, in a snake, in a chain, in groups; with oncoming traffic - singly and in groups. Move low, bending over, crawling. carrying loads, ladders, planks, a soldier denoting a prisoner, and various heavy infantry weapons.
Conduct training for covert and silent movements and actions: at the same time, fighters must observe (one group after another or one fighter after another) from bushes, reeds, weeds, from a height and listen to the actions of the "enemy"; train scouts in quick open actions in the form of the fastest running, crawling and overcoming obstacles on the way.
Combine training in movement with fights on sticks with a soft tip, with an attack on the "enemy" and the capture of a prisoner.
6. MOVEMENT OF THE SCORER ON WOODWOOD-Boggy Terrain
In a wooded swampy area, movement is hampered due to limited observation and the difficulty of the situation; limited roads, and sometimes their complete absence, due to the danger of a sudden encounter with ambushes, blockages and minefields of the enemy.
To ensure covert and silent movement in the forest, the scout must:
carefully disguise yourself with branches and grass under the general background of the area;
avoid driving on dead wood and dry bushes:
if necessary, wrap the shoes with a rag or felt.
Movement in the forest
When moving in the forest, move carefully, do not step on dry branches, bark, cones; use thick trees, bushes, tall grass, bumps for camouflage, always carefully observe and listen, distinguish between natural and artificial noise. Quickly run across separate open areas of the terrain (from one tree or bush to another), as well as far-visible forest roads, paths and glades, and then move to the squatting position, lying down and continue to move upright or crawl.
Swamp movement
Moving through the swamp (if it cannot be bypassed), the scouts should stay in a group, close to each other, so that, if necessary, they can provide assistance to a comrade.
The way to cross the swamp must be chosen very carefully.
Before crossing the swamp, it is necessary to establish whether there is a trail used by the locals, what is the depth of the swamp, how hard the top cover is. You must cross the swamp carefully and do not rush, so as not to fall into the bog. First, you need to carefully step at the very edge of the swamp. If it withstands, then you need to hit the surface several times with your feet and. making sure that the surface does not fall, carefully move forward, probing the path ahead of you with a stick. It is recommended to choose a path with bumps, bush rhizomes located close to one another. In especially dangerous places, you need to throw brushwood, poles, boards or wicker shields. In this case, it is advisable to shift poles and boards or wattle boards after passing over them.
To facilitate movement through the swamp, you can use sticks, such as when skiing (Fig. 51). Sticks are made as follows: tie two rings of flexible rods, tie them crosswise with a rope (bast, wire). Tie the produced ring firmly to a stick with a notch or flyer on the cat.
In addition to sticks, the scout can use bogshoes, which are made in the form of a bunch of branches or in the form of a braid and tied to the legs (cassock 52) with ropes, bast, etc. so that they can be easily removed.
If the path of passage is chosen, mapped out and checked, then you need to go through it with quick small steps along the moss strip or jumps along ridges with shrubs.
If the situation requires secretive and noiseless movement through the swamp, then move carefully with a step, bending low, feeling the grass, moss, etc., raking with your hands (cassock 53), or crawling over lying on your stomach (on your side).
The scout must remember that it is possible to walk through the swamp and carry with you a load (anti-tank rifle, heavy machine gun, boxes of explosives, etc.) in cases where the swamp is covered with solid moss, thick grass, mixed with sedge or overgrown with bushes (willows , alder), as well as provided that the swamp areas are covered with spruce and alder forests.
It is difficult to walk through the swamp if it is covered with cotton grass (grass whose heads form fluff after flowering) and if there are often puddles of stagnant water on it among the moss. The presence of reeds together with sedge and a rare young birch forest also indicates a weak resistance of the surface cover.
It is very difficult to walk through a swamp if it is covered with a thin layer of cover, under which there is a howl, or with rare bushes of reeds.
When crossing the swamps, one should avoid places covered with bright lush greenery. These are "windows" into which you can fall. 
Directions for moving in wooded and swampy areas
Learning to move in a wooded-swampy area should be carried out in a coniferous forest, deciduous, mixed, felled, in a forest in a swamp and with shrubs, along forest clearings, slopes, hills, forest mountains and ravines.
Work out the methods of movement according to the nature of the terrain. You should move by bending over, silently, secretly, I openly, step, run, and also crawl. Simultaneously overcome obstacles encountered (ditches, rubble, driftwood); to observe, climb and anchor on trees, throw grenades and use weapons.
