Her possessive pronoun. Pronouns in Russian. Possessive pronoun own

The use of the pronouns my, our, yours, yours, his, her, theirs in relation to the use of personal pronouns of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd person. Thus, the 2nd person pronouns in the above examples are a sign of addressed speech: “Your huge world” (title - Moscow Koms. 1989. March 18); “A book about your friend” (title - Koms. pr. 1991. October 30); “On your terms, the Moscow center will rent for any period or buy an apartment in Moscow” (Moscow Koms. April 1991, 17). In sentences like: “Instructions describe our life from birth to death. But this does not make life easier, but on the contrary, it becomes more restless and more difficult” (AiF. 1989. No. 3); “And in general, our football is getting closer and closer to the “Danish version”: relatively weak clubs, but a strong team made up of players playing abroad” (Koms. pr. 1991. November 5) - possessive pronouns appear in a generalizing-restrictive meaning. Under the heading “Their” voices were conveyed,” Moskovsky Komsomolets publishes excerpts from messages from foreign radio stations, many of which were previously odious in our country. The quotation marks in which the pronoun is enclosed are an ironic reaction to previously common headings and headings (such as “Their Morals”, “Under the Shadow of Their Freedoms”). “Ours” is a tendentious title for a series of programs by A. Nevzorov about the actions of riot police in the Baltics in January-March 1991. A title reflecting the political leanings of the journalist. One of the new Moscow newspapers, which is equally biased in the selection and interpretation of facts, received the same name - “Ours”.

The pronoun one indicates belonging to any of the three persons; "I love my job"; “You love your job”; "He loves his job". It should be emphasized that there are several features in its use.

1. If the active producer of the action is the 1st or 2nd person, the pronoun my is synonymous with the possessive pronouns my, yours, yours, ours: “I don’t write my biography. I turn to it when someone else’s demands it” (Past.) - 1st person; “Be silent, hide and hide your feelings and dreams” (Tutch.) - 2nd person.

The difference between them is that the pronoun “your” simply indicates belonging, and the possessive pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons emphasize which particular person we are talking about. Depending on the purpose of the message, the speaker chooses one or another pronoun. Thus, in the novel “Eugene Onegin” by A.S. Pushkin, speaking about the main and beloved characters of the novel, about the novel itself, prefers the pronoun mine: “Forgive me! I love my dear Tatyana so much”; “But that’s enough. It’s time for me to start writing my beauty’s letter”; “With the hero of my novel Without preamble, this very hour, Let me introduce you”; "And with that I began my novel."

In general, in lyrical poetry it is very common to use possessive pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons, which are more meaningful than the pronoun your: “With a sheaf of your oat hair, you have appeared to me forever” (Es.); “And reading my life with disgust, I tremble and curse” (P.); “I am learning, I am learning with my heart to cherish the color of bird cherry trees in my eyes” (Es.).

2. The pronoun one can be used only when the person, the object to which the pronoun indicates belonging, is an active producer of the action and takes the place of the subject in the sentence: “You returned to your city, familiar to tears” (Mand.); “And I will know wisdom and sadness, objects will entrust their secret meaning to me” (B.Akhm.).

In other cases, the use of the pronoun "s" is erroneous: it creates ambiguity. Therefore, the following newspaper examples are unsuccessful: “Angrily condemning his unworthy behavior, the workers helped him understand his mistakes” (Volg. Ave.); “We found the chairman of the collective farm in his office” (ibid.). It is unclear whose delusions and whose office we are talking about. It was necessary to say: “in his delusions,” “in his study.”

3. You should not use the pronoun your even when in the context there are already indications of ownership expressed by other means, which makes the use of the pronoun your unnecessary, for example; “More than once... the turner Comrade Khodin demonstrated advanced working techniques, fulfilling his quota 180 percent” (Kolomenskaya Pravda).

Rakhmanova L.I., Suzdaltseva V.N. Modern Russian language. - M, 1997.

A pronoun is a special class of significant words that indicate an object without naming it. To avoid tautology in speech, the speaker can use a pronoun. Examples: I, yours, who, this, everyone, most, all, myself, mine, other, another, that, somehow, someone, something, etc.

As can be seen from the examples, pronouns are most often used instead of a noun, as well as instead of an adjective, numeral or adverb.

Pronouns are typically divided into categories according to meaning. This part of speech is focused on names. In other words, pronouns replace nouns, adjectives, and numerals. However, the peculiarity of pronouns is that, replacing names, they do not acquire their meaning. According to established tradition, only modifiable words are considered pronouns. All unchangeable words are treated as pronominal adverbs.

This article will present the meaning and grammatical features, as well as examples of sentences in which certain pronouns are used.

Table of pronouns by category

Personal pronouns	I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they
Reflexive pronoun
Possessive pronouns	my, yours, ours, yours, yours
Demonstrative pronouns	this, that, such, so much
Determinative pronouns	himself, most, all, every, each, any, other, other
Interrogative pronouns	who, what, which, which, whose, how many, which
Relative pronouns	who, what, how, which, which, whose, how many, which
Negative pronouns	no one, nothing, none, nobody, no one, nothing
Indefinite pronouns	someone, something, some, some, several, some, anyone, anyone, anything, some, some

Pronouns are divided into three categories:

1. Pronominal nouns.
2. Pronominal adjectives.
3. Pronominal numerals.

Personal pronouns

Words indicating persons and objects that are participants in a speech act are called “personal pronouns.” Examples: I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they. I, you, we, you denote participants in verbal communication. The pronouns he, she, they do not participate in the speech act; they are reported to the speaker as non-participants in the speech act.

