With this creative work, we are starting to publish the best statistics essays written by students. Creative work in the discipline “Statistics” is a rare and in some way surprising phenomenon. And the more interesting the results of such an experiment will be.
Essay on the topic: “Statistics in my life”
Since the first grade, I have disliked mathematics and, in general, subjects that are based on mathematics. I never understood how all sorts of sines, cosines, tangents and cotangents could be useful to me in life.
As the mathematics teacher said, this is necessary for the development of logic and abstract thinking. But go out and ask any student: “How can you apply cosine in life?” I doubt anyone will answer.
No one could really explain why you need to study this subject. My love for numbers began in college when, as a sophomore, I took a Statistics class. Statistics can be used to explain many things. Real life statistics are everywhere. If a person does not understand why this subject is needed, then it is better not to start studying it. I had no idea that this subject would captivate me so much.
Statistics can really be interesting to study and will answer many questions, and it is not as complicated as it initially seems.
Statistics are more accessible. It is enough to have a computer and initial data, and we will find a solution to the problem by pressing a couple of keys and a calculator. Statistics helps us process data and much more.
How many students of the KMPO RANEPA College receive a scholarship? How long can a person not breathe underwater? It is likely that these questions have nothing in common. But all these questions can be answered, albeit not with one hundred percent accuracy. And we will get the answer thanks to statistical observations.
How is the city budget planned? How much will it cost to travel on public transport? Statistics will answer these and other economic questions. The ability to work with various types of spreadsheets will increase the student's ability to get a non-boring office job. Fast data processing is an indispensable assistant in any job.
The question is “What is the point?” I am sure that it is not about using sophisticated mathematical formulas, impressing friends and classmates with your skills in complex calculations, or using complex statistical methods. The point is, getting to know the things that surround us will allow us to better understand our lives.
The object of study of statistics is society, the processes occurring in it and patterns of development.
Sometimes this subject reminds me of something magical, because she is able to draw vast, highly significant conclusions based on a small amount of data. For example, we can survey several thousand citizens and predict the result of a mayoral election. Or, we can test several cows at a dairy plant for Brucellosis and, using the information obtained, evaluate the overall sanitary condition of the enterprise.
Our math teacher argued that cell phones have a bad effect on the functioning of the brain, and therefore in her classes we put our gadgets away.
The exciting question is “Can a mobile device really become a source of disease?” I don’t presume to say that statistics can answer this question unambiguously. After all, the conclusions indicate that it is unlikely/probable/incredible. The purpose of statistics is not to perform a lot of calculations, but to help people better understand important various phenomena.
In conclusion, I would like to say that statistics is not just a science, but an art. It is used in various fields of activity, provides answers to many questions, and its study is simply necessary. Everyone should know this subject so as not to fall into the trap of deceivers and not lose their material values. Statistics can be a powerful weapon if you learn how to use them correctly.
" № 2, 2008
Statistical information also helps to communicate reasonedly with tax authorities and win in court, choosing reliable counterparties. But industry average salaries and profitability levels, revenue limits and tax burden indicators do not appear out of nowhere. To calculate them, you need initial data provided by the firms and entrepreneurs themselves. Since 2008, many will have to do this according to the new procedure, which we are talking about with a Petrostat specialist, Lidia Mikhailovna Fedorova, Deputy Head of the Territorial Authority.
Dossier of "Sputnik Glavbukh":
Lidia Mikhailovna Fedorova
Born: 1954.
Education: higher, graduated from the Leningrad Financial and Economic Institute in 1976.
Career: since 1976 in Petrostat;
since 2002 - Deputy Head of Petrostat.
- Lidia Mikhailovna, please tell us what’s new in the legislation on statistical reporting?
On December 17, 2007, the Federal Law of November 29, 2007 No. 282-FZ “On official statistical accounting and the system of state statistics in the Russian Federation” came into force. It regulates the work of statistical bodies; establishes the mandatory use of official statistical methodology and the principles, forms and methods of statistical accounting; determines the procedure for presenting primary statistical information and establishes guarantees for the persons providing it.
In addition, on January 1, 2008, the Federal Law of July 24, 2007 No. 209-FZ (hereinafter referred to as Law No. 209-FZ) on the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation came into force. A number of its norms directly relate to statistical reporting. In particular, new criteria have been defined for classifying firms and entrepreneurs as one or another category of economic entities.
In the near future, we expect the adoption of a resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation regulating the procedure for conducting random statistical observations of the activities of small and medium-sized businesses.
