Safety rules in the mountains
Mountaineering has always faced the problem of preserving the health and life of those involved in it. In its development, it has gone through various stages aimed at ensuring the safety of people. At first, the emphasis was on developing better body stability when moving across mountainous terrain. Gradually, shackled shoes, a hiking pole, ropes, pitons, etc. were used. Later, as the sporting tasks of climbers became more complex, their equipment and equipment became more and more improved. At the same time, knowledge was accumulated about the structure of mountains, meteorological and climatic conditions, and dangers. The technical training of athletes has also improved. The accumulated climbing experience made it possible to fill some gaps in understanding the dangers and develop certain rules of behavior and actions of people in the mountains.
In recent decades, human contact with the mountain environment has especially increased. The desire to master unconquered peaks and to more fully explore unknown regions has acquired widespread proportions. The number of expeditions to the highest peaks and to the lower regions of the continents has increased. Millions of people spend their holidays in the mountains. Their natural resources are put at the service of man.
So, many years of communication between people and the nature of the mountains have developed clear safety rules. The decisive intervention of science and technological progress in solving problems associated with increasing the technical and physical capabilities of humans in mountain conditions leads to the improvement of these rules. It is carried out in the following directions: 1) checking the feasibility of the rules approved, in force for years and considered immutable; 2) revealing new patterns that underlie the improvement of safety rules; 3) developing a system of preventive measures that could prevent accidents in the mountains.
The successes achieved by various countries in ensuring the safety of tourists, climbers and people working in the mountains are very significant, which, undoubtedly, is facilitated by the guidelines and recommendations on safety rules developed in a number of countries. These rules relate to specific issues and actions. For example, basic rules for moving on rocks, rules for protecting against avalanches, frostbite, and sunstroke. Other rules in the form of a list of responsibilities of climbing participants are contained in some administrative and sports instructions, official orders and instructions: for example, regulations on permission, registration and reporting on mountaineering ascents. Unfortunately, there is no comprehensive development of safety rules in the mountains.
Safety rules before leaving a hut, camp, or populated area
1. The chosen route must correspond to the level of training and capabilities of the participants.
2. Carefully study the direction of travel, existing markings, the nature of the terrain, difficulties, dangers, sources of water, the possibility of leaving the route if necessary.
3. Develop a schedule and determine the order of movement of the group, which mobilizes and disciplines people.
4. Do not begin a difficult long trek or ascent without prior preparation and acclimatization.
5. Before leaving, familiarize yourself with the weather forecast for the period of movement along the route.
6. Do not go out on the route under clearly unfavorable conditions: 2-3 days after heavy snowfall, in fog, at low temperatures or in severe avalanche danger.
7. Go out in the dark only if you have a good knowledge of the route, a long day's journey ahead, and in bad weather - during rescue operations.
8. Carefully check the equipment, equipment and food, the health status of the participants, do not take sick, unwell, or people who have not fully recovered from illness on the route.
9. All participants should know the dangers and causes leading to misfortune, be able to detect them in a timely manner, avoid an arrogant approach to dangers, and follow safety rules.
10. Do not undertake a hike, climb or expedition without an experienced, authoritative leader who knows the route, and without correctly completed and executed documentation.
11. In unfamiliar areas, move only along a well-marked route.
12. Set out on the route early in the morning, well equipped, with a sufficient supply of food and only after reporting the movement schedule to the control and rescue service point (PKSS), the head of the base or other persons.
13. Take the necessary measures to protect your legs from injury and hypothermia.
14. Start moving only in serviceable (durable, dried) shoes, clothes, socks, and mittens.
Safety rules when driving in the mountains
1. Movement should not be individual, but group, which will ensure mutual assistance of participants along the route.
2. Do not allow division of the group and violation of discipline. Any absence is possible only with the permission of the elder.
3. Every group, regardless of its size, should have a well-trained leader with extensive experience and authority.
4. The pace of movement and stops must correspond to the level of preparedness and capabilities of the participants, terrain and weather conditions. Avoid unreasonably high speeds.
5. Observe the correct regimen of exercise, rest, nutrition, drinking regimen, and take measures to ensure good thermoregulation of the body.
