The concept of a proposal is the main types of proposals. The concept of a proposal. One-piece and two-piece

Offer- this is a set of goods, products, services offered by the manufacturer at a given price in a given period of time for sale.

There are 5 elements of a proposal:

1) resources (raw materials, materials).

2) goods for industrial purposes (equipment, machines).

3) labor (hired).

4) capital (financial and material).

5) consumer goods:

a) durable product (cars, apartments, refrigerators);

b) non-durable product (food, household chemicals);

c) services (health care, tourism, entertainment).

The composition of the offer is constantly changing, the volume is increasing, updated, including all new products (information, license, patents). And each product group generates its own special, local market.

Similar to the law of demand in a market economy, the law of supply also operates: the quantity of supply (Q) is directly dependent on the direction of change in the price level (P).

Graph 3. Law of supply.

Law of supply- This is a direct relationship between the price level and the quantity of supply.

Non-price supply factors:

level of production technology.

taxes and subsidies.

sellers' expectations on the dynamics of demand, prices and income.

number of sellers.

4. Elasticity of supply and its measurement.

Price elasticity of supply- change in the quantity of supply under the influence of price dynamics.

If a small change in price causes a significant change in quantity supplied, this is called elastic supply.

If even a very large change in price only slightly changes the quantity supplied, then such supply is called inelastic.

Elasticity is measured by the ratio of the percentage change in supply to the percentage change in price; this change is called price elasticity coefficient of supply.

To price.el.pre-i= =

If TOprice.el.pre-i1-supply is considered elastic

If TOprice.el.pre-i1 - then supply is considered inelastic

If TOprice.el.pre-i= 1 – then the unit elasticity of supply

Graph 4. Price elasticity of supply.

Factors influencing the elasticity of supply:

the maximum possible manufacturer's cost for a given product.

quantity, quality, price of goods - substitutes (substitutes).

5. Interaction of supply and demand. Equilibrium price.

In the market there are sellers who set the supply price and buyers who determine the demand price; each of the market participants tries to benefit.

Salesman(manufacturer) - sell the product at the highest possible price in order to obtain the highest possible profit.

Buyer(consumer) - purchase a product at a price with maximum utility.

Under the influence of supply and demand, an equilibrium price is formed in the market, which satisfies both the buyer and the seller.

flaw

Graph 5. Equilibrium price.

When the price rises to level P 1, the desires of sellers and buyers do not coincide. Buyers will be willing to purchase the product in quantity Q1, and sellers will be able to offer it in quantity Q2.

A situation of overproduction (excess, excess) arises in the market, since the supply of goods will exceed the demand for it.

If the price is below the level of the equilibrium price P 2, then a situation of underproduction (deficit, shortage) arises in the market, since demand for the product will exceed supply.

The law of market pricing operates in the market, according to which the price in a free competitive market tends to a level at which demand is equal to supply.

A sentence is a word or combination of words, grammatically organized and possessing a certain semantic and intonation completeness.
Significant words in a sentence are called clause members. The basis of most types of sentences is formed by its main members: subject and predicate.
The subject is the main member of a sentence, grammatically independent, denoting an object, the attribute of which is determined by the predicate.
The predicate is the main member of a sentence, grammatically dependent on the subject, denoting a feature of the subject that is expressed by the subject.
The remaining members of the sentence, which are called minor, are grouped around the main members. The connection between the main and secondary members is subordinate (coordination, control, adjacency).
Exercise 472. Identify the types of connections between members of a sentence and draw sentence diagrams.

1. The next day, news of the fire spread throughout the entire neighborhood (P.). 2. In the village, many dogs greeted us with loud barking (L.).

1. With cold and hopeless despair I looked at the raised shafts of my tarantass (T.). 4. And in the morning, leaflets again appeared on the fences and walls of houses calling for revenge on the invaders (Fad.). 5. By evening, the digging of trenches was completed everywhere (Shol.).

Sample. A young fellow in a corporal's uniform quickly ran up to Pugachev (P.).
small... ¦¦ ran up
young in uniform nimbly towards Pugachev
corporal's
(Control is shown by one line, coordination - by two, adjacency - by a dotted line).
Exercise 473. Instead of periods, add the necessary endings, matching the predicate with the subject.

1. 1. Most of them washed back to this shore (L.T.).

