Having isolated a certain system from the environment, we, as it were, draw a closed boundary around it, outside of which objects that are not included in the system remain. These objects influence the system. The system itself also has an impact on the environment. Therefore, they say that the system and the environment interact with each other.
Let us consider a student group of one class as a system. The rest of the school staff will belong to the environment of this system.
The effects of the environment on the system are called system inputs, and the effects of the system on the environment are called system outputs. In Fig. 1.17 these connections are depicted by arrows.
Rice. 1.17
For any system, you can list many inputs and outputs.
For example, a tree can be isolated from its environment as a system consisting of a root, trunk, branches and leaves (Fig. 1.18).
Rice. 1.18
The inputs of this system are water, sunlight, carbon dioxide, minerals, etc. The outputs are oxygen, shade from the crown, wood, young shoots and much more (Fig. 1.19).
Rice. 1.19
For most real systems, the list of inputs/outputs is endless.
To imagine a system as a black box means to indicate its inputs and outputs, as well as the dependencies between them. This description allows for targeted use of this system. For example, all sorts of instructions for users of complex household appliances are descriptions of a black box. They explain what needs to be done at the input (turn on, press, turn, etc.) to achieve a certain output result (wash clothes, get fruit juice, perform calculations, etc.). However, what happens “inside” is not explained.
Briefly about the main thing
The system and environment interact with each other. The effects of the environment on the system are called system inputs, and the effects of the system on the environment are called system outputs.
Very often a person does not know how the system he is dealing with works “inside”. It is much more important for a person to know what output results certain influences at the input of the system will lead to. In such cases, the system is said to be treated as a “black box”.
To represent a system as a black box means to indicate its inputs and outputs, as well as the dependencies between them. This description allows for targeted use of this system.
Questions and tasks
- Considering the “TV” object as a system, select suitable inputs and outputs for it from the proposed ones:
- light;
- sound;
- electromagnetic waves;
- electricity;
- human muscular strength;
- image;
- color;
- dust;
- dirt;
- warm;
- cold;
- volume control;
- on/off button;
- price.
- Specify the inputs and outputs for the iron system.
- Give your example of interaction between the system and the environment. Specify the inputs and outputs of the system.
- Explain the meaning of the expression “black box”. What “black boxes” do people encounter in everyday life?
- Give a description of the systems “car”, “lesson”, “tape recorder” as black boxes.
- A certain “black box” can be configured with ten information conversion programs. As a result of studying its operation, test reports were obtained that describe the inputs and corresponding outputs of the system. It is necessary to determine the type of input information (numeric, text, symbolic) and the rule for its transformation.
So, open your notebooks and write down the date and topic, which reads: “System and Environment. Computer as a system."
Having isolated a certain system from the environment, we, as it were, draw a closed boundary around it, outside of which objects that are not included in the system remain. These objects influence the system. The system itself also has an impact on the environment. Therefore, they say that the system and the environment interact with each other.
Let us consider a student group of one class as a system. The rest of the school staff will belong to the environment of this system.
The influences of the environment on the system are called the inputs of the system, and the influences of the system on the environment are called the outputs of the system.
For any system, you can list many inputs and outputs.
For example, a tree can be isolated from its environment as a system consisting of a root, trunk, branches and leaves.
The inputs of this system are water, sunlight, carbon dioxide, minerals, etc. The outputs are oxygen, shade from the crown, wood, young shoots and much more.
Let's look at an example of a system for which you need to specify inputs and outputs.
Considering the “TV” object as a system, select suitable inputs and outputs for it from the proposed ones:
Light; Out
Sound; Out
Electromagnetic waves; In
Electricity; In
Human muscular strength;
Image; Out
Dust; In
Volume control; In
On/off button; In
Price.
Now give your example of the interaction between the system and the environment, indicating the inputs and outputs.
Very often a person does not know how the system he is dealing with works “inside”. It is much more important for a person to know what output results certain influences at the input of the system will lead to. In such cases, the system is said to be treated as a “black box”.
To imagine a system as a black box means to indicate its inputs and outputs, as well as the dependencies between them. This description allows for targeted use of this system. For example, all sorts of instructions for complex users are descriptions of a black box. They explain what needs to be done at the input (turn on, press, turn, etc.) to achieve a certain output result (wash clothes, get fruit juice, perform calculations, etc.). However, what happens “inside” is not explained.