• I know what you want to tell me. (Participant in a speech act, object.)
• You must read all the fiction on the list. (The subject to whom the action is directed.)
• We had a wonderful holiday this year! (Participants in a speech act, subjects.)
• You played your role perfectly! (Addressee, object to which the address is directed in a speech act.)
• He prefers a quiet pastime. (Non-participant in the speech act.)
• Will she definitely go to America this summer? (Non-participant in the speech act.)
• They jumped with a parachute for the first time in their lives and were very pleased. (Non-participant in the speech act.)

Attention! The pronouns his, her, their, depending on the context, can be used both as possessive and personal pronouns.

Compare:

• He was not at school today, neither for the first nor for the last lesson. - His performance at school depends on how often he attends classes. (In his first sentence there is a personal pronoun in the genitive case, in his second sentence there is a possessive pronoun.)
• I asked her to keep this conversation between us. “She ran, her hair fluttered in the wind, and her silhouette was getting lost and lost with every second, moving away and dissolving in the light of day.
• You should always ask them to turn the music down. “Their dog very often howls at night, as if grieving for some unbearable grief of his.

Reflexive pronoun

The pronoun oneself belongs to this category - it indicates the person of the object or addressee, who are identified with the actor. Reflexive pronouns perform this function. Example sentences:

• I have always considered myself the happiest in the whole wide world.
• She constantly admires herself.
• He doesn't like to make mistakes and trusts only himself.

Can I keep this kitten with me?

Possessive pronouns

A word indicating that a person or thing belongs to another person or thing is called a “possessive pronoun.” Example: mine, yours, ours, yours, yours. Possessive pronouns indicate belonging to the speaker, interlocutor or non-participant in the act of speech.

• My the decision always turns out to be the most correct.
• Yours wishes will definitely be fulfilled.
• Our The dog behaves very aggressively towards passers-by.
• Is yours the choice will be yours.
• Finally I got mine present!
• Their keep your thoughts to yourself.
• My the city misses me and I feel how much I miss it.

Words like her, him, them can act as a personal pronoun in or as possessive pronoun. Example sentences:

• Their the car is parked at the entrance. - They were not in the city for 20 years.
• His the bag is lying on the chair. - He was asked to bring tea.
• Her the house is located in the city center. - She was made the queen of the evening.

The possessive pronoun also indicates that a person (object) belongs to a group of objects. Example:

• Our I will remember our joint trips for a long time!

Demonstrative pronouns

The demonstrative is the second name that bears the demonstrative pronoun. Examples: this, that, such, so much. These words distinguish this or that object (person) from a number of other similar objects, persons or signs. This function is performed by the demonstrative pronoun. Examples:

• This The novel is much more interesting and informative than all those I have read before. (Pronoun this distinguishes one object from a number of similar ones, indicates the peculiarity of this object.)

Pronoun This also performs this function.

• This sea, these mountains, This the sun will forever remain in my memory as the brightest memory.

However, you should be careful when determining the part of speech and not confuse the demonstrative pronoun with a particle!

Compare examples of demonstrative pronouns:

• This it was excellent! - Did you play the role of a fox in a school play? (In the first case, This is a pronoun and fulfills the predicate. In the second case This- the particle does not have a syntactic role in the sentence.)
• That the house is much older and more beautiful than this one. (Pronoun That highlights an object, points to it.)
• Neither such, no other option suited him. (Pronoun such helps to concentrate attention on one of many subjects.)
• So many once he stepped on the same rake, and again repeats everything all over again. (Pronoun so many emphasizes the repetition of the action.)

Determinative pronouns

Examples of pronouns: himself, most, all, every, each, any, other, other. This category is divided into subcategories, each of which includes the following pronouns:

1.Himself, the most- pronouns that have an excretory function. They elevate the object in question and individualize it.

• Myself the director, Alexander Yaroslavovich, was present at the party.
• He was offered the most a highly paid and prestigious job in our city.
• The most The greatest happiness in life is to love and be loved.
• Self Her Majesty condescended to praise me.

2.All- a pronoun that has the meaning of breadth of coverage of the characteristics of a person, object or characteristic.

• All the city came to see him perform.
• All The road passed in remorse and the desire to return home.
• All the sky was covered with clouds, and not a single clearing was visible.

3. Anyone, everyone, anyone- pronouns denoting freedom of choice from several objects, persons or characteristics (if they exist at all).

• Semyon Semenovich Laptev is a master of his craft - this is for you any will say.
• Any a person is able to achieve what he wants, the main thing is to make an effort and not be lazy.
• Each blade of grass every the petal breathed life, and this desire for happiness was transmitted to me more and more.
• All sorts of things the word he said turned against him, but he did not seek to correct it.

4.Different, different- pronouns that have meanings that are not identical to what was said earlier.

• I chose other a path that was more accessible to me.
• Imagine another If you were me, would you do the same?
• IN other Once he comes home, silently, eats and goes to bed, today everything was different...
• The medal has two sides - another I did not notice.

Interrogative pronouns

Examples of pronouns: who, what, which, which, whose, how many, which.

Interrogative pronouns contain questions about persons, objects or phenomena, quantities. A question mark is usually placed at the end of a sentence that contains an interrogative pronoun.

• Who was that man who came to see us this morning?
• What what will you do when the summer exams are over?
• What there should be a portrait of an ideal person, and how do you imagine him?
• Which out of these three people could know what really happened?
• Whose is this a briefcase?
• How much does a red dress cost? which did you come to school yesterday?
• Which your favorite time of year?
• Whose I saw a child in the yard yesterday?
• How Do you think I should enroll in the Faculty of International Relations?

