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Lucas Cranach. Hans and Margaret Luther Martin Luther was born into the family of Hans Luther (1459-1530), a former peasant who moved to Eisleben (Saxony). After Martin's birth, the family moved to the mountain town of Mansfeld, where his father became a wealthy burgher Martin Luther
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In 1497, 14-year-old Martin's parents took him to the Franciscan school in Marburg. During these times, Luther and his friends earned their living by singing songs. In 1501, by decision of his parents, Luther entered the university in Erfurt. The fact is that in those days all the burghers sought to give their sons a higher legal education. But he was preceded by completing the so-called “liberal arts” course. In 1505, Luther received a master's degree in liberal arts and began studying law. Then, against the will of his father, he entered the Augustinian monastery in Erfurt. Education
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. In 1511, Luther was sent to Rome on the affairs of the order. Luther knew the history and theory of music well; his favorite composers were Josquin Despres and L. Senfl. In his works and letters, he quoted medieval and Renaissance treatises on music (the treatises of John Tinctoris almost verbatim). In 1512 he received his doctorate in theology. After this, Luther took the position of professor of theology. Luther painstakingly studied the Bible, and in addition to his teaching duties, he was the overseer of 11 monasteries and preached in the church.
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On October 18, 1517, Pope Leo X issues a bull for remission of sins. Luther explodes with criticism of the role of the church in salvation, which is expressed on October 31, 1517 in 95 theses. Abstracts were also sent to the Bishop of Brandenburg and the Archbishop. Luther criticized the Christian aspect of teaching. The rumor about the theses spreads with lightning speed and Luther was summoned to trial in 1519 and, having softened, the Leipzig Dispute, where he appears, expresses doubt about the righteousness and infallibility of the Catholic papacy. In 1520, Luther publicly burned a bull in the courtyard and declared that the fight against papal dominance was the work of the entire German nation. Reform activities
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In 1525, 42-year-old Luther tied the knot with 26-year-old former nun Katharina von Bora. In their marriage they had six children. During the Peasants' War of 1524-1526, Luther sharply criticized the rioters, writing “Against the murderous and plundering hordes of peasants,” where he called reprisals against the instigators of the riots a godly act. In 1529, Luther compiled the Larger and Smaller Catechism, which were the cornerstones of the Book of Concord. Luther did not participate in the work of the Augsburg Reichstag in 1530; the positions of the Protestants were represented by Melanchthon. The last years of Luther's life were marred by chronic illnesses. He died in Eisleben on February 18, 1546.
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MIDlet-Version: 1.0 My drawings\Drawing1gggogo.jpg Historical significance of Luther's activities
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According to Max Weber, Lutheran preaching not only gave impetus to the Reformation, but served as a turning point in the emergence of capitalism and defined the spirit of the New Age. Luther also entered the history of German social thought as a cultural figure - as a reformer of education, language, and music. In 2003, according to opinion polls, Luther became the second greatest German in German history. He not only experienced the influence of Renaissance culture, but in the interests of fighting the “papists” he sought to use folk culture and did a lot for its development. Luther's translation of the Bible into German (1522-1542) was of great importance, in which he managed to establish the norms of the common German national language. In his last work, he was actively assisted by his devoted friend and colleague Johann-Caspar Aquila
Martin Luther report by 2nd year students Sarkisyan Georgy Ty Anastasia Vilchinsky AntonMARTIN
LUTHER
REPORT OF 2nd YEAR STUDENTS
SARGSYAN GEORGE
TYU ANASTASIA
VILCHINSKY ANTON
Martin Luther (1483 – 1546)
MARTIN LUTHER (1483 – 1546)born November 10, 1483 in the family of the former
miner
in 1505 he entered the Augustinian monastery in Erfurt
in 1508 he began lecturing at Wittenberg
university
from 1512 Doctor of Theology
reformation
REFORMATIONReformation (from lat. perestroika) is complex
religious and social movement, struggle against
comprehensive dominance of the Catholic Church in
spiritual, political and economic fields.
IDEOLOGY OF REFORMATION:
A person does not need to save his soul
mediation of the church, that the guarantee of salvation is not in
external manifestation of religiosity, but in faith.
Reformation and its movements - Lutheranism, Calvinism
prepared the moral and legal ground for
bourgeois revolutions, significantly influenced
political and legal doctrines.
Luther's reform activities
REFORMERLUTHER'S ACTIVITIES
Severely criticizes the Papal Bull on
absolution and sale of indulgences
He presented 95 theses against indulgences. Theses
contained the main provisions of his new
religious teaching that denied basic dogmas
and the entire structure of the Catholic Church.