6. Maintain high discipline and a sense of mutual assistance in the group.
7. Avoid swimming in mountain lakes where there is a danger of drowning or catching a cold.
8. Do not take shortcuts at the expense of safety (you can get into an avalanche, slip, or fall on rocks).
9. Avoid traveling in bad weather, fog, in the dark, late in the evening. The main part of the day's trek is to be done in the morning.
10. Avoid going up and down slopes and chutes with loose stones.
11. As already mentioned, do not go at night, except in cases of rescue work, if there is a danger of frostbite, or for training purposes.
12. Choose a route taking into account specific conditions (snow cover structure, condition of participants, weather), always preferring the safe route.
13. Greater maneuverability of the group and its individual members should not be achieved by lightening the equipment or reducing the amount of bivouac equipment and food.
14. Do not lose or forget things, so as not to be left without the necessary inventory and equipment at one time or another.
15. Pay constant attention to warning signs in the mountains to avoid being caught in an avalanche or a collision on the ski slope.
16. Avoid any work in avalanche zones, and if necessary, erect special protective structures or systematically remove accumulated snow using explosions or other methods under the guidance of specialists.
17. When driving in the mountains, do not drink alcohol; This will protect the body from harmful consequences and dangerous behavior.
18. To avoid injury, do not collect stones from mountain warehouses.
19. Do not overcome difficult areas without sufficient confidence in the strength of the supports and your own strength.
20. Observe the stated deadline for returning from the route. This mobilizes the participants and facilitates rescue efforts in the event of an accident.
21. We repeat, each participant must know and follow the rules of movement in the mountains.
22. In case of an accident, be able to provide immediate assistance to the victim.
23. Avoid deviating from the planned route and movement tactics (except when the situation becomes more complicated - for the purpose of ensuring safety, rescue operations, etc.).
24. Closely monitor danger warning signals and quickly and accurately execute appropriate commands.
25. When moving on unstable rocks, steep slopes, or slippery surfaces, place your feet carefully and correctly, and if necessary, belay yourself.
26. At the slightest doubt about safety, resort to insurance.
27. If the condition of the group and its equipment deteriorates, promptly retreat to the nearest camp, settlement, or hut along the easiest and safest route.
28. If it is impossible to find a hut, skillfully and promptly set up a reliable bivouac, or move along a safe valley to the nearest settlement, or return along a familiar path back. Sometimes the lives of the participants depend on it.
29. When moving in severe frost, make short stops to rest, continuously move your fingers, facial muscles, lightly rub exposed parts of the body, use jumps and other movements. Constantly monitor the appearance of signs of frostbite in your comrades.
30. In case of heavy rain or hail, stop in a sheltered place and wait out the bad weather; in case of snowfall, act taking into account the nature of the terrain, snow cover and the condition of the group.
31. When driving in fog, in order to avoid loss of orientation, falling into an abyss, falling from a snow cornice, or getting caught in an avalanche, increase your attention; Constantly monitor the route markings, check it with a map and compass. In case of danger, wait until the fog clears and use a rope.
32. In case of strong solar radiation, protect your eyes and open areas of the body from burns.
33. When driving in winter conditions:
a) start the hike in good weather and no earlier than 2-3 days after the snowfall;
b) overcome steep icy slopes without skis, on crampons, cutting down steps or arranging railings from ropes;
c) on difficult sections, firmly attach the skis to the backpack so that they do not interfere with movement (your hands are freed and stability increases);
d) begin crossing snow ridges and snow-covered rivers after careful reconnaissance, probing the path with an ice ax or ski pole, with mandatory belay with a rope from a safe place;
e) when moving along a very steep dangerous slope, keep the ice ax in a position convenient for self-restraint, the hand should be in the lanyard;
f) do not allow planing on steep, invisible or impossible to see firn or ice slopes at high speed and without preparation in order to avoid falling into an abyss, cracks, or injuries from rocks;
g) Avoid driving on snowdrifts located on steep slopes, as well as sliding on grassy slopes, so as not to slip and hit the rocks;
h) know that slopes with a lot of stones and uneven surfaces under the snow and bushes in their lower part are safer.