1. The minority hated him... (Crushed.). 3. A lot of people have already gathered in the prince’s hut (L.). 4. Most of the fighters managed... to jump ashore and strike the enemy from the rear (Nov.-Pr.). 5. Most of these books were purchased... by the library recently. 6. A row of new houses stood... at the end of the village.

1. 1. Most of those present were... old, respectable people (L.T.). 2. A number of faces, seen by Beltov, did not leave... his head (Hertz.). 3. The vast majority of students showed... good knowledge in the exams. 4. A number of speakers who spoke in the debate supported... the speaker. 5. Most of the delegates who arrived at the scientific conference brought... with them interesting materials. 6. Most of the workers in our workshop are advanced workers in production and systematically exceed the standards.

Reference. When the subject contains a collective noun (majority, minority, row, part, etc.), the predicate, as a rule, is placed in the singular. The plural form of the predicate usually occurs in this case with the subject expressed by an animate noun.
Exercise 474. Instead of periods, add the necessary endings, matching the predicate with the subject.
1. Several ladies walked with quick steps... back and forth along the platform (L.). 2. Many birds, red, yellow, green, lay... in the branches (Hound.). 3. How few of us survived the battle... (P.). 4. The next morning, several dozen men and women stood... at the gates of the hospital (M.G.). 5. Behind the vegetable gardens it was getting dark... several huts (Ch.).

1. I've driven a lot of carriages... along this road (L.). 7. How many more fairy tales and memories remain in her memory? (M.G.).

Reference. With a subject that includes the words many, few, few, many, how many, so many, the predicate, as a rule, is put in the singular. When there is a word several, the plural form of the predicate usually occurs if the subject denotes a person.
Exercise 475. Instead of periods, add the necessary endings, matching the predicate with the subject.

1. It's been... a hundred years (P.). 2. Four people shuddered..., angrily threw up... their dusty heads (M.G.). 3. It struck... ten o’clock (T.). 4. Fourteen people pulled... a heavy tow barge with bread (A.N.T.). 5. Two feelings struggled in his soul - good and evil (L.T.). 6. In addition to the military train, two more trains were waiting at the station... in line for departure (N. Ostr.). 7. Two workers in white aprons were digging around the house (Ch.). 8. There were a crowd of about two dozen Georgians and highlanders drinking noisily (L.). 9. Worked... more than twenty people (N. Ost.). 10. There were no more than four guys under the canopy, and in total... twenty people worked in the workshop (Mak.).

Reference. When a subject is expressed by a combination of a numeral with a noun, the predicate is usually placed in the singular when denoting inanimate objects and in the plural when denoting persons. In the presence of the numerals two, three, four, the plural form of the predicate is more often used. With a subject denoting an approximate amount, the singular form of the predicate is more common.
Exercise 476. Instead of periods, add the necessary endings, matching the predicate with the subject.

1. 1. The taxi stopped... at the gate of the house. 2. After lunch... coffee was served. 3. The kangaroo ran quickly... across the steppe. 4. A hummingbird flew over the traveler like a bee.

1. 1. Baku has grown a lot... in recent years. 2. Sochi is located... north of Sukhumi and south of Tuapse. 3. The Mississippi, with its flood of water, flooded... a large area. 4. Capri, where A. M. Gorky once lived, amazed... tourists with its picturesque view.
2. 1. L'Humanité published... a number of articles about the struggle of colonial peoples for their freedom and independence. 2. Following other English newspapers, the Daily Express spoke on this issue.
3. 1. TASS published... a report on the progress of negotiations between trade union delegations. 2. The university announced... enrollment of students.

1. Gorono sent... instructions to schools. 4. RTS concluded... an agreement with a number of collective farms.

Reference. 1. With the subject, expressed by an indeclinable word of foreign language origin, the predicate agrees in accordance with the grammatical gender established for this word in the Russian language (inanimate nouns are neuter, with the exception of the word coffee, animate nouns are masculine).

1. With subjects expressed by indeclinable geographical names, the predicate agrees in accordance with the grammatical gender of the words city, river, island, etc.
2. With subjects expressed by indeclinable names of foreign press organs, the predicate is usually agreed in the feminine form (according to the grammatical gender of the word newspaper).
3. The predicate agrees with the subject expressed by a compound abbreviated word according to the following principle:

a) if a compound word (abbreviation) is declined, that is, has a gender form, then the predicate is put in the same gender, for example: NEP was a transitional period;
b) if a compound word is not inflected, then the predicate is placed in the gender to which the leading word of the expanded combination from which the compound word is formed belongs, for example: MSU (Moscow State University) celebrated its bicentenary.
Exercise 477. Open the brackets; Put the verb enclosed in them into the past tense, agreeing the predicate with the subject.
1. “Roman-newspaper” (to be published) in large circulation. 2. The raincoat-tent (lie) folded up. 3. Plant-laboratory (execute) urgent order. 4. Table-poster (attract) the attention of tourists.