Let's look at an example.
A certain “black box” can be configured with ten information conversion programs. As a result of studying its operation, test reports were obtained that describe the inputs and corresponding outputs of the system. It is necessary to determine the type of input information (numeric, text, symbolic) and the rule for its transformation.
(multiply by 2)
(counting letters)
(remove every second character)
Computer as a system
One of the objects discussed in computer science lessons is a personal computer. It can be considered as a system consisting of subsystems “hardware”, “”, “information resources”
The hardware subsystem acts as a supersystem for input, processing, storage and output devices.
Operating system is a software subsystem and supersystem, which includes system and utility programs.
The information resource system includes systems of text and graphic files, sound files, files with video information, etc.
A personal computer is part of the human-computer system. The means that provide interconnection between the objects of this system are called an interface. There are hardware, software, hardware-software and user interfaces.
Hardware interface - interaction between computer devices; provided by the manufacturers of this equipment.
Software interface - interaction (compatibility) of programs with each other, as well as software and information resources; provided by software developers.
The hardware, software and user interface are provided by the computer operating system. Hardware-software interface is the interaction between computer hardware and software.
User interface is the interaction between a person and a computer. The menu-based user interface offers the ability to select a control command from a menu (list of commands). In a graphical interface, computer objects are represented by small pictures (icons). Select the desired icon using the mouse. In addition to icons, texts (for tooltips) and menus (for selecting commands) are also used. The three-dimensional interface allows navigation in three-dimensional computer space. By pointing the mouse at the door of the virtual museum, you can enter it. In the virtual hall you can look around, approach any painting and examine it in more detail. This interface simulates the real world.
s. These objects influence the system. The system itself also has an impact on the environment. Therefore, they say that the system and the environment interact with each other.
Let us consider a student group of one class as a system. The rest of the school staff will belong to the environment of this system.
The influences of the environment on the system are called inputs systems, and the impact of the system on the environment - by the outputs of the system. In Fig. 1.17 these connections are depicted by arrows.
For any system, you can list many inputs and outputs.
For example, a tree can be isolated from its environment as a system consisting of a root, trunk, branches and leaves (Fig. 1.18).
The inputs of this system are water, sunlight, carbon dioxide, minerals, etc. The outputs are oxygen, shade from the crown, wood, young shoots and much more (Fig. 1.19).
For most real systems, the list of inputs/outputs is endless.
To imagine a system as a black box means to indicate its inputs and outputs, as well as the dependencies between them. This description allows for targeted use of this system. For example, all sorts of instructions for users of complex household appliances technology are descriptions of a black box. They explain what needs to be done at the input (turn on, press, turn, etc.) to achieve a certain output result (wash clothes, get fruit juice, perform calculations, etc.). However, what happens “inside” is not explained.
Briefly about the main thing
The system and environment interact with each other. The influences of the environment on the system are called the inputs of the system, and the influences of the system on the environment are called the outputs of the system.
Very often a person does not know how the system he is dealing with works “inside”. It is much more important for a person to know what output results certain influences at the input of the system will lead to. In such cases, the system is said to be treated as a “black box”.
To represent a system as a black box means to indicate its inputs and outputs, as well as the dependencies between them. This description allows for targeted use of this system.
Questions and tasks
1. Considering the “TV” object as a system, select suitable inputs and outputs for it from the proposed ones:
Light;
sound;
electromagnetic waves;
electricity;
human muscular strength;
image;
color;
dust;
dirt;
warm;
cold;
volume control;
on/off button;
price.
2. Specify the inputs and outputs for the iron system.
3. Give your example of interaction between the system and the environment. Specify the inputs and outputs of the system.
4. Explain the meaning of the expression “black box”. What “black boxes” do people encounter in everyday life?
5. Give a description of the “car”, “lesson”, “tape recorder” systems as black boxes.
6. A certain “black box” can be configured for ten information conversion programs. As a result of studying its operation, test reports were obtained that describe the inputs and corresponding outputs of the system. It is necessary to determine the type of input information (numeric, text, symbolic) and the rule for its transformation.
| Entrance | 9 | Hooray | 45 | 235 | 3100 |
| Exit | 18 | I can not | 90 | ? | 6200 |
| Entrance | 9 | A | 45 | 235 | 6201 |
| Exit | 9 | I can not | 9 | 10 | ? |
| Entrance | 9 | HA | 45 | 128 | 620 |
| Exit | 1001 | I can not | 101101 | 10000000 | ? |
| Entrance | 9 | A | 256 | 235 | 1025 |
| Exit | 4 1 | I can not | 128 | ? | 512 |
7th grade________5 lesson ______ System and environment. Lesson date__________
Lesson No. 5. System and environment.
