The term "species". Aspect is a verbal category that shows how an action occurs in time and expresses the relationship of the action to its result. All verbs of the Russian language have the category of aspect in any form. Like, perfect and imperfect verbs.
Definition of the perfect formPerfect form verbs are verbs that answer the question “what to do?” and denoting the action of an object, limited in time, completeness. Perfective verbs also denote an action that has already ended (or will end), an action that reports the achievement of a result (, run), an action that has already begun or will soon begin (speak, run), a single action (push, shout , jump - verbs with the suffix -nu).
Definition of imperfective verbs Imperfective verbs are verbs that answer the question “what to do?” and denoting an action without indicating the outcome, as well as without limiting it in time, the action is long or repeated (write, watch, talk, sit, stand).
Imperfective and perfective verbs form pairs according to aspect. A species pair is made up of an imperfective verb and a perfective verb, which have the same lexical meaning and differ only in the meaning of the aspect: look - view, write - write, build - build, run - come running.
note
on interspecific connections of verbs
Helpful advice
To consolidate the studied material, it is necessary to select a large number of examples
Sources:
- Determining types of verbs
- perfect verb
Slavic languages are sharply contrasted with other Indo-European languages in the forms of expression of the categories of tense and aspect. The modern system of species developed in linguistics only at the beginning of the 20th century. In order to correctly determine the type of verb in Russian, it is necessary to take into account a number of reasons.
The aspect of the verb is the lexico-grammatical category of the verb, expressing the relation of the action to its internal limit. The internal limit is the point in the course of an action when action turns into inaction.
History of the verb aspect category
Until the 20th century In linguistics, 3 types were distinguished:
1. An indefinite appearance, coinciding with the modern imperfect appearance.
2. Multiple view. Examples are: sat, walked.
3. One-time appearance, matching the modern perfect appearance.
In modern linguistics, grammatical types of a verb are usually distinguished on the basis of semantics, i.e. meanings.
In Russian grammar, there are perfect and imperfect forms.
This can be determined based on the following grounds:
1) Based on semantics.
Perfective verbs denote an action that has reached an internal limit (for example: , did). Imperfective verbs denote an action that has not reached an internal limit (for example: looked, did).
2) For questions.
Perfective verbs answer the question “what to do?”, and imperfective verbs answer the question “what to do?”. For example: (what did you do?) looked, (what did you do?) looked.
3) Based on word formation.
The perfect form of verbs is formed with the help of prefixes, the imperfect form - with the help of suffixes. Thus, verbs of the perfect form “looked, did” have prefixes, but verbs of the imperfect form “looked, did” do not.
4) By compatibility.
Imperfective verbs are combined with the adverbs “long”, “slowly”, with the words “every day” and others, but perfective verbs do not have this option. So, you can say “I looked for a long time,” but you cannot use the expression “I looked for a long time.”
5) By difference in the set of word forms.
Perfective verbs cannot be in the present tense, and imperfective verbs cannot have 3rd tense forms.
Imperfective verbs answer the question what to do?, and perfective verbs answer the question what to do?
Imperfective verbs do not indicate the completion of an action, its end or result. Perfective verbs indicate the completion of an action, its end or result.
A verb of one type may correspond to a verb of another type with the same lexical meaning. Such verbs form an aspectual pair:
When forming verbs of one type from verbs of another type, prefixes (ride - leave, rush - rush) and suffixes (push - push, flood - flood) are used.
The formation of verb types can be accompanied by alternation of vowels and consonants in the root:
| Alternating sounds (vowels and consonants) | Perfect view | Imperfect species |
| o//a | be late | be late |
| 1/i | erase | wash. |
| o//s | take a breath | sigh |
| I//im | understand | understand |
| a//in | begin | start off |
| d//f | conduct | see off |
| dTsyasd | win | win |
| w//g | state | expound |
| t//h | answer | reply |
| zczh | reduce | reduce |
| w//ml | tire | tire |
| etTssch | forgive | forgive |
| ttssch | protect | protect |
| e//sh | simplify | beg |
| right | strengthen | strengthen |
Some species pairs represent different words and have different stems:
Individual species pairs may differ in emphasis:
| Perfect vnd | Imperfect species |
| cut | cut |
| fall asleep | fall asleep |
| cut off | cut off |
§1. General characteristics of the verb as a part of speech
A verb is an independent significant part of speech. The verb word combines different forms. Which ones exactly depend on the interpretation of some important concepts.