Relative pronouns

Examples of pronouns: who, what, how, which, which, whose, how many, which.

Attention! These pronouns can act as both relative and interrogative pronouns, depending on whether they are used in a particular context. In a complex sentence (CSS), only the relative pronoun is used. Examples:

• How are you making sponge cake with cherry filling? - She told how she prepares a pie with cherry filling.

In the first case How - the pronoun has an interrogative function, i.e. the subject concludes a question about a certain object and the method of obtaining it. In the second case, the pronoun How is used as a relative pronoun and acts as a connecting word between the first and second simple sentences.

• Who knows in which does the sea flow into the Volga River? “He didn’t know who this man was and what could be expected from him.
• What do you need to do to get a good job? - He knew what to do in order to get a well-paid job.

What- pronoun - used both as a relative and as an interrogative pronoun, depending on the context.

• What what are we going to do tonight? - You said that today we should visit our grandmother.

To accurately determine the category of pronouns when choosing between relative and interrogative, you need to remember that the interrogative pronoun in a sentence can be replaced by a verb, a noun, or a numeral, depending on the context. The relative pronoun cannot be replaced.

• What do you want for dinner today? - I would like vermicelli for dinner.
• Which do you like the color? - Do you like the color purple?
• Whose is this a house? - Is this mom's house?
• Which Are you in line according to the bill? -Are you eleventh in line?
• How many do you have any candy? - Do you have six sweets?

The situation is similar with the pronoun than. Compare examples of relative pronouns:

• What to do on the weekend? - He completely forgot what I wanted to do this for the weekend. (As we see, in the second version the pronoun how is included in the category of relative and performs a connecting function between two parts of a complex sentence.)
• How did you get into my house yesterday? - Anna Sergeevna looked questioningly at the boy and did not understand how he got into her house.
• How does it feel to realize that you are in trouble? - I know from myself what it’s like to realize that your plans are collapsing quickly and irrevocably.
• How many times do I ask you not to do this again? “She has already lost count of the number of times her son brought his class teacher to tears.
• Whose car is parked at the gate of my house? “He was at a loss, so he couldn’t figure out whose idea it was to provoke a fight.
• How much is this Persian kitten worth? - He was told how much a red Persian kitten costs.
• Who knows what year the Battle of Borodino took place? - Three students raised their hands: they knew in what year the Battle of Borodino took place.

Some scientists propose to combine relative and interrogative pronouns into one category and call them “interrogative-relative pronouns.” Examples:

• Who is there? - He didn't see who was here.

However, at present it has not yet been possible to reach a general agreement, and the categories of interrogative and relative pronouns continue to exist separately from each other.

Negative pronouns

Examples of pronouns: no one, nothing, none, nobody, no one, nothing. Negative pronouns mean the absence of persons, objects, and also to indicate their negative characteristics.

• Nobody didn't know what to expect from him.
• Nothing he was not interested enough to devote his whole life to this matter.
• No debt and none money couldn't keep him from running away.
• A lonely dog ​​ran along the road, and it seemed that it never had an owner, a home or tasty food in the morning; She was draw.
• He tried to find excuses for himself, but it turned out that everything happened precisely on his initiative, and no one was to blame for this.
• He was completely nothing to do, so he walked slowly in the rain past the glowing shop windows and watched the oncoming cars passing by.

Indefinite pronouns

An indefinite pronoun is formed from interrogative or relative pronouns. Examples: someone, something, some, some, several, some, anyone, anyone, anything, some, some. Indefinite pronouns contain the meaning of an unknown, undefined person or thing. Also, indefinite pronouns have the meaning of deliberately hidden information that the speaker specifically does not want to communicate.

Examples for comparison:

• Someone's a voice rang out in the darkness, and I didn’t quite understand who it belonged to: a man or an animal. (Lack of information from the speaker.) - This letter was from my no one an acquaintance who had been absent from our city for a long time and was now planning to come. (Information deliberately hidden from listeners.)
• Something the incredible happened that night: the wind tore and tossed leaves from the trees, lightning flashed and pierced the sky. (Instead of something You can substitute indefinite pronouns with similar meaning: something, something.)
• Some of my friends consider me a strange and wonderful person: I don’t strive to earn a lot of money and live in a small old house on the edge of the village . (Pronoun some can be replaced by the following pronouns: some, several.)
• Some a pair of shoes, a backpack and a tent were already packed and were waiting for us to pack up and leave far, far from the city. (The subject does not specify the number of objects, but generalizes their number.)
• Some people informed me that you received the letter, but do not want to acknowledge it volume.(The speaker deliberately hides all information about the face.)
• If anyone I saw this man, please report this to the police!
• Anyone knows what Natasha Rostova and Andrei Bolkonsky talked about at the ball?
• When will you see anything interesting, don’t forget to write down your observations in a notebook.
• Some Moments in learning English remained incomprehensible to me, then I returned to the previous lesson and tried to go through it again. (Intentional concealment of information by the speaker.)
• How long I still had some money in my wallet, but I didn’t remember how much. (Lack of information about the subject from the speaker.)

Grammatical grades of pronouns

Grammatically, pronouns are divided into three categories:

1. Pronominal noun.
2. Pronominal adjective.
3. Pronominal numeral.

TO pronominal noun These categories of pronouns include: personal, reflexive, interrogative, negative, indefinite. All these categories are similar in their grammatical properties to nouns. However, pronominal nouns have certain features that a pronoun does not have. Examples:

• I came to you . (In this case, this is the masculine gender, which we determined by the past tense verb with a zero ending). - You came to me. (Gender is determined by the ending of the verb “came” - feminine,

As you can see from the example, some pronouns do not have a gender category. In this case, the family can be restored logically, based on the situation.