In all cases, training requires fighters to be able to disguise themselves with branches under the background of the terrain and wrap their shoes in rags in order to move silently.
Movement training in wooded and swampy terrain should also be carried out on swampy terrain with exploration of passable places with a stick; fighters conducting reconnaissance in dangerous places should be belayed with a rope.
To move through the swamps, bending down, I bend down low by crawling. After such training, take time to wash and dry your shoes and uniforms.
When learning to move in a wooded and swampy area, as well as in other areas, combine the methods of movement with firing and hand-to-hand combat techniques.
7. MOVEMENT OF THE SCORER IN THE MOUNTAINS.
Features of mountain conditions
Acting in the mountains, the scout must be hardy, careful, impudent; I have special patience and attention in observing the enemy and the terrain; if necessary, he is obliged, hiding, to hunt down for hours, and wait for the enemy; as needed, crawl hundreds of meters secretly and silently, despite the bad weather, overcoming fatigue.
Every scout of the Red Army must know perfectly the peculiarities of the mountain situation and take into account all the dangers that he may encounter when operating in the mountains. He needs to master the basic elements of movement in the mountains and overcoming mountain obstacles.
Training scouts and training them in mastering various aspects of mountain training, even outside the mountains, is a good means of general physical development, facilitating the performance of reconnaissance tasks in the mountains.
At all combat training classes, as well as during the physical training hours of scouts, if time and conditions exist, use any terrain opportunities, introducing elements of mountain training.
From the experience of the war, it follows that troops can operate in the mountains without special mountain equipment, subject to the widespread use of entrenching tools, improvised means and materials.
When scouts operate in high mountain areas, it is advisable to have special equipment for them (crampons, protective colored goggles, etc.).
The movement of a soldier in wooded mountainous and highland areas is influenced by a number of factors that every scout operating in the mountains must know and take into account.
Difficulty orienting
The difficulty of orientation arises in the absence of characteristic landmarks and in the presence of rich vegetation with sharp shadows; due to unexpected changes in atmospheric phenomena (decrease in cloudiness, rains, snowfalls, sharp fluctuations in the weather at any time of the year, deterioration of visibility in fogs): due to the limited roads and a large number of paths of the same type.
Natural hazards
Natural hazards include: rockfalls caused by the destruction of rocks under the influence of wind, rain and careless movement over rocky places; talus, when piled debris of rocks, stones, etc .; piled up from the surface of the slope; avalanches sliding down the slope at high speed; snow falls. In spring: earthen landslides, thunderstorms, rains and storms. After the rain, the paths, slopes and slopes become slippery and the danger of breaking all kinds of rocks increases. Cracks in the mountains, often covered with snow, are especially dangerous.
Meteorological changes
In high-altitude areas, the air temperature drops after sunset even in summer. In the presence of ice and snow, reflected sunlight acts on vision, as a result of which safety glasses are required: the rarefaction of the air entails difficulty breathing and dizziness, but these phenomena disappear with training. The high-mountainous regions are also characterized by a rapid change in the water level in mountain rivers during rains and snowmelt; during this period, shallow streams turn into stormy, fast-flowing streams, and rivers are distinguished by difficult-to-pass wide branches.
Signs of worsening weather: a scarlet morning dawn, a drop in air temperature in the morning hours, a fogged sun, a crown around the moon and a noticeable twinkling of the stars.
The signs of unstable weather are: winds blowing from the valley to the mountains at night, and from the mountains during the day.
Signs of improving weather: scarlet evening dawn, lower temperatures in the valleys in the evening, evening fog in the valleys, calm, clear skies, morning dew, hazy peaks, cold nights in the valleys.
A sign of an approaching thunderstorm is the appearance of a mass of cumulus clouds 2 - 3 hours before the start of the thunderstorm. For shelter from thunderstorms, you need to use strong rocky ledges. In the forest, one should not stop under tall and lonely trees.
The scout should choose a place for rest and overnight in the mountains where he will be protected from strong winds, while taking into account the possibility of sudden floods, rockfalls and avalanches.
Possibilities for action
Mountain-wooded terrain, as a rule, is difficult to pass due to dense thickets, windbreaks and the scarcity of roads; in such an area there are usually small settlements with a low population density. The enemy operating in the mountains has great opportunity it is easy to take cover in the terrain, organize ambushes, traps, create natural barriers, obstacles and mine passable areas.
