In the mid-1950s, it became clear that the classic three-axle chassis with continuous axles and spring-balance suspension of the rear bogie as a basis for an armored personnel carrier had exhausted its capabilities. After mastering large-section tires with adjustable pressure, all other activities, except perhaps work on self-locking cross-axle differentials, yielded little. New, very high requirements for armored personnel carriers of the second post-war generation could only be realized in fundamentally different, much more complex, but also more effective schemes, solutions and specific units. These included: an extended “tank” track; uniform or close arrangement of six or eight wheels along the base with four wheels being steered; sharply increased total power of power units in order to obtain a specific machine power of at least 18 - 20 hp/t; multi-stage transmissions with large power ranges; self-locking cross-axle differentials; wheel gearboxes increasing ground clearance to 450 - 500 mm; independent suspension of all wheels with long strokes; hydraulic power steering; sealed brakes; closed hulls with smooth bottoms that can keep the car afloat; water propulsion; turret installation of light and heavy machine guns with the ability to conduct anti-aircraft fire; armored hulls with a large slope of thickened (up to 15 - 20 mm) frontal and side sheets; anti-nuclear protection of the crew and landing forces; possibility of air transportation.
Supplement to the magazine "MODEL CONSTRUCTION"
In the early 1980s, after successful factory and state tests, the BTR-80 armored personnel carrier, developed at the GAZ Design Bureau under the leadership of I.S. Mukhin and E.M. Murashkin, was adopted into service by the Soviet Army. The manufacturing enterprise was determined to be AMZ - Arzamas Machine-Building Plant. The first production BTR-80 left the factory floor on February 24, 1984.
The BTR-80 (GAZ-5903) is a modernized version of its predecessor, the BTR-70 armored personnel carrier. The vehicle's layout, hull design, armament, and chassis have not undergone major changes. The dimensions of the car have remained practically the same. By the way, when evaluating them, a correct comparison is necessary. Thus, in some reference books the height of the BTR-70 is indicated as 2235 mm, and the BTR-80 as 2460 mm. In the first case, this is the height of the vehicle at full weight on the roof of the tower; in the second, it is the height of the empty vehicle according to the TNPT-1 instrument. The height of armored personnel carriers at full weight according to the specified observation device is 2320 and 2350 mm, respectively. Notable external differences of the BTR-80 include double-leaf doors for landing and disembarking troops on the sides of the hull and seven hatches with ball joints for firing personal weapons in the front and side panels. The hatches above the troop compartment are also located differently, in the covers of which there are hatches for firing from machine guns at high-lying targets.
All production BTR-80 armored personnel carriers are equipped with an autonomous BPU-1 turret machine gun mount, designed to combat ground and low-flying air targets. The BPU-1 is equipped with a 14.5 mm KPVT machine gun and a coaxial 7.62 mm PKT machine gun. The longest sighting range when firing from a KPVT machine gun at ground targets is 2000 m, from a PKT - 1500 m, at air targets from a KPVT - 1000 m. The KPVT ammunition consists of 500 cartridges in belts in 10 boxes, and the PKT - from 2000 cartridges in belts in 8 boxes. Aiming machine guns vertically is possible in the range from -4° to +60°, horizontally - 360°. Guidance mechanisms are manual. For shooting, a 1PZ-2 sight is used, which ensures the destruction of both ground and air targets. To the left of the sight, in the wall of the turret machine gun mount there is a TNP-205 surveillance device, and in the roof there is a TNPT-1 device, designed for the turret gunner to monitor the road and terrain located in the rear viewing sector. On the rear wall of the tower there are 6 ZD6 launchers of the 902V “Tucha” system for launching 81-mm smoke grenades. The weight of the BPU-1 in running order is 540 kg.
The most important and fundamental changes in the design of the BTR-80 remained invisible to the eye. Unlike the BTR-70, the power plant on this vehicle consists of one diesel 8-cylinder V-shaped four-stroke liquid-cooled KamAZ-7403 engine with a turbocharger rated at 260 hp. at 2600 rpm, working volume 10,850 cm3.
1 - wave-reflective shield; 2,11 and 12 - embrasures for firing from machine guns; 3 - inspection hatches for the commander and driver; 4 - inspection hatch covers; 5 - socket of the TKN-3 surveillance device; 6 - sockets of the TNPO-115 surveillance device; 7 - turret installation hatch; 8 and 9 - handrails; 10 - embrasure for firing a machine gun; 13 - upper door leaf of the side hatch; 14 - FVU filter hatch cover; 15 and 20 - towing hooks; 16 and 18 - footrests; 17 - lower door leaf of the side hatch; 19 - headlight guard; 21 - winch cable release hatch cover; 22 - front buffers
1 - rear light socket; 2 - air vent protective shields; 3 - turret installation hatch; 4 - embrasure for firing a machine gun: 5 and 6 - handrails; 7,9 and 11 - embrasures for firing from machine guns; 8 and 14 - footrests; 10 - upper door leaf of the side hatch; 12 - lower door leaf of the side hatch; 13 - niche cover for batteries; 15 - reverse output channel afloat; 16 - towing device pin; 17 - water-jet propulsion valve: 18 - visor of the outlet pipe of the water pump; 19 - fuel tank filler cap; 20 - rear buffer
The placement of one engine instead of two also entailed changes in the design of transmission units. It includes a dry double-disc clutch, a five-speed gearbox with synchronizers in 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th gears, and a cardan transmission. Instead of two transfer cases, one interaxle two-stage one is installed with differential torque distribution into two flows (on the 1st - 3rd and on the 2nd - 4th axles) and forced differential locking. Locking devices ensure that downshifts are engaged and the center differential is locked only when the front axles are engaged. In order to prevent breakdowns when overloading transmission elements (with a locked differential), the transfer case has a friction clutch - a limiting torque clutch. A power take-off box for a water-jet propulsion unit and a winch is mounted on the transfer case. The main gears of the drive axles are equipped with cam limited-slip differentials. Wheel reducers are single-stage, with helical spur gears. Wheels with split rims and tubeless bulletproof pneumatic tires KI-80 or KI-126 sizes 13.00-18. The air pressure in the tires is adjustable from 0.5 to 3 kg/cm2.
1 - console clamp; 2 - console; 3 - entrance window cover; 4 - sight; 5 - release spring of the KPVT reloading mechanism; 6 - observation device TNPT-1; 7 - roller; 8 - cable; 9 - launcher for system 902B; 10 - travel-style cradle stop bracket; 11 - spring; 12 - cradle stopper; 13 - sleeve link collector; 14 - handle buffer; 15 - handle of the KPVT reloading mechanism; 16 - link collector; 17 - mask seal plug; 18 - balancing mechanism; 19 - rotation mechanism; 20 - flame arrester; 21 - cradle stopper bar
KO-squad commander; MV - mechanic-driver: SN - gunner-gunner BPU-1; SP - machine gunners with PC machine guns; SA - submachine gunners with AKMS assault rifles (AKS-74); SG - grenade launcher; PG - gunner-assistant grenade launcher; AA - embrasures for firing from an AKMS assault rifle (LKS-74); AP - embrasures for firing from a PC machine gun
Independent torsion bar suspension, hydraulic shock absorbers, telescopic, double acting, two each for the wheels of the 1st and 4th axles and one each for the wheels of the 2nd and 3rd axles, wheels of the 1st and 2nd axles - managed.
The power plant allows a combat vehicle weighing 13.6 tons to reach a maximum speed on the highway of at least 80 km/h. Cruising range on the highway is 600 km.
Movement through water is ensured by the operation of a single-stage water-jet propulsion unit with a four-blade impeller with a diameter of 425 mm. When moving on land, the exit window of the water cannon is closed by an armored flap. When moving through water, closing the damper directs water into the reverse channels. The maximum speed afloat is at least 9 km/h. Cruising range afloat at average engine operating conditions (1800 - 2200 rpm) - 12 hours.
After a fire at the KamAZ engine plant in April 1993, the installation of a YaMZ-238M2 diesel engine with a power of 240 hp was developed on an armored personnel carrier, which had almost no effect on the mobility of the vehicle.
Early production vehicles were equipped with radio stations R-123M and TPU R-124, which were later replaced by R-163-50U and R-174.