Goals:
Educational:
deepening the understanding of schoolchildren about systems of objects;
reveal the features of the interaction between the system and the environment;
give an idea of the aesthetic and moral aspects of this topic;
give students the opportunity to monitor their level of mastery of the current material.
create a meta-subject line in the lesson;
Developmental:
develop logical thinking, memory, attention, ability to compare and analyze, ability
apply the acquired knowledge and skills when performing practical exercises;
Educational:
to form a set of universal educational actions that ensure the ability to learn, i.e.
process information;
to form the information culture of schoolchildren;
form a deeper understanding of object systems and their features;
form ideological positions;
Equipment:
computer,
board
projector
Software
presentation
multimedia projector, computer
Lesson type:
explanatory and demonstration
During the classes
Organizing time
Checking those present in the lesson, preparing students for the lesson.
Checking homework
Textbook: §1.6.
Workbook: visual check of assignment completion: pp. 24-25 No. 36-39
Repetition of past material
What is the system? Give examples of tangible, intangible, and mixed systems.
Give an example of systems that have the same composition, but different structure.
What is the essence of the systems approach? Give an example.
What is the essence of the systemic effect? Give an example.
Learning new material
The system cannot be separated from the environment; there are always objects. Which influence this system is the environment. For example, when we drive a car, our movement is affected by the quality of the road. Quality of fuel, weather conditions, if there is fog - we drive more carefully, if the road is developed - we also drive carefully so as not to damage the car, i.e. The external environment influences our system and even though we can drive fast, we have to take environmental conditions into account.
Summarizing new material
Consolidating new material
Textbook: from 36 No. 1-3
Practical work
Practical work No. 3. task 7-9. Creating text objects.
Summing up the lesson
Report grades to students and summarize the lesson.
Homework
In accordance with the systems approach, the organization is viewed as an open system that actively interacts with the external environment. The external environment includes those elements of the economic system that affect the organization, its functioning, results and consequences of activities, but are not classified as internal variables.
The main characteristics of the external environment are its complexity, dynamism and uncertainty.
The complexity of the external environment as a system is characterized by the presence of many elements, each of which is a subsystem, as well as the relationships between these elements. The complexity of the external environment manifests itself in a number of ways.
In a specific situation, the functioning of an organization is influenced by a large number of conditions and factors. They are of different nature. Technical factors include available technologies and materials. Social conditions and factors include social norms, values, preferences, etc. Organizational factors are the organizational structures used and the types of economic relations. Economic, legal, political, cultural and historical factors and conditions can also be distinguished.
The activities of an organization are also influenced by the international environment, especially if the organization has international operations. For example, it is necessary to take into account the customs and tax laws of the exporting or importing country, quality requirements, certification rules, etc.
Based on the nature of the impact on the organization, the environment of direct impact and the environment of indirect impact are distinguished.
The direct impact environment includes suppliers, customers and competitors, as well as government agencies and legal regulations that directly affect the organization's activities.
The environment of indirect influence includes external environmental factors that influence the organization indirectly. They are taken into account when developing the organization's strategy. This is the general economic situation, for example, the phase of the cycle (recession or expansion), unemployment rate, inflation rate, technological progress, political climate, etc.
The complexity of the external environment is manifested not only in the large number and variety of its elements, but also in their interconnection. Here we can distinguish two levels of relationships. Firstly, these are the relationships between the elements of one factor. An example could be the relationships between specific suppliers, between competitors, between elements of the legislative framework, and between government bodies regulating the activities of the organization.
Secondly, these are the relationships between various environmental factors. For example, political instability impedes the influx of investment, and consequently, technological renewal slows down, the supply of resources becomes difficult, etc.
The complexity of the external environment has different effects on various internal variables of the organization, which is especially evident in the complex structure of the organization.
The second important characteristic of the external environment is its dynamism, which manifests itself in a number of ways.