34. When skiing:
a) do not cut the avalanche slope;
b) do not overcome a steep icy slope;
c) avoid dangerously high speeds that would make it impossible to control skis;
d) in the fog, do not walk along dangerous cornices, gorges, rocks, or unknown places;
e) when descending from the mountains on skis, carefully ensure that the skis do not get caught in the bushes, do not run into a tree, hidden or open stones, so that the ring of the stick does not catch on a bush or root;
f) during a long descent in low temperature conditions, protect the face, ears, chest and other parts of the body from frostbite;
g) avoid sharp turns, jumps and ski strikes on avalanche-prone slopes.
35. When releasing avalanches using explosions:
a) be careful when handling explosives;
b) the place where the explosion is supposed to occur must have a safe approach; he should not be in danger from an avalanche, whether natural or artificially caused. When choosing such a place, you need to try to correctly outline the path for the fall of the dumped snow mass;
c) the explosion area should be closed to visitors.
36. During a thunderstorm:
a) go down from the ridge;
b) place iron objects ten meters from people;
c) do not stand under a single tree, marking posts, or on the shore of a reservoir;
d) do not run, but walk slowly;
e) the group must disperse;
f) do not stop at the edge of the forest or in areas through which water flows;
g) do not stand near places where there are metal wires;
h) if possible, be located on insulating material;
i) remember that not every lightning strike is fatal and energetic group intervention can prevent disaster.
37. If it is necessary to cross a river:
a) first of all, choose the place and time of the crossing;
b) correctly determine the place and type of insurance, arrange group members taking into account their experience, strength and height;
c) have rescue posts when crossing;
d) attach to a rope stretched across the river not with the help of a grasping knot, but with a carabiner at a distance from the chest of no more than one elbow;
e) during a suspended crossing, the main rope must be very strong, and an auxiliary rope should be used, with the help of which, if necessary, the stuck person could be pulled back or forward.
38. In case of an accident, send at least two of the most trained athletes to help.
39. In an emergency situation, maintain high morale, strong nerves, composure, confidence, the ability to act correctly and quickly, without panic.
40. In the event of any surprise while moving, correctly and soberly assess the position and condition of the group, and note further actions.
41. When the strength in the fight against the wind and low temperature is exhausted and the participants are not able to mobilize the remnants of physical and mental strength to overcome the path, it is necessary to quickly find shelter and organize a bivouac.
42. The backpack should be well fitted. The ends of tent poles, teeth of crampons and other sharp objects that could injure a comrade walking behind should not stick out of it.
43. Do not allow unauthorized abandonment of a marching column or bivouac.
44. Do not cross fast rivers, overcome cracks and other obstacles on the route without ensuring the necessary safety.
Learning safety rules is directly related to past mountain experiences. The richer it is, the easier and more firmly the rules will be learned. It should also be noted that mastering them is a good basis for mastering the skill of anticipating possible complications on the ground.
- Try not to get too cold, especially pay close attention to the condition of your feet: wear clean, warm socks, and move your toes when freezing. In the morning, when leaving the bivouac, dress warmly, warm up while walking, stop and put the excess in your backpack.
- You should also not overheat, because... this causes increased sweating and fatigue. It is convenient to regulate the heat transfer with the zipper of the jacket, periodically opening it slightly or fastening it.
- Watch your breathing: it should be rhythmic and deep enough to provide the body with oxygen. If your breathing becomes difficult, reduce the pace of movement; this is better than making frequent stops.
- You shouldn’t worry too much about the seeming lack of cleanliness and hygiene - in the mountains, unlike in the city, there are no substances harmful to health, and you can wash your face in a stream or lake.
- We recommend the following diet on the day of ascent:
- before going out - easily digestible food without animal fats or proteins (any porridge will do);
- on the route - periodic snacks from the so-called. “pocket food”: nuts, dried fruits, raisins;
- increased fluid consumption - weak tea, jelly, juices;
- after climbing: restorative nutrition, but without overeating.
- Even with such a habitual action as drinking water Some rules should be followed:
- Before drinking, it is useful to rinse your mouth and throat thoroughly;
- drink slowly, in small sips, pouring the water inside the mouth;
- Do not drink cold water quickly; ice or snow in your mouth is unacceptable;
- do not wet your lips; if this happens, wipe them immediately, otherwise cracks may appear.