In 1994, the BTR-80A armored personnel carrier (GAZ-59029) was put into service. Work on the creation of this machine was carried out by GAZ JSC under the leadership of A. Masyagin. The main difference between the new modification and the BTR-80 is the turret cannon and machine gun mount, designed to combat ground and low-flying air targets. The installation houses a 30-mm 2A72 automatic cannon and a coaxial PKT machine gun. Vertical pointing angles from -5° to +70°. Ammunition - 300 shells and 2000 rounds. All weapons are placed on a carriage located outside the habitable compartment, which reduces gas contamination when firing. The BTR-80A is equipped with a 1PZ-9 day sight and a TPN-3-42 “Crystal” tank night sight, which allows it to hit targets at a range of up to 900 m at night. The combat weight of the vehicle has increased to 14.5 tons.
Simultaneously with the BTR-80A, the BTR-80S was developed - an option for internal troops. Instead of a 30-mm cannon, it is equipped with a KPVT heavy machine gun. However, due to the lack of photographs of this combat vehicle, it is difficult to say whether it is mass-produced.
Since 1990, the troops have been receiving the 2S23 Nona-SVK self-propelled artillery gun (SAO).
The BTR-80 chassis was used as the basis for its creation. The 120-mm 2A60 rifled gun is mounted in a conical welded turret made of aluminum alloy. The horizontal guidance angle is 70° (35° per side). Vertical guidance is possible within the range from -4° to +80°. Maximum rate of fire - 10 rounds/min. Firing from the self-propelled gun can only be carried out from a place, both from closed firing positions, and direct fire with 120-mm rounds with high-explosive fragmentation shells and 120-mm rounds with high-explosive fragmentation, illumination, smoke and incendiary mines. The maximum firing range of a high-explosive fragmentation projectile ZVOF54 is 8700 m, a high-explosive fragmentation mine is 7100 m. The tower is equipped with a commander's cupola, on the roof of which a PKT machine gun is installed, intended for self-defense. The machine gun is connected by a rod to the TKN-ZA device, which allows targeted shooting by controlling fire from the turret. The vehicle is equipped with the 902B “Tucha” smoke screen system.
As for other modifications of the BTR-80, first of all it is worth mentioning the BTR-80K command armored personnel carrier, intended for the commander of a motorized rifle battalion. Three workplaces are equipped for officers to work. The vehicle is equipped with two R-163-50U radio stations, an 11-m telescopic mast, TNA-4-6 navigation equipment with an indicator tablet, and two R-159 remote VHF radio stations.
The armored medical vehicle BMM-80 (GAZ-59039) “Symphony” deserves mention. In addition to the crew, it can transport 7 wounded in the medical department and 2 on the roof on stretchers. Depending on the composition of the medical and sanitary equipment, the BMM can be used for the evacuation of the wounded from the battlefield (BMM-1), as a battalion first aid station (BMM-2) and a mobile dressing room with a medical team and an automatic dressing station AP-2 (BMM-3 ).
In addition, the BTR80KSH command and staff vehicle (GAZ-59032), the armored repair and recovery vehicle BREM-K (GAZ-59033), the radiation and chemical reconnaissance vehicle RKhM-4 (RKhM-4-01), unified chassis K1Sh1, short-wave radio station of the operational-tactical control level R-165B, mobile control points PU-12M6 and PU-12M7 of the air defense missile system battery, mobile command and observation post of the PKNP "Kushetka-B", satellite communication station and sound broadcasting station.
BTR-80 armored personnel carriers began to enter service with motorized rifle units of the Soviet Army, Navy Marines, border and internal troops in the mid-1980s. They were first shown at a military parade in Moscow on November 7, 1987.
BTR-80s were used by Soviet troops in Afghanistan and were used in almost all “hot” spots in the territory and the CIS. BTR-80 armored personnel carriers of various modifications are used by the Russian Army in Chechnya and Tajikistan. They were in service with the Russian contingents of the UN forces in Bosnia and Kosovo.
BTR-80s are in service in almost all CIS countries, as well as in Estonia (20 units), Hungary (245), Turkey (100), Indonesia (12 BTR-80A), Bangladesh (78) and Sierra Leone. According to unverified data, 60 vehicles were delivered to Algeria and 10 to the DPRK.
Steps to modernize the BTR-80 are also being taken abroad. In particular, in Ukraine the BTR-94 armored personnel carrier is mass-produced (or converted from the BTR-80), armed with two 23-mm cannons (according to other sources, 14.5-mm KPVT machine guns) in the original turret. The Ukrainian armed forces received 90 of these vehicles, and another 50 were sold to Jordan in 2003. True, Jordan recently transferred all these armored personnel carriers to Iraq, possibly due to their poor quality, which was reported in the press.
A more successful design turned out to be the Guardian armored personnel carrier - a version of the BTR-80, equipped with a Deutz BF6M1015 diesel engine with a power of 326 hp. and Allison MD3066 automatic transmission.
The vehicle is equipped with a Shkval combat module with a 30-mm 2A72 automatic cannon, a PKT machine gun, an AGS-17 Plamya automatic grenade launcher and two ATGMs. The United Arab Emirates Marine Corps received 90 of these vehicles.
The BTR-80 is the latest production version of an extensive family of domestic armored personnel carriers. It is with regret that we must admit that in the years since the creation of the BTR-60, little has changed in its design. More than 40 years later, a vehicle that is not much different from the BTR-60PB enters service with the Russian Army. Fundamental changes affected only the engine-transmission unit; everything else was modernized, of course, but, by and large, remained the same. The car is certainly reliable, maneuverable, with excellent maneuverability, and also floats.
But what, in the author’s opinion, needed revision most of all—the layout—remained unchanged. The so-called “active landing force”, of course, has many advantages, but this arrangement is more suitable for an infantry fighting vehicle, which has a slightly different range of tasks.
According to the Treaty on the Limitation of Armed Forces in Europe (CFE), signed in Vienna in 1990, the term "armored personnel carrier" means "an armored fighting vehicle designed and equipped for the transport of a combat infantry squad, which is usually armed with an integral or standard installed weapons with a caliber of less than 20 mm.” That's it - for transportation, and not for fighting without dismounting. The latter already refers to the term “infantry fighting vehicle,” which “usually provides the landing force with the ability to fire from the vehicle under the cover of armor.” But it is precisely the desire to provide this opportunity that is clearly visible in the design of the Soviet armored personnel carriers under consideration, reaching its apogee in the BTR-80 with ball mounts for firing from machine guns, in addition located in such a way that the fire is concentrated in the front hemisphere. When the CFE Treaty was signed, the BTR-80 did not fall under the category of infantry fighting vehicles solely because of its weapons, the caliber of which was less than 20 mm, but the BTR-80A already does.
