The topic of the legal status of Jewish settlements in Judea and Samaria (West Bank) is surrounded by misconceptions, lies and just plain ignorance. This reflects the unique phenomenon that has developed around the restoration of a national Jewish home in the Land of Israel.

“Loyalty to the law is the essence of peace,” said former dean of Yale University Law School (USA) and co-author of UN Resolution No. 242 of November 22, 1967, Prof. Eugene Rostow. According to international law, he emphasizes, “Jews have the right to settle in the West Bank just as they do in Haifa.”

According to Professor Rostow, in resolution 242, of which he was one of the authors, “Israel was supposed to withdraw ‘from the territories,’ but not “from everyone, but only from some”.

“All territories” include the West Bank, East Jerusalem, Gaza Strip, Sinai Desert and Golan Heights. Moreover, resolutions calling on Israel to withdraw from "all territories" were rejected by the UN Security Council and the General Assembly: On the grounds that

“Israel should not retreat back to the “vulnerable” borders (9 – 15 miles) ... but to secure and mutually accepted borders. By signing a peace treaty with Egypt in 1979, Israel gave up the entire Sinai Peninsula, representing more than 90 percent of all the territories occupied in 1967...”

“Israel’s seizure of territory in 1967 was more defensive than aggressive,” wrote the former President of the International Court of Justice, Judge Stefan M. Schwebel, “Egypt blocked the Straits of Tiran twice - in 1956 and 1967, including completely - Eilat, the only Israeli port in the Red Sea. In addition, Egypt has concentrated a large number of troops in the Sinai Peninsula and demanded that the UN withdraw its soldiers occupying observation posts in Sharm el-Sheikh.”

“In 1948, Arab countries attacked Israel and Egypt captured and annexed the Gaza Strip. Jordan captured Judea and Samaria (West Bank) and the Old City of Jerusalem. These annexations were illegal...

Israel acted on the defensive in 1948 and 1967, under Article 52 of the UN Charter. At the same time, its Arab neighbors acted aggressively in 1948 and 1967. Therefore, Israel has more rights to the territories that were under the British Mandate of Palestine, including a united Jerusalem... It follows that it is possible to change the ceasefire line of 1949, and this change is legal...”

The legal status of Judea and Samaria is determined by authoritative, binding, internationally ratified treaties. They recognize that these territories are the cradle of Jewish history, culture, the subject of the aspirations and aspirations of the Jewish people and their religion.

Here is a list of these agreements:

(1) November 2, 1917 - The Balfour Declaration, issued by Britain, calling for "the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people."

(2) Resolution of April 24, 1920, adopted by the Supreme Council of the victorious powers in the First World War at the Peace Conference in San Remo (Italy).

The resolution confirmed the Balfour Declaration, transferred the mandate for Palestine, including both banks of the Jordan River, to Britain, formulating the purpose of transferring the mandate to Britain as follows: “... Great Britain will be responsible for the implementation of the declaration issued on November 2, 1917 by the government of His Majesty the King of Great Britain and recognized by the above-named powers , in favor of the creation in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people."

This mandate, given to Great Britain, is one of 20 mandates (adopted after the First World War) that determined the borders between states in the Middle East.

(3) The Mandate for Palestine, ratified on 24 July 1922 by the Supreme Council of the League of Nations, which entrusted Great Britain with the Mandate for Palestine for the purpose of establishing a Jewish state throughout the territory west of the Jordan River.

Paragraph 6 states that Great Britain is instructed to: “...encourage the establishment of settlements by Jews on the land, including public lands and abandoned lands...”.

Great Britain received a mandate with the express purpose of ensuring the realization of the national rights of the Jewish people.

(4) In accordance with paragraph 80 of the UN Charter, adopted on October 24, 1945, neither the UN nor any other entity can transfer to any other party Jewish rights to Palestine, including immigration (of Jews) and the construction of settlements.

The Partition Plan for Palestine, adopted on November 29, 1947 by UN General Assembly Resolution No. 181, provided for the termination of the British Mandate in Palestine by August 1, 1948 and recommended the creation of two unnamed states on its territory: Jewish and Arab.