- So the status of small enterprises has changed?
The very concept of “small business” has been revised. Many organizations that were previously classified as large and medium-sized have now moved into the category of small. The criteria have changed. For example, differences in the number of personnel for different types of activities have been eliminated. All small businesses now have one threshold - no more than 100 employees. If a company has fewer than 15 employees, it is a micro-enterprise.
I draw the attention of those who have received the right to be called small since the new year to the following circumstance. The organization ends the reporting year in the status it had in 2007. Consequently, annual statistical reporting must be provided in full, as for medium and large enterprises.
- And how will the movement of organizations from one category to another occur?
Law No. 209-FZ establishes that the category of an organization can change only when the values of the criteria exceed (become lower) the established level and remain at the new level for two years in a row. This is a very important point that allows us to observe the principle of stability when conducting statistical observations, which in turn excludes unreasonable “ups” and “downs” in indicators characterizing the state and development of both individual sectors and the economy of the region as a whole.
- Should everyone prepare for innovations?
No. The changes will mainly affect companies that, under the old law, had up to 100 employees. This includes wholesale and retail trade, catering, services to the public, etc. All of them move from the category of large to small. As for truly large and medium-sized enterprises, the statistical forms for them and the frequency of filling them out have not changed.
- Are small firms waiting for relief?
Yes, and significant ones. Among small businesses, the majority are micro-enterprises, which will now report on a selective basis only on annual results (previously - quarterly). Firms with more than 15 employees will have to do this quarterly. For all small enterprises, a modified form No. PM will be in effect, the number of indicators in which has been reduced. Since a large group of trade and catering organizations moved from the category of large to small, and the new form No. PM does not have corresponding turnover indicators, new forms No. PM-torg and No. 3-TORG (PM) were additionally introduced for these companies. The collection of information on them is also carried out on a selective basis.
- What should entrepreneurs do?
Until recently, monitoring of the activities of individual entrepreneurs was carried out very fragmentarily: transport, trade, and a little industry. Now, regardless of the type of activity, a single form of statistical reporting No. 1-IP has been introduced for everyone, which will have to be submitted annually before March 1, starting with the results for 2007. Observation will be carried out on a random basis. At the same time, previously valid observations are preserved.
- Where can organizations and entrepreneurs learn about the obligation to provide statistical reporting?
As the lists of business entities subject to survey are formed, the necessary information will be posted on our website www.gostat.spb.ru. The regional statistics departments of Petrostat will bring this information to enterprises located in their jurisdiction (see coordinates in the January 2008 issue of the Glavbukha Sputnik magazine on pp. 45-46).
- How do they get on these lists?
Those who are to fill out statistical reporting are determined by stratified random selection using special software. Since the objects of observation are different, a separate sample is formed for each survey.
- Does the organization or entrepreneur take the required form, fill it out and submit it to Petrostat within the prescribed period?
Yes. There is nothing complicated about it. The procedure for providing statistical information is described in detail in the regulation approved by Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated July 15, 2002 No. 154. Its text is available in any reference and legal system. Forms and the necessary explanations for filling them out can be obtained from the regional statistics department at your location. Electronic versions of the forms are posted on the Rosstat website www.gks.ru in the “Federal state statistical observation forms” section.
- What happens to the received data?
Information obtained as a result of sample observations undergoes primary processing and then, using special software, is distributed to the base population of small enterprises. At the same time, all necessary additional calculations, including those for the non-observed economy (those who were not included in the sample in the reporting period), are carried out by Petrostat experts in accordance with the Rosstat methodology. As a result, summary results are formed that make it possible to characterize the socio-economic situation of the region and Russia as a whole. Therefore, it is very important that the selected organizations submit the required forms to the statistical authorities. After all, reliable results and real forecasts are formed only if the information is received from a certain circle of business entities with a specific set of indicators correctly formed by the enterprise.
- Is there any liability for failure to submit statistical reports?
Yes, Article 13.19 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses provides for a fine of 3,000 to 5,000 rubles for violators. In addition, the organization compensates the territorial bodies of Rosstat for damage incurred due to the need to correct the results of consolidated reporting, the presentation of distorted data, or violation of reporting deadlines (Article 3 of the Law of the Russian Federation of May 13, 1992 No. 2761-1).
Law No. 209-FZ provides for the conduct of continuous statistical observations since 2010. How will this be organized?