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-1.jpg" alt="> Topic No. 5 “BTR-80 power plant” Lesson No. 1 “General structure of the power plant"> Тема № 5 «Силовая установка БТР-80» Занятие № 1 «Общее устройство силовой установки БТР-80» Учебные вопросы: 1. Назначение и состав силовой установки БТР-80. Техническая характеристика двигателя, его размещение и крепление в машине. Общее устройство и принцип работы механизмов двигателя. 2. Система питания двигателя Кам. АЗ-740. 3 топливом. Назначение, техническая характеристика, общее устройство и принцип работы. 3. Система питания двигателя Кам. АЗ-740. 3 воздухом. Назначение, техническая характеристика, общее устройство и принцип работы.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-2.jpg" alt="> 1 training question: Purpose and composition of the BTR-80 power plant. Technical"> 1 учебный вопрос: Назначение и состав силовой установки БТР-80. Техническая характеристика двигателя, его размещение и крепление в машине. Общее устройство и принцип работы двигателя.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-3.jpg" alt="> Purpose of the power plant The control system is a source of mechanical energy,"> Назначение силовой установки СУ является источником механической энергии, приводящей машину в движение. СУ Размещена в кормовой части корпуса машины в силовом отделении.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-4.jpg" alt="> The BTR-80 power plant includes: 1. Power unit :q"> Силовая установка БТР-80 включает в себя: 1. Силовой агрегат: q двигатель q сцепление в сборе q коробка передач 2. Системы, обслуживающие двигатель: Ш питания топливом Ш питания воздухом Ш смазки Ш охлаждения Ш предпускового подогрева!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-5.jpg" alt=">The power unit is installed on parts and suspension units in the power unit compartment. Power suspension"> Силовой агрегат установлен на деталях и узлах подвески в отделении силовой установки. Подвеска силового агрегата состоит из двух передних, двух задних и одной поддерживающей опор. Передние опоры расположены с обеих сторон картера сцепления. Задние - с обеих сторон блока двигателя. Поддерживающая опора - под передней частью картера коробки передач. Опоры представляют собой крепления с помощь болтов через кронштейны и резиновые подушки к корпусу машины. Продольное смещение силового агрегата предотвращают две тяги, соединяющие кронштейн поддерживающей опоры и поперечину корпуса.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-6.jpg" alt=">The engine is designed to convert the thermal energy of burned fuel into mechanical work. It has rear longitudinal"> Двигатель предназначен для преобразования тепловой энергии сгораемого топлива в механическую работу. Имеет заднее продольное расположение (маховиком вперед)!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-7.jpg" alt="> Engine technical characteristics: Type four-stroke, high-speed diesel, with turbocharger"> Техническая характеристика двигателя: Тип четырехтактный, быстроходный дизель, с турбокомпрессором жидкостного охлаждения Марка Кам. АЗ 740. 3 Число цилиндров 8 Расположение цилиндров V-образное с углом развала 90º Диаметр цилиндра, ход поршня, мм 120 х120 Рабочий объем, л 10, 85 Степень сжатия 16 Максимальная мощность, л. с. 260 Порядок работы цилиндров 1 -5 -4 -2 -6 -3 -7 -8 Порядок нумерации цилиндров со стороны, противоположной маховику Обороты коленчатого вала, об/мин: Шрекомендуемые 1800 -2600 Шмаксимальные 2930 Шминимальные 600 Масса двигателя, кг 1100!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-8.jpg" alt=">The engine is designed to convert the thermal energy of burned fuel into mechanical work. Consists :"> Двигатель предназначен для преобразования тепловой энергии сгораемого топлива в механическую работу. Состоит: ь кривошипно-шатунный механизм; ь механизм газораспределения; ь механизм передач. Продольный разрез двигателя Поперечный разрез двигателя!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-9.jpg" alt=">The crank mechanism is designed to convert the reciprocating motion of the pistons into rotational movement of the crankshaft."> Кривошипно-шатунный механизм предназначен для преобразования возвратно-поступательного движения поршней во вращательное движение коленчатого вала. состоит: а) неподвижные части: - блок цилиндров; - гильзы цилиндров (8 шт.); - головки цилиндров (8 шт.). б) подвижные части: - коленчатый вал; - маховик; - шатунная группа (8 шт.); - поршневая группа (8 шт.).!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-10.jpg" alt="> Fixed parts block"> Неподвижные части блок головки цилиндров Øотлиты из алюминиевого Øчугунный, отлит заодно с сплава верхней частью картера Øимеют полости для ОЖ Øпредставляет собой Øв нижней части жесткую моноблочную V углубления с впускными и -образную конструкцию выпускными отверстиями Øявляется силовым Øна верхней плоскости остовом, к нему крепятся установлен клапанный все детали и узлы механизм двигателя Øкаждая головка закреплена на блоке четырьмя болтами через резиновую прокладку Øклапанный механизм закрыт алюминиевой крышкой, уплотненной прокладкой гильзы цилиндров Øчугунные, мокрого типа, легкосъемные Øдля повышения износоустойчивости и коррозийной стойкости внутри азотируется и хромируется Ø в соединении с блок-картером уплотнены резиновыми кольцами!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-11.jpg" alt="> Moving parts flywheel"> Подвижные части маховик üчугунный, закреплен болтами к торцу коленвала üимеет зубчатый венец для пуска двигателя стартером üна наружной поверхности имеется паз для регулировок систем питания двигателя топливом и воздухом коленчатый вал üстальной, имеет 5 коренных опор и 4 шатунные шейки, соединенные щеками (на щеках напрессованы приливы для гашения инерционных сил) üшатунные шейки полые, внутри коленвала имеются сверления для подвода масла из ГММ к вкладышам!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-12.jpg" alt="> Connecting rod q steel, I-section q machined complete with cover"> Шатун q стальной, двутаврового сечения q обработан в сборе с крышкой (на крышке и шатуне нанесены метки спаренности) q кроме того на крышке выбит номер цилиндра Поршень üвыштампован из алюминиевого сплава üдва верхних кольца- компрессионные, нижнее маслосъемное üс шатуном соединен стальным пустотелым пальцем, осевое перемещение которого ограничено стопорным кольцом!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-13.jpg" alt="> Operating principle of the crankshaft q The piston, sensing the gas pressure in the combustion chamber,"> Принцип работы КШМ q Поршень, воспринимая давление газов в камере сгорания, перемещается вниз (от ВМТ к НМТ) и воздействует через палец на шатун. q Шатун, действуя на шатунную шейку, обеспечивает проворот коленчатого вала (благодаря наличию плеча между шатунной и коренной шейками). q Воспламенение рабочей смеси в цилиндрах в строго определенной последовательности (1 -5 -4 -2 -6 -3 -7 -8) обеспечивает непрерывное враще- ние коленчатого вала. Возвратно-поступательное движение поршней преобразуется во вращательное движение коленчатого вала!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-14.jpg" alt=">The gas distribution mechanism serves to admit air into the cylinders and exhaust exhaust gases. Opening and"> Механизм газораспределения служит для впуска в цилиндры воздуха и выпуска отработавших газов. Открытие и закрытие впускных и выпускных клапанов происходит в строго определенных положениях поршня по отношению к ВМТ и НМТ, которые соответствуют углам поворота коленчатого вала, указанным в диаграмме фаз газораспределения. состоит из: Ш распределительного вала с шестерней привода; Ш толкателей (16 шт.); Ш штанг (16 шт.); Ш коромысел (16 шт.). Ш клапанов впуска и выпуска (8 + 8 шт.);!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-15.jpg" alt="> rocker valve"> коромысло клапан выпуска штанга толкатель клапан впуска распределительный вал с шестерней привода!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-16.jpg" alt="> Principle of operation of the timing belt q When the engine is running, the camshaft receives"> Принцип работы ГРМ q При работе двигателя распределительный вал получает вращение от коленчатого вала через механизм передач. q При вращении распредвала кулачок набегает на толкатель, приподнимает его и через штангу воздействует на коромысло. q Коромысло, поворачиваясь действует на клапан и преодолевая сопротивление пружины, перемещает клапан, открывая входное (выходное) окно. q При сбегании кулачка клапан садится в седло под действием пружины. Открывание и закрывание клапанов происходит в строго определенной последовательности в соответствиии с диаграммой фаз газораспределения.