It should be noted that this plan was only a recommendation, like other General Assembly resolutions, and it was replaced by a binding Mandate for Palestine. The boundaries of the 1949 ceasefire, reached as a result of agreements between Israel and its neighbors - are not ratified boundaries.

According to Section 80 of the UN Charter and the Mandate for Palestine, Israel's defensive Six-Day War returned Jerusalem, Judea and Samaria to their rightful owner - the Jewish state.

Neither from a legal nor from a geostrategic point of view, the term “military occupation” can refer to the Israeli presence in Judea and Samaria, since for Israel these territories are not “territories of another state.” And Jordan had no legal rights to these territories.

And one more thing: these territories cannot have the status of “occupied”, according to the 1994 peace treaty between Jordan and Israel.

Since the Fourth Geneva Convention prohibits the forced transfer of populations into territories previously occupied by a “legitimate sovereign state,” Israel did not force Jews to settle in Judea and Samaria. And the international community has never recognized Jordan's presence in Judea and Samaria as “legitimate.”

Moreover, the Oslo Accord of 1993 and the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement of 1995 do not prohibit the construction of Jewish settlements in Judea and Samaria, leaving this to negotiations for a final settlement.

These treaties give both parties the right to plan and build in areas under their control. If the construction of Jewish settlements predetermines future negotiations, then Arab construction, which is immeasurably more intense, even more so, predetermines negotiations on a final settlement.

And one last thing.

The name "Palestine" was coined by the Romans after the suppression of the Jewish Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 AD. The purpose of replacing the true names “Israel, Judea, Samaria” is the desire of the Romans to erase Jews and Judaism from the memory of people.

The word “Palestine” itself comes from the name of the tribes of the Philistines - the enemies of the Jewish people, who repeatedly invaded the territory of Israel.

The Philistines, it must be said, do not have Arab roots. They came from the Greek islands of the Aegean Sea.

The campaign against Jewish settlements in Judea and Samaria is based on misconceptions, is contrary to the law and is an obstacle to peace in the region.

UN No. 2334, which demanded that Tel Aviv immediately stop settlement activities in the West Bank, the problem of the occupied Palestinian territories remains unresolved. Of the 3 million people living in the West Bank today, including East Jerusalem, approximately 20% are Israeli citizens. And this number continues to grow. TASS recalls the history of Israeli settlements in Palestinian territories and explains why the actions of the UN and the international community cannot put an end to expansion and the conclusion of a peace treaty between Israelis and Palestinians.

How it all began

From 1922 to 1948, what is now Israel and Palestine was under the British Mandate. However, then, against the background of the aggravation of the Arab-Jewish conflict in this territory, it was decided to divide the lands, creating two states: Israel for the Jews and Palestine for the Arabs. On November 29, 1947, the newly created United Nations (UN) adopted the Partition Plan for Palestine, and the creation of the State of Israel was proclaimed on the end of its mandate, May 14, 1948.

However, Israel's neighbors, the Arab states, who viewed the emergence of this country as another manifestation of European colonial policy, were dissatisfied with this decision. Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Transjordan, Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Yemen declared war on Israel. It lasted until 1949, and during this time Israeli troops managed to occupy more territory than provided for in the original UN plan. During peace negotiations between Israel and Palestine, a ceasefire line was drawn. Green paint was used to draw it, so the border was called the “green line”. Subsequently, the so-called separation barrier ran along its contour - a 703-kilometer fence separating Israel from the West Bank.

The fragile ceasefire lasted until 1967, when the Six-Day War broke out. In the short period from June 5 to 10, Israeli troops captured not only the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, but also East Jerusalem, the Golan Heights, and the Sinai Peninsula. Israel was faced with the question of what to do with the West Bank:

annex him, by granting Israeli citizenship to the 1.1 million Arabs living there at the time;

return back under the control of his enemy - Jordan;

allow local residents create their own autonomous state - Palestine.

This issue has become the subject of widespread debate in Israel. Many citizens viewed the victory in the Six-Day War as a sign that Jews were destined to reclaim the territory where the history of the Jewish people began - we are talking about Judea and Samaria, which makes up most of the West Bank. Amid these discussions, thousands of Israelis began to move into the West Bank without any permission from the state or international organizations. However, it was no longer possible to stop them, and from then on any political discussions about the ownership of the West Bank had to take into account the Israeli presence in these territories.