There is an urgent need to conduct an All-Russian Economic Census, without which it is impossible to obtain much data on the economy of the region and the Russian Federation. But this is a very complex undertaking: in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region alone, the Statistical Register of Rosstat includes more than 450,000 legal entities and about 100,000 entrepreneurs. And although only half actually works, the figure is impressive. The timing of it will depend on when the Ministry of Finance will allocate the necessary funds.
New criteria for classification as small and medium-sized businesses
The total share of participation of the Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, municipalities, foreign legal entities, foreign citizens, public and religious organizations, charitable and other funds in the authorized capital should not exceed 25% (except for the assets of joint-stock investment funds and closed-end mutual funds);
- the share of participation owned by one or more persons who are not small and medium-sized businesses should not exceed 25%;
- the average number of employees for the previous calendar year should not exceed the limit values established for each category of subjects:
for small businesses - up to 100 people inclusive;
for medium-sized enterprises - from 101 to 250 people inclusive;
- revenue from the sale of goods (work, services) excluding VAT or assets (fixed assets and intangible assets) for the previous calendar year should not exceed the limit values established by the Government of the Russian Federation for each category of small and medium-sized businesses.
BASIC FORMS OF STATISTICAL REPORTING
Municipal budgetary educational institution"Secondary school No. 36"
Statistics in our life
7 "B" class, MBOU "Secondary School No. 36".
Head: Luzgina Galina Dmitrievna,
mathematic teacher,
Angarsk: 2013-2014
1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………….
2.Statistics……………………………………………………………………………………….
2.1.What is statistics………………………………………………………………..
2.2. Types of statistics…………………………………………………………………………………..
2.3. Statistical characteristics………………………………………………………………
2.4. Data processing……………………………………………………………
2.5. Graphic representation of information……………………………..
3. Practical part……………………………………………………………………….
Collection of information……………………………………………………………………….
Data processing………………………………………………………………
Visual presentation of statistical data…………………..
Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………..
Literature……………………………………………………………………………………
Review……………………………………………………………………………………….
Annotation…………………………………………………………………………………….
Review……………………………………………………………………………………………..
Abstracts…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Introduction
The relevance of the topic lies in the fact that statistical concepts are the most important component of the intellectual luggage of a modern person. They are needed in everyday life, since elections and referendums, bank loans and insurance policies, employment tables and charts of sociological surveys have powerfully entered our lives; they are also needed for continuing education in such areas as sociology, economics, law, medicine, demography and others.
Tables and diagrams are widely used in reference literature and in the media. Government businesses regularly collect information about society and the environment. This data is published in the form of tables and charts.
Society begins to study itself more deeply and strives to make predictions about itself and about natural phenomena that require ideas about statistics. Each person must navigate the flow of information.
We must learn to live in a probable situation. And this means extracting, analyzing and processing information, making informed decisions in a variety of situations with random outcomes.
Object of study:
7b class MBOU "Secondary School No. 36"
Subject of study:
Use of statistical methods;
Opinion poll;
Statistical characteristics: arithmetic mean, median, range, mode;
Processing of statistical data;
Visual presentation of information.
Purpose of the study:
Familiarize yourself with the types and methods of statistical observation;
Find out how statistical data is collected and grouped, how you can
visually present statistical information.
Research objectives:
1. Study the literature on this topic.
2.Collect information to confirm statistical characteristics.
3.Process this information.
4.Interpret the results of statistical studies.
5.Visually present the information received.
Research methods:
Literature analysis4
Questionnaire;
Statistical survey4
Statistical processing of the received data;
Analysis and comparison of the obtained data.
Work stage:
1.Analysis of educational and additional literature.
3.Processing the received data and constructing graphs and diagrams.
Work (research) plan:
1.Analysis of educational and additional literature on this issue.
2. Conducting a survey among students in grade 7b.
3. Processing of the received data. constructing graphs and diagrams.
4.Analysis, synthesis and comparison of the data obtained.
Methodology and materials:
1. Compilation of questionnaires for public opinion polls.
2.Collecting material on the topic under study.
3.Analysis of the collected material.
4. Interpretation of statistical data.
5. Visual presentation of the results of statistical research.
Survey Questions:
1. Students' favorite subject.
3.Student shoe size.
4.Number of children in the family.
2.Statistics.
2.1.What is statistics.
Statistics (from the Latin “status”) is a science that studies, processes and analyzes quantitative data about a wide variety of mass phenomena in life.