Discussing the problem of interpretation
The most significant differences concern the interpretation of what participles and gerunds are. Some authors believe that participles and gerunds are special forms of the verb, while others believe that they are special parts of speech. As a result, the question of the number of verb forms is interpreted differently. Proponents of the first point of view teach that the verb word includes the forms:
- the initial form - the indefinite form of the verb (or, as it is also called, the infinitive),
- conjugated forms, both personal and impersonal,
- inflected form - participle,
- unchangeable form - gerund.
And supporters of the second point of view exclude participles and gerunds from verb forms. In our diagram, therefore, participles and gerunds are connected to the verb by broken lines.
All verb forms are united by common unchangeable features. Variable characteristics, if any, may be different.
1. Grammatical meaning:"action".
Verbs include words that answer questions: what to do?, what to do?
2. Morphological characteristics:
- constants - type: perfect-imperfect, transitivity, reflexivity, type of conjugation;
- changeable
- for conjugated forms: number, mood, tense, person (in the imperative and indicative mood of the present and future tense), gender (in the conditional and indicative mood in the past tense in the singular);
- for inflected forms (participles): gender, number, case;
- for unchangeable forms (infinitive verbs and gerunds) - no.
Attention:
Those who exclude participles and gerunds from verb forms do not consider the signs of participles and gerunds in this topic.
3. Syntactic role in a sentence:
Personal forms of the verb, as well as impersonal verbs, are most often predicate.
I love St. Petersburg.
It's getting light.
The indefinite form of the verb is the predicate or its part, as well as the subject and, somewhat less frequently, the main member of a one-part impersonal sentence, an object, a modifier and a circumstance.
I love walking around St. Petersburg.
Walking around St. Petersburg is a great pleasure.
Let it rain!
The children asked us to go to St. Petersburg.
We had a desire to go to St. Petersburg.
I went for a walk around evening Petersburg.
Attention:
The syntactic role of participles and gerunds is considered only by those authors who classify them as verb forms.
Participles are: full - by definition, short - by predicate.
Petersburg is a city founded by Peter I.
Petersburg was founded by Peter I.
Participles are adverbial in a sentence.
Having founded St. Petersburg, Peter I moved the capital there.
§2. Types of verb
Aspect is a constant morphological feature of a verb. All verbs are either perfect or imperfect. The generally accepted designation is:
- SV - for perfective verbs,
- NSV - for imperfective verbs.
Questions for the verb as a part of speech: what to do? what to do?- reflect the division of verbs by type.
Formation of species
Most non-derivative Russian verbs are NSV verbs, for example: eat, live, love, jump, scream.
From them, with the help of prefixes and suffixes, SV verbs are formed, for example:
eat → eat, finish eating, overeat,
live → live, survive, survive,
love → love,
jump → jump,
scream → scream.
Also in the Russian language, the formation of NSV verbs from SV verbs is common. In this case, the suffixes NSV are used: -yva-, -va-, -a-, for example:
rewrite → rewrite,
knock down → knock down,
decide → decide.
Some verbs SV and NSV form aspectual pairs, for example:
do - do,
write - write,
jump - jump,
paint - paint.
The meaning of the verbs that make up the species pair differs only in one component: process - result, multiple - single action.
Many verbs SV and NSV are not considered an aspectual pair, because In addition to the type value, they also differ in some additional value, for example:
- write (NSV)
- finish (SV, additional meaning: bringing the action to the end),
- rewrite (SV, additional meaning: performing an action again),
- write off (SV, additional meaning: performing an action according to a model, copying),
- scribble (SV, additional meaning: write a lot, cover some surface with writing), etc.