The UN called the settlements illegal, which was recorded in 1979 in the corresponding Security Council resolution No. 446, which read: “Israel’s policy and practice of establishing settlements in the Palestinian and other Arab occupied territories since 1967 has no legal basis and represents a serious obstacle to the establishment of a comprehensive, just and lasting peace in the Middle East." As a result, two points of view regarding settlements emerged: the Israeli one, according to which Jews are only moving to previously uninhabited lands that they conquered during the war and are of great spiritual significance to them; and international, according to which Israel is expanding and colonizing territory that does not belong to it.

Divide and populate

In subsequent decades, more and more branches of government in Israel began to support settlement of the West Bank, mobilizing public opinion on their side. The country's Ministry of Construction, together with the Ministry of Defense, developed and implemented a plan for the development of the region, one of the main points of which was the creation of road infrastructure to connect settlements into one transport network. Thus, from several scattered settlements, the Israeli settlers became an institutionalized group, fully supported by Tel Aviv. Of course, this state of affairs did not suit the Palestinians, who protested against expansion, including using force.

To end the violence, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, US President Bill Clinton and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat signed the Oslo Accords in 1993, a document that established Palestinian self-government and divided the West Bank into three zones:

A, where Palestine has full political and military control (this is approximately 19% of the West Bank);

B, where Palestine has political but not military control (22%);

C- a zone under full political and military control of Israel (59–60% of the territory). It is in Area C that Israeli settlements are located, connected to the rest of the country by a road network. Water and mineral resources are also concentrated there, as well as the most suitable land for agriculture. Palestinians have limited access to all these resources, which greatly impacts their economic potential.

Another wave of resettlement sentiment swept the country in August 2005, when Israel evacuated 8.5 thousand Jews from Gaza and the northern part of the West Bank (northern Samaria). As the number of settlers grew, the infrastructure in the colonized territories also improved: new houses and schools, hospitals and even their own university appeared. In the 50 years since Israel gained control of the West Bank in 1967, Israel has built some 120 settlements in the area. They are considered one of the main obstacles to the resumption of the peace process. In addition to these 120 settlements, there are about 100 more illegal, even according to the Israeli authorities, outposts and buildings in the West Bank, which occupy a total of 800 hectares of private Palestinian land and represent 4 thousand housing units.

The current Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu is also consistently taking steps to continue the construction of settlements in the Palestinian territories. This is also why he reacted so emotionally to the UN resolution demanding that Israel immediately stop settlement activities. “According to the information we have, this resolution was, without a doubt, initiated by the Obama administration, which stood behind the scenes, prepared the language and demanded its adoption,” the prime minister said. “The Obama administration not only failed to protect Israel from this conspiracy at the UN, but also entered into it behind the scenes." At the vote on December 23, 2016, the document was supported by 14 members of the UN Security Council, including Russia (the US representative abstained from voting).

American factor

After the 2016 resolution, Israel stated that it would not comply with the provisions of the UN resolution: settlement activities would continue, and existing settlements would not be evacuated. Prime Minister Netanyahu promised to do “everything possible to ensure that Israel is not harmed by this shameful resolution.” In particular, it was announced that the country would reconsider its relations with the UN: first of all, regarding the size of Israel’s contributions to the UN and the activities of its units in the country. According to the Israeli publication Haaretz, the first concrete act of reaction to the resolution was the cancellation of the visit of Ukrainian Prime Minister Vladimir Groysman to Israel (Kyiv also supported the resolution).

Much in the future will depend on the behavior of Israel's main ally, the United States. The anti-settlement resolution was passed during the administration of President Barack Obama, whose relationship with Netanyahu was frosty. The White House explained the decision to abstain from voting at the UN by saying that Netanyahu’s settlement policy did not lead to progress in the negotiation process.

Donald Trump is considered to be a supporter of a more pro-Israel position: even during the election race, he promised to move the US Embassy to Jerusalem, whose status within the UN is disputed by the vast majority of Islamic countries. The views of Trump and the current leadership of Israel also coincide in the fact that they both have mistrust regarding the Iran nuclear deal (the Israeli prime minister spoke in the US Congress in March 2015 against the agreement on the Iran nuclear program, which was promoted by the Obama White House). At the same time, Trump intends to make peace in the Middle East by resuming negotiations between Israel and Palestine. UN sanctions, according to the politician, hinder the peace process.