Despite the dangers, difficulties and harsh natural conditions, wooded and rocky mountains are conducive to active, sudden, bold and daring actions of scouts. Due to the diversity of the terrain, as well as the possibility of hidden movement and the occupation of high points in the mountains, a wide field of visibility and observation is created; the variety of all kinds of cracks, stones, bumps, bushes and trees makes it possible for the scout to easily hide from enemy fire; occupation of a higher place than the enemy, the use of narrow passages, thickets, rockfalls, etc. help the scout easily evade pursuit and destroy the enemy.
Scouts operating in the mountains must take with them only what is essential to the task. A preliminary careful study of the terrain and observation of it should be the scout's rule during all his movements and before taking action.
When operating in the mountains, scouts must have food concentrates with them for 1 - 2 days, and when operating in high mountain areas - special mountain equipment, warm clothing, footwear and a supply of concentrates for 3-4 days.
In order to avoid the dangers that are encountered when moving in the mountains, the scout must know and follow the precautions and insurance.
Basic elements of insurance and self-insurance
In dangerous areas, move in a bunch of three people on one rope. Each scout ties a rope around his chest, making a loop and securing it with a knot (fig. 54). 
In order to prevent the rope loop from sliding off the chest, tie it up with an auxiliary piece of rope, passing one end under the loop at the back, around the neck, and the other under the loop in front; the ends of the rope are tied (fig. 55)
In order to prevent your feet from slipping on steep slopes, you need to tie your shoes with a rope or wire (Fig. 56). 
In order to avoid falls and breakdowns when moving in a bundle over rocks, the fighter providing the belay must choose comfortable ledges, platforms or indentations, take a stable position for an emphasis and use the means at hand.
For self-belay, you can use a rifle, a shovel and a stick with a pointed end, having them always ready; (Fig. 57), in dangerous places during descents or transitions, a rope should be used for belay, throwing it over a tree, a ledge (Fig. 58) and over the shoulder; you can also use the belay through the lower back with good leg support (Fig. 59), it is recommended to climb by stepping on the slope; the fighter steps over, holding on to the rope, which is fixed and held by a comrade (Fig. 60). 
Modes of movement in the mountains
Movement in mountainous and wooded areas
In mountainous and wooded areas, the scout can move through mountain forest and dirt roads and trails, as well as off-road trails, and sometimes even in the most dangerous places, depending on the situation and the tasks facing him.
Move along mountain, forest and dirt roads along the sides of the road to the right or left in a small even step, with as few stops as possible. When moving, examine the bushes, trees, cliffs, etc. in front of them. Bridges over ravines, embankments should be passed only after careful reconnaissance; to remove the protection silently, with cold steel; if necessary, move outside the bridge to cross ravines or bypass them.
Movement along mountain paths has to be done along grassy, overgrown bushes and on forest slopes, among which are stones, talus and various rocky fragments of rocks.
The speed of movement along the trails depends on the steepness of the slope, the degree of sharpness of the trail, the danger from the overlying slopes and the state of the weather.
When driving on mountain trails, stride should be uniform and of medium length. When lifting, put your leg on a full foot. If the path is clogged, try to keep your foot away from unsafe stones. Use firmly lying stones for heel support. The steeper the trail, the more help with the movement of your hands, while holding onto solid ledges of stones, branches of bushes and trees.
When moving off roads and paths, move along the edge of them or parallel to them along thickets, bushes, roadsides and between trees: choose the method of movement according to the nature of the terrain - to move crouching, on all fours or crawling.
Take special care when driving in rain, snow and fog; carefully choose a place for placing the leg and transfer body weight to the other leg only when it is firmly placed. In this case, you can use a stick with a pointed end or a shovel for self-belay.
When moving in an unfamiliar mountainous and wooded area, to clarify the direction of the way back, in some cases, you can use signs specially made with chalk or coal on rocks or large stones, as well as broken branches, specially laid stones or bunches of grass.
Moving in mountains with rich vegetation cover, scouts must listen to the slightest rustle and noise in order to distinguish between natural rustle and noise (created by animals) from artificial (created by the enemy). Pay special attention to trees, hollows and nests of large birds.
When moving along trails passing along the ridge of heights or over peaks that are under the supervision of the enemy, move outside the trails and along the reverse slopes.
To overcome ridges or peaks secretly: use small cracks and other depressions, if necessary, move by crawling.
Moving on grassy slopes, ravines and talus
Moving on grassy slopes (ascending) with a small steepness should be done "in the forehead", placing the legs "herringbone": the turn of the legs (the angle between the feet) is the greater, the steeper the rise. With a steeper ascent (over 40 °), you should make a zigzag or "ladder" movement, moving alternately right, then left side to the slope (Fig. 61).