1. Concert-mystery (pass) with great interest. 6. The rocking chair (stand) in the corner. 7. The romance song (become) is often performed on the stage. 8. The reference book (updated) with new information.

1. A ditch-digger (to lay) a wide furrow. 10. Dress-robe (hang) on ​​a hanger. 11. Library-museum (purchase) new exhibits. 12. Lesson-lecture (last) one and a half hours. 13. Cafe-dining room (to open) after renovation. 14. Studio theater (show) a new production. 15. The amphibious aircraft (go) to land.

Reference. If the subject is expressed by a compound noun (usually a term) consisting of two parts belonging to different grammatical genders, then the predicate, as a rule, agrees with the first part; if the first part does not change when declension of a compound word (“Roman-newspaper”, raincoat-tent), then the predicate agrees with the second part.

A simple sentence is one that consists of one or more grammatically combined words that express a complete thought. This is the basic grammatical unit of syntax. A simple sentence must have only one grammatical basis (predicative center).

• Father washes the car.
• Children play on the lawn.
• Twilight.
• Grandma is resting.

A simple sentence is the main structural type of sentences in the Russian language, which is used to construct complex sentences.

• Spring has come + The snow has melted = Spring has come, the snow has melted.

Grammatical structure

There are main and minor members of a simple sentence. The main ones are the subject (answers the questions “who? what?”) and the predicate (answers the questions “what is he doing? what did he do? what will he do?”) - name the object that is the subject of the action (subject) and the action itself performed by the subject (predicate). The subject and predicate are interconnected and constitute the predicative center.

The secondary ones - addition, definition, circumstance - explain the predicate and/or subject or other minor members and depend on them syntactically.

• An old tram was moving slowly along hot rails.

In this sentence the subject is “tram” and the predicate is “rode”. The definition of “old” depends on the subject “tram”. The predicate “drove,” which is connected with the subject “tram,” governs the object “on the rails” and has the dependent adverbial “slowly.” The complement, in turn, also has a secondary dependent member of the sentence - the definition of “hot”. The entire sentence is divided into a subject group ("an old tram") and a predicate group ("drove slowly on hot rails"). The information below will help you parse sentences quickly and easily.

What are the types of simple sentences?

The following types of simple sentences exist:

• non-exclamatory and exclamatory (relative to intonation);
• narrative, interrogative, incentive (relative to the purpose of the statement);
• two-part and one-part (relative to the composition of the grammatical basis);
• complete and incomplete (regarding the presence/absence of the necessary members of the sentence);
• common and non-widespread (relative to the presence/absence of minor members of the sentence);
• complicated and uncomplicated.

Exclamation and non-exclamation

As for this type, the defining moment is the presence/absence of an exclamation mark.

• Spring came. Spring came!

Narrative, interrogative, incentive

The second type indicates the purpose for which this maxim is pronounced: to tell about something (the Danube flows into the Black Sea), to ask about something (When will you finally get married?) or to encourage something (Buy a loaf of bread at dinner).

One-piece and two-piece

What simple sentences can be called one-part sentences? Those whose predicative (grammatical) basis consists only of a subject or only of a predicate.

• Thaw.
• Beautiful girl.
• It's getting light.

If of the main members in a sentence there is only a subject, then such grammatical units are called denominative, or nominative.

• The beauty is incredible!
• Evening Kyiv with many lights.

If there is only a predicate, then there are several types of such one-part sentences:

• definitely personal (the action is performed by a certain object or person and is expressed by a verb in the form of the 1st and 2nd person singular or plural present or future tense);
• indefinite personal (the predicate is expressed by a verb in the 3rd person plural);
• generalized-personal (the verb is expressed in the form of the 2nd person singular of the present or future tense and the 3rd person plural, but attention is concentrated on the action itself);
• impersonal (the character is not grammatically expressed).

A sentence whose predicative center consists of two members is called two-part.

• It's raining.

Complete and incomplete

A simple sentence can be complete or incomplete.