95 theses
95 THESISThe basis of theses is criticism of the sale of indulgences and
papal power
Caused a sharp reaction in Rome and an understanding of the German
princes, which predetermined the religious split of Europe
In the address “To the Christian nobility of the German
nation" he announced that the fight against papal dominance
is a matter for the entire German nation.
He argued that worldly life and the entire worldly order,
providing a person with the opportunity to devote himself to faith
occupy an important place in the Christian religion.
Rejected the authority of papal decrees and epistles
Rejected the clergy's claims to dominance
position in society
The relationship between spiritual and secular power
RELATIONSHIP OF SPIRITUAL ANDSECULAR POWER
developed the doctrine of “two orders” - spiritual and
secular and about two systems of law - divine and
natural
Doctrine of State and Power (1523)
THE TEACHING ABOUT THE STATE ANDAUTHORITIES (1523)
Claimed that God created two governments: spiritual -
for true believers and a secular state for
people in order to ensure the outside world and
calmness.
Main works
MAIN WORKBerleburg Bible; Lectures on the Epistle to the Romans (1515-
1516)
95 theses on indulgences (1517)
To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (1520)
On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church (1520)
Letter to Mulpfort (1520)
Open letter to Pope Leo X (1520)
Against the damned bull of the Antichrist
On the Slavery of the Will (1525)
Large and Small Catechism (1529); Letter of transfer (1530)
Praise of Music (German translation) (1538)
About the Jews and their lies (1543)
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Today it has become obvious that America is unable to pay on this bill what is due to its colored citizens. Instead of paying this sacred debt, America issued a bad check to the Negro people, which returned marked "insufficient funds." But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice has failed. We refuse to believe that there are not enough funds in the vast reservoirs of our state's capabilities. And we have come to receive this check - a check by which we will be given the treasures of freedom and guarantees of justice. We have come here to this sacred place also to remind America of the urgent requirement of today. This is not the time to be satisfied with pacifying measures or to take the sedative medicine of gradual solutions. It is time to emerge from the dark valley of segregation and enter the sunlit path of racial justice. It is time to open the doors of opportunity to all of God's children. It is time to lead our nation from the quicksand of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. It would be mortally dangerous for our nation to ignore the special importance of this moment and to underestimate the determination of the Negroes. The sultry summer of legitimate Negro discontent will not end until the invigorating autumn of freedom and equality begins. 1963 is not the end, but the beginning. Those who hope that the Negro needed to let off steam and will now calm down will have a rude awakening if our nation returns to business as usual. Until the Negro is given his civil rights, America will see neither serenity nor peace. Revolutionary storms will continue to shake the foundations of our state until the bright day of justice comes. It is time to emerge from the dark valley of segregation and enter the sunlit path of racial justice. It is time to open the doors of opportunity to all of God's children. It is time to lead our nation from the quicksand of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. It would be mortally dangerous for our nation to ignore the special importance of this moment and to underestimate the determination of the Negroes. The sultry summer of legitimate Negro discontent will not end until the invigorating autumn of freedom and equality begins. 1963 is not the end, but the beginning. Those who hope that the Negro needed to let off steam and will now calm down will have a rude awakening if our nation returns to business as usual. Until the Negro is given his civil rights, America will see neither serenity nor peace. Revolutionary storms will continue to shake the foundations of our state until the bright day of justice comes.
Martin LUTHER(1483-1546) - born in 1483 in Eisleben (East Germany). He intended to become a lawyer, but became a monk. He joined the Augustinian monks in Erfurt and there began to study theology. He was taught the “modern way” by the students of “Gabriel Beale.” After some time, he became a professor of theology at the newly founded University of Wittenberg. But Luther had his own problems. He was taught that in order to please God and win His grace, a person must “strive with all his might to do good,” which meant loving God above all else. However, such a God appeared before Luther as a judge weighing his merits. Luther felt trapped: he could not love a God who condemned him and who could not accept him until he loved Him. One verse of Scripture particularly troubled Luther: “In it [the Gospel] the righteousness of God is revealed from faith to faith, as it is written: “The just shall live by faith” (Rom. 1:17). Luther hated God because He justly condemned man, not only according to the law, but also according to the Gospel. And suddenly one day Luther's eyes were opened and he understood the meaning of “righteousness in God.” This is not a righteousness that condemns us, but a righteousness that justifies us by faith. The Gospel reveals to us not the condemnation and wrath of God, but His salvation and justification. Once Luther realized this, he felt that he had been born again and entered heaven.