If the slope is covered with separate large stones, bushes or scree, the scouts should not move one above the other.
When lifting, the body should be held freely, feeding it slightly forward, the leg should be placed on the entire foot.
When the slope is very steep, climb on all fours, holding onto the grass and ledges of strong stones (Fig. 62). 
When descending, walk on bent legs and strive to lean on the whole foot or on the heel.
When driving on a dry grassy slope covered with thick and soft grass, beware of slipping your feet on the grass; on wet grassy slopes, the danger increases; to facilitate movement on such slopes and self-belay, use a sharpened stick, holding it with the sharp end to the slope, and on steep slippery slopes, you can use a shovel, cutting steps with it in order to ensure a secure foot position.
To facilitate the descent on steep slopes for the purpose of self-belay, also use a stick (shovel) or self-belay with a rope.
When crawling on grassy slopes, do not grab onto loose small stones, as well as bunches of grass in bushes. Go down, crawling with your back to the slope (Fig. 63) or lying on your stomach, feet down.
Move along the scree with testing the place for setting the leg, and then transfer the weight of the body to it. On small talus, place your foot even more carefully and transfer body weight onto it only when the soil on it does not slip, or until the movement of the soil has ceased.
When descending short slopes with shallow scree (if the scree is thick enough and not on a steep ice or grassy slope), you can go straight down, using the slide slide to accelerate the movement.
When sliding down the talus, observe the overlying slopes.
Moving in places dangerous by rockfalls
Strive to bypass places dangerous with rockfalls, to avoid crossing weathered rocks and fragile stones. If it is necessary to move, walk carefully, in small steps, sometimes holding onto the ledges. A less dangerous time for crossing is morning and early evening twilight.
Areas prone to rockfalls are determined by the following features: the formation of gutters, smoothed edges of rocky ledges, the presence of rubble and dust on stepped slopes and rocky areas, fresh talus at the foot.
Scouts must move through places dangerous with rockfalls one by one, while the rest are in cover. If the stone is hiding, you must try to stop it and warn your comrades with the exclamation "stone".
If it is impossible to step aside at the beginning of a rockfall, you need to snuggle up to the slope, having previously protected your head with improvised material (duffel bag, knapsack, roll-up).
Moving in avalanche-prone areas
If the slope of the snow cliffs exceeds 25 °, it can be avalanche-prone. The presence of strong winds also contributes to the formation of avalanches.
There is a small chance of avalanches in the first two days after snowfall, especially in narrow gorges
Signs of avalanche danger are traces of past avalanches: torn or bent trees and bushes, removal of masses of snow, the presence of grooves, the same as during rockfalls.
In avalanche-prone places, move along the convex sections of the rocks, teeming with large stones; protruding rocks, trees, shrubs and grass prevent the formation and movement of avalanches.
Move one by one on an avalanche slope, setting up observers who are charged with the duty to warn about the movement of an avalanche. You can also determine the movement of avalanches by ear; at the beginning of their movement, a loud rustle, hiss, and then a thunderous noise are heard.
Cross avalanche slopes obliquely or across at least warm hours of the day, moreover, near rocks or ridges on which there are no snow cornices. You should move in wide steps, trail to trail, disturbing the virgin snow as little as possible. Maintain a distance of 30-50 m between walking.
Ascent and descent along avalanche slopes should be done straight up or down in order to lessen the disturbance of the integrity of adjacent layers.
When the signal "avalanche" is given, the scouts should (in the event that it is impossible to quickly return or take cover) to snuggle up to the slope of the mountain, if possible using protruding sections of rocks for cover, then strengthen using an ice ax, a small shovel or protrusions on the floor with a section of rocks, and cover head with a duffel bag.
In case of a dust avalanche, cover your nose and mouth with your hand so as not to suffocate from the snow dust.
In inclement weather (rain, storm, downpour, snowfall, etc.), the scout's actions in the mountains do not stop. You need to move even more carefully, observing all safety precautions and insurance. Act boldly, amicably and boldly, in groups of 3-6 people. In rugged mountains, scouts must operate along major roads and trails.
Moving on rocks
Before starting the movement on the rocks, look over the path and outline a more secretive and profitable direction of movement.
While overcoming the rocky section, I downloaded to see the path of movement and choose the most secretive and convenient pestles for movement.
When moving on steep rocks, maintain three points of support: while moving one leg, keep the body weight on the other leg and both arms; while moving the arm, keep the body weight on both legs and the other arm.