A sentence is considered complete if it contains all the main and minor members necessary for the construction and completeness of the expression of the meaning.

• I look at the moon.
• The train passes the bridge.

In incomplete, the main or minor member of the sentence is missing, but it is clear from the context or situation of speech.

• She greeted the teacher. He is with her.

The word “hello” is missing here, but it is clear to the listener based on the context.

Common and non-common

A simple sentence can be widespread (there are minor members that serve to explain the main ones) and non-common (consists only of a predicative center, there are no minor members). Examples of common sentences:

• The July sun is shining brightly.
• Finally the weather cleared up.
• Beautiful slender girl.

Examples of uncommon sentences:

• The sun is shining.
• The weather has cleared up.
• Young woman.

Simple sentences can be complicated:

• the homogeneity of different parts of the sentence (He loved tremulous sunrises, colorful sunsets, and moonlit nights);
• separate definitions that stand after the word that is being explained (The road leading to the waterfall began to twist rapidly);
• applications (Near the forest there was a hut - the forester’s dwelling);
• separate additions (I really liked the film, with the exception of some scenes);
• isolated circumstances (Having prepared dinner, the mother sat in the kitchen for a long time);
• appeals and introductory constructions (Oh youth, how quickly you pass! Spring, it seems, will be late);
• with clarifying sentences (The accident happened at four in the morning, that is, at dawn).

But a simple complicated sentence is easy to confuse with a complex one. Therefore, you need to be careful and focus on the number of predicative centers.

Parsing a sentence is easy. You can write a hint diagram for yourself.

Topic 1. The concept of a proposal. Types of proposals Plan 1. The concept of a proposal. Signs of an offer. 2. Classification of proposals. 3. Structural types of sentences. 4. Structural-semantic types of simple sentences. 5. Scheme for parsing a simple sentence. Literature Babaytseva V.V., Maksimov L.Yu. Modern Russian language. Part III. – M.: Education, 1987. – p. 55 – 71.

Homework 1. Do the exercise. Rewrite each sentence separately. Underline the main parts of the sentence. Analyze the proposals according to the proposed scheme. 1. The grass is fading. The huts are dozing. The groves flashed in the distance. Cranes stretched along an invisible rope. (M. Isakovsky) 2. The whole room is illuminated with an amber shine. The heated stove crackles with a cheerful sound. It's nice to think by the bed. (A. Pushkin) 3. In the wilderness. In the darkness of imprisonment, my days dragged on quietly, without deity, without inspiration, without tears, without life, without love. (A. Pushkin) 4. And the battle broke out, the Battle of Poltava!. . Swede, Russian - stabs, chops, cuts. Drumming, clicks, grinding. The thunder of guns, stomping, neighing, groaning, And death and hell on all sides. (A. Pushkin)

2. Prepare answers to control questions: Definition of a sentence. Signs of an offer. Communicative types of sentences. How are exclamatory sentences formed? What is a predicative stem? What is the difference between a complex sentence and a simple one? Do 2 subjects always indicate a complex sentence? Do 2 predicates always indicate a complex sentence? What is the difference between a one-part sentence and an incomplete one? Is an unextended one-part sentence indivisible? Why do complex sentences contain additional predication? Why do two negatives make a statement?

1. The concept of supply. Signs of a sentence A sentence is the smallest unit of communication, grammatically and intonationally designed, with relative semantic completeness. For example: It's cold. The March sun is still not very warm. Dark branches of bare trees sway on the shore. (M. Gorky)

Signs of a sentence: 1) Relative semantic completeness, i.e. the sentence expresses a certain content that does not require addition with other words. For example: Man is created for happiness. (V. Korolenko) 2) Intonation design, which indicates the boundary of the sentence, ensures the unity of the sentence, and details semantic relationships. There are 7 ICs in the Russian language – 5 main ones and 2 additional ones. For example: The sun was setting behind the mound. The bitter wormwood smell intensified. (M. Sholokhov) Sorry, peaceful places! Sorry, haven of solitude! Will I see you? (A. Pushkin) River... Taiga... Trees behind the hill... Taiga again... Here is a strip of stubble. (V. Fedorov) 3) Structural integrity - unification by grammatical connections: The moon is shining over our roof, Evening is standing in the yard. (M. Isakovsky)

Features of a sentence: 4) Predicativeness is the attribution of some feature to the subject of speech. This property is contained in the relationship between the subject and the predicate: Brother is a teacher. Brother is tall. Brother is reading. If a sentence has only one main member, the second is semantically implied: Night. (= there is) Street. (=is located) Lantern. (= shines) You can’t take (and) (= you, everyone) a fish out of the pond without difficulty.