The term "statistics" appeared in the mid-18th century. It meant “government”. It became widespread in monasteries and gradually acquired a collective meaning. On the one hand, statistics are a set of numerical indicators that characterize social activities.
On the other hand, statistics refers to the practical activities of collecting, processing, and analyzing data in various areas of public life.
On the third hand, statistics are the results of mass accounting published in various collections.
Finally, in the natural sciences, statistics refers to methods and methods for assessing the compliance of mass observation data with mathematical formulas. Thus, statistics is a social science that studies the quantitative side of mass social phenomena in inextricable connection with the qualitative side.
2.2.Types of statistics.
Mathematical statistics is a branch of mathematics that studies mathematical methods for processing the use of statistical data for scientific and practical conclusions.
2.3.Statistical characteristics.
The arithmetic mean of a series of numbers is the quotient of dividing the sum of these numbers by their number.
The mode is usually the number in a series that occurs most frequently in that series.
Range is the difference between the largest and smallest values of a data series.
The median of a series consisting of an odd number of numbers is the number of this series that will be in the middle if this series is ordered.
The median of a series consisting of an even number of numbers is the arithmetic mean of the two numbers in the series that are in the middle, if this series is ordered.
2.4. Information processing.
Methods for collecting and processing numerical data in any specific areas of science are the subject of corresponding special statistics, for example physical, stellar, economic, medical, demographic, etc.
Statistical observation is the collection of necessary data on phenomena and processes of social life. You can conduct a public opinion poll to find the central tendencies of a series of data: arithmetic mean, mode, median and range. .Interpret the results of statistical research and visually present the information obtained.
To study various social and socio-economic phenomena, as well as some processes occurring in nature, special statistical studies are carried out.
Research methods: literature analysis, questionnaires, statistical survey, statistical processing of the data obtained, analysis, comparison of the results obtained.
Any statistical study begins with the targeted collection of information about the phenomenon or process being studied.
The statistics method involves the following sequence of actions:
Development of a statistical hypothesis;
Statistical observation;
Summary and grouping of statistical data;
Data analysis;
Data interpretation.
The passage of each stage is associated with the use of special methods explained by the content of the work being performed.
Methods of statistical observation.
The basis for recording facts can be either documents, or an opinion expressed, or timing data. In this regard, the observation is distinguished:
Direct (measure themselves);
Documentary (from documents);
Poll (according to someone).
The following methods of collecting information are used in statistics:
Correspondent;
Expeditionary;
Questionnaire.
2.5.Graphical presentation of data.
Modern science cannot be imagined without the use of graphs. They have become a means of scientific generalization. The expressiveness, clarity, conciseness, versatility, and visibility of graphic images have made them indispensable in research work and in international comparisons and comparisons of socio-economic phenomena.
To visually display statistical data, charts are used: bar, strip, square, pie, linear, radial, etc.
3. Practical part.
We conducted a survey of our classmates - students in grade 7b. We received several series of numbers and found the arithmetic mean for each series.
Survey:
Students' favorite subject.
Students' favorite show.
Student shoe size.
Number of children in the family.
We conducted a survey among students in our class on these issues. To systematize the results obtained, they were presented in the form of tables, then these data were clearly shown in different types of diagrams.
Table 1. Data on questions 1), 2).
Last name and first name of the student
Favorite subject
Favorite show
Alexandrov Semyon
geography
t/s "fizruk"
Aptukaeva Yulia
geography
t/s "fizruk"
Arkaev Alexander
geography
"Ural dumplings"
Akhaeva Svetlana.
t/s "interns"
Batachaev Egor
physical training
football
Vashkevich Artem
geography
t/s "fizruk"
Ermakova Arina
English
Zinurov Alexey
algebra
t/s "fizruk"
Zotov Artem
algebra
KVN
Isaev Victor
geography
t/s "fizruk"
Kucheryaeva Antonina
physical training
12..
Leonovich Ian
physical training
"Univer"
Markov Igor
geometry
Mingin Dmitry
t/s "fizruk"
Muratov Arthur
geometry
football
Popova Ulyana
technology
"Ural dumplings"
Prelin Semyon
t/s "univer"
Savinsky Pavel
technology
t/s "fizruk"
Stepanov Yuri
geography
t/s "fizruk"
Sytnikova Diana
geography
t/s "fizruk"
Feskov Konstantin
geography
t/s "fizruk"
Using Table 1, we can find the statistical characteristics. The fashion of students’ favorite TV shows is “physical education teacher”, and the fashion of their favorite subject is “geography”.