The reform movement had its outstanding representative in the person of Martin Luther. This German reformer, the founder of German Protestantism, who was influenced by the mysticism and teachings of Jan Hus, was not a philosopher or thinker.
The beginning of the reform movement was the event that occurred in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517, when Luther published his historical 95 Theses against the trade in indulgences. At that time there was a saying: “The Church forgives all sins, except one - lack of money.” The main motive of the “Theses” is the motive of internal repentance and contrition, contrasted with all kinds of external activity, any deeds, exploits and merits. The central idea of the “Theses” is as follows: the idea of redemptive donations is deeply alien to the Gospel of Christ; The God of the Gospel does not require anything from a sinner other than sincere repentance for what he has done. The main idea of the “Theses” - only repentance for God - prompted the believer to think that all church-feudal property is an illegal and forcibly acquired property.
The exposure of the hidden ungodliness of the church led by the pope before God brought to Luther's side all those dissatisfied with the rule of corrupt Rome. Luther does not recognize intermediaries between God and man; he rejects the church hierarchy along with the pope. He rejected the division of society into laity and priests, since there is not a word about this in Scripture.
Luther wrote his first theological works in 1515-1516. In his publications “Explanation of the Dispute...”, “Conversation about Absolution and Mercy”, etc., he explained the meaning of his “Theses”.
SINCE 1518, Rome launched an inquisitorial process against Luther, he was excommunicated.
Luther rejected most of the sacraments, saints and angels, the cult of the Mother of God, the worship of icons and holy relics. All paths of salvation lie only in a person’s personal faith. Claiming the indisputable authority of Scripture, Luther insisted on the right of every believer to have his own understanding of faith and morals, on freedom of conscience, and he himself translated it into German. Already in 1519, Luther abandoned the medieval idea of the text of Scripture as a mysterious code that could not be understood without knowledge of the established church interpretation. The Bible is open to everyone, and no interpretation of it can be considered heretical unless it is refuted by obvious reasonable arguments.
In August - November 1520, Luther's publications were published, which constituted a kind of reform theology: “Towards the Christian nobility of the German nation...”, “On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church” and “On the Freedom of a Christian”. They outlined a program for a radical transformation of the church organization and “found formulas for complete moral and religious demarcation from the papacy.”1 Luther declares war on church-feudal centralism.
The 15th-16th centuries were a time of crisis for scholasticism and growing dissatisfaction with it on the part of humanists and pioneers of natural science. Luther announced his attitude towards scholasticism in the summer of 1517 and touches on this topic in his programmatic essay “The Heidelberg Disputation” (1518).
God, in his understanding, is defined as an unknowable thing, absolutely transcendental in relation to the ability to rationally comprehend the world. The reformer considers any attempt to explore what God is, or at least to prove that he exists, to be futile and false. God is only as known to man as He chooses to reveal Himself to him through Scripture. What is clear in Scripture must be understood; what is not clear should be taken on faith, remembering that God is not a liar. Faith and understanding are the only ways a person can relate to the creator.
Luther tore faith away from reason, but at the same time rejected super-rational, extraordinary abilities that ensure fusion with the deity. As mentioned earlier, for Luther, the knowledge of God, as he is in himself and for himself, received the meaning of an absolutely impossible task, and the use of reason to solve it is an irrational (seductive) action. The reformer insisted on the categorical irreconcilability of faith to reason, which justifies faith, and on the categorical irreconcilability of reason to faith, which tries to orient reason in its worldly research. The area where the mind is competent is the world and the worldly - that which the existing general religious consciousness meant as this-worldly (as opposed to other-worldly) and as created, temporal, conditioned as opposed to creative, eternal, absolute. The mind must deal with what is below us, not above us. For Luther, God is more likely the impersonal motionless mover of Aristotle or the world ruler of the Jews, but not the crucified Christ.
However, the attitude towards Aristotle as a symbol of scholasticism is expressed in the main slogan of the university reform proposed by Luther - “The Struggle against Aristotelianism”. In 1520 - 1522 it was actually carried out in Wittenberg with the active participation of Luther. Aristotelian physics, psychology and metaphysics were excluded from the university course. Logic and rhetoric were preserved for those who were preparing for a master's degree. The reformer hoped that by excommunicating scholasticism from universities, he would make them the center of unfettered study of the liberal arts, practically useful sciences and new theology. However, by the end of the 20s it was discovered that scholasticism was being revived and continued to grow. Luther’s later writings, in particular his extensive “Interpretation of the First Book of Moses” (1534-1545), “are permeated with the bitter consciousness of the “indestructibility” of the scholastic style of thinking.”2
Luther resolutely rejected astrology and did not recognize the heliocentric hypothesis, however, there is no reason to consider him an “anti-Copernican,” since he did not even know the name of Copernicus or his teachings.
