slide 1
Native American beliefs
slide 2
slide 3
Indians are the indigenous population of America.
They were engaged in hunting, fishing, farming.
slide 4
Canoeing along the rivers
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Maya Aztec Incas
slide 6
The Aztecs worshiped gods and sang jaguars.
According to the legend, the world used to be in eternal darkness. To solve this problem, the gods gathered for a council in this place. The first of those who wanted to illuminate the world was Tecusiztecatl. Others refrained from this right. Nanahuatzin was chosen as the second god. The gods kindled a fire into which the elect had to enter. Tecusiztecatl was frightened by the hot fire, but the cold-blooded Nanahuatzin did it. After reflection, Tecusiztecatl was able to overcome himself and completed the path of the god. Nanahuatzin was reborn as the Sun, and Tecusiztecatl as the Moon. In honor of this event, people built pyramid temples on this site.
Slide 7
City of Teotihuacan
Teotihuacan is a city where people become gods. This is how the name of the ancient city of Teotihuacan is literally translated from the Aztec language.
Slide 8
The central pyramid and the largest symbolizes the Sun, further from it there are smaller pyramids and symbolizing the planets revolving around the heavenly body, there is even a pyramid - the Moon. After measuring the distance between the pyramids, scientists reported an unexpected result - all distances correspond to the real ones between the space objects of the solar system, but on a scale of 1 to 100 million. Who founded this city, where are its inhabitants and who destroyed it? There are no answers to these questions, despite the huge number of expeditions.
Slide 9
Frescoes of Teotihuacan
When we call the god of thunder Tlaloc, and the snake with feathers - Quetzalcoatl, these are very conditional comparisons, since Tlaloc and Quetzalcoatl were actually Aztec gods. The main deity was the so-called Great Goddess of Teotihuacan, in the form of a bird, who was responsible for the afterlife, earth, water, and, possibly, for the creation of the world. Human sacrifices took place in the city, but, apparently, they were not abused and arranged only when laying temples and pyramids.
Slide 10
slide 11
Pyramid of the Sun
slide 12
Pyramid at El Tajin
"City of Thunder"
Pyramid El-Tahin is dedicated to the supreme thunder god Tahin, the patron of rain.
slide 13
Aztec calendar
Slide 14
Rituals.
Feast of the young corn goddess; nobility distributes gifts and food to the mob All images of the gods are decorated with flower garlands. Feast with corn tortillas and turkey. Sweeping houses and roads; simulated battle Magical rituals to make rain; beating women with straw bags to make them cry
slide 15
City of Tenochtitlan
According to legend, Huitzilopochtli, the god of the sun and war, told the Aztec Indians to settle where they see such a picture: an eagle on a cactus will hold prey in its claws. What kind of prey was not said. Wandering in the southern lands of North America for almost 130 years, they saw what the sun god told them about: an eagle sits on a cactus and holds a snake in its claws (this story is now displayed on the Mexican flag).
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Observatory at Chichen Itza (Maya)
Caracol Translated from Spanish means "snail". This name was given because of the internal stairs to the top, which has a spiral shape like a snail shell. A spiral staircase inside the tower leads to the upper room, from which you can watch the sky.
Slide 17
Temple in Tekala
Slide 18
Pyramid of Kukulkan
a temple structure that survived among the ruins of the ancient Mayan city of Chichen Itza. The Maya Kukulkan was an analogue of the god Quetzalcoatl.
The stairs are surrounded by a stone frame, starting at the bottom with the head of a snake and continuing in the form of a curving snake body to the top of the pyramid. Every year, on the days of the autumn and spring equinoxes, one can observe the unique spectacle of the Feathered Serpent. The shadow of the stepped edges of the pyramid falls on the stones of the fence. At the same time, it seems that the Feathered Serpent comes to life and crawls, up in March, and down in September
slide 2
History of the peoples of the American continent before their meeting with Europeans in the 16th century. developed independently and almost without interaction with the history of the peoples of other continents.
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The tribes of most of North and South America were at different stages of the primitive communal system, and among the peoples of Mexico, Central America and the western part of South America, class relations were already developing at that time; they created high civilizations. Spanish conquerors in the 16th century destroyed their states and culture and enslaved them.