Other pronouns of the listed categories have a gender category, but it does not reflect the real relationships of persons and objects. For example, the pronoun Who always combined with a verb in the masculine past tense.

• Who was the first woman to travel into space?
• Ready or not, here I come.
• She knew who would be the next contender for her hand and heart.

The pronoun that is used with neuter nouns of the past tense.

• What allowed you to do this act?
• He had no idea that something similar to his story could be happening somewhere.

Pronoun He has generic forms, but gender here acts as a classification form, and not as a nominative form.

TO pronominal adjective These include demonstrative, attributive, interrogative, relative, negative, and indefinite pronouns. They all answer the question Which? and are likened to adjectives in their properties. They have dependent forms of number and case.

• This tiger cub is the fastest in the zoo.

Pronominal numerals include pronouns as much as, several. They are likened in their meaning when combined with nouns.

• How many books have you read this summer?
• I now had so many opportunities!
• My grandmother left some hot pies for me.

Attention! However, in combination with verbs, pronouns how many, as many, several are used as adverbs.

• How much does this orange blouse cost?
• You can only spend that much on vacation.
• I thought a little about how to live and what to do next.

It's hard to say how we would manage without pronouns. Without them it is impossible to construct almost a single phrase. Here, for example, are the previous two. That is, of course, it is possible. But why bother?

If you put together all the pronouns in the Russian language, you will get an impressive document. But it doesn’t make sense to simply lump everything together. Therefore, we have prepared a special article for you. It contains all the basic information about the categories of pronouns, their grammatical features and spelling, as well as a sample of morphological analysis. Special tables will help you better master all the necessary knowledge about pronouns in the Russian language. And examples from literary works will help to more clearly imagine how the grammatical characteristics of pronouns are implemented in practice.

What are pronouns

Pronoun refers to an independent part of speech that is used instead of nouns, adjectives, numerals and adverbs (or their characteristics) to indicate these nouns, adjectives, numerals and adverbs (as well as their characteristics and quantity), without naming them.

The grammatical features of pronouns depend on which part of speech they refer to. This will be discussed in more detail below.

Pronouns are divided into two types of categories: by meaning and by grammatical features.

Digits by value:

• personal;
• returnable;
• possessive;
• interrogative;
• relative;
• index;
• definitive;
• negative;
• undefined.

Sometimes reciprocal and general pronouns are also added to this classification.

Disorders based on grammatical features:

• generalized subject;
• generalized-qualitative;
• generalized quantitative.

This classification examines how pronouns relate to different parts of speech: nouns, adjectives, numerals. In some sources, a special group of pronouns that are correlated with adverbs is sometimes included here.

Now we will analyze all these categories in detail.

Classes of pronouns in Russian

By value:

Personal pronouns. In speech, they indicate its object - the person in question. Pronouns 1 ( I/we) and 2 ( you you) faces indicate participants in speech. 3rd person pronouns ( he, she, it/they) indicate persons who do not participate in speech.

Obsolete personal pronoun one used to denote feminine (plural) objects of speech.

Personal pronouns in the Russian language change according to persons and numbers, pronouns of the 3rd person singular - also according to gender, as well as to cases.

In a sentence they play the role of subject or object.

• I couldn't shake the feeling that they could see us. (Ch.T. Aitmatov)
• Life is always accompanied by effort, hardship and hard work, because it is not a garden with beautiful flowers. (I.A. Goncharov)
• Why don't I want to be smarter if I understand how stupid everyone around me is? If you wait for everyone to wise up, it will take too long... and then I realized that this is completely impossible. (F.M. Dostoevsky)

Reflexive pronouns. In speech, they indicate the direction of action to the subject. Reflexive pronoun myself does not have a nominative case form, but is declined in all other cases: yourself, yourself, yourself/yourself, (about) yourself. Does not change according to persons, numbers, genders.

In a sentence it acts as a complement.

• If you happen to be angry with someone else, be angry with yourself at the same time, at least for the fact that you managed to get angry with someone else. (N.V. Gogol)
• There is nothing more pleasant than being obliged to do everything to yourself. (N.V. Gogol)
• To live for oneself is not to live, but to exist passively: you need to fight. (I.A. Goncharov)
• We often allow ourselves to think that ancient people are like inexperienced children. (L.N. Tolstoy)

Possessive pronouns. In speech, they indicate that a certain object (objects) belongs to a subject (or subjects).

Possessive pronouns:

• 1 person – my, my, my/my And our, ours, ours / ours;
• 2 persons – yours, yours, yours / yours And yours, yours, yours/yours;
• 3 persons – him, her/them.

Possessive pronouns in the Russian language change, as you already understood, by person, gender and number, and also in combination with a noun that is being explained - by case. Third person pronouns are not inflected.

• Our choices, more than our abilities, reveal our true selves. (J.K. Rowling)
• In our office, out of thirty-two employees on staff, twenty-eight called themselves: “Golden Pen of the Republic.” The three of us, in order of originality, were called silver. (S.D. Dovlatov)
• There are no sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - for which there would not be an exact expression in our language. (K.G. Paustovsky)

Interrogative pronouns. Pronouns who?, what?, which?, which?, whose?, which?, how many?, where?, when?, where?, from where?, why? serve as interrogative words (indicate persons, objects, signs, quantity) when making interrogative sentences.

They change according to numbers, genders, cases, but not all.