"Yesterday's big defeat for Israel at the UN will make peace negotiations much more difficult. It's sad, but we will get there anyway."

Settlement activity received a new impetus after Trump officially recognized Jerusalem as the capital of the Jewish state on December 6, 2017. Just a month later, the human rights organization Shalom Achshav (Peace Now) reported that the Planning Committee of the Israeli Civil Administration in the West Bank, a special agency of the Israeli Ministry of Defense, had approved plans for the construction of 1,122 apartments and single-family houses in 20 settlements, and also published tenders for the construction of 651 housing units in the West Bank. In addition, the Israeli government announced its intention to legalize the status of the illegal settlement outpost of Havat Gilad in the West Bank in response to the January 9 killing of its resident Rabbi Raziel Shevach.

So it is possible that under the “pro-Israeli” President Donald Trump, the expansion of the Palestinian territories will continue with renewed vigor, which means that the conclusion of a peace treaty will be delayed again.

"Deal of the Century"

The road map for a Middle East settlement (or the “deal of the century,” as the Americans call it) states that the US administration approves the annexation of large Israeli settlement blocs in the West Bank and Jerusalem. At the same time, according to available data, Netanyahu proposed to include 15% of the Palestinian territories occupied in 1967, Trump insists on only 10%. The White House intends to officially unveil these plans by April. On Tuesday, February 20, the United States notified the UN Security Council that a draft Palestinian-Israeli settlement was under development.

In the meantime, there are fierce international discussions surrounding the situation with Israeli settlements. In January 2018, US Ambassador to the UN Nikki Haley accused the Palestinian leadership of not being sufficiently committed to a peaceful resolution to the conflict. In response, the official representative of the State of Palestine in negotiations with Israel, Saeb Erekat, demanded that she “shut up<...>and realize that the problem is the Israeli occupation and the policy that it [Israel] will continue to pursue." To this, the US permanent representative to the UN stated that she would continue to "tell the harsh truth", the meaning of which: only the path of compromise that allowed Egypt and Jordan making peace with Israel in 1994 and returning its occupied territories would lead to a resolution of the conflict.

However, the intransigence of positions prevents the achievement of this compromise. The Palestinians are ready for a minor exchange of territories with Israel, but at the same time they demand full recognition of the state with its capital in East Jerusalem. The Israelis are not going to cede the occupied territories, and also reject the possibility of dividing Jerusalem. According to the special coordinator of the Middle East peace process, Nikolai Mladenov, the situation is aggravated by the fact that the negotiations between the Israelis and Palestinians are unequal, since the latter are under military occupation.

In these conditions, Russia could play a mediating role between all parties to the conflict, Nabil Shaath, adviser to Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas, is convinced. But, according to Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Mikhail Bogdanov, Russia does not have a ready-made recipe for a Palestinian-Israeli settlement. Moscow believes that Israeli settlement activity in the Palestinian territories is illegal, and the chances of achieving a just and lasting peace in the Middle East are becoming less and less every day.

Arthur Gromov

The Israeli Knesset, in preliminary reading, approved the “Law for the Regulation of Jewish Settlements in Judea and Samaria.” Tel Aviv claims that the document is not a legalization of houses built in the West Bank, and takes into account the rights of owners of the land on which the buildings are located, which are infringed by Palestinian law. Palestine believes that such a formulation of the issue is in principle unacceptable, since we are talking about occupied territories.

The bill on Jewish settlements in the West Bank, which was adopted by the Israeli parliament in preliminary reading, is not aimed at legalizing them, but at streamlining property relations and the rights of both land owners and residents of houses. Israeli Minister of Absorption, member of the Knesset Foreign Affairs and Security Committee Zeev Elkin told Izvestia about this.