Mountain movement skills:
- Try to walk smoothly along the path, relaxed, do not jump or take long steps. On any terrain, step on the entire sole if there is room for it. Choose reliable stones or microrelief elements for support.
- When moving up It is useful to unlace the upper part of the boot; when going down, on the contrary, lace it tightly.
- When moving up or down It is dangerous to walk on top of each other on the slope, because If you fail, you can knock down your subordinates, or accidentally throw stones at them. If this does happen, you must immediately give a loud command “disruption!” or "stone!" according to the situation.
- Rising, try to push up on your top leg rather than pushing off with your bottom leg. On snowy terrain, this will help you not to destroy the steps. On steep and difficult sections, help yourself with your hands or pieces of equipment (sticks, ice ax). Otherwise, you may damage your knees or ankles due to overload.
- In cats(metal plates with teeth for moving on ice) move smoothly, without shifting your center of gravity forward. At the same time, spread your legs slightly and place your feet parallel. This will prevent possible falls due to feet catching and will ensure the best grip of the crampon teeth on the surface.
It turns out that not everyone knows
The most important thing in the mountains is not at all what you might think, but safety precautions. It may even sound boring, but it is necessary to know and perform it strictly. 
As a rule, every trip to the mountains turns into a bright holiday. So let's not mar it with violations of discipline.
The movement of the group in the mountains is also subject to strict rules. Regular walks: walk for 15 minutes and rest for 5 minutes at a rest stop. With beginners, the walks are shorter and the rest is longer. The normal speed for beginner groups is approximately 1 km/h. It is important that the group does not stretch out and stays together. The normal distance is from 2 to 10 meters. In dense fog conditions, the recommended distance is 0.5 - 1.5 meters. In open areas that are clearly visible, an interval of up to 100 meters is acceptable. It is advisable for the group to stay together at all times. If it suddenly turns out that you forgot to train in the winter, and now you don’t have enough strength, tell your manager about it at the rest stop. However, keep in mind that in the mountains one of the guarantees of safety is precisely high speed of movement. A simple example: one group passes through the pass in an hour, another in 6 hours. If it suddenly rains, which group is more likely to get wet?
The group must stay together unless otherwise ordered by the leader. But sometimes there is an unintentional division of the group. Let's say that part of the group got ahead and turned left at a fork, but the lagging part of the group did not see this and turned right. How to reunite? In this case, there is a rule: go to the place where you last saw each other.
If during the ascent the leader requires the use of insurance, then its use is mandatory. Statements like “I can do it here without a rope!” - inappropriate.
Find out in advance about dangerous animals, insects and plants in the area. For example, you can’t sit like this in the Tien Shan region - Ferula stinging grows there. You can't do it in Altai - there are ticks there. You can in Ergaki - there is not a single tick, there are no burning plants.
The group usually walks in a chain. Don't try to overtake each other. Don't throw yourself under your feet. Monitor the movement of all participants and remember that the main thing is safety.
An important point is environmental safety. You can't litter in the mountains. Damaging living trees is prohibited. It is possible to cut down a living tree only if it is necessary to save a life. For example, for making stretchers. Fires can only be lit on the site of old fire pits. When leaving the parking lot, try not to leave any traces behind you. Also, do not pick fresh flowers - let them please other tourists.
You should not unnecessarily approach the edge of the abyss. You may feel dizzy out of habit, or the wind may suddenly blow. You can just crawl to the edge.
Only friendly relationships are allowed in the group. Any negativity or irritability is for the city. And in the mountains there is a holiday.
At each section of the route, the manager gives explanations and reminds the safety rules. Listen carefully!
Mountains are not a plain. There are even separate rules about how to go to the toilet. While driving - strictly with the permission of the manager. Many beginners don't understand this. But one day in the Tien Shan mountains there was an incident when a girl was embarrassed to tell her boss that she needed to go to the bushes. As a result, 17 people died, and about 200 more people were so injured that they remember this incident even now, almost 30 years later. Having learned about this, newcomers often become perplexed - how can you pee so much that people die?! That is, newcomers simply simply do not imagine a real danger. The mountain workers know. In parking lots you can go to the toilet without permission, but, again, according to the rules. Boys go ahead in the movement, and girls return back, unless there is a special order. It is better for girls to walk not alone, but in two or three. Why? Yes, because approximately 40% of all adventures begin with the fact that “one girl went to pee.” The remaining 60% of adventures occur when “we decided to take a shortcut.”