Verbs SV and NSV have different forms:
- NSV verbs in the indicative mood have three forms of tense, For example:
- present time: love, love, loves, love, love, love,
- Future tense: will love, will love, will love, will love, will love, will love(a form of the future tense formed using a verb be, called compound form),
- past tense: loved, loved, loved, loved.
- SV verbs have only two forms in the indicative mood: future and past tense. The present tense is impossible for SV verbs, because this contradicts their species significance. The future tense form of SV verbs is not compound, like that of NSV verbs, but simple: will love, look, find out etc.
- Future tense: love, love, love, love, love, love,
- past tense: loved, loved, loved, loved.
Attention:
In Russian there is bi-aspect verbs. These are verbs whose meaning can only be determined in context. In some contexts they act as SV verbs, and in others as NSV verbs, for example:
In the end the criminals executed(SV).
Criminals executed whole month (NSV).
Yesterday he promised(SV) that he will visit us today.
Every day he promised(NSV) to stop by, but every time he postponed his visit.
Do not be surprised:
If a verb has different lexical meanings, then the aspect pairs may be different.
For example:
Teach (NSV) - learn(SV) what? (words, poem, song), i.e. learn something yourself.
Teach (NSV) - teach(SV) who? (son, children, high school students, athletes), i.e. teach someone something.
§3. Transitivity
Transitivity is the property of a verb to control nouns expressing the meaning of the object of action, for example:
be in love(who? what?) mother, animals, books, chocolate
look film, magazines, photographs
read book, report, note, congratulation
There is ice cream, chicken, soup, cake
drink water, tea, coffee, juice
Remember: most often this meaning is expressed in Russian by nouns in V.p. without pretext.
In the event that the verb has a negative particle Not, the noun is more often found in R.p. The value of the object does not change. For example:
Not loving (who? what?) brother, animals, books, chocolate.
If the verb controls V.p. noun with the meaning of an object, then this verb is transitive. If verbs are followed by nouns in other forms, and the accusative case is impossible without a preposition, then the verb is intransitive, for example: walk around the city, jump into the water, grow near the house, doubt the correctness, rejoice at luck etc. The use of such verbs with nouns in V.p. impossible, for example, in Russian it is impossible to say: walk the city, jump in the water, grow a house, enjoy your luck.
Attention:
It is important that passive participles are formed from transitive verbs.
§4. Repayment
Verbs are divided into reflexive and non-reflexive. The formal indicator is the formative suffix -sya (-s) at the end of the word. If the form of the reflexive verb has an ending, then the suffix -sya -sya follows it, for example:
dressed, dressed, dressed, dressed.
Attention:
- the suffix -sya occurs after consonants, for example: swam, bathes,
- suffix -sya - after vowels: bathed, swam.
The meanings of reflexive verbs can be different, for example:
- Wash, dress, put on shoes(the action of the subject is directed towards himself),
- meet, hug, kiss(mutual actions aimed at each other: you cannot meet, hug, kiss yourself),
- be surprised, rejoice, get angry(state of the subject),
- the fabric wrinkles, the dog bites, the cat scratches(a sign characterizing the properties of the subject),
- it's getting dark- impersonality.
Remember:
Reflexive verbs are intransitive.
§5. Conjugation
Verb conjugation is the nature of the change of the verb in the present tense form in persons and numbers. There are two conjugations; assignment to one of the two types is made based on the set of endings. This means that verbs do not change according to conjugations, they refer to them. Conjugation is thus a constant morphological feature of verbs.
Conjugation patterns
Attention:
If the endings are stressed, then determining the conjugation does not cause problems. There is no need to put verbs in an indefinite form: the endings are clearly audible, so you will not make mistakes either in writing or in parsing.
The problem can only arise with verbs that have unstressed endings.
In order to determine the endings or type of conjugation of verbs with unstressed endings, you need to put the verb in the indefinite form. If the verb is -it
, then this is a verb of 2 conjugations.
Exception: shave, lay and an outdated word rest on. Also included in the 2nd conjugation are
- 7 exception verbs -there are : twist, endure, offend, depend, hate, And see, And look,
- 4 exception verbs per -at : drive, hold, hear, breathe.