Luther's reform, despite its relatively progressive features, had a class and historical character. In essence, it expressed the interests of the princes and the urban rich patriciate, but not the interests of the broad masses. This world is a vale of sin and suffering, salvation from which must be sought in God. The state is an instrument of the earthly world, and therefore it is marked by sin. Worldly injustice cannot be eradicated, it can only be tolerated and recognized, and obeyed. Christians must submit to authority, not rebel against it. Luther's views supported interests that required strong government power. According to K. Marx, Luther defeated slavery by piety only by putting slavery by conviction in its place.
Martin Luther is a controversial spokesman for a turning point. The reformer manages to move forward to a new time, even in his earliest writings.
Criticism of all levels of church authority; understanding freedom of conscience as an inalienable personal right; recognition of the independent significance of state-political relations; defense of the idea of universal education; upholding the moral significance of work; religious sanctification of business enterprise - these were the tenets of Luther’s teaching, which brought him closer to early bourgeois ideology and culture.
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Childhood Black priest and civil rights activist Martin Luther King was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta (Georgia). He was born into the family of a Baptist minister. In 1944, King entered Morehouse College. During this period he became a member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. In 1947, King was ordained as a priest, becoming his father's assistant in the church. After receiving a bachelor's degree in sociology from college in 1948, he attended Crowther Theological Seminary in Chester, where he received a bachelor's degree in divinity in 1951. In 1955, Boston University awarded him the degree of Doctor of Theology.
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With his speeches (some of them are now considered classics of oratory), he called for achieving equality through peaceful means. His speeches gave energy to the civil rights movement in society - marches began, economic boycotts, mass departures to prison, and so on. As a result, the Rights Act was created, approved and passed by Congress. Martin Luther King Jr.'s “I have a dream” speech, which was heard by about 300 thousand Americans during the March on Washington in 1963 at the foot of the Lincoln Monument, became widely known. King's role in the nonviolent struggle to pass legislation that eliminated the remnants of racial discrimination was recognized with the Nobel Peace Prize.
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On March 28, 1968, King led a 6,000-strong protest march in downtown Memphis, Tennessee, to support striking workers. A few days later, speaking in Memphis, King said: “We have difficult days ahead. But it does not matter. Because I have been to the top of the mountain... I looked ahead and saw the Promised Land. Maybe I won’t be there with you, but I want you to know now - all of us, all the people will see this Earth.” The next day, King was wounded by a sniper while standing on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel in Memphis. Martin Luther King was assassinated on the second floor balcony of the Memphis hotel on the morning of April 4, 1968. He was 43 years old. . He died of his wound at St. Joseph's Hospital and was buried in Atlanta. The Episcopal Church in the United States recognized King as a martyr who gave his life for the Christian faith, and his statue is placed in Westminster Abbey (England) among the martyrs of the 20th century.
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King was the first black American to have a bust erected in the Great Rotunda of the Capitol in Washington. The third Monday in January is celebrated in America as Martin Luther King Day and is considered a national holiday. The film “King” (1978) was made about him.
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He looked tired and his clothes were rumpled. People crowded tightly around him, so close that he could hardly breathe. He did not look like a man who had defied his country, but his words at this press conference, one of hundreds over the past 15 years, strengthened his resolve to continue the fight. "Change comes only through a persistent struggle against evil."
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“I have a dream, deeply rooted in the American dream: a place where my 4 little ones will be part of a nation where people will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of who they are.” “We will prevail because we have the armor of determination, the armor of courage, the breastplate of righteousness, and the whole armor of God.”
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How to celebrate January 15th is Martin Luther King Day in the United States. According to tradition, processions and rallies will be held in different cities of the country. The main events are held in Atlanta (Georgia), where the fighter for the equality of black Americans lived and preached. On this day, schools, offices, post offices and banks are closed. All TV channels broadcast videos of performances from the 60s. Statements from leaders of the movement for equal civil rights can be heard from radios. On the previous Sunday, short sermons are read in churches. Memorial services and elaborate ceremonies are being held Monday to commemorate King's life of peace. And young mothers and fathers tell their children the tale of Martin, the “apostle of militant nonviolence,” who did so much to ensure that America is known today as a land of freedom and equality.