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-17.jpg" alt=">The gear mechanism serves to transmit rotation from the crankshaft to the gas distribution mechanism and mounted"> Механизм передач служит для передачи вращения от коленчатого вала к газораспределительному механизму и навесным агрегатам. Смонтирован в задней крышке блок-картера состоит: Шшестерен; Швалов, осей; Шшкивов; Шклиноременных передач. Крутящий момент передается посредством шестерней к: - распределительному валу ГРМ; - кулачковому валу топливного насоса высокого давления; - компрессору; - насосу гидросистемы; через шкивы и ремни к: - насосу системы охлаждения; - гидромуфте привода вентилятора; - генераторам.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-18.jpg" alt="> 2 training question: Engine power supply system Kam. AZ-740. 3 fuel."> 2 учебный вопрос: Система питания двигателя Кам. АЗ-740. 3 топливом. Назначение, техническая характеристика, общее устройство и принцип работы.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-19.jpg" alt="> Fuel tanks Serve for storing and transporting fuel to"> Топливные баки Служат для хранения и транспортирования топлива в машине. q установлены в корме по левому и правому бортам машины, крепятся к корпусу стяжными лентами. q для слива отстоя и топлива имеют клапаны слива q заправочные горловины соединены с корпусом резиновыми рукавами, в заправочной горловине установлен стержневой указатель уровня топлива q соединение с атмосферой осуществляется через воздушный фильтр q забор топлива осуществляется через топливоприемные трубки с сетчатыми фильтрами!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-20.jpg" alt=">Fuel meters are designed to control fuel in fuel tanks."> Топливомеры предназначены для контроля топлива в топливных баках. Электрический указатель расположен на щитке приборов м/в Переключатель имеет два положения: левое – при замере топлива в левом баке правое – при замере топлива в правом баке Стержневые указатели уровня топлива, расположены в заправочных горловинах. Датчики уровня топлива установлены в топливных баках.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-21.jpg" alt="> Fuel valves Two are installed on the power partition"> Топливные краны Два установлены на перегородке силового отделения со стороны боевого отделения (у правого борта). Привод обоих кранов сблокирован, поэтому переключение их на любой из баков выполнять одной рукой (на перегородке имеется инструкционная табличка) Нижний кран служит для переключения забора топлива из левого или правого баков; Верхний кран служит для слива излишков топлива из системы в тот бак, из которого происходит забор. третий для подвода топлива к подогревателю Крепится на правом блоке цилиндров двигателя. Верхний кран Нижний кран!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-22.jpg" alt="> The coarse filter is designed for pre-cleaning of incoming fuel"> Фильтр грубой очистки предназначен для предварительной очистки топлива, поступающего в топливный насос низкого давления. Сетчатый. Установлен на кронштейне (в силовом отделении) правого борта. Топливо из бака поступает в стакан, крупные частицы и вода собираются в нижней части стакана, из верхней части топливо через сетку подается к топливному насосу низкого давления корпус уплотнительное кольцо фильтрующий элемент успокоитель стакан сливная пробка!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-23.jpg" alt="> Double fine filter. Serves for final fuel purification,"> Фильтр тонкой очистки Сдвоенный. Служит для окончательной очистки топлива, поступающего в ТНВД, а также для сбора и удаления воздуха из системы. Установлен на двигателе в самой высокой точке системы питания для сбора и удаления в бак проникающего в систему воздуха вместе с частью топлива, через клапан-жиклер. Крепится сзади к правому блоку. клапан-жиклер корпус Фильтрующий элемент пружина сливная пробка стаканы!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-24.jpg" alt="> Plunger type injection pump, designed to supply"> ТНВД Плунжерного типа, предназначен для подачи через форсунки в цилиндры двигателя в определенные моменты времени строго дозированных порций топлива под высоким давлением. Установлен в развале блок - картера двигателя. всережимный регулятор Состоит из: насосная секция q корпуса q кулачкового вала рейка АМОПТ q 8 насосных секций q всережимного регулятора q рейки с поводками q автоматической муфты опережения впрыска топлива (АМОПТ) Кулачковый вал и АМОПТ получают вращение от коленчатого вала двигателя через МП. Вал имеет 8 кулачков для привода насосных секций. Каждый кулачок обеспечивает работу корпус одной насосной секции. Смазка ТНВД осуществляется под давлением от общей системы смазки двигателя. кулачковый вал!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-25.jpg" alt="> Pump section to the nozzle It is a piston type pump"> Насосная секция к форсунке Представляет собой насос поршневого типа включающий поршень особой формы (плунжер) и цилиндр (гильзу). Плунжер и гильза образуют ПЛУНЖЕРНУЮ ПАРУ. ü в стенке гильзы выполнено отверстие для подвода топлива внутрь ü боковая поверхность плунжера имеет винтовую канавку для регулирования порции топлива Плунжер совершает возвратно-поступательное движение под действием кулачка вала и пружины. Для увеличения (уменьшения) подачи топлива плунжер поворачивают рейкой насоса, соединенной с приводом подачи топлива Плунжерная пара: 1 – плунжер; 2 – гильза; а – винтовая канавка плунжера.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-26.jpg" alt="> Closed-type nozzle, with multi-jet nozzle and hydraulically controlled needle Serves for submissions"> Форсунка закрытого типа, с многоструйным распылителем и гидравлически управляемой иглой Служит для подачи порции топлива в камеру сгорания в мелкораспыленном виде под высоким давлением (180 ± 5 кгс/см 2). Работа форсунки: штуцер Ø топливо к форсунке подается от насосной секции ТНВД через штуцер Ø далее по каналам корпуса топливо корпус поступает между корпусом распылителя и пружина иглой Ø отжимая иглу, топливо впрыскивается в цилиндр Ø избытки топлива через зазор между иглой и корпусом отводятся на слив штанга распылитель игла!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-27.jpg" alt=">The speed controller is all-mode, direct action changes the amount of fuel supplied into cylinders, into"> Регулятор частоты вращения - всережимный, прямого действия изменяет количество топлива, подаваемого в цилиндры, в зависимости от нагрузки, поддерживая заданную частоту. Работа регулятора Регулятор представляет собой две муфты, между которыми установлены 2 центробежных грузика. Ведущая муфта (державка) получает вращение от кулачкового вала ТНВД. Ведомая муфта (подвижная) соединена с рейками ТНВД. ü при работе двигателя державка с грузиками вращается ü при увеличении (уменьшении) скорости вращения коленвала (на спуске или подъеме) грузики расходятся (сходятся), перемещают подвижную муфту ü муфта через рычаги перемещает рейки ТНВД, которые проворачивают плунжеры в сторону уменьшения (движение на спуске)или увеличения (на подъеме) подачи топлива Таким образом, регулятор автоматически поддерживает установленные механиком- водителем число оборотов коленчатого вала, переводя рейки в сторону увеличения или уменьшения подачи топлива при изменяющейся нагрузке.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-28.jpg" alt="> Injection pump regulator cover 1 - regulator control lever 2 - bolt"> Крышка регулятора ТНВД 1 - рычаг управления регулятором 2 - болт ограничения минимальной частоты вращения 3 - рычаг остановки 4 - пробка заливного отверстия 5 - болт регулировки пусковой подачи 6 - болт ограничения хода рычага остановки 7 – болт ограничения максимальной частоты вращения 55, 3 -55, 7 мм 5 6 Перед БТР 0, 8 -1, 0 мм 4 3 2 1 7!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-29.jpg" alt=">The automatic fuel injection advance clutch changes the start of fuel delivery depending on"> Автоматическая муфта опережения впрыска топлива изменяет начало подачи топлива в зависимости от частоты вращения коленчатого вала двигателя (для обеспечения полного сгорания горючей смеси в начале такта рабочего хода, при изменении скорости движения поршня). Муфта центробежного типа, установлена на носке кулачкового вала ТНВД!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-30.jpg" alt="> Clutch device: Gear"> Устройство муфты: Шестерня Грузик Сервопоршень Пружина Кулачковый привода измерителя Пружина сервопоршня вал ТНВД скорости золотника Золотник центробежная сила Работа муфты: 1. Обороты минимальны: - центробеж. силы малы, золотник в кр. лев. полож. , закрывает подвод масла в бустер. 2. Обороты увеличились: - грузы разошлись, золотник сместился вправо и открыл подвод масла в бустер; - сервопоршень смещается вправо, закрывает подвод масла и фиксируется; - относительное осевое смещение косых шлиц поворачивает кулачковый вал ТНВД 3. Обороты упали: - грузы сходятся, золотник своей пружиной смещается влево и открывает слив масла из бустера; - давление падает и сервопоршень своей пружиной смещается влево, поворачивая вал ТНВД!