• Do you know what is given to man, and only to him? Laugh and cry. (E.M. Remarque)
• Dear, dear, funny fool, / Well, where are you, where are you going? (S. A. Yesenin)
• What is law? / The law is a tightrope on the street, / To stop passersby in the middle of the road<...>(V.A. Zhukovsky)

Relative pronouns. Pronouns who, what, which, what, whose, which, how many, where, where, when, from, why They also act as allied words in complex sentences and serve to connect the subordinate and main parts of a complex sentence.

Like interrogatives, relative pronouns who what And How many declined according to cases. The rest are based on numbers, genders and cases. Besides pronouns where, where, when, where, why, which are immutable.

In a sentence, depending on the part of speech they replace, they can act in different syntactic roles.

• There are such low characters who love, as if they hate! (F.M. Dostoevsky)
• People will always have something to find, discover, invent, because the very source of this knowledge is inexhaustible. (I.A. Goncharov)
• Outright anger is much less repulsive than pretense of kindness. (L.N. Tolstoy)
• Joy can be compared to oil in a lamp: when there is not enough oil in the lamp, the wick quickly burns out and the light from the lamp is replaced by black smoke. (L.N. Tolstoy)

Demonstrative pronouns. Indicate the signs or number of speech objects. The following pronouns fall into this category: so much, this, that, such, such, here, here, here, there, from there, from here, then, therefore, then, obsolete pronouns this one.

Demonstrative pronouns in the Russian language change according to cases, gender and numbers.

• I've been planning to buy myself a castle for two years. Happy are those who have nothing to lock up. (F.M. Dostoevsky)
• Sometimes a person reaches such a line that if he doesn’t step over it, he will be unhappy, and if he steps over it, he will become even more unhappy. (F.M. Dostoevsky)
• The truth should be served like a coat, not thrown in your face like a wet towel. (M. Twain)
• Anyone who strives for self-improvement will never believe that this self-improvement has a limit. (L.N. Tolstoy)

Determinative pronouns. They are used to indicate a sign of the object of speech. These include: .

Determinative pronouns are declined according to cases and change according to gender and number.

• Everyone who stops learning grows old, whether at 20 or 80, and anyone else who continues to study remains young. The most important thing in life is to keep your brain young. (G. Ford)
• One good friend is worth more than all the blessings in this world. (Voltaire)
• Even the most frank thought, the purest and clearly conveyed fantasy, be it truth or fiction, cannot evoke sincere sympathy. (L.N. Tolstoy)
• We don't need magic to change this world - within us we already have everything we need for this: we can mentally imagine the best... (J. K. Rowling)

Negative pronouns. In speech they act as an indicator of the absence of the object of speech or its signs. Pronouns no one, nothing, no one, nothing, none, nobody, nowhere and the like, as you can see, are formed from interrogative/relative pronouns by attaching prefixes Not-(under emphasis) and neither-(no emphasis).

In Russian, negative pronouns vary by case, gender and number.

• The old truth will never be embarrassed by the new - it will put this burden on its shoulders. Only the sick, the obsolete are afraid to take a step forward. (I.A. Goncharov)
• I believe that nothing passes without a trace and that every little step matters for the present and future life. (A.P. Chekhov)
• Never make any complex moves when the same can be achieved in much simpler ways. This is one of the wisest rules of life. It is very difficult to apply it in practice. Especially intellectuals and romantics. (E.M. Remarque)
• Philosophers and children have one noble trait - they do not attach importance to any differences between people - neither social, nor mental, nor external. (A.T. Averchenko)

Indefinite pronouns. Speech expresses indefinite characteristics and the number of objects of speech, as well as their uncertainty.

Pronouns of this category are also formed from interrogative/relative pronouns by adding prefixes to them: not-, some- - something, someone, some, some, several, somehow, something and so on. And also postfixes: - then, -either, - anyone – anyone, somewhere, how much and so on.

Indefinite pronouns in the Russian language change according to gender and number, and are declined according to cases.

• You can say a lot of stupid things, following only the desire to say something. (Voltaire)
• Some are accustomed to living on everything ready-made, walking on someone’s feet, eating chewed food... (F.M. Dostoevsky)
• In hardly anything else is human frivolity more often seen to such a terrifying extent than in the structure of marital unions. (N.S. Leskov)

Mentioned above reciprocal pronouns serve to express attitudes towards two or more persons and objects.

Their number in the Russian language is very large due to the many prepositions, thanks to which for each reciprocal pronoun there is a large number of variable forms. For example, to each other, about each other, in each other, for each other, one from the other, one for the other, one from under the other, after each other, in the end, from end to beginning, from first to second, from case to case case, time after time, from this to that– and this is not a complete list.

In a sentence they play the role of complements.

• People are pressed together like rats in a cage, their anger at each other is natural for lonely kings. (A.V. Korolev)
• In bad weather or just when we feel like it, we have fun looking at the contents of tin boxes. We carefully unwrap the wax paper bags and show each other what makes us who we are. (G. Petrovich)

General pronouns serve in speech to indicate objects that are combined according to any characteristics that do not express quality. For example, speech objects combined in pairs ( both; both), or identical ( the same, the same), or an integer set ( everyone, everyone, all) and so on.

Table of categories of pronouns in the Russian language

Rank by value	Examples of pronouns
1. Personal	1st person – me, we 2nd person – you, you 3rd person – he, she, it, they (+ one)
2. Returnable	myself
3. Possessives	1st person – mine, mine, my, mine, our, ours, ours, ours 2nd person – yours, yours, yours, yours, yours, yours, yours, yours 3rd person – his, her, theirs
4. Questions	Who? What? Which? what? whose? which? How many? Where? When? Where? where? For what?
5. Relative	who, what, which, which, whose, which, how many, where, when, where, why
6. Index fingers	so much, this, that, such, such, here, here, here, there, from there, from here, then, therefore, then (+ this, that)
7. Definitive	all, every, all, himself, most, every, any, other, different, every kind, everywhere, everywhere, always
8. Negative	no one, nothing, no one, nothing, none, no one's
9. Uncertain	someone, something, some, some, several, some, some where, something, somewhere, some, any, some, somewhere, for some reason, someone

“Non-classical” categories are not included in this table intentionally so as not to create confusion.