In accordance with the process approach to management, the influence of the external environment on the organization is a process. Its content becomes changes in the external environment itself.
Changes in the external environment are characterized by the speed of these transformations. They affect the legislative framework of economic activity, resource markets, and the state of the competitive environment.
The external environment of modern organizations is characterized by an acceleration of the pace of change under the influence of science and increased internationalization of economic activity. The economy is becoming a sphere of technological application of scientific achievements.
The unevenness of changes in the external environment is manifested in different rates of change in this environment in specific industries and in individual elements of the external environment. For example, for organizations operating in knowledge-intensive industries (production of computer systems, biotechnology, telecommunications development, etc.) the external environment changes faster than in the furniture industry; for example, the legislative framework and the structure of government bodies regulating the activities of the organization change more quickly.
The dynamism of the external environment leads to an increase in its influence on the activities of organizations, especially those of an international nature (carrying out operations in foreign markets, including foreign branches, etc.). The unevenness of changes in individual internal variables of the organization under the influence of the external environment is increasing.
The third characteristic of the external environment is its uncertainty.
To take into account the complexity and dynamism of the external environment when developing management decisions, information is needed. However, the reliability of such information at the time of decision-making is always limited. The organization's ability to obtain and clarify information for a specific situation is also limited. Under the influence of the growing complexity of the external environment and its dynamism, the need for information increases, and the possibility of obtaining it for a specific, rapidly changing situation is reduced. This leads to increased uncertainty in the external environment.
Direct exposure environment
The main factors in the direct impact environment are resource suppliers; consumers of products and services; competitors; government bodies and regulations that directly affect the activities of the organization.
Analysis of the direct impact environment involves consideration of individual factors and their interactions.
Suppliers ensure that an organization's needs for various resources are met. Main types of resources: material, labor, financial, information.
Providing material resources includes the supply of raw materials and semi-finished products, components and assemblies, equipment, energy in accordance with the volumes and structure of needs within a specified time frame, subject to other conditions being met.
Providing financial resources includes justification of the volume and structure of the necessary resources, relationships with investors, financial and commercial structures, the budget, and individuals.
For a modern organization, the importance of providing management with quality information is increasing. This could be information about sales markets, competitors' plans, government policy priorities, new product developments, etc.
A special place is occupied by providing the organization with labor resources that correspond to it in quantity, structure, level of general and professional training, and age. The most significant here is the attraction of highly qualified senior managers, as well as the training of capable managers, including within the organization.
Consumers purchase produced goods or services. Depending on the volume of demand, small and large consumers are distinguished. Taking into account the requests of the latter is a necessary condition for the successful operation of the organization. Depending on the attitude towards consumers, we can talk about different strategies of the organization: sell already produced products; produce products that the consumer needs; form your consumer, convincing him of the need to purchase the products that will be produced.
State and municipal bodies also directly influence the organization, and therefore belong to the environment of direct influence. These are tax and sanitary inspections, statistical authorities, etc.
As a result of the organization's interaction with suppliers and consumers, a system of economic relations is formed - one of the most important characteristics of the environment of direct influence.
Another characteristic is the state of the market environment. Here, first of all, the nature of the environment is determined - monopoly (pure, natural), oligopoly or monopolistic competition.
Competitors may compete for various objects. Traditionally - for product sales markets. Currently, it is also a struggle with manufacturers of substitute products for consumer money.
Resources can also be objects of competition: labor, material and financial, scientific and technical developments, etc.
Is it worth helping a competitor? During the crisis of the Chrysler Corporation, help came from a more powerful competitor, General Motors. What was the reason? Chrysler has a developed dealer network, primarily in the United States. And in the event of the collapse of the company, this network could be acquired by dynamically developing foreign competitors of General Motors.
Government influence is exercised through legislation and the activities of government bodies. Labor relations between employees and employers, tax and customs relations, labor protection, production conditions for certain types of products, consumer protection, environmental load on the environment, etc. are regulated by law.
State bodies, according to the nature of the functions they perform, can be divided into supervisory and regulating ones. In this case, various ways and methods of influencing organizations are used - issuing licenses, setting tax rates and quotas, regulating price levels and tariffs, determining construction sites, etc.