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Peoples of South America before European conquest
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Central America - Maya, Toltec, Olmec, Aztec, Quiche South America Incas (Quechua, Aymara), Guarani, Mapuche, Shipibo, Conibo
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The Fuegians were among the most backward tribes in the world. Three groups of Indians lived on the Tierra del Fuego archipelago: the Selknam (she), the Alakalufs, and the Yamana (Yagans). FIRE-EARSTERS - the common name of the Indians arch. Tierra del Fuego: alakaluf (Wellington Island), she (Tierra Tierra del Fuego) and Yagans (Navarino Island). Close to extinction. Languages isolated.
Slide 7
The Selknam lived in the northern and eastern parts of Tierra del Fuego. They hunted the guanaco llama and collected the fruits and roots of wild plants. Their weapons were bows and arrows. On the islands of the western part of the archipelago lived
Slide 8
Alakalufs, engaged in fishing and collecting shellfish. In search of food, they spent most of their lives in wooden boats, moving along the coast. Bird hunting with bows and arrows played a lesser role in their lives.
Slide 9
The Yamanas lived by collecting shellfish, fishing, hunting seals and other marine animals, as well as birds. Their tools were made of bone, stone and shells. There was no stratification in the community, the oldest members of the group did not exercise power over their relatives. A special position was occupied only by healers, who were credited with the ability to influence the weather and cure diseases.
Slide 10
By the time of the European invasion, the Pampas were hunters on foot. In the middle of the XVIII century, the inhabitants of the pampas (Patagonians) began to use horses for hunting. The main object of hunting and a source of food were guanacos. There were no permanent settlements among the pampas hunters;
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Animistic beliefs occupied a significant place in the religious ideas of the Pampas Indians. The Patagonians peopled the world with spirits; the cult of dead relatives was especially developed.
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They lived in southern central Chile. They were engaged in agriculture and bred llamas, dressing fabrics from the wool of the llama-guanaco, pottery and silver processing. The southern tribes were engaged in hunting and fishing. The Araucanians became famous for their stubborn resistance to European conquerors for over 200 years.
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The tribes of the group that lived on the territory of Eastern and Southern Brazil - Botokuda, Canella, Kayapo, Xavant, Kaingang and other smaller ones, were mainly engaged in hunting and gathering, making transitions in search of game and edible plants.
Slide 14
During the initial period of European colonization, northeastern and central South America was inhabited by numerous tribes belonging to different linguistic groups, mainly Arawaks, Tupiguaranis, and Caribs. They were mostly engaged in slash-and-burn agriculture and lived settled lives.
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For fishing, boats were built from tree bark and dugouts of a single tree. Weaved nets, nets, tops and other gear. They beat the fish with a spear, shot at it with bows. The Indians of the tropical forests of South America also owe mankind the discovery of the medicinal properties of cinchona bark and the emetic root of ipecac.
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The rainforest tribes practiced slash-and-burn agriculture. Landing time was determined by the position of the stars. Women loosened the ground with knotty sticks or sticks with shoulder blades of small animals and shells planted on them. They grew cassava, corn, sweet potato, beans, tobacco, and cotton.
Slide 17
The artistic creativity of the described Indian tribes was expressed in dances performed to the sounds of primitive musical instruments (horns, pipes), in games that imitated the habits of animals and birds.
Slide 18
Love for jewelry was manifested in the body coloring with a complex pattern using vegetable juices and in the manufacture of elegant attire from multi-colored feathers, teeth, nuts, seeds, etc.
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Slide 20
Primitive farmers cultivated potatoes, and quinoa was especially widespread among cereals. The Andes region is the only one in America where animal husbandry developed. Llama and alpaca were tamed, giving wool, skins, meat, fat. The Andeans did not drink milk.
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An Indian tribe, which is essentially a union of tribes, as well as the language of this tribe. They inhabit the Amazonian selva on the territory of modern Peru. The main occupations are farming in the floodplains and fishing, making beer, servicing river transportation.
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The Shipibo-Conibo tribe is famous among other Indian tribes for its shamans, the famous Peruvian artist Pablo Amaringo came from among them.
slide 23
Chii bcha, Muii ska or Moi ska is one of the highly developed civilizations of South America in the 12th-16th centuries. Among the cultures of ancient America, the Chibcha are on a par with the Maya, Aztecs and Incas. The Chibcha themselves called themselves Muisca, that is, "people."