Signs of a sentence: 5) Modality is the speaker’s assessment of the content of the sentence in relation to reality: whether it is real, possible, desirable, necessary, etc. Modality is expressed by the mood of the verb, modal words, particles: The Dnieper is wonderful in calm weather. (N. Gogol) I would like to forget myself and fall asleep. (M. Lermontov) Long live the sun! Let the darkness disappear! (A. Pushkin) Changing the modal characteristics of a sentence forms its paradigm: The student reads. The student was reading. The student will read. Let the student read! At least the student read.

2. Classification of sentences The basis of classifications: - according to the purpose of the statement (functional typology); - by emotional coloring; - by structure.

2. 1. Types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement (Communicative types of sentences) a) Declarative sentences - contain a message about some event, fact (affirmed or denied): My horse was ready. I went with a guide. It was a beautiful morning. The sun was shining. (A. Pushkin) b) Incentive sentences - contain an incentive for the interlocutor (or the 3rd person) to take action: Let the storm blow harder! (M. Gorky) Fire! - they shout. - Fire! (I. Krylov) Workers of all countries, unite! (K. Marx) To keep your body and soul young, do not be afraid of either heat or cold. Temper yourself like steel! Let's sing, friends, because tomorrow we'll go hiking! c) Interrogative sentences - contain an incentive for the interlocutor to answer: What does it take for a tree to start singing? (V. Soloukhin). Among the interrogative sentences, rhetorical questions are distinguished (they do not require an answer): Where, where did you go in the golden days of my spring? (A. Pushkin) What does the coming day have in store for us? (A. Pushkin) To love? But who? Time is not worth the trouble (M. Lermontov). In the range of communicative types of sentences, figurative meanings are possible. For example: Don't you have any matches? (interrogative → imperative); It comes through here (narrative. → motivating); Where you are not! (interrogative → declarative).

2. 2. Types of sentences based on emotional coloring. According to emotional coloring, sentences are divided into: - exclamatory - non-exclamatory. Any communicative type of sentence can, if necessary, acquire an exclamatory character. In this case, an exclamation point is placed on the letter. What a captivating thing a childhood lived in Ukraine can be! (K. Paustovsky) The Dnieper is wonderful in calm weather! (N. Gogol) You won’t be able to catch up with the crazy troika! (N. Nekrasov)

3. Structural types of sentences Sentences Simple Indivisible Compound Articulate One-part Compound Two-part Common/uncommon Complete/incomplete Affirmative/negative Complicated/uncomplicated Compound Subordinate Unconjunct

A simple sentence is a syntactic unit that has one predicative base (core / center / combination): On the hills of Georgia lies the darkness of the night. (A. Pushkin) A sentence may have several subjects and predicates, but the connections between them are important; for example: At the New Year's party, boys and girls danced in circles, sang, read poetry - this sentence is simple. A complex sentence is a semantic, structural and intonation unity of two or more predicative units (simple sentences): The snow is still white in the fields, and the waters are noisy in the spring. (F. Tyutchev)

4. Structural-semantic types of simple sentences 4. 1. Articulated and indivisible sentences. In articulated sentences, the members of the sentence are highlighted: The summer has flown by. The grass has been mowed. The bread has been threshed. Quiet all around. (M. Isakovsky) If a sentence has one word and it can be qualified as the main member - subject or predicate, such a sentence is also considered segmented: Night. Quiet all around. It's getting light. Cold. In indivisible sentences, the members of the sentence cannot be distinguished; they do not have a relationship between S and Pr, but there is an object of thought. These include: a) words-sentences: Yes. No. b) interjection sentences: Wow! Oh! c) phraseological units: It doesn’t get easier hour by hour. Ours took it! The monkey's mouth is full of trouble.