The remaining verbs with unstressed endings belong to the 1st conjugation.
Attention:
Verbs want, run And honor special. Them and all derivatives from them, for example: run, run across, run across, run away, jog etc., refer to heterogeneously conjugated verbs. The peculiarity of the verbs of this group is that in some forms these verbs have endings of 1 conjugation, and in others - 2. Let’s conjugate these verbs:
want - want, want, wants, want, want, want (in the singular ending of 1 reference, in the plural - 2).
run - run, run, runs, run, run, run (in all forms except 3rd plural, ending 1st sp., in 3rd plural - ending 2nd sp.)
honor - honor, honor, honor, honor, honor, honor (in all forms except 3 literal plural, ending 1st sp., in 3rd pl. ending - ending 2nd sprite)
Attention:
Verbs There is And give do not belong to any conjugation. They have special sets of endings.
Eat - eat, eat, eat, eat, eat, eat,
Give - I'll give, give, give, give, give, give.
Verbs that are derivatives of eat and give also change, for example: eat, finish eating, eat, hand over, submit and so on.
It is necessary to know the conjugation of verbs, since this knowledge allows you to correctly write the personal endings of verbs, as well as the suffixes of active and passive present participles. The ability to determine verb conjugations is also necessary when performing morphological analysis.
§6. Mood
Inclination is a variable morphological feature. It expresses the relation of action to reality. There are three moods in Russian:
- indicative
- imperative,
- conditional (the term “subjunctive” is also common).
Indicative
Verbs in the indicative mood express actual actions and change tenses.
There are three tenses in the Russian language: present, past and future. The forms of the present and future tenses can coincide. In the present and future tenses, verbs are conjugated, i.e. change according to persons and numbers. The endings thus serve not only as indicators of person and number, but also of tense and mood. In the past tense, verbs change. The endings serve as indicators of number and gender, and the formative suffix -l - as an indicator of tense and mood.
Imperative mood
Verbs in the imperative mood express motivation. Verbs in the imperative mood have singular and plural forms in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd persons. Examples:
- let's go, let's go, let's go, let's go - the forms of the 1st person express the impulse to joint action;
- go, go - 2nd person forms express the impulse to action;
- let (let) go, are coming, long live- the impulse refers to the 3rd person.
Imperative forms with words Let's, Let's, let, let him, Yes are called analytical forms. These words participate in the formation of the 1st and 3rd person forms and are indicators of the imperative mood along with the verbs with which they are used.
Conditional mood
Verbs in the conditional mood can express:
- condition,
- an action that is possible under certain conditions.
If would You called, We would like to meet b. If would We met, I I would return it a book for you.
The form of verbs in the conditional mood is the same as in the past tense of the indicative mood*, but with the particle would. If the form is expressed in two words, then it is considered analytical. This means that the indicator of the conditional mood is the formative suffix -l and the particle would.
* Opinions regarding the form of the verb in the conditional mood vary. Some authors believe that it is a past tense form, while others consider it to be homonymous to the past tense form of the verb.
§7. Time
Time is a variable attribute. Tense, like mood, is a verb category. They are not characteristic of other parts of speech.
The tense of the verb expresses the relationship between the time of action and the moment of speech. The tense forms differ only in the indicative mood. There are three times:
- past,
- the present,
- future.
Not all verbs have forms of all three tenses. Perfective verbs do not have a present tense form.
Real tense and grammatical tense may not be the same. For example:
Yesterday he comes And speaks: - Today I came on time
(action in the past is expressed in present tense forms).
The future tense can be expressed analytically, in two words: a verb be in the required form and an imperfective verb in an indefinite form, for example:
Perfective verbs form only the simple future tense, for example: I'll leave, write, We'll see.
In Russian you cannot say: If you write, we'll see. This is a gross violation of the morphological norm.
§8. Face
Person is an inflected sign for verbs of the present and future tense of the indicative mood and verbs of the imperative mood. The face represents the producer of the action.
If the action is performed by the speaker, then the verb is put in the 1st person form.