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Native Americans and their culture
The territory of the United States has been inhabited by Indians since ancient times. The ancestors of modern Indians moved to America from northeast Asia. The term "redskins", common as a designation for the Indians in popular culture, has nothing to do with the natural skin color of the Indians (from white to dark). It comes from the custom of the Beothuk tribe - to paint both the face and clothes with ocher.
All Indians have common features that bring them closer to the population of Asia. They have a yellowish or reddish-brown skin tone, coarse, straight hair on the head, little hair on the body, a broad face, and prominent cheekbones. But unlike the Mongoloids, the Indians lack the Mongolian fold of the eyelid, a relatively large, even nose.
About 400 Indian tribes lived in North America. They all spoke different languages and had no written language. However, in 1826 the leader of the Cherokee tribe - Sequoyah (George Hess) created the Cherokee syllabary, and in 1828 began publishing the Cherokee Phoenix newspaper in the Cherokee language.
The steppe Indians used pictographic writing. There were also tribal jargons, which include a common trade language - "mobile". Some tribes made extensive use of "signal language" or "sign language". The main tools of the language of signals were conditional movements on foot or on horseback, mirrors. Wampums were also used for communication, which served them, if necessary, like money.
All clothing for men and women was made from dressed buffalo skins. Men and women wore moccasins richly decorated with porcupine quills. . Battle shirts, decorated with scalps, were worn only by the leaders and the most famous warriors of the tribe. This solemn attire also included a cloak, which often depicted the exploits of its owner.
But the most magnificent decoration of the Indians was a forehead band with eagle feathers. Each bird feather in a bandage meant some courageous act of the wearer of this decoration. The bow remained the main hunting tool and weapon of the Prairie Indians, to which they preferred even over firearms.
The Indians were engaged in hunting, gathering, and agriculture. In the northern regions, the Indians hunted the sea animal. With the advent of Europeans on the continent, the Indians had horses and firearms, which made bison hunting easier and faster. The Indians grew crops and bred domestic animals, of which the domestic turkey and guinea pig are now widespread.
The Indians made ceramics: vessels, figurines, masks and ritual objects.
As of the beginning of the 21st century, their total number exceeds 60 million people.
At different stages of the development of the North American continent, it was inhabited by representatives different peoples, in the 1st century AD, even the Vikings sailed here, founded their settlement, but it did not take root. After Columbus "discovered America", the period of European colonization of these lands began, a stream of immigrants poured in from all over the Old World, these were the Spaniards, and the Portuguese, and the British and French, and representatives of the Scandinavian countries.
After seizing the lands of the displacement from their territory of the indigenous population of North America - the Indians, who at the beginning of European expansion did not even own firearms and were forced to give up their lands under the threat of complete annihilation, the settlers became sovereign masters of the vast areas of the New World, which have enormous natural potential.
Indigenous peoples of North America
The indigenous peoples of North America include the inhabitants of Alaska and the Arctic part of the continent of the Eskimos and Aleuts (northern regions of the USA and Canada), the Indian population, mainly concentrated in the central and southern parts of the mainland (USA, Mexico), and the Hawaiian people living on the island of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean.
It is believed that the Eskimos moved to the territory of North America from Asia and the distant expanses of Siberia at a time when Alaska and the mainland of Eurasia were not separated from each other by the Bering Strait. Moving along the southeastern coast of Alaska, the ancient tribes moved deep into the North American continent, so about 5 thousand years ago, the Eskimo tribes settled the Arctic coast of North America.
The Eskimos who lived in Alaska were mainly engaged in hunting and fishing, if weather conditions allowed - gathering. They hunted seals, walruses, polar bears and other representatives of the Arctic fauna, such as whales, and all the prey was used practically without disposal, everything was used - skins, bones, and entrails. In the summer, they lived in chums and yarangas (dwellings made of animal skins), in winter they lived in igloos (also a dwelling made of skins, but additionally insulated with blocks of snow or ice), and were engaged in reindeer husbandry. They lived in small groups, consisting of several kindred families, worshiped evil and good spirits, shamanism was developed.