Table 2. Data on questions 3), 4).
Last name and first name of students
Shoe size
Number of children in the family
Alexandrov Semyon
Aptukaeva Yulia
Arkaev Alexander
Akhaeva Svetlana
Batachaev Egor
Vashkevich Artem
Ermakova Arina
Zinurov Alexey
Zotov Artem
Isaev Victor
Kucheryaeva Antonina
Leonovich Ian
13..
Markov Igor
Mingin Dmitry
Muratov Arthur
Popovap Ulyana
Prelin Semyon
Savinsky Pavel
19..
Stepanov Yuri
Sytnikova Diana
Feskov Konstantin
According to survey 3) we find the arithmetic average of shoe sizes:
(37+38+40+37+37+39+38+39+40+41+38+40+40+39+40+39+41+39+40+40+39):21=39,38
If we round this number to whole numbers, we get that each student has shoe size “39”.
Let's find the shoe size range:
41 – 37 = 4.
Let's put these numbers in order:
37, 37, 37, 38, 38, 38, 39, 39, 39, 39, 39, 39, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 41, 41 .
The median of this sample is the number “39”. This row has an odd number of numbers and the number "39" is in the middle of this row.
The mode of this sample is the number “40”.
Survey data 4): number of children in the family.
We got a series of numbers: 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2.
Let's find the arithmetic mean of the numbers in this series:
(1+3+1+1+1+2+2+1+1+1+3+2+1+2+1+1+1+1+1+2+2): 21= 1,47
If we round this number to whole numbers, we get 1 child in each family.
Conclusions:
Fashion exists not only among people, but also among numbers,
The median exists not only in geometry, but also among numbers,
The arithmetic mean exists in all measurements of any quantity.
4. Conclusion.
Conducting our research, we were once again convinced that statistics have become firmly established in our everyday life, and we no longer notice that we live according to its laws. This academic year we began studying statistical characteristics and their visual presentation. During the course of the study, we learned to systematize. Visually present data, summarize and draw conclusions.
The role of statistics in our lives is so significant that people often, without thinking or realizing it, constantly use elements of statistical methodology not only in work processes, but also in everyday life. Working and resting, shopping, meeting other children, making some decisions, a person uses a certain system of information available to him, established tastes and habits, facts, systematizes, compares these facts, analyzes them, draws a conclusion and makes certain decisions , takes specific actions. Thus, every person contains elements of statistical thinking, which represents the ability to analyze and synthesize information about the world around them.
Literature:
School Encyclopedia "Mathematics" edited by Nikolsky.
Algebra 7th grade, for general education institutions / A.G. Mordkovich, edition of “Mnemosyne”.
Textbook "Mathematics" 7th grade, Arithmetic. Data analysis. Edited by G. Kuznetsov, S.S. Minaev.
Computer Science and ICT. Basic course. Textbook for 8th grade. N.D. Ugrinovich.
Review.
The topic of this work was chosen so as to thoroughly study the new section of mathematics, which we began to study this academic year, and to show the importance of knowledge in mathematics in human life. During the research, we learned to work with literature, highlighting the main points. We have done a lot of work collecting information and processing it. Using the example of their class, they showed that it is possible to conduct statistical observations and collect information. It has been practically proven that mathematics and statistics exist in our lives.
annotation
to work
"Statistics in our lives"
Completed by students of class 7 "B" MBOU "Secondary School No. 36"
Aptukaeva Yulia and Popova Ulyana.
This research work is devoted to statistics in our lives - collecting information from some data from classmates in grade 7 “B”. The authors surveyed their classmates on 4 points and found out that their favorite subject is “Geography”, the average shoe size of their classmates is “39”, and their favorite TV show is “Fizruk”. We also learned that the average number of children in a family of classmates is “1”. The work is interesting because the authors got acquainted with statistics in life and now they really understand that statistics are necessary in life.
Review
about the work “Statistics in our lives”
This work is devoted to getting to know statistics, its meaning and practical application in life. Yulia and Ulyana accepted the topic proposed by the leader with interest, since she herself was interested in this topic. The students, under the guidance of the teacher, collected theoretical material and applied it in practice. We independently conducted a survey among students in our class and then processed the data obtained. Based on the survey data, tables were compiled and various diagrams were constructed. In the introduction, the students formulated the goals and objectives of the research, which they solved in their work.