If the action is performed by the listener, then the verb is put in the 2nd person form.
If the action is performed by other persons not participating in the conversation, then the verb is put in the 3rd person form.
I like oranges.(1 l., unit)
We love oranges.(1 l., plural)
You love oranges.(2 l., unit)
You love oranges.(2 l., plural)
He loves oranges.(3 l., units)
They love oranges.(3 l., plural)
In the Russian language, verbs are possible that denote an action that does not have a producer. Such verbs are called impersonal.
Impersonal verbs
Impersonal verbs denote a state of nature or a person that does not depend on their will. Therefore, both nature and man are not considered as producers of action.
It's getting dark.
It was getting dark.
I'm sick.
I'm not feeling well.
Verb forms in the impersonal form cannot be a predicate in a two-part sentence. They are the main members of one-part impersonal sentences.
§9. Genus
Gender is a variable morphological feature of a verb. Verbs have singular gender forms. past indicative tense and singular form. conditional mood.
Lesson passed, lecture passed, interview passed, the meetings took place (in the past tense, the indicative gender differs only in singular units).
If only a lesson passed(lecture passed, interview passed), we would have gone home (in the conditional terms, gender differs only in units).
§10. Number
Number is a morphological feature common to all verbal forms, except for the indefinite form of the verb and the gerund.
Verb forms
Test of strength
Check your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Is it correct to think that a verb is a significant part of speech?
What morphological features unite all verb forms?
- Non-permanent (changeable) signs
What kind of verbs are there more among Russian derived verbs?
What tense form do SV verbs not have?
- Real
- past
- of the future
Can intransitive verbs control nouns in V.p.?
Is it correct to assume that transitive verbs are irreflexive?
What are verbs called that have 1st conjugation endings in some forms and 2nd conjugation endings in others?
- Impersonal
- Transitional
- Heterogeneous conjugates
How do verbs change in the present tense?
- By persons and numbers
- By numbers and genders
Can impersonal verbs be predicates in two-part sentences?
Is tense a constant (unchangeable) feature of a verb?
How do verbs change in the past tense?
- By persons and numbers
- By numbers and singular by gender
Are verbs of the same root with different prefixes and different meanings an aspect pair: rewrite - add?
Right answers:
- Permanent (unchangeable) characteristics
- Real
- Heterogeneous conjugates
- By persons and numbers
- By numbers and singular by gender
In contact with
One of the points in learning the Russian language is learning such a part of speech as a verb. The verb has several forms, types, and conjugations. In this article we will dwell in detail on how you can determine the type of a verb. There are only two of them: perfect and imperfect.
Determine the type of verb using a question
This is the simplest and most reliable option that does not require a lot of time and additional knowledge.
Perfective verbs answer the question “What to do (does, did, did)?”, and for imperfective verbs we ask the question “What to do (does, did, did)?”.
Determine the type of verb by the nature of the action
Perfect verbs denote an action that, at the time of using this verb, has already been completed or will be completed by a certain time (or upon achieving some specific goal). They also indicate actions that do not need to be repeated. They can indicate actions in the future; the main limit is the very implementation of this action. That is, the action is always limited by some framework.
Imperfect verbs are not limited by time frames and can occur at the present moment; they denote long-term actions, actions that require repetition.
Example. The verb "to wash" means that something must be completely washed by a certain point. The action will end when the desired result is achieved, which means the verb is perfective.
The verb "to wash" means that something must be washed in an unspecified period of time. Due to the fact that the duration of action is not limited, we can conclude that the verb is imperfective.
However, you should not determine the type of a verb only by its meaning. It would be safer to ask an additional question, as we did in the first paragraph. This way you can avoid accidental mistakes.
Determine the type of verb by parsing the word
Each type of verb has some specific features in word formation. These signs can also tell you what type of verb you are dealing with.
Perfective verbs have the following characteristics:
- prefixes “with”, “you”, “by”, “on”, “pro”, etc.,
- suffix "well".
The following features are characteristic of imperfective verbs:
- prefixes “with”, “you”, “by”, “on”, “pro”, etc.,
- suffix “iva”, “yva”, “va”, etc.