The Aleut tribes, who lived on the Aleutian Islands in the Barents Sea, have long been engaged in hunting, fishing and whale hunting. The traditional dwelling of the Aleuts is ulegam, a large semi-dugout designed for a large number of people (from 20 to 40 families). It was underground, inside there were bunk beds, separated by curtains, in the middle there was a huge stove, they went down there along a log in which steps were cut.
By the time the European conquerors appeared in the Americas, there were about 400 Indian tribes who had a separate language and knew writing. For the first time, Columbus encountered the indigenous inhabitants of these lands on the island of Cuba and, thinking that he was in India, called them "Los indios", since then they have become so called - Indians.
(North Indian)
The upper part of Canada was inhabited by North Indians, Algonquin and Athabas tribes who hunted caribou and fished. In the north-west of the continent lived the tribes of Haida, Salish, Wakashi, Tlingit, they were engaged in fishing and sea hunting, led a nomadic lifestyle, lived in small groups of several families in tents. On the California coast, in mild climatic conditions, Indian tribes lived, who were engaged in hunting, fishing and gathering, collecting acorns, berries, and various herbs. They lived in semi-dugouts. The eastern part of America was inhabited by the Woodland Indians, these are tribes such as the Creeks, Algonquins, Iroquois (considered very warlike and bloodthirsty). They were engaged in settled agriculture.
In the steppe regions of the North American continent (prairies, pampas), hunting tribes of Indians lived, who hunted bison and led a nomadic lifestyle. These are the Apache, Osage, Crow, Arikara, Kiowa, etc. tribes. They were very warlike and constantly clashed with neighboring tribes, lived in wigwams and tips, traditional Indian dwellings.
(Navajo Indians)
In the southern regions of the North American continent lived the Navajo, Pueblo and Pima tribes. They were considered one of the most developed, led a sedentary lifestyle, were engaged in agriculture, and using the methods of artificial irrigation (they built canals and other irrigation facilities), bred cattle.
(Hawaiians, even going on a boat, do not forget to decorate themselves and even their dog with national wreaths.)
Hawaiians - the indigenous population of the Hawaiian Islands belong to the Polynesian ethnic group, it is believed that the first Polynesians sailed to the Hawaiian Islands from the Marquesas Islands in 300, and from the island of Tahiti a little later (in 1300 AD). Basically, the Hawaiian settlements were located near the sea, where they built their dwellings with a roof of palm branches and were engaged in fishing by canoeing. By the time the Hawaiian Islands were discovered by the English explorer James Cook, the population of the islands numbered about 300 thousand people. They lived in large family communities - ohans, in which there was a division into leaders (alii) and community members (makaainan). Today, Hawaii is part of the United States, being the 50th state in a row.
Traditions and customs of indigenous peoples
North America is a huge continent that has become home to representatives of a large number of different nationalities, each of which is original and unique in its own way, has its own traditions and customs.
(Eskimo demonstrating national dance)
The Eskimos live in small family communities, adhere to the principles of matriarchy (the headship of a woman). The husband enters the wife's family, if she dies, the husband returns to the parents' house, the children do not leave with him. Kinship is considered on the mother's side, marriages are concluded at an early age by prior arrangement. The custom of a temporary exchange of wives is often practiced as a friendly gesture or as a sign of special favor. Shamanism is developed in the religion, shamans are the leaders of the cult. Difficult natural conditions, the constant threat of hunger and death in case of failure to hunt, a feeling of complete powerlessness in the face of the power of harsh Arctic nature, all this forced the Eskimos to seek solace and salvation in rituals and rituals. Enchanted amulets, amulets, the use of various magic spells were very popular.
The Aleuts worshiped the spirits of dead animals, they especially revered the whale, when a male hunter died in the village, they buried him in a cave, placing him between two whale ribs.
The Indian tribes of North America believed in the supernatural origin of the world, which, in their opinion, was created by mysterious forces, among the Sioux they were called wakans, the Iroquois said - orenda, the Algonquians - manitou, and Kitchi Manitou was the same supreme spirit to which everything obeyed. The son of Manitou Wa-sa-ka fashioned a tribe of people from red clay, taught them how to hunt and hunt, taught them to dance ritual dances. Hence the special reverence by the Indians for red, they rubbed their body and face with red paint on especially solemn occasions, such as girls in the tribes of California and North Dakota at a wedding ceremony.