Please note that in the mountains the weather can change quickly and quite dramatically. The temperature can be +30 and within five minutes there will be a blizzard, hail, hurricane and frost down to -10. Even in the hottest, on the clearest day, it is necessary to have warm clothes and rain capes.
Before you decide to climb, soberly assess your strength.
For beginners, the kurumnik - such a chaotic pile of stones - is often difficult. It may make sense for you to take an alpenstock with you. When moving through difficult areas, both hands should be free. It is forbidden to keep your hands in your pockets while driving.
It is forbidden to swim alone.
In the mountains themselves there are few real dangers, except perhaps the cold. The rest of the dangers are in your head.
It is highly advisable to complete all transitions and radial walks before dark. It happens that the path is difficult to find even in daylight, and in the dark with a flashlight it is almost hopeless.
When choosing a parking spot, the main thing is, again, safety. Make sure that there are no overhanging rocks or old trees over the tents so that the tents do not flood during a rainstorm. It is not advisable to pitch tents on the edge of a cliff. In the summer of 2014, we had such an unfortunate incident. A group of three people set up a tent near the Hanging Stone. The place is, of course, extremely romantic. However, at night one friend had an urge to go to the toilet. He probably simply forgot that he was on the edge of a cliff... and stepped into the abyss. Then they found his body, and a roll of toilet paper in his hand. Beware of your own stupidity!
Safety rules before leaving the camp or settlement 1. The chosen route must correspond to the level of training and capabilities of the participants. 2. Carefully study the direction of travel, existing markings, the nature of the terrain, difficulties, dangers, sources of water, the possibility of leaving the route if necessary. 3. Develop a schedule and determine the order of movement of the group, which mobilizes and disciplines people. 4. Do not begin a difficult long trek or ascent without prior preparation and acclimatization. 5. Before leaving, familiarize yourself with the weather forecast for the period of movement along the route. 6. Do not go out on the route under clearly unfavorable conditions: 2-3 days after heavy snowfall, in fog, at low temperatures or in severe avalanche danger. 7. Go out in the dark only if you have a good knowledge of the route, a long day's journey ahead, and in bad weather - during rescue operations. 8. Carefully check the equipment, equipment and food, the health status of the participants, do not take sick, unwell, or people who have not fully recovered from illness on the route. 9. All participants should know the dangers and causes leading to misfortune, be able to detect them in a timely manner, avoid an arrogant approach to dangers, and follow safety rules. 10. Do not undertake a hike, climb or expedition without an experienced, authoritative leader who knows the route, and without correctly completed and executed documentation. 11. In unfamiliar areas, move only along a well-marked route. 12. Set out on the route early in the morning, well equipped, with a sufficient supply of food and only after reporting the movement schedule to the control and rescue service point (PKSS), the head of the base or other persons. 13. Take the necessary measures to protect your legs from injury and hypothermia. 14. Start moving only in serviceable (strong, dried) shoes, clothes, socks, mittens. Safety rules when moving in the mountains 1. Movement should not be individual, but in groups, which will ensure mutual assistance of participants along the route. 2. Do not allow division of the group and violation of discipline. Any absence is possible only with the permission of the elder. 3. Every group, regardless of its size, should have a well-trained leader with extensive experience and authority. 4. The pace of movement and stops must correspond to the level of preparedness and capabilities of the participants, terrain and weather conditions. Avoid unreasonably high speeds. 5. Observe the correct regimen of exercise, rest, nutrition, drinking regimen, and take measures to ensure good thermoregulation of the body. 6. Maintain high discipline and a sense of mutual assistance in the group. 7. Avoid swimming in mountain lakes where there is a danger of drowning or catching a cold. 8. Do not take shortcuts at the expense of safety (you can get into an avalanche, slip, or fall on rocks). 9. Avoid traveling in bad weather, fog, in the dark, late in the evening. The main part of the day's trek is to be done in the morning. 10. Avoid going up and down slopes and chutes with loose stones. 11. As already mentioned, do not go at night, except in cases of rescue work, if there is a danger of frostbite, or for training purposes. 12. Choose a route taking into account specific conditions (snow cover structure, condition of participants, weather), always preferring the safe route.