The bill was adopted in preliminary reading, so it still has a long way to go in parliament. But, most likely, it will acquire the status of law if some factions do not change their position. In general, the voting results were predictable, since the document received the support of the ministerial commission on legislation. We need to understand what this bill says. In a situation where houses were unintentionally built on private property, instead of demolishing them, compensation is expected to be paid to the owners of the land. This is in the interests of both residents of such houses and land owners. With the latter there is one more circumstance that must be taken into account. The problem is that, according to Palestinian law, a person who sells or gives up land to Jews is punishable by death. That is, the owners are deprived of choice. Thus, this bill is the only way to protect the rights of land owners, give them real money and at the same time not demolish their houses, says Zeev Elkin.

Izvestia’s interlocutor notes that this is not about the political status of the Palestinian territories, but only concerns property relations, and therefore there is no connection between the document under discussion and the draft resolution on Jewish settlements in the Palestinian territories, which is planned to be submitted to the UN Security Council in the future. .

On November 16, the Israeli Knesset approved in preliminary reading the “Law for the Regulation of Jewish Settlements in Judea and Samaria.” 58 members of the legislative body, including Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, spoke in support of the document, and 50 voted against. According to various estimates, from two to three thousand housing units fall under its scope. To acquire the status of law, a document must be approved in three readings.

Moscow has traditionally expressed concern about Tel Aviv's decisions to expand existing settlements and build new ones.

Meanwhile, as Nabil Shaath, a member of the Central Committee of the Fatah party and former Palestinian Foreign Minister, previously told Izvestia, Egypt, which is currently one of the non-permanent members of the UN Security Council and the only representative of the Arab world in this body, will soon make for consideration a draft resolution on Jewish settlements. If the document is approved, they will be declared illegal.

It all depends on Washington's position. The remaining members of the Security Council - permanent and non-permanent - agree with its provisions. The idea of ​​postponing the vote (until the formation of a new American administration) is due to the fact that then there will be at least some possibility that the United States will not use the veto, noted Nabil Shaath.

Mohammed Asaad al-Eweiwi, a teacher at the Al-Quds Open University in Ramallah, believes that raising the question that the Israeli authorities are trying to take into account the interests of land owners looks ridiculous.

In principle, we should not talk about the concessions that Israel allegedly makes in relation to the Palestinian people. The settlements are located in occupied territories, are illegal and are recognized as such by both Palestine itself and the international community. Unfortunately, the position taken by the United States in the UN Security Council allows Tel Aviv to continue its settlement activities. Many are now hoping for some changes in connection with the victory of Donald Trump in the presidential election. But I honestly don't see any difference between Democrats and Republicans on the Palestinian issue. Therefore, one should not hope that the draft resolution on settlements will be adopted. Israel will continue to develop Palestinian territories, emphasized Mohammed Asaad al-Eweiwi.

Return. History of the Jews in the light of Old and New Testament prophecies Grzesik Julian

3. The first Jewish settlements in Palestine

And it will come to pass on that day that the Lord will again stretch out His hand to restore to Himself the remnant of His people, which remains in Asshur, and in Egypt, and in Pathros, and in Cush, and in Elam, and in Shinar, and in Hamath, and in the islands. seas. And he will raise up a standard for the Gentiles, and will gather together the exiles of Israel, and will gather together the scattered Jews from the four corners of the earth” (Isa. 11:11-12).

And I will take you from the nations, and gather you from all countries, and bring you into your own land.<…>there they and their children and their children’s children will live forever (Ezek. 36:24; 37:25).

Skeptics trace the fulfillment of these and similar prophetic texts to the past, arguing that they were fulfilled during the return of the Jews from Abilonia. However, how to explain the words about the gathering of Jews “from the four corners of the earth”? Three times Babylonian armies carried away captive Jews, but it was only in Roman times that they were dispersed to the “four cardinal directions.” There was probably no country in the world without a Jewish diaspora. And it was “from all the countries” where God scattered them that at the appointed time the exodus of the Jews began to the country “which I gave to My servant Jacob” (Ezek. 28:25). If anyone still has doubts, let him open the Bible and read:

And they will buy fields in this land, about which you say: “It is a desert, without people and without livestock; she was given into the hands of the Chaldeans"; They will buy fields for money and record them, and seal them, and invite witnesses - in the land of Benjamin and in the outskirts of Jerusalem, and in the cities of Judah, and in the cities of the hills, and in the cities of the lowlands, and in the cities of the south; for I will restore their captivity, says the Lord (Jer. 32:43-44).