Correlating pronouns with other parts of speech

In other words, categories based on grammatical features:

Pronouns-nouns indicate a person or thing. They are similar to nouns due to their syntactic and morphological characteristics. For example, in a sentence you can also ask them questions: who? So what? and they act as subject or object. As well as the categories of person (in personal ones, through verbs associated with them), number, gender (expressed in words associated with the pronoun) and case. By the way, the pronoun Who is masculine, and What- average.

Pronouns-nouns in the Russian language include: all personal and reflexive pronouns, some interrogative/relative, negative, indefinite. In particular: he, she, it, they, who, what, no one, nothing, someone, something, someone, something etc.

Pronouns-adjectives in speech they indicate the attribute of an object, and this allows them to be correlated with adjectives. In addition, they show inconsistent signs of gender, number and can be declined according to cases. Although, for example, pronouns what And that's how it is They do not decline and in a sentence, unlike others, they can only be predicates. All other adjective pronouns act either as modifiers or as an integral part of the predicate.

Third person possessive pronouns are also unchangeable: his, her, their.

Adjective pronouns include all possessive pronouns and all attributives, some demonstrative and interrogative/relative, negative and indefinite. Namely: my, yours, yours, ours, yours, which, which, whose, that, this, most, every, every and so on.

Numeral pronouns, as you might guess, indicate the number of objects without indicating it exactly. These include pronouns as much as and their indefinite derivatives a few, some, some.

Pronouns of this category are capable of inflection according to cases (everything is the same). But they do not change by gender and number. They agree with nouns according to the same principle as cardinal numerals.

Pronouns-adverbs, already mentioned above, are a special group that is not always identified. Often they are not classified as pronouns at all. Like adjective pronouns, they indicate a characteristic, but are unchangeable and characterize an action. And this allows us to correlate them with adverbs.

Pronouns of this category do not show signs of gender and number, and are not declined according to cases. They agree with verbs according to the same principle as adverbs. And circumstances play a role in a sentence.

Pronoun-adverbs include: there, where, where, when, so.

Pronouns in Russian - table of categories in relation to parts of speech

Grammar classification	Examples of pronouns
1. Pronouns - nouns	he, she, it, they, who, what, no one, nothing, someone, something, someone, something and others
2. Adjective pronouns	my, yours, yours, ours, yours, which, which, whose, that, this, most, every, each and others
3. Numeral pronouns	as much as, several, how much, how much
4. Pronouns-adverbs	there, where, where, when, so

Cases of pronouns in Russian

Pronouns of different categories have their own peculiarities of changing according to cases. Now we will look at some of them in more detail.

1. Cases of personal pronouns

In indirect cases, not only the endings of these pronouns change, but also the stem:

I.p. I, you, we, you, he, it, she, they

R.p. me, you, us, you, his, his, her, their

D.p. me, you, us, you, his, his, her, their

V.p. me, you, us, you, his, his, her, their

etc. me (me), you (you), us, you, them, them, her (her), them

P.p. (about) me, (about) you, (about) us, (about) you, (about) him, (about) him, (about) her, (about) them.

The 1st and 2nd person singular pronouns do not have clearly defined gender categories: they are used in both masculine, feminine, and neuter.

Third person pronouns, when inflected, may lose their initial consonant: she- But her and so on.

2. For a reflexive pronoun myself There are only forms of oblique cases. It is also declined as a personal pronoun You:

etc. by myself (by myself)

P.p. (About Me

• possessive pronouns ( my, yours, ours, yours);
• index ( that, this, this);
• interrogative/relative ( which, which, whose);
• determinatives ( most, himself, all, every, different).

I.p. our, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such

R.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such

D.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; like this, like this, like this, like this

V.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such

etc. ours, ours, ours, ours; like this, like this, like this

P.p. (about) ours, (about) ours, (about) ours, (about) ours; (about) such, (about) such, (about) such, (about) such

Determinative pronouns myself And most, although similar, incline differently. The difference is indicated mainly by emphasis:

I.p. the most, the most

R.p. the most, the most

D.p. myself, myself

V.p. the most, the most

etc. by myself, by myself

P.p. (about) myself, (about) myself

* A capital letter indicates a stressed syllable.

Pay attention to the declension of attributive pronouns all, all, everything:

I.p. all, all, everything

R.p. everything, all, everyone

D.p. everything, everything, everyone

V.p. everything, all, everyone

etc. everyone, all (all), everyone

P.p. (about) everything, (about) everything, (about) everyone

When declension of feminine and neuter pronouns, only the endings change, but in the masculine gender the stem also changes.

4. In interrogative/relative ( who what) and the negative ones formed from them ( nobody, nothing) of pronouns, when changing by case, the bases change:

I.p. who, what, nobody, nothing

R.p. who, what, no one, nothing

D.p. to whom, what, no one, nothing

V.p. who, what, no one, nothing

etc. who, what, nothing, nothing

P.p. (about) whom, (about) what, about no one, about nothing.

At the same time, in the prepositional case, the preposition breaks negative pronouns into three words.

5. Like the reflexive pronoun, some negative pronouns do not have a nominative case form:

R.p. no one

D.p. no one

V.p. no one

etc. no one

P.p. not about anyone.