Also, the Indians, having passed the path of development of many peoples of the world, deified nature and its forces, worshiped the deities of the Sun, Sky, Fire or Sky. They also revered spirits, patrons of tribes (various plants and animals), which were called totem. Every Indian could have such a patron spirit, seeing him in a dream, a person immediately towered in the eyes of his fellow tribesmen, he could decorate himself with feathers and shells. By the way, the headdress made of eagle feathers was worn by leaders and outstanding warriors only on very solemn occasions, it was believed that it had great spiritual and healing power. Also, a special ax with a long handle made of caribou deer antler - tomahawk was considered a symbol of the valor of any male warrior.
(The ancient revered ritual of the Indians - the peace pipe)
One of the well-known Indian traditions is the ancient ritual of lighting the pipe of peace, when the Indians sat in a large circle and betrayed each other a kind of symbol of peace, prosperity and prosperity - the pipe of peace. The ritual was started by the most respected person in the tribe - the leader or elder, he lit a pipe, took a couple of puffs and betrayed it further in a circle, and all participants in the ceremony had to do the same. Usually this ritual was carried out at the conclusion of peace treaties between the tribes.
The famous Hawaiian traditions and customs are the presentation of flower garlands (lei), which are handed along with a kiss on the cheek to all visitors by beautiful Hawaiian girls. Stunningly beautiful lei can be made from roses, orchids and other exotic tropical flowers, and according to legend, you can only remove a garland in the presence of the person who gave it. The traditional Hawaiian aloha means not only words of greeting or goodbye, it reflects the whole gamut of feelings and experiences, they can express sympathy, kindness, joy, and tenderness. The indigenous inhabitants of the islands themselves are sure that aloha is not just a word, but the basis of all life values people.
The culture of the island of Hawaii is rich in superstitions and signs that people still believe in, for example, it is believed that the appearance of a rainbow or rain is a sign of the special disposition of the gods, especially when the wedding takes place in the rain. And the island is also famous for its mesmerizing hula dance: rhythmic hip movements, graceful hand passes and unique costumes (a puffy skirt made from raffia palm fibers, wreaths of bright exotic flowers) to rhythmic music on drums and other percussion instruments. In ancient times, it was a ritual dance performed exclusively by men.
Modern life of the peoples of North America
(Modern streets of the USA on the site of the former native places of the Indians, the indigenous peoples of America)
Today, the total population of North America is about 400 million people. The bulk are the descendants of European settlers, the descendants of the British and French colonialists mainly live in Canada and the USA, the descendants of the Spaniards inhabit the southern coast and the countries of Central America. Also, more than 20 million representatives of the Negroid race live in North America, the descendants of Negro slaves, once brought from the African continent by European colonialists to work on sugar and cotton plantations.
(Indian traditions were absorbed by the urban culture of grown cities)
The Indian population, which has retained its population of about 15 million people (a significant decrease in the population due to diseases, various kinds of infringements, as well as complete displacement from the indigenous lands of habitation in the reservation), is located in the United States (5 million people - 1.6% of the total population of the country) and Mexico, speak their languages and dialects, honor and preserve the customs and culture of their people. According to various sources, up to 18 million Indians lived in North America in the pre-Columbian period.
The Aleuts, as before, live on the islands of the Aleutian Archipelago, are considered a disappearing nation, today their population is about 4 thousand people, and in the 18th century it reached up to 15 thousand.
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Vyatka State University for the Humanities
- Project on the topic: "NOTHER AMERICA Natives"
- Performed:
- EHF student, gr. G-41
- Pantyukhina Vera
- Kirov, 2008
- North America
- HAWAIIANS
- INDIANS
- ESKIMOS
- ALEUTS
- To form an idea of \u200b\u200bthe representatives of the indigenous population of North America.
- To give basic information about the culture, life, traditional occupations of the Eskimos, Aleuts, Indians, Hawaiians.
- To repeat the previously studied material about the indigenous inhabitants of the previously studied continents.
- Explain the reasons for the uneven distribution of indigenous people across North America.
- Expand the general horizons of students.