In the centuries-old history of the people of Israel, it is impossible to find another era in which they acquired the lands of their ancestors on a large scale for money. Only after 1878 was the newly acquired property of Jewish emigrants secured by legally issued documents. These facts cannot be refuted by any sophistical interpretations.

In 1868 Charles Netter from Alliance proposed to open an agricultural school in Palestine. In 1870 a plot of land was purchased and a school was built. The island of Jewish agriculture in the Arabian Sea was called Mikve Israel (“Hope of Israel”). Netter became the director of the school. In 1879, land was purchased near Jaffa, and the colony created here was called Petah Tikva (“City of Hope”). However, the attempt to create a colony was unsuccessful.

In 1882, a group of students from Kharkov decided to go to Palestine. At that time, the Zionist idea spread to Russia under the slogan “House of Jacob, go, and we will go!” (in Hebrew: “Beit Yaakov, lechu venelcha!”). From the initial letters of this motto the abbreviation “Bilu” was formed. The first group of pioneers, led by David Lewontin, the future director of the Anglo-Palestine Company Bank, founded the village of Rishon Lezion (“First for Zion”). Romanian Jews established the colony of Rosh Pina ("Cornerstone") near Safed (Safed), and near Jaffa - Zichron Yaakov ("In Memory of Jacob").

The Turks created various obstacles for the settlers. Petitions to Sultan Osman Pasha helped little. For the settlers from Bilu, all the difficulties were added to the struggle with poverty, malaria, attacks by Bedouins, as well as with Jewish fanatics, who until then had lived in the Holy Land at the expense of hallukah, charitable assistance from Jews around the world. Fanatics greeted the Bilu pioneers with ridicule and hatred. Jewish Agency officials Alliance from Paris they also persecuted the newcomers, calling them “nihilists” and doing everything to make them leave for America.

Yechiel Michael Pinnes is a devout Jew who lived in Palestine for 70 years, supporting financially and morally inexperienced colonists.

In 1885, Chanukah candles were lit for the first time in the colony of Gedera (“Fenced”).

Since 1882, emigration to America began to develop in parallel, where settlements began to emerge on social and collective principles. This was labor emigration, and the settlements disintegrated, as Jews went to work in industrial enterprises.

Beginning in 1881, Baron Rothschild, through the anonymous company “Famous Benefactor,” financially supported the colonies “Bilu” and others created under his patronage. The latter, counting on outside help, did not really care about the economic results of their activities. On this basis, antagonism arose and began to spread between religious orthodoxies and young, enthusiastic pioneers.

Moritz Hirsch (1831–1896), baron, tried to direct emigration in a different direction. He founded Jewish Colonization to Argantina –"Jewish Colonization Society in Argentina" - to support the emigration of Jews to this country. Of the 20 thousand shares, he bought back 19,993. Hirsch made an appeal to Russian Jews, planning to resettle 3 million people, but in fact only a few thousand moved to America. He called: “Give me Jewish propagandists, and the plan will come true!” Hirsch bequeathed his fortune (250 million francs) to the “Jewish Colonization Society in Argentina” in order to support Jewish settlers in the Holy Land with interest from the capital.

In 1889, about 4,000 people lived in the Jewish colonies of Palestine. In addition, there was an old Yishuv (permanent Jewish population) of 45,000, which together constituted 8 percent of the country's population of 600,000.

Jewish colonization before the First World War proceeded like this. In 1908, Dr. Arthur Ruppin arrived in Palestine with his secretary Yakov Ton, after which the “Palestine Zionist Authority” was formed in Jaffa. 1908–1909 from Russia, where after the revolution of 1905 a situation threatening the Jews developed, the second aliyah (flow of immigrants) arrived after “Bilu” (1882) under the slogan “Kibush ha’avodah!” ("Get a job!").

In 1908, a gymnasium was opened in Tel Aviv, populating several dozen houses surrounding the building with Jews. Its first graduation took place in 1913. That same year, a technical school was opened in Haifa. On the issue of the language of instruction, a compromise was reached: it was decided to teach physics and mathematics in Hebrew, and other subjects in German. within five years it was planned to completely switch to the Hebrew language. 1914 Professor Boris Schatz founded the Bezalel Art and Crafts School in Jerusalem. Other educational institutions also emerged. Since 1870, an agricultural school operated in Mikveh Israel. On July 21, 1918, the cornerstone of the Hebrew University was laid on Mount Scopus.