During movement, strive to put your foot on the entire sole: with your hands rest against the protrusions or grab irregularities with a brush: use protrusions, grooves and cracks for support in every possible way, and in the absence of such, fit snugly against the rock and slowly crawl up or down. Carry out movement on difficult terrain with reliable insurance.
Move along vertical crevices with a rope; when going down or up the crevice, use the protrusions and indentations for support with your feet, hands and back.
Walk on all fours or crawl along large inclined slabs and horizontal crevices.
Along the ridges, in order to better camouflage, move along the slope slightly below the ridge.
Move on the rocks in a bunch of 2-3 people. When climbing, the most experienced fighter should move in front, while descending, an experienced fighter moves from behind, weak in the middle.
When climbing difficult rocks, take off some of the equipment and climb on a rope.
If you feel tired, choose a safe place to rest and continue driving after rest.
While moving on rocky areas, carefully and carefully observe and scout cracks, rocky caves, large fireplaces, and ledges behind which the enemy can hide.
Moving on ice and snow in the mountains
Move in the ice with the help of a trench tool, cutting out the steps. On gentle slopes, move "head-on" and put your feet "herringbone"; on steeper slopes, zigzag or cross the slope and move sideways.
On the ice, you can successfully move in special mountain boots or on crampons using an ice ax.
When cutting down steps, take a stable position and periodically change fighters.
In the highlands, snow lies on the peaks even in summer, and the slopes are covered with granular snow and ice.
When driving on snowy slopes, you need to trample the steps sideways, with the toe of your boot, or cut them out with a spatula and move in the same way as on ice - "head-on" or "herringbone".
The support on a stick with a pointed lump or on a small shovel greatly facilitates the movement.
When descending, knock out the steps with the heel of your boot, and use a stick or shovel for belay.
On a glacier covered with snow, you should move in a bunch of three and probe for cracks and snow bridges ahead of you.
When crossing snow gutters, choose the narrowest places. To overcome snowy ridges by crawling. To bypass large cornices or cut passages in them.
Instructions for learning how to move in the mountains
The scout's training for movements and actions in the mountains should be ensured by training in mountainous or rugged terrain and on a training camp, where all the main methods of upcoming actions are being worked out.
When quartering units and reconnaissance subunits at a distance from rough terrain at a distance of a day's march, they must use this terrain; in all other cases, training camps should be equipped, on which scouts in all elements of mountain training should be trained.
The fundamentals of the methodology remain the same as when practicing other techniques and methods of movement, overcoming obstacles and actions with weapons, i.e., a brief explanation, demonstration and practice of techniques or actions by soldiers on the instructions of the commander. With complex training, it is necessary to control the implementation of the techniques and actions given by the fighters; short remarks are given by the commander on the move.
Mountain training sessions on rough terrain should be carried out on individual heights found on flat terrain, as well as during passage through ravines; make extensive use of river, forest cliffs, slopes, hills, trees, rubble, dense thickets, forest thickets: use improvised means, special hooks and equipment, manufacturing by the forces of the unit.
During training on very rugged terrain, conduct the study of techniques simultaneously with the entire structure of the unit, in groups (one group after another) or "in line" (one fighter after another); at the same time, it is necessary to explain to the fighters how these methods are used in the mountains and what surprises and dangers may arise in this case. In the same classes, work out practical methods of insurance, self-insurance, the use of improvised means and assistance to a friend.
Learning how to tie knots, winding shoes with a rope, tying homemade "cats" to shoes, tying fighters together can be practiced outside rough terrain, introducing these elements into classes in the educational campus, learned techniques and methods.
- a wonderful means of transportation with small children when traveling.
I hope this information was helpful and brought some of you some real physical relief.
Today we will continue this topic. And you will find out what else you can take with you from vehicles with a child, going on a long (or not so) journey.
Cane stroller
The most traditional and easiest way is to get an inexpensive cane stroller. By design, all models are approximately the same. But for travel, a stroller is better suited, which weighs little (preferably no more than 4 kg), with an easy folding-unfolding mechanism.
With such a stroller, you can not only walk with your baby through the city streets, attend excursions, but also easily move around in transport, train and plane. By the way, you can skip such a stroller as baggage and take it to the cabin of the aircraft as carry-on baggage (you can read more about the rules for carrying carry-on baggage on the plane).
But with a stroller, even a small one, it is not always and not always convenient to move around with a baby.