Indirect Impact Environment
Environmental factors of indirect influence have a more complex structure and multifaceted nature. They are influenced by the organization to a lesser extent than direct environmental factors. Information about the indirect impact environment is often incomplete. As the impact of this environment on the competitiveness of an organization increases, it is necessary to rely on subjective assessments rather than on analytical data.
Technology as an environmental factor of indirect influence characterizes the general level of productive forces. This is the most dynamic factor in this environment. The level and pace of technology change varies significantly across industries. However, the most knowledge-intensive industries and industries - computer technologies, telecommunications systems, production of synthetic materials - have a significant and growing impact on other organizations and the efficiency of their activities. The labor-intensive and capital-intensive stages of production development have been replaced by high-tech technologies that allow saving traditional resources.
Inflation rates, unemployment, tax rates and bank loans, forms and extent of government support for business, etc. directly affect the organization’s relationships with suppliers and consumers, and the behavior of competitors. For example, the establishment of tax benefits contributes to the influx of capital, and therefore facilitates the satisfaction of the need for financial resources. The forecast of rising inflation encourages increasing inventories and obtaining loans. The increasing demand for material and financial resources also makes their acquisition more difficult.
The state of the economy as an environmental factor of indirect influence includes a number of characteristics.
Firstly, these are the most general characteristics of the economic system - population size, availability and use of resources, type of government, monetary system, currency position, sectoral structure of the economy, parameters of the domestic market, volume, structure and geography of exports and imports, etc.
Secondly, this is an analysis of the general conditions for the development of entrepreneurship: the characteristics of economic stability, the presence of market and technical infrastructure, the legislative framework, the investment climate, the conditions for the formation of new market entities, the forms and scale of state regulation of the economy.
Thirdly, this is a specific state, stage of economic development, including an assessment of the economic situation, the level and rate of inflation, and the phase of the economic cycle.
Sociocultural factors are manifested in social values and attitudes, priorities, national traditions that influence the activities of the organization. Every country has ideas about ethical business practices, required service quality standards, and acceptable levels of environmental impact. Typical examples of such factors that must be taken into account by the organization are the Japanese tradition of lifetime employment, the "green" movement and the demand for natural fur products; perceptions that women are risk averse and their promotion to senior management positions.
Some social attitudes change with age. Relatively young workers strive for independence at work and willingly accept responsibility. At an older age, the desire to maintain one’s status, the desire for social security, etc. come to the fore. This influence of environmental factors must be taken into account in motivation systems.
Political factors determine the general political situation in the country, its level of stability and predictability. A high level of political risk leads to a slowdown in scientific and technical renewal of production, obsolescence of the structure, and a decrease in the competitiveness of national enterprises in the competition.
However, even in a relatively stable situation, clashes occur between various economic entities and political forces and lobbying groups representing their interests. In the transitional economy of Russia, this is a clash of three complexes - military-industrial, fuel and energy and agricultural. Currently, the struggle is in the area of privatization of former state property, as well as over the distribution of budget funds. It is clear that the solution to these problems, on the one hand, is determined by political factors, and on the other, influences them.
The policies of local authorities have a significant impact on employment in the region and the location of enterprises, their impact on the environment, the extraction and use of natural resources, and the creation of industrial, technical and social infrastructure.
Indirect environmental factors differ significantly in different countries. This must be taken into account by organizations involved in international business.
It is clear that the degree of influence of environmental factors of indirect influence on the organization's implementation of various types of international business will differ significantly. This influence will be most significant when creating joint ventures, less when making capital investments, especially portfolio investments, and even less when issuing licenses.
The influence of specific environmental factors of indirect influence will also be different. A general prerequisite for effective international business is the political situation in the country where the organization operates. International business is significantly influenced by the state of the economy and the development of technology. In some cases, for example, when exporting certain consumer goods, sociocultural factors can play a decisive role. When locating new production facilities, it is necessary to seek support from local authorities.
The activities of international organizations are becoming an important factor in the external environment, which has an increasing impact on the international operations of enterprises. The structures of the European Union have the most multifaceted impact on the economic activities of organizations. An example here would be the Single Harmonized Competition Policy. The main directions of such a policy, competition rules within the EU have been determined, legislative regulation of the procedures for creating and registering companies, their activities, accounting and financial reporting, etc. has been agreed upon. An important result of this work was the adoption of the Charter of the European Company.