In 1899, having collected the required number of shares, Theodor Herzl came to London to draw up documents to open the Jewish Colonization Trust bank. 1901 he issued £250,000 worth of shares and the bank began to function normally.

The attitude of the Arabs towards the Jews was generally friendly. In 1913, the Secretary General of the World Zionist Organization, Nahum Sokolov, was delegated to negotiate with them.

Theodor Herzl played a decisive role in catching the symbolic “fish” (Jews) for the Zionist idea of ​​Israel.

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Despite protests, the Israeli Knesset passed a law legalizing settlements in the Palestinian territories. Critics believe that even after creating two states, the conflict cannot now be resolved.

• More than two hundred settlements



Israeli settlements in Palestinian territories

Is there a chance for reconciliation?



Israeli settlements in Palestinian territories



Israeli settlements in Palestinian territories

Demolition of Amona



Israeli settlements in Palestinian territories

Barricades and riots



Israeli settlements in Palestinian territories



Israeli settlements in Palestinian territories

New refuge in Ofra



Israeli settlements in Palestinian territories

Forced demolition in Ofra

• Israeli settlements in Palestinian territories

  More than two hundred settlements

  According to the human rights organization Betselem, between 1967 and 2013, 125 official Israeli settlements and outposts and about a hundred illegal ones were created in the West Bank and East Jerusalem. According to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), Israeli authorities have occupied 35 percent of East Jerusalem for settlement construction.



Israeli settlements in Palestinian territories

Is there a chance for reconciliation?

A new Jewish settlement is being built in the Har Homa area, located between Jerusalem and Bethlehem. Palestinian representatives say Israel's settlement policies are ruining the chances of a two-state solution to the protracted conflict and impeding a peace settlement. The international community has also criticized settlement construction.



Israeli settlements in Palestinian territories

Israel confiscates private lands

The construction of settlements was prohibited on lands that were privately owned by Palestinians. The new law legalized, after the fact, settlements built in Palestinian territories “through ignorance or at the initiative of the state.” Land owners are provided with compensation or the provision of an alternative site. The Palestinian Authority does not allow land to be sold to Israel under threat of death penalty.



Israeli settlements in Palestinian territories

Demolition of Amona

The new law does not apply to those Jewish settlements that must be demolished by court order. However, it was with the help of this law that proponents of the settlements hoped to prevent the forced eviction of residents of Amona, a settlement in the West Bank whose residents have been in conflict with the Israeli authorities since 2005. 40 families were forcibly evicted, and then demolition began.



Israeli settlements in Palestinian territories

Barricades and riots

The Israeli Supreme Court ordered the demolition of Amona at the end of 2014. The demolition dates were repeatedly postponed. Until the last moment, members of right-wing groups and settlers opposed the evacuation of residents and the destruction of the settlement. Many of those opposed to the demolition of Amona came here from other places specifically. In turn, the Palestinians vehemently protested against maintaining the settlement.



Israeli settlements in Palestinian territories

Settler conflict with Palestinians

Settlers from Amona believe that the West Bank, occupied by Israel during the Six Day War in 1967, is the land promised to the Jewish people by God, as evidenced in the Torah. Today, about 600 thousand Israelis live in settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem. Clashes occur again and again between Jewish settlers and Palestinians.



Israeli settlements in Palestinian territories

New refuge in Ofra

In total, approximately 4,000 apartments for Jewish settlers were built illegally on land owned by Palestinians. This is a total of 16 settlements and outposts. They must either be forcibly demolished or legalized according to the adopted law. Many of the displaced settlers of Amona found new refuge in the nearby settlement of Ofra.



Israeli settlements in Palestinian territories

Forced demolition in Ofra

But even in Ofra itself, which has existed since 1975, not all buildings were erected on a legal basis. Therefore, nine houses built on private Palestinian land must be demolished by March 5, 2017. The Ben Shushan family was also among those who would have to leave their home.

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