I believe that the research work of Yulia Aptukaeva and Ulyana Popova meets all the requirements for such work and can be presented for defense at a scientific and practical conference.
Head: Luzgina G.D., mathematics teacher, category 2.
Abstracts
on the work “Statistics in our lives”
students of grade 7 "B" MBOU "Secondary School No. 36"
Aptukaeva Yulia and Popova Ulyana.
Statistics (from the Latin “status”) is a science that studies, processes and analyzes quantitative data on a wide variety of mass.
phenomena in life.
The term "statistics" appeared in the mid-18th century. It meant “government”. It became widespread in monasteries and gradually acquired a collective meaning. On the one hand, statistics are a set of numerical indicators that characterize social activities.
On the other hand, statistics refers to the practical activities of collecting, processing, and analyzing data on various areas of social life.
On the third hand, statistics are the results of mass accounting published in various collections. Finally, in the natural sciences, statistics refers to methods and techniques for evaluating and matching mass observation data to mathematical formulas. Thus, statistics is a social science that studies the quantitative side of mass social phenomena in inextricable connection with their qualitative side.
Types of statistics: biological, economic, medical, tax, meteorological, demographic.
The main statistical characteristics are: arithmetic mean, mode, range, median.
Any criterion of a company’s performance can best be assessed by correct and reliable statistics. Maintaining statistical data will allow you to identify key points in the company’s work and significantly increase work efficiency.
Synchronization of statistical data
. The process of recording statistical data can be organized in different ways. As a rule, statistics have three levels. The first level reflects the performance of the entire company, the second – the performance of a specific department, and the third – the quality of work of an individual employee. Most often, such a model is used when basic data is provided by lower-level employees, and then up the hierarchical ladder they are gradually replenished with new data. There are areas in which it would seem difficult to determine (measure) the contribution of each employee to the successful operation of the company. But such methods still exist. For example, marketers and advertising agents can count the number of positive responses to an advertisement, or the number of actual clients who called or came to the office. Sales specialists can keep records of calls received, calls made, appointments made, deals completed. All this together will give a fairly clear picture of the work of a particular specialist.The role of statistical indicators
Statistics can solve a number of problems:Constant awareness of the situation in the company, monitoring positive and negative trends in work;
Evaluation of any operation according to the criteria of its success;
Development of a further strategy for the development of the enterprise based on statistical data;
Feeling of confidence and security;
Operating only with facts that have a reliable origin;
Determining a clear bonus schedule for employees, as well as precise criteria for evaluating their work;
Highlighting areas that most need adjustment or improvement;
If it is not possible to evaluate some work from a statistical point of view, then most likely its importance can be seriously questioned.
Systematic maintenance of statistics– this is the key to high-quality and professional enterprise management, an indicator of good information of the manager. Any new undertaking is based, first of all, on an assessment of existing facts and the state of the industry. Pay enough attention to statistics, and the success of your enterprise will be ensured, and you, in turn, will be able to easily measure exactly what reward you will receive for your work.
GBPOU VO "Borisoglebsk College of Industrial and Information Technologies"
ABSTRACT
according to statistics
on the topic “The role and importance of statistics in the life of society”
Prepared by: student of group 2bu
Korotich Yulia
Checked by: teacher Bochaeva O.O.
Borisoglebsk, 2016
Content
Introduction
1. Subject of statistics
2. The role and importance of statistics in the life of society
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
The term “statistics” comes from the Latin word “status”, which means “a certain state of affairs”. It was originally used in the meaning of the word “state science”; was first introduced into use in 1749 by the German scientist G. Achenwal, who published a book on state science.
Currently, the term “statistics” is used in three meanings. Firstly, statistics is understood as a special branch of practical activity of people aimed at collecting, processing and analyzing data characterizing the socio-economic development of the country, its regions, sectors of the economy, and individual enterprises. Secondly, statistics is the science that deals with the development of theoretical principles and methods used in statistical practice. There is a close relationship between statistical science and statistical practice. Statistical practice applies the rules developed by science; in turn, statistical science relies on materials from practice and, summarizing the experience of practice, develops new provisions. Thirdly, statistics are often called statistical data presented in the reports of enterprises, organizations, sectors of the economy, as well as published in collections, reference books, periodicals, which represent the result of statistical work.
The peculiarity of statistics is that statistical data are reported in quantitative form, i.e. Statistics speak the language of numbers that reflect social life in all the diversity of its manifestations. At the same time, statistics are primarily interested in the conclusions that can be drawn from the analysis of properly collected and processed digital data.