6. Indefinite pronouns are declined in the same way as the interrogative/relative pronouns from which they are formed:

I.p. any, something

R.p. any, something

D.p. to any, something

V.p. any, something

etc. somehow, something

P.p. (about) any, about something

7. There are variable case forms for the indefinite pronoun some:

I.p. some

R.p. some

D.p. to a certain

V.p. no one

etc. some (some)

P.p. (about) someone

Variant case forms exist for this pronoun in other gender/number as well.

8. Some index fingers ( that's how it is), relative ( what), undefined ( someone, something) pronouns do not change by case. Pronouns and adverbs are not declined either there, where, where, when, so.

Morphological analysis of pronouns

We offer you a diagram of morphological analysis of pronouns and an example of such analysis.

Parsing scheme:

1. Indicate the part of speech, the grammatical meaning of the pronoun, write the initial form (put it in the nominative case (if any), singular).
2. Describe the morphological features:
   • constants (category by meaning, rank by grammatical features, person (for personal and possessive), number (for personal 1st and 2nd persons);
   • inconsistent (case, number, gender).
3. Indicate what role it plays in the sentence.

Sample morphological analysis of pronouns

Don't waste your energy trying to change people... They will not change. U them Who decided to take a strong action, That and rights (F.M. Dostoevsky).

1. Morphological features: constants – personal, pronoun-noun, 3rd person; inconstant – nominative case, plural.

(at) them

1. Pronoun; indicates the object of speech without directly naming it, n.f. - They.
2. Morphological features: constants – personal, pronoun-noun, 3rd person; inconstant – genitive case, plural.
3. Role in a sentence: addition.

1. Pronoun; indicates the object of speech without naming it, n.f. - Who.
2. Morphological features: constants – relative, pronoun-noun; inconstant – nominative case.
3. It plays the role of subject in a sentence.

1. Pronoun; indicates the object of speech without naming it, n.f. - That.
2. Morphological features: constants – demonstrative, pronoun-adjective; inconstant – nominative case, singular, masculine.
3. Role in a sentence: subject.

Spelling of pronouns

Personal pronouns

When declension of personal pronouns in Russian in indirect cases, the letter appears at the base of 3rd person pronouns n, if they have a pretext in front of them. For example, about him, to them, about her, among them and so on.

N does not join:

• in the dative case, if the pronoun is preceded by a derivative preposition thanks, like, contrary, according to, towards, in spite of: contrary to to her, towards them, according to to him;
• if the pronoun is used in a phrase where it is preceded by an adjective or adverb in the comparative degree: took more his, bought cheaper their.

Indefinite pronouns

Indefinite pronouns are always written with a hyphen and a prefix some and postfixes -something, -either, -something: someone, somehow, something, somewhere and so on.

When declension of indefinite pronouns in the prepositional case between the prefix some and the pronoun places a preposition. In this case, they are written in three words: about something, about something, about something and so on.

Negative pronouns

Negative pronouns are formed from interrogative/relative pronouns using prefixes not-/nor-. Not- written under stress, in an unstressed syllable - neither-: no one to trust - no one to see, no place to leave - nowhere to be found; no one, nothing, not at all, none, no one.

When declension of negative pronouns in Russian, prepositions can be used in the forms of indirect cases. They break the word into three, which are written separately, and the prefixes become particles: no - not from anyone, nothing - from nothing, no one - not about anyone and so on.

note

1. It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of prefixes not-/nor- and homonymous particles not/nor:

• Remember the spelling: How neither what Not it happened. Confusion in the spelling of particles not/nor leads not only to spelling errors, but also to a distortion of the meaning of the statement. Compare: not with anything(particle neither has an intensifying meaning) – nothing(particle Not has a negative value).
• The choice of particle can completely change the meaning of a statement to the opposite: not one (= no one at all) – not one (= many), not once (= never at all) – more than once (= many times).
• Don't confuse negative pronouns with prefixes neither- (nowhere, no one, no one) and pronouns with a particle neither (no one, no where, no one). Compare: Neither where not a trace of a person was found. - I have no idea neither who are you, neither where do you live, neither who do you serve.
• Pay attention to the difference between phrases none other than - no one else; nothing more than nothing else. Particle Not expresses negation, and the entire phrase is used to contrast parts of the statement with each other. Opposition is expressed by conjunction How(= union A). If the sentence is affirmative and if it is impossible to add a second negation without violating the meaning, use the particle Not and write it separately. For example: Everything that happened was Not nothing more than a stupid prank. He stood uncertainly on the threshold Not who else but the long-awaited guest.
• If a pronoun with a particle can be meaningfully replaced by particles exactly, just, then the particle is used Not and the phrase is written separately: none other than; nothing more than. Example: A registered letter arrived - nothing more than invitation to a competition that has been awaited for a long time. - A registered letter has arrived - just that invitation to the competition that has been awaited for a long time.
• If the sentence is negative, i.e. the predicate has its own negative particle Not, That neither- acts as a prefix and is written combined with a negative pronoun: Neither no one else could have said it better. This is donkey stubbornness neither there was no other way to win.
• If the sentence is affirmative, phrases no one else, nothing else are used for joining. A negation not expressed in a sentence exists potentially and can be restored from the context: I only want this and neither anything else (I don’t want).
• If the phrase contains a conjunction How, write all words separately and with a particle Not: This package Not nothing more than a gift. If the union How no, write a prefix neither-: Neither who else does not understand me so well.
• If a conjunction is used in a sentence A, write the particle Not(apart): I want to say everything Not to someone A only for him alone. If a conjunction is used And, write neither(separately if it is a particle, together if it is a prefix): Much has gone forever and neither that it won't be the same anymore.