4. 2. Two-part and one-part sentences. Articulate sentences in their structure, depending on the nature of the predicative basis, are divided into: a) two-part - they have the composition of the subject and the composition of the predicate: The dawn has long been blushing in the sky. (N. Gogol) A wonderful time has passed, Young desires have faded, Hope in the heart has died. (A. Pushkin) b) one-component - they have one composition - subject or predicate: I’m bored without you. (A. Pushkin) They meet you by their clothes, they see you off by their intelligence. (Proverb) Autumn. Evening. The moon is shining. Interior of the yard. (L. Tolstoy) Donetsk road. A sad station, lonely and white in the steppe. (A. Chekhov)

4. 3. Common and non-common sentences. Depending on the presence of secondary members, sentences are: a) common - in addition to the main member, there are secondary ones: On a clear afternoon at the end of summer, an old man walked along a dear field. (M. Isakovsky) In the depths of Siberian ores Keep proud patience. (A. Pushkin) The white birch tree under my window is covered with snow, as if it were silver. (S. Yesenin) b) unextended - no secondary members: Morning. Silence. It's freezing. The village is waking up. The lights come on. (Spread the word!)

4. 4. Complete and incomplete sentences. Depending on the explicit representation of all members, the following are distinguished: a) complete sentences: The grain is ripening in the autumn fields. The meadow smells of fresh hay. Grandfather is a shepherd of leisurely cows grazing on the river bank. There are still dewdrops trembling on the leaves. Bird noise rushes from the bushes. And in a wreath of wild flowers, a girl walks along the path. (M. Isakovsky) b) in incomplete sentences, any members (main or secondary) are omitted; To understand the meaning, they are reconstructed from the context: - What is your name? - Vlas. - How old are you? - The sixth has passed. (N. Nekrasov) Molchalin sat on the horse: his leg (...) in the stirrup, and the horse (...) on its hind legs, he (...) on the ground - and straight to the crown (...). (A. Griboyedov)!!! One should not confuse incomplete sentences with one-part sentences that do not require reconstruction.

4. 5. Affirmative and negative sentences. According to the meaning of predicative relations, sentences are: a) affirmative: Frosty night; the whole sky is clear. (A. Pushkin) The sky was already breathing autumn, the sun was shining less often, the days were getting shorter. (A. Pushkin) b) negative: Negation is expressed using the particle not. If it comes before the predicate or the only main member, the sentence is generally negative. If the particle does not appear before another word, the sentence is partial: He did not go to Beijing (cf. He did not go to Beijing). Negative sentences are also expressed using the word no, cf. : I have money - I don’t have money. It (is) raining today. - There is no rain today. If a sentence has two negatives, it becomes affirmative: I can't help but agree.

4. 6. Complex sentence. A simple sentence may include elements that do not change either the structure of the sentence or its grammatical meaning, but introduce additional predication. For example: Armenians, Georgians, Circassians, Persians crowded into the square. (A. Pushkin) Sentence scheme: −−−−− =======. -. -. The grammatical meaning of the sentence allows the following transformation: Armenians were crowded in the square, Georgians were crowded in the square... The room is large, low, with three windows. (I. Turgenev) = The room is large. The room is low. A room with three windows.

4. 6. Complex sentence. Types of complications. A). Homogeneous members of the sentence: The soldier sighed, adjusted his belt, opened his traveling bag, set the bitter bottle on the gray gravestone. (M. Isakovsky) b). Isolated members of the sentence: The wind groans, long and dull. (S. Yesenin) Under blue skies, Magnificent carpets, Glistening in the sun, the snow lies. (A. Pushkin) The warm strong wind passing through the branches did not bring coolness. (L. Tolstoy) c). Appeals: Sliding through the morning snow, dear friend, let us indulge in the running of an impatient horse. (A. Pushkin) d). Introductory and plug-in constructions: In the evening, you remember, the blizzard was angry. (A. Pushkin) Indeed, for the second day a strong hot wind blew. (L. Tolstoy)

5. Scheme for parsing a simple sentence 1. According to the purpose of the statement: narrative / incentive / interrogative. 2. By emotional coloring: exclamatory / non-exclamatory. 3. By the presence of main members: two-part / one-part (+ type of one-part). 4. By the presence of minor members: widespread / not widespread. 5. By the presence of structurally necessary members: complete / incomplete. 6. By the nature of the attitude towards reality: affirmative/negative. 7. According to the presence of complicating components: complicated/uncomplicated. For example: A storm covers the sky with darkness, spinning snow whirlwinds (A. Pushkin). The sentence is simple: 1. Narrative. 2. Non-exclamative 3. Two-part 4. Common 5. Complete 6. Affirmative 7. Complicated.