After reading this article, you may notice that you can determine the form of a verb very quickly and without much difficulty. You just need to know a few important rules and features, for example, what question is answered by this or that type of verb or what suffix is characteristic of it.
Verb- a part of speech that denotes an action or state of an object and answers the questions what to do? what to do?
There are verbs imperfect and perfect forms.
Verbs are divided into transitive and intransitive.
Verbs change according to mood.
A verb has an initial form called the infinitive (or infinitive). It shows neither time, nor number, nor person, nor gender.
The verbs in the sentence are predicates.
The indefinite form of a verb can be part of a compound predicate, it can be a subject, an object, a modifier, or a circumstance.
Types of verb
Verbs imperfect form answer the question what to do?, and verbs perfect form- what to do?
Imperfective verbs do not indicate the completion of an action, its end or result. Perfective verbs indicate the completion of an action, its end or result.
A verb of one type may correspond to a verb of another type with the same lexical meaning.
When forming verbs of one type from verbs of another type, prefixes are used.
The formation of verb types can be accompanied by alternation of vowels and consonants in the root.
Transitive and intransitive verbs.
Verbs that combine or can combine with a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition are called transitional.
Transitive verbs denote an action that moves to another subject.
A noun or pronoun with a transitive verb can be in the genitive case.
Verbs are intransitive.
, if the action does not directly move to another object.
Intransitive verbs include verbs with the suffix -sya (s).
Reflexive verbs.
Verbs with suffix -sya (s) are called returnable.
Some verbs can be reflexive or non-reflexive; others only reflexive (without suffix -xia they are not used).
Verb mood.
Verbs in indicative mood denote actions that are actually happening or will happen.
Verbs in the indicative mood change tenses. In the present and future tenses, the final vowel of the indefinite stem is sometimes omitted.
In the indicative mood, imperfective verbs have three tenses: present, past and future, and perfective verbs have two tenses: past and future simple.
Verbs in conditional mood denote actions that are desirable or possible under certain conditions.
The conditional mood of the verb is formed from the stem of the indefinite form of the verb using a suffix -l- and particles would (b). This particle can appear after or before the verb, or can be separated from the verb by other words.
Verbs in the conditional mood vary according to number and in the singular - according to gender.
Verbs in imperative mood express a call to action, an order, a request.
Verbs in the imperative mood are usually used in the form 2nd person.
Verbs in the imperative mood do not change tenses.
Imperative forms are formed from the stem of the present or future simple tense using a suffix -And- or zero suffix. Verbs in the imperative mood in the singular have a zero ending, and in the plural - -those.
Sometimes a particle is added to imperative verbs -ka, which somewhat softens the order.
Verb tense.
Present tense.
Verbs in the present tense show that an action is happening at the moment of speech.
Verbs in the present tense can denote actions that are performed constantly, always.
Verbs in the present tense change according to persons and numbers.
Past tense.
Verbs in the past tense show that the action took place before the moment of speech.
When describing the past, the present tense is often used instead of the past tense.
Verbs in the past tense form are formed from the indefinite form (infinitive) using a suffix -l-.
Verbs in the indefinite form in -ch, -ti, -thread(imperfect form) forms of the past tense singular masculine without a suffix are formed -l-.
Past tense verbs change according to number, and in the singular - according to gender. In the plural, verbs in the past tense do not change by person.
Future tense.
Verbs in the future tense indicate that the action will take place after the moment of speech.
The future tense has two forms: simple and compound. Shape of the future composite imperfective verbs consists of the future tense of the verb be and the infinitive form of the imperfective verb. The future tense is formed from perfective verbs simple, from imperfective verbs - future tense composite.
Morphological analysis of the verb.
I. Part of speech. General meaning.
II. Morphological characteristics:
1.
Initial form (indefinite form).
2.
Constant signs:
a) view,
b) conjugation,
c) transitivity.
3.
Variable signs:
a) inclination,
b) number,
c) time (if any),
d) number (if any),
e) gender (if any).
III. Syntactic role.
| Parts of speech |