- Continue the formation of geographical culture.
- * Population of North America
- * Aleuts
- 1) Who are the Aleuts?
- 2) what do the Aleuts do?
- 3) traditional clothing of the Aleuts
- 4) features of modern Aleuts
- * Hawaiians
- 1) Who are the Hawaiians?
- 2) What do Hawaiians do?
- 3) modern Hawaiians?
- * Eskimos
- 1) Who are the Eskimos?
- 2) features of the Eskimos?
- 3) What do the Eskimos do?
- 4) the traditional dwelling of the Eskimos
- * Indians
- 1) Who are the Indians?
- 2) economic groups of Indians
- 3) Indian tribe Maya
- 4) what do the Indians do?
- 5) documentary photo
- Indigenous population (3%) - Aleuts, Indians, Eskimos, Hawaiians.
- The newcomer population (97%) - immigrants from Europe, Asia, Africa.
- Aleutian Islands residence Aleuts
- Unangan (self-name), a people in the United States, the indigenous population of the Aleutian Islands, the southwest of the Alaska Peninsula and some of the islands adjacent to it.
- The number of about 6 thousand people. The Eskimos belong to the Arctic (Eskimo) race of the large Mongoloid race.
- The language of the Aleut Eskimo-Aleut family. Dialects: Unalashkin, Aktin, Attuan. Bilingual, many switch to English and Russian.
- The main parts of their territory were settled by the ancestors of the Aleuts during the migration of peoples from Asia to America 10-12 thousand years ago.
- The main traditional occupation hunting for marine animals (seals, seals) and fishing. Of secondary importance is gathering. They made tools and weapons from bone, stone, wood, they covered boats with leather (kayaks and canoes).
- Parka - long, deaf clothing made of fur of a cat, clan, bird skins.
- Dressed over kamleyka - clothing made from the intestines of sea animals with sleeves, a deaf collar and a hood.
- Shoes - torbasa (boots from the skin of marine animals).
- Hunters wore wooden hats conical or with an open top, with an elongated large visor, decorated with carved bone, sea lion mustache, feathers.
- 1) Traditional belief is characterized by belief in spirits, shamanism.
- 2) Modern Aleuts are engaged in fur seal trades.
- 3) New occupations have appeared: mink breeding, animal husbandry,
- horticulture.
- The Hawaiian Islands are the residence of the Hawaiians.
- POLYNESIAN PEOPLE, the indigenous people of the Hawaiian Islands.
- Total population approx. 160 thousand people
- Writing based on the Latin alphabet.
- Hawaiians are mostly Protestants of various denominations and Catholics, some traditional beliefs have been preserved
- By the time the Hawaiian Islands were discovered (1778), there were 300,000 of them.
- Localized by large family communities (ohana) , are divided into social strata - to know (aliyah - "Noble") and community members (makainana).
- Separate skeletons were ruled by supreme leaders, who relied on squads
- There was an early state education.
- Religious and social prohibitions (taboo) regulated the whole life of the Hawaiians.
- Material culture in general terms is East Polynesian.
- The traditional religion is polytheism.
- DOCUMENTARY PHOTO: Hawaiian war with Europeans.
- The traditional occupation is tropical irrigated agriculture (taro, yams, sweet potatoes, sugarcane, bananas), fishing, fish breeding in ponds; animal husbandry (pigs, chickens) is secondary.
- Achieved high development:
- shipbuilding,
- wood carving,
- production of artistically colored fabric from bast (tapa),
- raincoats and helmets made of birds
- feathers.
- Penetration from the end of the 18th century by the colonialists led to the dispossession of land, the impoverishment of the Hawaiians, and the destruction of their culture. Some Hawaiians are trying to maintain a traditional way of life, cultivating tiny plots of land in arid and rugged mountainous areas. Most Hawaiians live in cities, mainly in Honolulu, and work in the service industry or do unskilled manual labor. There is a growing movement among Hawaiians to preserve and revive Hawaiian culture. Mythology, epic and lyrical songs (mele) and ritual dances (hula) are bright and specific. Hawaiian type kinship system.
- The modern Hawaiian plays national songs and sells sweets.
- Eskimos live in the northern regions of North America.