A sentence (in language) is the minimum unit of language, which is a grammatically organized combination of words (or a word) that has semantic and intonation completeness. From the point of view of punctuation, a sentence as a complete unit of speech is formalized at the end with a period, exclamation or question marks - or an ellipsis

Members of the sentence

Sentence members are grammatically significant parts into which a sentence is divided during syntactic analysis. They can consist of either individual words or phrases. There are two main members of a sentence: the subject and the predicate, which are in a predicative relationship, forming a predicative unit, and play the most important role. The secondary members of the sentence include the addition, circumstance, and definition.

The subject composition is the subject and all minor members of the sentence that relate to the subject (common and non-common definitions).

Similarly, the composition of the predicate is the predicate and all minor members of the sentence that relate to the predicate (adverbials and complements with dependent words).

For example:

A beautiful stranger on the train gave him a mysterious smile. Beautiful is a definition, a stranger is a subject, on the train is a circumstance, gave a gift is a predicate, a smile is an object, to him is an indirect object.

Types of offers

A sentence does not always express a thought; it can express a question, an impulse, a will, an emotion. Accordingly, proposals are of the following types:

A narrative (declarative) sentence reports a fact, action or event:

Declarative affirmative - contains the statement: I will go outside at eleven o'clock.

Narrative negative -- contains negation: I won't be getting ready for a long time.

An interrogative sentence encourages the interlocutor to answer the speaker's question. Interrogative sentences are of the following types:

The actual interrogative sentence contains a question that necessarily presupposes an answer: Have you done the work? Has he already arrived?

An interrogative-affirmative sentence contains information that requires confirmation: So are you going? Has this already been decided? Well, shall we go? (see also definition of interrogative sentence)

An interrogative-negative sentence already contains a negation of what is being asked: What might you like here? Doesn't seem particularly pleasant? So what can you tell us?

An interrogative-motivating sentence contains an incentive to action expressed in the question itself: So, maybe we can continue our lesson? Let's start with the preparation first? Well, shall we go?

An interrogative-rhetorical sentence contains an affirmation or negation and does not require an answer, since the answer is contained in the question itself: Desires... What is the benefit of wishing in vain and forever?

An incentive sentence contains the will of the speaker, expressing an order, request or plea. Incentive sentences are distinguished by: incentive intonation, a predicate in the form of an imperative mood, the presence of particles that introduce an incentive connotation into the sentence (come on, let it be).

An exclamatory sentence expresses the emotions of the speaker, which is conveyed by a special exclamatory intonation. Declarative, interrogative, and incentive sentences can also be exclamatory.

If a sentence contains only a subject and a predicate, then it is called non-extensive, otherwise it is called widespread.

A sentence is considered simple if it contains one predicative unit; if it contains more, it is considered complex.

If a sentence contains both a subject and a predicate, then it is called two-part, otherwise it is called one-part.

One-part sentences are divided into the following types:

A definite-personal sentence is a simple one-part sentence without a subject with a predicate verb, which, with its personal endings, indicates that the action named by it is performed by a certain, 1st or 2nd, person: I’m going home. Get dressed!

An indefinite-personal sentence is a simple one-part sentence without a subject, when an action is performed by an indefinite person: I was called to the director.

A generalized personal sentence is a simple one-part sentence without a subject with a predicate verb, where the subject of the action can be anyone: You can’t pull a fish out of a pond without difficulty.

An impersonal sentence is a simple one-part sentence with a predicate naming an action or state that is presented without the participation of the grammatical subject of the action: It was getting dark. It was already light. I'm thirsty. It was as if he suddenly shuddered. Under the thick foliage there was a smell of grass and forest.

An infinitive sentence is a simple one-part sentence in which the predicate is expressed by an infinitive (a verb in an indefinite form). In such sentences, the subject cannot be expressed by any word without changing the form of the predicate: Be silent! You've already got to go. If only I could make it in time!

A nominative sentence is a simple one-part sentence in which the subject is expressed by a noun in the nominative case and there is no predicate (the predicate is expressed by the verb “to be” in the zero form): Summer morning. There is silence in the air.

If a sentence contains all the necessary members of the sentence, then it is considered complete, otherwise it is considered incomplete.

Both two-part and one-part sentences can be complete or incomplete. In incomplete sentences, some members of the sentence are omitted in accordance with the context or setting: Where is it? - I loved you very much. - And I you. Incomplete sentences may not have both a subject and a predicate at the same time: Where? For what?.