Statistics has a long history, going back deep into
antiquity, With the formation of states, the need for statistical practice arose, i.e. in collecting information about the availability of land, the population, and its property status.
In this work, I will consider some terms directly related to statistics, the subject of statistics, the role and significance of this discipline in the life of society.
Subject of statistics
The subject of statistics is the quantitative side of mass social phenomena in inextricable connection with their qualitative side or content, as well as the quantitative expression of the laws of social development in specific conditions of place and time. Statistics studies its subject using certain categories, i.e. cat concepts reflect the most essential properties, signs, connections and relationships of objects and phenomena of the objective world.
5 basic concepts of statistics: 1- A statistical aggregate is a collection of socio-economic objects or phenomena of social life, united by a certain qualitative basis, a common connection, but differing from each other in individual characteristics.
Populations: homogeneous and heterogeneous: - homogeneous - if one or more studied characteristics of its objects are common to all units (a group of young people - if they are all 17 years old) - heterogeneous - a population that includes phenomena of different types. 2- Unit of population - element of a statistical population. This element is the carrier of characteristics that are subject to registration and the basis of the account maintained during the survey. 3- A characteristic is a distinctive feature, property, qualities inherent in a unit
aggregates and taken into account in statistical research. It is subdivided: - according to the nature of the displayed properties of the population: a) signs that have a direct quantitative meaning (age, experience); b) signs that do not have direct quantitative expression (profession, product, live to see such and such an anniversary). - varying sign: variation is a change in the value of any attribute value during the transition of one object or group of objects to another (from one unit of the population to another) or the presence of different values of the attribute in a unit of the aggregate, which is a consequence of the influence of many different causes (factors) on the elements of the aggregate.4- Stat. indicator – (category) – reflecting quantitative characteristics, the ratio of signs of social phenomena (dimensions).
Statistical indicators: - volumetric - indicators obtained by adding the values of the characteristic of each unit of the population. The value formed when calculating this indicator is called the volume of the attribute (population, labor population, economically employed population); - calculated - indicators that are calculated using special formulas and mathematical methods and are used for analysis
complex social phenomena. (average values) - Planned indicators - indicators, the value of which reflects the level of the phenomenon being studied, which must be achieved in accordance with the plan. - Reporting indicators - indicators, the value of which reflects the level of the phenomenon being studied, achieved in the period under study (if the sign momentary) or for the period under study (if the sign is interval). - prognostic - forecast of estimates. 5- A system of statistical indicators is a set of statistical indicators that reflect the relationships that objectively exist between phenomena and cover all levels of society at various levels. Levels: - macro level - the level of the country, region; - micro level - at the level of organization, family, household. Systems of statistical indicators have the following features: 1 - they are historical in nature; 2 - living conditions of the population, society change, and systems of statistical indicators change; 3-methodology for calculating statistical indicators continuously
is being improved. The main method of statistics is the dialectical method of understanding all phenomena in their interdependence and interdependence. The method of statistics is a whole set of techniques using which statistics examines its subject. It includes three groups of methods proper: the method of mass observations, the method of groupings, and the method of generalizing indicators. 1-Statistical observation consists of collecting primary statistical material, scientifically organized registration of all significant facts related to the object under consideration. This is the first stage of any statistical research. 2-The grouping method makes it possible to systematize and classify all the facts collected as a result of mass statistical observation. This is the second stage of statistical research. 3-The method of generalizing indicators allows you to characterize the phenomena and processes being studied using statistical values - absolute, relative and average. At this stage of statistical research, the relationships and scales of phenomena are identified, the patterns of their development are determined, and forecast estimates are given. - absolute; –relative; –average The educational value of statistics lies in the fact that:
- statistics provides digital and meaningful coverage of the phenomena and processes under study, serves as the most reliable way to assess reality; - statistics gives evidentiary power to economic conclusions, allows you to check various “current” statements, individual theoretical positions; - statistics has the ability to reveal the relationships between phenomena and show them specific form and strength; - statistics are the first to discover new phenomena, processes and patterns, give their quantitative and qualitative characteristics2. The role and importance of statistics in the life of society