- Inuit (self-name) - an ethnic community, a group of peoples of the United States in Alaska (34 thousand people), in northern Canada (26 thousand people), Denmark (Greenland), and also in Russia (Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and Magadan Region) - 1.5 thousand people.
- They belong to the Arctic (Eskimo) race of the large Mongoloid race. They represent several linguistic ethno-cultural communities.
- They represent several ethnic and cultural communities.
- The languages of the Eskimo-Aleut family are divided into 2 groups INUPIK (Labrador, Canada) and YUPIK (Alaska).
- Formed as an ethnic group more than 5 thousand years ago.
- They adapted to the harsh conditions of the Arctic, on the sea coasts, creating a perfect weapon for hunting sea animals, like harpoon with swivel head, hunting boat - kayak, which became the prototype of the modern kayak and deaf fur clothes, a specific cut that saves them from cold weather. And housing- needle.
- ESKIMOS HUNTER
- IGLU - the dwelling of the Eskimos made of ice.
- CHUM - the dwelling of the Eskimos from the skins of animals.
- Mexico and the Cordillera - the habitat of the Indians
- Indians are the indigenous people of North America, named by Columbus, who took the lands he discovered for India.
- Number of about 36.4 million people.
- They belong to the American race of the great Mongoloid race.
- The ancestors of the Indians came to America from northeast Asia along the subsequently disappeared isthmus in the area of the Bering Strait in the late Paleolithic era (10-20 thousand years ago).
- Hunters and fishermen of the Subarctic.
- Hunters, fishermen and gatherers of the northwest coast of North America.
- Gatherers and hunters of California.
- Farmers of the eastern and southeastern regions of North America.
- Mounted hunters of the great plains.
- Indians of the East of the Great Plains.
- Farmers and pastoralists southwest USA and Northern Mexico.
- Indians of central and southern Mexico, Central America, the Greater Antilles and the Andes.
- In small peasant farms on patches of land, traditional Indian food products are cultivated - corn, cassava, potatoes, black beans.
- In the fields and plantations, crops are grown, which are exported abroad. These are coffee, cocoa beans, cotton, sugarcane, rice, soybeans.
- The natural vegetation here is little preserved: lands suitable for farming are occupied by vineyards, plantations of olive, fruit trees, citrus fruits imported from Europe, wheat and corn crops.
- The fields grow corn, tobacco, coffee tree. In the lowlands of the mountain steppes, millet is sown and potatoes are grown.
- Agriculture is dominated by large landownership. Main agricultural crops: wheat, corn, barley, oats, sunflower. Fruit growing.
- Indians gave Europeans maize, potatoes, cocoa, strawberries, exotic herbs...
- And the Europeans thanked them: measles, typhus, influenza, malaria, and other deadly diseases for the Indians.
- What the Europeans did not destroy, they took away the endless wars, for territories, at present only 2% of the Indians remain ...
- LOOK AT THAT UNHAPPY CIVILIZATION
- A young girl with a collecting basket.
- Courageous LEADER.
- Hunter with a horse.
- A young Indian family.
- WARRIOR with homemade weapons.
- HUNTER.
- A young unmarried girl.
- Old warrior.
- An Indian fishes with a special device - a stick with a trident.
- Hunter on horseback.
- mother with child
- Majestic and powerful leader
- Fabric weaving
- The indigenous population of North America is divided into 4 main groups - Aleuts, Indians, Hawaiians, Eskimos.
- Each of these groups is unique and ancient, with its own unique culture and way of life.
- The Indians of North America are forced to live mainly in mountainous areas, because. subject to extermination. (The Indians are fighting for their rights, they want to preserve their culture, at least what little is left of it).
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
- http://npbp.brest.by/
- http://www.adriatic-tour.com/ru/montenegro_travel_guide/210000398/
- www.visitpirin.net
- http://www.rucountry.ru/Europe/ArticleEurope/citybolgarija/61514.aspx
- http://heritage.unesco.ru/index.php?id=1018&L=9
- http://velikobritaniya.org/nacionalnye-parki-i-zapovedniki/zapovednik-ostrova-sent-kilda.html
- http://active.spain-obnovlenie.ru/aquapark/394.html
- "Masai" // Geo magazine No. 5, May 2008.
- FOR ATTENTION