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-31.jpg" alt="> Low pressure fuel pump (LPFP) Piston type, designed to supply fuel"> Топливный насос низкого давления (ТННД) Поршневого типа, предназначен для подачи топлива от бака через фильтры грубой и тонкой очистки к впускной полости ТНВД. Насос установлен на задней крышке регулятора и приводится в действие от эксцентрика кулачкового вала ТНВД. корпус перепускной клапан поршень пружина впускной клапан толкатель эксцентрик!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-32.jpg" alt="> Manual fuel priming pump Piston type, designed for pumping the system with fuel"> Ручной топливоподкачивающий насос Поршневого типа, предназначен для прокачки системы топливом и удаления из нее воздуха перед пуском. поршень насоса Насос закреплен на фланце ТННД. пружина клапана впускной клапан!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-33.jpg" alt="> Operating principle of the engine fuel supply system"> Принцип работы системы питания двигателя топливом ТННД фильтр тонкой очистки ручной топливоподка ТНВД чивающий насос кран переключения топливных баков фильтр грубой очистки!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-34.jpg" alt="> FUEL SUPPLY CONTROL DRIVE is used to: q change the amount of fuel supplied"> ПРИВОД УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ПОДАЧЕЙ ТОПЛИВА служит для: q изменения количества топлива, подаваемого в цилиндры двигателя; q установки постоянной частоты вращения коленчатого вала двигателя; q прекращения подачи топлива при остановке двигателя. Состоит: Øпедаль Øмеханизм ручного привода Øмеханизм отключения привода управления подачей топлива Øсистема тяг, рычагов и валиков!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-35.jpg" alt="> Fuel control drive shut-off mechanism Designed to stop the engine when triggered"> Механизм отключения привода управления подачей топлива Предназначен для остановки двигателя при срабатывании системы ППО. Принцип работы: q при срабатывании системы ППО электромагнит втягивает шток q шарики проваливаются внутрь втулки q рычаги разблокируются и под действием пружины рычаг управления топливным регулятором устанавливается в положение нулевой подачи – подача топлива прекращается, двигатель глохнет.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-36.jpg" alt="> 3 study question: Engine power supply system Kam. AZ-740. 3 air."> 3 учебный вопрос: Система питания двигателя Кам. АЗ-740. 3 воздухом. Назначение, техническая характеристика, общее устройство и принцип работы.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-37.jpg" alt=">The engine air supply system is designed for: Ø taking air from the atmosphere Ø cleaning it from"> Система питания двигателя воздухом предназначена для: Øотбора воздуха из атмосферы Øочистки его от пыли Øраспределения по цилиндрам состоит: Ш воздушный фильтр Ш индикатор засоренности воздушного фильтра Ш воздуховод Ш устройство для пылеудаления Ш турбокомпрессоры Ш впускные коллекторы Ш устройство для выпуска отработавших газов!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-38.jpg" alt="> Air filter Dry type, two-stage, with inertia grille,"> Воздушный фильтр Сухого типа, двухступенчатый, с инерционной решеткой, с автоматическим отсосам пыли и сменным картонным фильтроэлементом. Предназначен для очистки поступающего в двигатель воздуха. входной патрубок Установлен в силовой отделении корпус с крышкой Имеет во внутренней на нише правого части инерционную четвертого колеса. решетку (пылеотбойник), являющуюся первой ступенью очистки воздуха с отсосом пыли фильтрующий элемент патрубок системы выходной патрубок отсоса пыли!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-39.jpg" alt="> Air filter clogged indicator The indicator is installed on the screen of the air intake pipe, with a hose"> Индикатор засоренности воздушного фильтра Индикатор установлен на экране воздухозаборного патрубка, шлангом и трубкой соединен с приемной трубой. Индикатор представляет собой полый цилиндр, внутри которого помещен сигнальный флажок. Принцип работы: по мере засорения фильтра, в приемной трубе возрастает разряжение. При достижении разряжения 700 мм вод. ст. индикатор срабатывает, красный флажок закрывает окно индикатора воздуховод индикатор засоренности фильтра!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-40.jpg" alt=">The dust removal device is designed to suck dust from the first stage of the air filter and emission"> Устройство для пылеудаления предназначено для отсоса пыли из первой ступени воздушного фильтра и выброса ее в атмосферу. эжекторы üрасположены на выпускных патрубках глушителей üсоединены с фильтром системой трубопроводов через клапан предотвращает попадание воды и выхлопных газов в фильтр при погружении кормы в воду Имеет два положения: ОТКРЫТ и ЗАКРЫТ. Клапан закрывать только при движении на плаву. После преодоления водной преграды ЗАКРЫТЬ. рукоятка клапана Расположена с правой стороны перегородки отделения СУ со стороны боевого отделения!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-41.jpg" alt="> Turbochargers Serve to force an increased charge of air into"> Турбокомпрессоры Служат для принудительной подачи увеличенного заряда воздуха в цилиндры двигателя за счет использования энергии отработавших газов. Установлены на выпускных коллекторах по одному на каждый ряд цилиндров. Турбокомпрессор представляет собой фигурный металлический корпус, разделенный перегородкой на две изолированные полости - газоходную и воздушную. В корпусе на подшипниках установлен вал, на концах которого установлены: в газоходной полости - колесо турбины, в воздушной - колесо компрессора. Принцип работы: Øиз выпускных коллекторов газы поступают на колесо турбины, заставляя его вращаться и через систему выпуска выбрасывается в атмосферу Øвращающийся момент с колеса турбины передается на колесо компрессора, которое нагнетает очищенный воздух в цилиндры двигателя Смазка подшипника турбокомпрессора – под давлением от общей системы смазки. Сливается масло в картер маховика через отверстие в корпусе и соединительные патрубки.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-42.jpg" alt="> Intake manifolds Serve to supply air to the intake"> Впускные коллекторы Служат для подвода воздуха к впускным каналам головок цилиндров. Коллектор представляет собой алюминиевую отливку с четырьмя боковыми патрубками, которыми он крепится к головкам цилиндров. К торцевому фланцу коллектора крепится турбокомпрессор (воздушной полостью). правый впускной трубопровод левый впускной трубопровод объединительный патрубок!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-43.jpg" alt="> OPERATION OF THE AIR SUPPLY SYSTEM. q Air enters through the air intake for cleaning"> РАБОТА СИСТЕМЫ ПИТАНИЯ ВОЗДУХОМ. q Воздух через воздухозаборник поступает для очистки в первую ступень фильтра. q В результате резкого изменения направления потока в инерционной решетке крупные частицы пыли отделяются и под действием разря- жения в шланге выбрасываются в атмосферу. q Очищенный в первой ступени воздух, поступает во вторую ступень, где проникая через поры картона, очищается от мелких частиц пыли. q Очищенный воздух через пат- рубок, турбокомпрессоры поступает во впускные воздухопроводы, где распределяется по цилиндрам!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-44.jpg" alt="> Exhaust gas release device Designed to release exhaust gases into the atmosphere,"> Устройство для выпуска отработавших газов Предназначено отвода в атмосферу отработавших газов, снижения шума, их выпуска и отсоса пыли из воздушного фильтра. эжекторы приемные трубы выпускные глушители пылеудаления с гибкими коллектора металлорукавами!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/36195236_347739971.pdf-img/36195236_347739971.pdf-45.jpg" alt="> Assignment for independent work: Study: 1. Armored weapons. Textbook . –"> Задание для самостоятельной работы: Изучить: 1. Бронетанковое вооружение. Учебник. – М. : ВИ, 1991. с. 103 -117, 149 -164. 2. Бронетранспортер БТР-80. ТО и ИЭ – М. : ВИ, 2001. с. 118 -168; 3. Бронетанковое вооружение. – Новосибирск: НВВКУ, 2009. с. 71 -86, 108 -121, 126 -132. Самостоятельная работа № 8 «Силовая установка БТР» Класс СР, 2 часа. Тема и место проведения следующего занятия: Т 5/2 « Системы, обеспечивающие работу двигателя Кам. АЗ-740. 3» групповое занятие – 2 часа, класс № 210.!}
The hydraulic distribution apparatus (Fig. 4.47) is designed to supply fluid under pressure to the power steering line, to the hydraulic cylinders of the wave deflector flap drives, to turn on the jet propulsion, the jet propulsion damper, the drainage system valves and to drain fluid from them to drain.
The hydraulic distribution device belongs to the type of devices of hydraulic systems and is a thirteen-line, ten-position distributor.
The device is controlled by handle 7 (Fig. 4.47). When the handle is released, the spool 26 held by a spring 24 in the extended position, so the fluid pressure from the fitting 11 transmitted to the fitting 13,
Warning. When you pull the handle toward you, the fluid supply to the power steering is turned off, which significantly increases the effort required to turn and hold the steering wheel.