The participant is obliged
Carefully prepare your equipment according to the recommended list. Lack of appropriate clothing and footwear threatens your health and limits the possibilities of the group. Make sure your friends are planning their trip responsibly too. Participants without the necessary equipment are not allowed to go on the hike. If you have any questions, contact us - we will advise, help you buy or rent.
Avoid drinking alcohol during the active part of the route.
Do not smoke near participants who do not smoke.
Follow the instructions of the instructor.
By your actions, do not create situations that may pose a danger to you or others.
Safety rules when driving in the mountains
1. Movement should not be individual, but group, which will ensure mutual assistance of participants along the route.
2. Do not allow division of the group and violation of discipline. Any absence is possible only with the permission of the elder.
3. Every group, regardless of its size, should have a well-trained leader with extensive experience and authority.
4. The pace of movement and stops must correspond to the level of preparedness and capabilities of the participants, terrain and weather conditions. Avoid unreasonably high speeds.
5. Observe the correct regimen of exercise, rest, nutrition, drinking regimen, and take measures to ensure good thermoregulation of the body.
6. Maintain high discipline and a sense of mutual assistance in the group.
7. Avoid swimming in mountain lakes where there is a danger of drowning or catching a cold.
8. Do not take shortcuts at the expense of safety (you can get into an avalanche, slip, or fall on rocks).
9. Avoid traveling in bad weather, fog, in the dark, late in the evening. The main part of the day's trek is to be done in the morning.
10. Avoid going up and down slopes and chutes with loose stones.
11. As already mentioned, do not go at night, except in cases of rescue work, if there is a danger of frostbite, or for training purposes.
12. Choose a route taking into account specific conditions (snow cover structure, condition of participants, weather), always preferring the safe route.
13. Greater maneuverability of the group and its individual members should not be achieved by lightening the equipment or reducing the amount of bivouac equipment and food.
Rice. 12. Steep slopes and especially gutters, strewn with unstable stones, are dangerous when crossing.
14. Do not lose or forget things, so as not to be left without the necessary inventory and equipment at one time or another.
15. Pay constant attention to warning signs in the mountains to avoid being caught in an avalanche or a collision on the ski slope.
16. Avoid any work in avalanche zones, and if necessary, erect special protective structures or systematically remove accumulated snow using explosions or other methods under the guidance of specialists.
17. When driving in the mountains, do not drink alcohol; This will protect the body from harmful consequences and dangerous behavior.
18. To avoid injury, do not collect stones from mountain warehouses.
19. Do not overcome difficult areas without sufficient confidence in the strength of the supports and your own strength.
20. Observe the stated deadline for returning from the route. This mobilizes the participants and facilitates rescue efforts in the event of an accident.
21. We repeat, each participant must know and follow the rules of movement in the mountains.
22. In case of an accident, be able to provide immediate assistance to the victim.
23. Avoid deviating from the planned route and movement tactics (except when the situation becomes more complicated - for the purpose of ensuring safety, rescue operations, etc.).
24. Closely monitor danger warning signals and quickly and accurately execute appropriate commands.
25. When moving on unstable rocks, steep slopes, or slippery surfaces, place your feet carefully and correctly, and if necessary, belay yourself.
26. At the slightest doubt about safety, resort to insurance.
27. If the condition of the group and its equipment deteriorates, promptly retreat to the nearest camp, settlement, or hut along the easiest and safest route.
28. If it is impossible to find a hut, skillfully and promptly set up a reliable bivouac, or move along a safe valley to the nearest settlement, or return along a familiar path back. Sometimes the lives of the participants depend on it.
29. When moving in severe frost, make short stops to rest, continuously move your fingers, facial muscles, lightly rub exposed parts of the body, use jumps and other movements. Constantly monitor the appearance of signs of frostbite in your comrades.
30. In case of heavy rain or hail, stop in a sheltered place and wait out the bad weather; in case of snowfall, act taking into account the nature of the terrain, snow cover and the condition of the group.