Sling backpack
The recommended age is 6 months to 3 years. Most often used for babies up to 2 years old. But when traveling on long walks, older children are also not averse to admiring the surrounding beauties, comfortably sitting in a sling backpack.
This baby carrier is a cross between a sling and a baby kangaroo backpack:
- Combines the ergonomics and convenience of a sling (the child is in the correct position) and the ease of use of a backpack (conveniently and easily attached at the back).
- The baby is comfortable in the sling backpack. His posture is physiological: the child sits with legs wide apart, and the load is evenly distributed on the back, butt and hips of the baby.
- A sling backpack does not have the same drawbacks that are inherent in a baby kangaroo backpack (baby dangling on the crotch).
- In many models, the design assumes the presence of pockets, protection from the sun is provided, there are special pads that the baby can gnaw. Convenient back mount.
Basic requirements for models:
- the belt should be wide and tight;
- fittings are durable and reliable;
- straps are soft.
Backpack for traveling with children
This wonderful novelty has appeared not so long ago. In fact, this is a tourist backpack, but not quite an ordinary one. And if you want to travel easily with kids, then you should definitely pay attention to it, especially for dads.
Actually, this invention was made by two real-life dads for their little ones, who had already outgrown their stroller and moved from a lying-sitting position to an erect one, but were still not at all ready for long walks around the city and many hours of museum visits (or maybe and not one).
What is this miracle-carrier, which appeared as a result of great parental love (“dad invented, mom approved”) for his children and for traveling with children?
Piggyback Rider is the name of this device that functions like a backpack and weighs approximately 3 kilograms. Its design allows you to carry a child standing from 2.5 years old and, at the same time, its weight is evenly distributed on the back, which allows the parent not to bend under the weight, but confidently and briskly walk along the hiking trails. The backpack is designed for weight up to 60 kilograms.
The device is very simple and very easy to use. The backpack is put on the shoulders (most often, on the wide daddy's shoulders), the child stands with his feet on a special solid support and is fixed with reliable straps, but, at the same time, his legs remain free and remain mobile. Special seat belts insure the child from falling out of the backpack, and for greater confidence, the child holds on to special handles.
The fact that this thing is simply irreplaceable in hiking, on excursions, in amusement parks, at sporting events is hardly even worth talking about. It is obvious.
In addition, its size, weight and design make it suitable for all types of travel (by car, plane, on foot).
On the Internet I found such a backpack from 62.93 dollars, but this is at a discount. Its approximate price is about three thousand rubles, but its cost is determined by the model (there is base model and more "fancy") and the number of all kinds additional accessories and bells and whistles.
To better understand how to use it, and to make sure that it is really a useful thing while traveling, watch the video:
Hipseat (English hip seat - to sit on the hip) – another great invention to help parents.
Traveling with him is a pleasure.
- Lightweight, compact, takes up little space, there is nothing superfluous in the design. Consists of a belt and a comfortable seat for the baby.
- Attaches easily to the hip.
- Relieves the mother from back pain, which inevitably occurs when the child is carried on the hip for a long time.
- The seat for the child can be supplemented with a comfortable, spacious and stylish bag for various little things and some other accessories, for example, an extension strap, with which you can further increase the length of the hipseat strap.
- Supported by mom (or dad), the child can sit and gaze at the world around him. You can even jump a little or stand. And if the child wants to take a nap, you can build an impromptu place to sleep out of the seat.
- The device is indispensable when your child no longer wants to be in a static position for a long time: he likes to jump back and forth. And in this case, you can easily move the child.
- Hipseat is a thing that is difficult to find a replacement for when traveling, at airports, trains, shops and hospitals, at picnics and on the beaches, during short walks around the house or in the country, on excursions and sightseeing. And even at home, when the child does not want to let his mother go, even for a minute, you can use such a carrier and go about your business.
Moms and dads enjoy using hipseat, and the child is just happy, because he does not part with his parents for a minute.
By the way, this convenient device can be used not only by the baby's mom and dad. Grandparents will go for a walk with their child using hipseat with no less pleasure. Still, you can walk for a long time and, at the same time, no problems: your legs and back do not get tired at all. The only thing they regret is that when their children were toddlers, no one had the idea to come up with something like that.
Finding and buying a hipseat is now a snap. There are many offers in online stores different models and manufacturers. And although such a carry costs a lot of money, nevertheless, the convenience and numerous advantages clearly outweigh in favor of buying the Hippychick hipseat.
Try it, maybe you and your child will like it too.