Rice. 4.47. Hydraulic distributor:
1 - distribution plug; 2 - arrow-handle indicator; 3 - pusher; 4 - eccentric; 5 -handle cover; 6 - signal lamp; 7 -lever; 8 - fitting for closing the rear pumping valve; 9 -case; 10 - drain fitting; 11 -pressure fitting; 12 - opening fitting of the rear pumping valve; 13 - power steering fitting; 14 - wiring harness connector; 15 - flap closing fitting; 16 - flap opening fitting; 17 - water-jet propulsion shut-off fitting; 18 - fitting for turning on the water-jet propulsion; 19 - fitting for raising the wave guard; 20 - flap lowering fitting; 21 - opening fitting of the front pumping valve; 22 - fitting for closing the front pumping valve; 23 -bracket; 24 - spool spring; 25 - spool cover; 26 -spool; 27 - spool body; 28 - plug; 29 - plug body; 30 -adjusting bolt; 31 -lock-nut; 32 -panel; 33 - plug cover. A- the size between the end of the pusher and the axis of fastening the eccentric of the handle
In order to supply fluid to the hydraulic cylinder of any hydraulic drive, for example to the hydraulic cylinder of the front pumping valve of a drainage system, to close the valve, you need a handle 7 turn until the arrow is installed 2 in the area of the FRONT VALVE sign. opposite the inscription CLOSED. In this case, the pressure hole in the distribution plug 1 will be installed opposite the fitting 22. After this, handle 7 must be pulled towards you until it stops so that the arrow 2 entered the recess of the panel 32. At the same time the eccentric 4, attached to the handle, will press the pusher 3, which will move the spool 26 to the bottom position, compressing the spring 24. The line to the power steering will be blocked by the spool, and the fluid flow will go through the channel to the pressure hole of the distribution plug 1 and then to the hydraulic cylinder of the front pumping valve. When lowering the handle 7 spring 24 will return the spool 26 interpreter 3 to the top position. Fluid flow from the fitting 11 will go to the fitting 13, i.e. into the power steering line.
On the panel 32 Signal lamps are installed to indicate the opening of the damper and the activation of the jet propulsion.
The tubes of each hydraulic line from the hydraulic distribution device to the drive hydraulic cylinder at the connection points are painted the same color.
Hydraulic cylinders
The hydraulic cylinders (Fig. 4.48) of the control drives for the water-jet propulsion, the water-jet damper, the wave deflector and the valves of the drainage system have the same design and differ in the length of the cylinders and the stroke of the rods.
When supplying liquid under pressure to the lower fitting of the cylinder, the piston 5 (Fig. 4.48) with rod 7 will move and reach the thrust ring 8, balloons 6 press out the piston and spring 4, will pass through the thrust ring and will be fixed between the thrust ring and the rod. The cylinder rod will fit into the ball lock. When fluid is supplied to the upper fitting, the fluid will press the piston and compress the spring 4, allowing the balls to pass through the thrust ring. The rod will slide into the body until it touches the cover. 3.
Hydraulic locks
In the absence of pressure in the lines A(Fig. 4.49), B, C and D ball 10 valve pressed by spring 9 to the saddle 5, “locks” the liquid in the line IN, i.e., it does not allow liquid to flow from the line IN to the highway G. A-B under the pressure created on the piston 2 force exceeding the spring force 4, piston 2 will move and, pressing through the rod 3 on the valve 10, will open the hole in seat 5, connecting the line IN with the highway G.
When supplying liquid through a line G under pressure it passes through the hole A saddles 5, squeeze the ball 10 and opens a hole in the saddle, connecting the lines G And IN.
Hydraulic system care
Check the fluid level in the hydraulic system reservoir and, if necessary, top up with the engine idling (ETO, TO-1, TO-2)
Check the oil level in the hydraulic pump reservoir with the water jet damper closed and the wave deflector flap lowered, with the valves for pumping water out of the body closed and the water jet turned off. When the engine is warm, the oil level in the tank should be between the marks on the oil level indicator.
Oil must be poured into the reservoir when the engine is running at minimum idle speed through a funnel with a mesh and a filler filter installed in the neck of the hydraulic pump reservoir. When using contaminated oil, the parts of the hydraulic pump and power steering quickly wear out.
Wash the hydraulic pump filter in gasoline, For what:
Disconnect the rubber sleeve from the high pressure pipeline and drain the oil from the hydraulic pump into a substitute container;
Remove the cover 9 (Fig. 4.45) tank, unscrewing the bolt 4;
Unscrew from the manifold 12 phone 6 along with the filter 8;
Remove from tank 11 hydraulic pump, the remainder of contaminated oil, preventing the fibers of the cleaning material used from getting into it;
Clean and rinse the removed parts, then put them back in place and screw the filter into the manifold;
Rinse the pump by pouring 0.5 liters of clean oil into the tank and draining it into a substitute container through the high pressure pipeline
pump, attach the rubber hose and remove the container with the drained oil;
Fill the reservoir with oil, start the engine and warm up the oil in the system; When the engine is running at minimum idle speed, add oil to the tank to the required level.
Bleeding the hydraulic power steering. After work related to eliminating system leaks, or after work that has led to a violation of the system tightness, it is necessary to remove air from the system by bleeding it. To do this, open the tank cap and add oil to the required level, start the engine and, with it running at minimum idle speed, add oil to the tank, preventing air from entering the pump, turn the steering wheel all the way until the foaming process stops and decrease in oil in the tank.
If the process of oil foaming during pumping is delayed, this indicates that air has entered the hydraulic system either through the pump due to untimely addition of oil, or through a leak in the place where the reservoir is attached to the pump, which must be eliminated by tightening the bolts securing the manifold and reservoir.
If the oil level in the tank has noticeably decreased, this indicates that there is a leak in the hydraulic system that needs to be eliminated.
When the hydraulic system is completely filled and the engine is warm, the oil level in the hydraulic pump reservoir should be between the indicator marks.
Replace the working fluid in the hydraulic system by sequentially pumping the power steering and hydraulic drives of the wave-reflector, the water jet damper, pumping out and turning on the water jet valves (with a warm engine) with draining the spent fluid into a substitute container and continuously adding fresh fluid to the tank, preventing air leaks from the pump.
To replace:
Prepare 10-12 liters of fresh working fluid and a container for draining the oil;
Disconnect the upper end of the hose from the tank tube and drain the used working fluid from it into a substitute container;
Plug the free end of the tank tube and direct the hose into a container to drain the liquid;
Open the tank cap and pour fresh working fluid into it;
Start the engine and, with it running at minimum idle speed, add fresh working fluid to the reservoir, pump the hydraulic booster by turning the steering wheel twice to the right and left until it stops. In this case, the spent liquid will flow into the substituted container.
Bleed the power steering until approximately 6-7 liters of fresh working fluid are consumed.
To do this you need:
Move the handle of the hydraulic distribution device in the area of the PANEL sign to the LOAD position;
Pull the handle of the hydraulic distributor towards you and hold it in this position until the shield is raised, then lower the handle;
Move the handle of the hydraulic distribution device in the area of the PANEL sign to the LOWER position;
Pull the handle towards you and hold it in this position until the shield lowers, then lower the handle.
When raising and lowering the shield, the spent fluid will flow into the substituted container, and fresh working fluid must be added to the tank, preventing air from being sucked in by the pump.
In a similar way, replace the working fluid in the hydraulic drives of the water jet damper, the valves for pumping water out of the machine body and turning on the water jet.
After replacing the working fluid in all hydraulic drives, it is necessary to remove the plug from the hydraulic pump reservoir tube, drain the fluid from the reservoir into a clean container, connect a hose to the tube and pour this fluid back into the reservoir and bleed the power steering.
Brake systems BTR-80
Braking systems are designed to reduce the speed of movement and bring the machine to a complete stop, as well as to keep the machine from rolling away. The machine has a service brake system (Fig. 4.50), acting on all eight wheels, a parking brake system, acting on the transmission, and an anti-roll device that locks the transmission and prevents the machine from rolling when stopped on an incline.
Service brake system
Rice. 4.50. Service brake system diagram:
1 -main cylinders with pneumatic boosters; 2 -wheel brake mechanism; 3 -pedal; 4 -brake valve; 5 - air fall limitation valve; 6 - air cylinder; 7 - brake light lamp; 8 - indicator lamp; 9 - hydraulic drive equalizer; 10 - pressure gauge in the cylinder; 11 -hydraulic brake light switches; A- pipeline for releasing air into the atmosphere; B-pipeline to the air reducer
Brakes
Brakes 2 (Fig. 4.50) two-block, closed type, mounted on the axles of wheel reducers. Brake parts mounted on bracket 7 (Fig. 4.51).