31. When driving in fog, in order to avoid loss of orientation, falling into an abyss, falling from a snow cornice, or getting caught in an avalanche, increase your attention; Constantly monitor the route markings, check it with a map and compass. In case of danger, wait until the fog clears and use a rope.
32. In case of strong solar radiation, protect your eyes and open areas of the body from burns.
33. When driving in winter conditions:
a) start the hike in good weather and no earlier than 2-3 days after the snowfall;
b) overcome steep icy slopes without skis, on crampons, cutting down steps or arranging railings from ropes;
c) on difficult sections, firmly attach the skis to the backpack so that they do not interfere with movement (your hands are freed and stability increases);
d) begin crossing snow ridges and snow-covered rivers after careful reconnaissance, probing the path with an ice ax or ski pole, with mandatory belay with a rope from a safe place;
e) when moving along a very steep dangerous slope, keep the ice ax in a position convenient for self-restraint, the hand should be in the lanyard;
f) do not allow planing on steep, invisible or impossible to see firn or ice slopes at high speed and without preparation in order to avoid falling into an abyss, cracks, or injuries from rocks;
g) Avoid driving on snowdrifts located on steep slopes, as well as sliding on grassy slopes, so as not to slip and hit the rocks;
h) know that slopes with a lot of stones and uneven surfaces under the snow and bushes in their lower part are safer.
34. When skiing:
a) do not cut the avalanche slope;
b) do not overcome a steep icy slope;
c) avoid dangerously high speeds that would make it impossible to control skis;
Rice. 13. Climbing and descending steep mountain slopes covered with hard firn are comfortable and safe when done with an ice ax and rope with increased attention.
d) in the fog, do not walk along dangerous cornices, gorges, rocks, or unknown places;
e) when descending from the mountains on skis, carefully ensure that the skis do not get caught in the bushes, do not run into a tree, hidden or open stones, so that the ring of the stick does not catch on a bush or root;
f) during a long descent in low temperature conditions, protect the face, ears, chest and other parts of the body from frostbite;
g) avoid sharp turns, jumps and ski strikes on avalanche-prone slopes.
35. When releasing avalanches using explosions:
a) be careful when handling explosives;
b) the place where the explosion is supposed to occur must have a safe approach; he should not be in danger from an avalanche, whether natural or artificially caused. When choosing such a place, you need to try to correctly outline the path for the fall of the dumped snow mass;
c) the explosion area should be closed to visitors.
36. During a thunderstorm:
a) go down from the ridge;
b) place iron objects ten meters from people;
c) do not stand under a single tree, marking posts, or on the shore of a reservoir;
d) do not run, but walk slowly;
e) the group must disperse;
f) do not stop at the edge of the forest or in areas through which water flows;
g) do not stand near places where there are metal wires;
h) if possible, be located on insulating material;
i) remember that not every lightning strike is fatal and energetic group intervention can prevent disaster.
37. If it is necessary to cross a river:
a) first of all, choose the place and time of the crossing;
b) correctly determine the place and type of insurance, arrange group members taking into account their experience, strength and height;
c) have rescue posts when crossing;
d) attach to a rope stretched across the river not with the help of a grasping knot, but with a carabiner at a distance from the chest of no more than one elbow;
e) during a suspended crossing, the main rope must be very strong, and an auxiliary rope should be used, with the help of which, if necessary, the stuck person could be pulled back or forward.
38. In case of an accident, send at least two of the most trained athletes to help.
39. In an emergency situation, maintain high morale, strong nerves, composure, confidence, the ability to act correctly and quickly, without panic.
40. In the event of any surprise while moving, correctly and soberly assess the position and condition of the group, and note further actions.
41. When the strength in the fight against the wind and low temperature is exhausted and the participants are not able to mobilize the remnants of physical and mental strength to overcome the path, it is necessary to quickly find shelter and organize a bivouac.
42. The backpack should be well fitted. The ends of tent poles, teeth of crampons and other sharp objects that could injure a comrade walking behind should not stick out of it.
43. Do not allow unauthorized abandonment of a marching column or bivouac.
44. Do not cross fast rivers, overcome cracks and other obstacles on the route without ensuring the necessary safety.