2.Do not confuse homonyms: pronoun + preposition and conjunctions/adverbs. Pay attention to how they agree with other members of the sentence, what syntactic role they themselves play, what question can be asked of them, etc.

• For what We're going to the store, what are we going to look for there? – For what do you follow me and whine all the time?
• For that that you helped me, I will thank you. – But I have a wide soul and a kind heart!
• What does it have to do with are all these people here? – They trained a lot and prepared for the competition, and some even abandoned their studies.
• Moreover What we were able to unearth from the ancient tomb was a sword and shield. – Moreover, if you think sensibly, he has power on his side.

3.Remember that never mind– this is not a pronoun, but an adverb.

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We use pronouns to replace nouns in a sentence. Look at the word “pronoun” itself; it contains the main function of this part of speech: “ substitute", that is " instead of a noun" Pronouns are used to diversify speech and not repeat the same word from sentence to sentence.

There are several types of pronouns in English: , and possessive. We paid special attention to each type of pronoun in a separate article.

Let's see how a native speaker teacher Alex talks about words that show that someone owns something.

When we want to say that someone owns something, we use possessive forms. As you can see, Alex identified two forms: Possessive Adjectives And Possessive Pronouns.

Possessive adjectives

Let's start looking at possessive forms with possessive adjectives. Abroad these words are called Possessive Adjectives. Such words show a sign of an object, phenomenon or person, therefore they are classified as adjectives and not pronouns:

• My book. - My book. (what book? – mine)
• His friend. - His friend. (what friend? – his)

In Russian textbooks on English grammar it is written that my (your, his etc.) is a pronoun, but native English teachers insist that it is still an adjective, because it comes before a noun and defines it. Let's look at the sign:

Personal pronoun	Possessive adjective	Translation
I	My	My
You	Your	Is yours
He	His	His
She	Her	Her
It	It's	His her
We	Our	Our
You	Your	Your
They	Their	Their

My cat likes to play with a ball. – My the cat loves to play with the ball.

She wants to talk to your manager - She wants to talk to yours manager.

The teacher found his mistakes. - The teacher found his errors.

I like her dress. - I like her dress.

Our family likes to rest in Crimea, we adore its nature. – Our family loves to relax in Crimea, we adore his nature.

They look after our children. - They look after our children.

He is speaking with their mother - He's talking to their mom.

Please note: in all examples after my (his, their) goes a noun.

In the Russian language there is a universal word “svoy”, which we simply change according to numbers and persons. In English, the words “our”, “ours”, “ours” should be translated as “my”, “ours”, “his”/“hers”, respectively.

She cut mine finger. – She cut her finger.

I love my mom. – I love my mother

Do my work. – Do your work.

Possessive pronouns

If you need to replace a noun in a sentence, you must use one of the possessive pronouns. Usually the noun is replaced so that there is no repetition in the sentence.

• This is not my pen, mine is purple. – This is not my pen, my purple one (replaced my pen on mine).

Personal pronoun	Possessive pronoun	Translation
I	Mine	My
You	Yours	Is yours
He	His	His
She	Hers	Her
It	It's	His her
We	Ours	Our
You	Yours	Your
They	Theirs	Their

Becky! That is mine! - This my, Becky!

My task is easier than yours. - My task is easier than your.

This is not his car, his is blue. - This is not his car. his– blue.

This is a friend of hers. - This her Friend.

It is not their house, theirs is bigger. - This is not their home their more.

The general rule for all possessive pronouns is that there is no need to use a noun after them, and, as a rule, it comes at the end of the sentence. And look at this couple: a friend of mine And my friend. Both phrases mean the same thing - my friend, only after a preposition of use possessive pronouns rather than adjectives ( a friend of mine).

Many words in the Russian language belong to a large group of pronouns. Within this group there are categories - for example, personal pronouns, indefinite, negative. But today we will look at the possessive category of pronouns - and find out what words refer to it, and what rules apply to it.

What is a possessive pronoun?

Most of the things around us belong to someone - permanently or just now, at the present moment. For example, we own our own items of clothing, we own the furniture in our home, and small accessories. At work, we own our place - although it may change hands, at this moment it is ours.

When talking about things or concepts, we can name their specific owners - for example, “mom’s bag” or “Petya’s notebook.” And we can use pronouns - “her bag”, “his notebook” and so on. It is precisely these pronouns that will be possessive - they communicate that someone owns an object or concept, but do not call this person by name. The questions that the possessive pronoun answers are “whose” and “which”.

Let's give a few examples.

• His singing drew applause.
• Your suit suits you very well.
• Their plans for the weekend had changed a bit.
• My coffee has long since cooled down.

In all these sentences, the pronoun indicates who the objects, actions or concepts belong to.

What rules apply to possessive pronouns?

There are a few rules to remember:

• A possessive pronoun never stands alone in a sentence - it must be located next to a noun. For example - “his chair”, “my coat”, “our house”.
• Possessive pronouns are closely related to personal pronouns and also have three persons. The 1st person includes the pronouns “my” and “our”, the 2nd person - “your” and “your”, the 3rd person - “his”, “their”, “her”.
• Pronouns of the possessive group, referring to the 1st and 2nd persons, can be declined according to all the main characteristics - number, gender, cases. For example, you can say “my”, “mine” or “mine” - here we see a declination by gender, or “my” and “mine” are a declination by numbers, “my” and “mine” are a declination by cases.
• 3rd person possessive pronouns are not inflected. For example, “his chair” and “his hat” - the pronoun sounds the same for a masculine and feminine noun. Or “her computer” and “her things” - the pronoun does not change for singular and plural nouns.