Brake pads 6 And 12 pressed by springs 1 and 5 to the support pin 3. The lower ends of the pads are pressed by a spring against the adjustment mechanism, consisting of a housing 11, into which the adjusting screw is screwed 8 with sprocket and support sleeve 10. To the support pin 3 the wheel cylinder is attached.
Rice. 4.51. Right wheel brake:
1 , 5 And 9 - tension springs; 2 - cylinder pistons; 3 - support finger; 4 - wheel cylinder; 6 - rear block; 7 - bracket; 8 -adjusting screw; 10 - support sleeve; 11 - adjusting mechanism housing; 12 - front block; 13 - pushers
Wheel cylinder pistons with pushers 13 connected to the blocks. Each piston is sealed by two rings.
All eight brake mechanisms are assembled from the same parts. The brake mechanisms of the right wheels differ from the brake mechanisms of the left wheels in the location of the brake pads.
Rear pads 6 brake mechanisms have longer linings. Therefore, without changing the position of the pads, it is impossible to move the brake mechanisms from the wheels of one side of the car to the wheels of the other side.
In Fig. Figure 4.51 shows the brake mechanism of the right wheel.
When braking under the influence of fluid pressure, the pistons 2 move apart towards the pads. Pushers 13, acting on the pads 6 And 12, press them against the brake drum and slow down its rotation.
To monitor the condition of the brake mechanism, adjust it and pump the hydraulic brake drive, there is a hatch in the cover that is closed with a cover with a rubber gasket.
The hydraulic booster serves to reduce the force on the steering wheel when steering the machine and improve traffic safety, allowing you to maintain controllability of the machine in the event of destruction of one of the steered wheels.
The hydraulic booster is connected to the machine’s hydraulic system and consists of a valve 46 (Fig. 4.35) power steering control, hydraulic cylinders 1 and pipelines.
Power steering valve The spool-type steering wheel is installed in the front longitudinal rod (Fig. 4.37).
Hydraulic cylinders The amplifiers are installed in the front of the machine body. The rotation of the steered wheels is limited by the piston stops 11 (Fig. 4.42) into the hydraulic cylinder covers.
Rice. 4.42. Power steering hydraulic cylinder:
1 - rod tip; 2 -lock-nut; 3 - head nut; 4 - locking screw; 5 -sealing ring; 6 -ring; 7 And 12 - fitting; 8 -cylinder head; 9 -stock; 10 - cylinder body; 11 -piston; 13 -cylinder tip
The operation diagram of the power steering is shown in Fig. 4.43.
When the machine moves in a straight line, the spool 10 (Fig. 4.43) occupies a middle position in the body 1 . Fluid pumped by hydraulic pump 7, enters simultaneously into all cavities of hydraulic cylinders 2 And 3 and drains into the tank 6.
To turn the car to the left, the driver, rotating the steering wheel of the steering mechanism, turns the steering bipod 8. The bipod, moving, moves the spool 10 relative to the body 1 valve, the middle flange of the spool covers the annular gap between the middle and rear grooves of the housing, and the front flange of the spool overlaps the front groove of the body. The fluid pumped by the hydraulic pump enters the hydraulic cylinders and moves the pistons and rods. The rods, acting on the steering gear, turn the steered wheels of the car to the left.
As soon as the driver stops rotating the steering wheel, the movement of the spool will stop, and the valve body will continue to move under the action of the hydraulic cylinders until the grooves of the body take a middle position relative to the spool flanges. The injection of fluid into the hydraulic cylinders will stop.
When the steering wheel is turned in the opposite direction, the spool will move to the front part of the housing and fluid will be pumped into the opposite cavities of the hydraulic cylinders. The car's wheels will turn to the right.
Rice. 4.43. Power steering operation diagram:
1 - power steering valve housing; 2 And 3 - hydraulic cylinders; 4 - hydraulic distribution apparatus; 5 - safety valve; 6 - tank; 7 - hydraulic pump; 8 - bipod; 9 - check valve; 10 - spool
Check valve 9 when the hydraulic pump is not working, it allows fluid to flow through pipelines from one cavity of the hydraulic cylinders to others, bypassing the hydraulic system. This allows you to turn the machine with less effort when the hydraulic pump is not working.
Steering care
When carrying out daily maintenance, perform the following work:
Check the condition of external steering parts (tied rod ends, pendulum arms, etc.), free play (play) of the steering wheel;
after swimming:
Lubricate the lower kingpins of the steering knuckles (4 points), the outer hinges of the steering linkage wheel rods (8 points).
When performing maintenance No. 1, additionally perform:
Check the fastening of the steering gear housing, tighten the bolts if necessary;
Lubricate the articulated joints of the steering wheel rods;
Make sure there are no backlashes in the fastenings of the pendulum arm brackets by swinging (turning) the steered wheels in place. If there are any gaps, tighten the bracket fastening bolts;
Check and, if necessary, tighten the nuts securing the ball pins and covers of the tie rod ends, the steering bipod, and the bolts securing the steering gear arms;
Check and, if necessary, adjust wheel alignment.
When performing maintenance No. 2, additionally perform:
Lubricate the steering linkage joints inside the machine;
Check and, if necessary, adjust the clearance in the engagement of the working pair of the steering mechanism;
Check for leaks from the steering gear housing.
If there is a leak, find out the cause, fix it and top up with oil to the required level.
Hydraulic system of BTR-80
The hydraulic system of the machine is designed to ensure the operation of the power steering and hydraulic drives for controlling the water-jet propulsion, the water-jet damper, the wave deflector and the valves of the drainage system.
A schematic diagram of the machine's hydraulic system is shown in Fig. 4.44.
Rice. 4.44 Schematic diagram of the machine’s hydraulic system
1 - line for lowering the flap; 2 - shield lifting line; 3 - the main line for turning on the propulsion; 4 - the propulsion shutdown line; 5 - line for closing the front valve; 6 - front valve opening line; 7 - rear valve opening line; 8 - rear valve closing line; 9 - damper opening line; 10 - damper closing line; A1- hydraulic system pump; P1- power steering distributor; P2- hydraulic system distributor; C 1 And Ts2- hydraulic cylinders of the shield drive; Central lock And C 4- power steering hydraulic cylinders; I5-hydraulic cylinder for turning on the propulsion; Ts6 And Ts7- hydraulic cylinders of pumping valves; Ts8- hydraulic cylinder of the damper drive; ZM1-hydraulic lock of the shield drive; ZM2-hydraulic lock of the propulsion drive; ZMZ And ZM5-hydraulic locks for pumping valve drive; ZM4-hydraulic lock of the damper drive; KP1-power steering valve
The mid-50s were a difficult time for armored personnel carriers of all the armies of the world. Since the new combat tactics required motorized infantry not only to constantly accompany tank formations, but also often to go in front of them. Wheeled armored personnel carriers of those years could not cope with such a task, so in many countries they were completely abandoned in favor of tracked vehicles. The Soviet Union decided to continue the tradition of producing wheeled combat vehicles.
The history of the BTR-80
At the end of the 50s, a number of Soviet design bureaus were tasked with creating a new armored personnel carrier. This vehicle had to keep up with tracked vehicles, and even surpass them in cross-country ability and speed. After the competition was announced, several interesting specimens were created from different manufacturers:
- ZIL-153, which had only three pairs of wheels, an armored body and a torsion bar suspension. It turned due to the front and rear wheels, which were movable. This vehicle was capable of not only staying afloat, but also moving through the water using an additional jet engine;
- An interesting model was presented by mechanical engineers from Bryansk. The main feature of its device was the hydropneumatic suspension, which could change the ground clearance up to 300 mm. This combat vehicle was planned to be armed with a 73 mm cannon;
- The most successful option turned out to be an armored personnel carrier created at the GAZ design bureau. The combat vehicle, called “49”, was put into service already in 1959. In 1961, mass production began. The Gorky armored personnel carrier received a new name - BTR-60P.
The BTR-60P armored personnel carrier received an open-top body made of armor plates. To protect from precipitation, the open top was covered with an awning. The weapon used was the SGMB machine gun, which was installed on the machine. The machine gun could be installed in several positions, since special brackets were provided for this:
- When the combat vehicle was moving, the machine gun was attached to the front plate;
- If the armored personnel carrier was in battle, then the machine gun could be mounted either in front or on the side.
In 1963, the BTR-60P was modernized, resulting in a completely enclosed body with 4 hatches for landing troops. In the same year, the BTR-60PB appeared, which received a conical turret with two coaxial machine guns.
After 9 years, a new model of armored personnel carrier was created - the BTR-70. In 1976, it began to be mass produced. The main differences between the BTR-70 and its predecessor were the following changes:
- The BTR-70 was equipped with two new engines from the GAZ-66, which developed 115 hp each. every;
- Now the paratroopers in the back sat facing the sides, and not their backs, which reduced the preparation time for firing;
- Side hatches for paratroopers appeared;
- The gas tanks were placed in isolated compartments, which made it possible not to fear severe damage to the armored vehicle if one of the tanks exploded;
- An automatic fire protection system for armored personnel carriers was installed;
- An independent and separate brake drive appeared, which made it possible to brake if one of the brake systems was damaged;
- It became possible, if one engine failed, to drive with a second working one, since the power transmission could be turned off from the driver’s seat;
- Now they began to install two generators on the car.
The armament of the BTR-70 was similar to that of the BTR-60PB, only the models of the last years of production were equipped with a new turret, which made it possible to fire from a larger angle. BTR-70s are still in service in many CIS countries.
Technical characteristics and description of BTR-80
After the fighting in Afghanistan, it was decided to release a new model of an armored personnel carrier, the performance characteristics of which would better correspond to the combat missions assigned to this class of armored vehicles. The new model was called BTR-80. Since 1984, this model began to be produced instead of the outdated BTR-70.
The appearance and general layout of the BTR-80 is practically no different from its predecessor, the BTR-70. The commander and driver's workplaces are located in the front part of the armored personnel carrier. All surveillance devices and controls are also installed there.
The engine compartment is isolated from the general compartment by a solid partition. All equipment (engine, gearbox, fuel tanks, etc.) is located behind this partition. The new KAMAZ-7403 engine was equipped with a turbocharger and developed 260 hp. The diesel engine made it possible to significantly reduce fuel consumption, which doubled the range. At the same time, the volume of fuel tanks remained at the same level. Thanks to the higher torque, the speed of the armored personnel carrier increased significantly.
Since a diesel engine is difficult to start at low temperatures, the designers of the BTR-80 installed a pre-start starter on the engine, which uses an electric torch device. To prevent water from entering the engine when overcoming water obstacles, the air intake pipes were installed very high.
Since two engines were previously installed on armored personnel carriers of previous series, the transmission had to be adapted to one engine.
The transfer case transmits power to the winch and the jet engine (which is used to propel the armored personnel carrier on the water). Two parking brakes are installed on the transfer case.
The designers of the BTR-80 tried to make the transfer case so that parts and components from the BTR-70 could be installed on it. In addition, the following components from the previous model are perfectly installed on the BTR-80:
- Drive axles;
- Suspension elements;
- Steering;
- Brake system.
All these parts can be installed on the BTR-80 without modification, which is what the designers wanted, since making a completely new conveyor line from scratch is a very expensive undertaking.
The BTR-80 turned out to be a very maneuverable and mobile vehicle. This is due to the following factors:
- Powerful engine that provides high dynamics and maneuverability;
- All-wheel drive on all 8 wheels;
- Independent torsion bar suspension;
- High ground clearance;
- A tire pressure regulation system, thanks to which the armored personnel carrier can not only follow tanks off-road, but is also significantly ahead of them.
The combat vehicle is capable of driving even if two wheels fail. When hitting a mine, as a rule, only one of the wheels is damaged, after which the armored personnel carrier continues to move.
Armament of the BTR-80
The fighting compartment of the armored personnel carrier is located in the middle of the hull and turret. The armament of the BTR-80 consists of two coaxial machine guns:
- KPVT machine gun (Vladimirov heavy machine gun), 14.5 mm caliber. This machine gun is one of the most powerful machine guns ever used in the armies of the world. It combines the armor-piercing power of an anti-tank rifle and the rate of fire of a conventional machine gun. Capable of penetrating lightly armored targets;
- 7.62-mm PKT machine gun (Kalashnikov tank machine gun), which is coaxial with the main machine gun.
In addition to machine guns, the turret contains:
- Day sight;
- Viewing devices;
- Manual guidance devices.
The gunner himself sits on a special hanging seat, which is located under the turret. The gunner can accurately fire a heavy machine gun at a distance of about 2,000 meters. With a Kalashnikov machine gun, the sighting range is half that and is 1,000 meters. Also, a large-caliber machine gun is capable of firing at low-flying, low-speed targets, such as helicopters. The rate of fire of the Vladimirov heavy machine gun reaches 600 rounds per minute, and the Kalashnikov machine gun fires at a speed of up to 800 rounds per minute. Ammunition in belts is placed in cartridge boxes and amounts to 500 rounds of ammunition for the KPVT and 2,000 rounds of ammunition for the PKT.
Troops placed in an armored personnel carrier can fire without leaving it, since the BTR-80 is equipped with embrasures. In total, the hull has 7 embrasures, 2 of which allow machine gun fire. Hatches located on the roof are adapted for throwing grenades, firing hand-held missile systems and grenade launchers. There are special devices for launching smoke grenades, which allow you to create a dense smoke screen.
The body of the BTR-80 easily withstands 7.62 mm bullets and shell fragments. Frontal armor, traditionally stronger, can withstand bullets from a heavy machine gun.
The air ventilation system provides the crew and troops of the BTR-80 with reliable protection from toxic and radioactive substances. Thanks to 4 hatches and two double doors, the landing force is capable of landing and disembarking in a matter of seconds. When the lower door leaf is opened, a convenient step is created, allowing entry and exit while moving.
TTX BTR-80 has the following characteristics:
- The combat weight of the armored personnel carrier is 13,600 kilograms;
- The crew is 10 people;
- The maximum speed of the BTR-80 on land is 80 kilometers;
- The maximum speed on water is limited to 9 kilometers;
- On full tanks, the armored personnel carrier is capable of driving 600 kilometers or swimming 12.
The BTR-80 is capable of solving any combat mission both in the far north and in the desert sands.
Vehicles based on the BTR-80
Based on the BTR-80, a whole series of combat vehicles for various purposes was developed:
- Armored personnel carrier for command personnel;
- The 2S23 “Nona SVK” self-propelled artillery gun, which was developed in the late 80s and has been supplied to the army since 1990;
- Repair and recovery vehicle BREM-K, which is intended for repair units of motorized rifle troops. Its task includes towing and minor repairs of damaged armored personnel carriers and special vehicles based on the BTR-80. For this BREM-K is equipped with all the necessary equipment;
- RKhM-4 or reconnaissance chemical vehicle.
In 1994, designers developed a modified model of the BTR-80, which received the index BTR-80A. The new combat vehicle received all the advantages of the previous model, in addition, firepower was significantly increased. Instead of a heavy machine gun, the new vehicle was equipped with a 30-mm automatic cannon. Ammunition is stored in the lower part of the armored personnel carrier's turret and amounts to 300 shells for the cannon and 2,000 for the machine gun. The gun is equipped with high-explosive fragmentation incendiary shells, fragmentation tracer and armor-piercing tracer shells. The first two types of projectiles can be used to fire at air and ground targets, and armor-piercing ones can hit firing points and armored targets.
To aim the gun at the target, two types of sights are used, day and night vision. During the day, fire from a cannon can be fired at a distance of up to 2,000 meters with armor-piercing shells, and up to 4,000 with high-explosive fragmentation and incendiary shells. The night vision scope is capable of providing an effective range of up to 800 meters at night.
The gunner has all the controls, guidance, reloading, changing types of projectiles and other devices necessary for firing at various targets.
The weight of the new combat vehicle has increased slightly and is 14,500 kilograms. The clearance height of the BTR-80A has been increased to 2,800 mm. The remaining characteristics are no different from the BTR-80.
In 2004, tests of a new model of the BTR-90 armored personnel carrier were completed, serial production of which was to begin in 2011. Unfortunately, in 2011, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation refused to purchase the BTR-90, so this vehicle was never put into mass production.
The BTR-80, which performed excellently during the war in Afghanistan, is still the main armored personnel carrier of motorized rifle troops. In addition, they are used in the Internal Troops and Marine Corps.