Statistical institutions and societies have been created and are functioning, which conduct large-scale statistical work, national and international conferences, symposia, scientific meetings on statistical problems are held, scientific journals and statistical literature are published. Taking into account the peculiarities of the development of a particular country, certain areas receive preferential development . The planned management of the economy in the former USSR required the development of statistical reporting, the centralization of statistical work, the development of statistics as a practical assistant in social work. construction, etc. In countries based on private property, accounting developed within firms as a means of management, control and a tool for competition with rivals, price statistics and special methods were improved. statistical research, etc. Certain work in the field of statistics is also carried out in the Republic of Belarus (we’ll talk about this in other topics). Statistical science will continue to develop. The discipline “Statistics” is basic for a number of disciplines (“Industrial Statistics”, TV and “Mathematical statistics”, “Technical and economic analysis”), is closely related to other disciplines. For example, the discipline “Fundamentals of Economic Theory”, based on statistical facts, formulates the laws of economic development, clarifies and deepens the understanding and content of economic categories, and improves the economic mechanism. Based on economic theory, statistics organizes and conducts the study of economic phenomena, improves statistical methodology, a system of statistical indicators. Specific features have a connection between the “General Theory of Statistics” and the independent mathematical discipline “Theory of Probability and
math statistics". Since large amounts of data are accumulated and processed in statistical research, the role of mathematical methods in statistics is very important. Based on this, some authors tend to consider stat. methods, as part of mathematical methods or a special case of them. However, at the same time, they lose sight of the indisputable fact that mathematics as a science considers mass phenomena in a purely quantitative aspect without taking into account their qualitative content. Statistics studies quantitative aspects in continuous connection with the qualitative certainty of phenomena. There is also an opposite approach, when “Mathematical statistics” is included in statistics as a component element. The “General Theory of Statistics” also uses the theoretical principles of the science of dialectics.
The need and role of statistics in modern society cannot be overestimated. Everything that surrounds a person, everything that in one way or another relates to his activities is subject to statistics. In the modern world, everything is counted. The role of statistics in modern society has increased with maximum force. Because mastery of all types of statistics will provide the state with a chance to observe and effectively resolve issues arising in society.
In the modern understanding, “statistics” has several roles and meanings: 1) data characterizing mass phenomena or processes, for example, the population in several regions on a certain date; 2) carrying out various activities and implementing the activities of a system of statistical institutions for collecting and processing data characterizing all aspects of public life; 3) and most importantly, this is a science that has its own subject and method. The most important modern features of statistics are: Firstly, statistics studies not individual, but mass phenomena, and secondly, quantitative
side of social phenomena. Statistics studies mass social phenomena, that is, those that consist of a sufficiently large population, number of units or facts, the essential properties of which are similar. The theory of statistical methods is aimed at solving real problems. Therefore, new formulations of mathematical problems of analyzing and measuring statistical data very often arise in it, and new methods are developed and justified. Justification is carried out using mathematical means, by proving theorems. A major role is played by the methodological component - how exactly to set problems, what assumptions to accept for the purpose of further mathematical study. The role of modern information technologies, in particular, computer experiments, is great. The second and no less important feature of statistics is its quantitative side of social phenomena - this is, first of all, their sizes, as well as the ratio of sizes. The study of the quantitative side of social phenomena is inextricably linked by their qualitative content. That is, quantitative dimension does not exist without qualitative certainty. For example, when grouping the population by age, statistics display qualitatively distinguishable groups: preschool age, school age, working age, pensioner age. Due to the fact that the phenomena of social life continuously change and develop over time, statistics also studies changes in the quantitative side of phenomena over time. In addition, statistics performs many tasks related to the generalization of the phenomena being studied and reliable knowledge of the surrounding world and aimed at providing users with reliable statistical data, which, first of all, meet international statistical standards, through the formation of a unified interdepartmental information and statistical system, which is aimed at increasing efficiency and management decision making. Statistics carry out important
roles in the economic management mechanism. A necessary condition for effective management decisions at the state and regional levels is the availability of complete and timely information about ongoing phenomena. Quite important in making effective decisions that contribute to an effective decision is the quality of the statistical data provided. In addition, it allows you to develop a behavior strategy based on forecasting the patterns of observed processes. The main task of statistics in the modern economic development of Russia is to characterize the observed changes that are associated with the transition to market relations. To find ways to solve this problem, statistics collects and systematizes information about the objects and processes being reformed, improves methods of collecting, processing and analyzing data, and participates in the development of modern management and marketing. And the state and departmental statistics bodies of the Russian Federation solve a whole range of statistical problems: modernization of various methods of collecting and processing data, development of special methods of statistical observation; development of methods for studying financial and non-financial asset statistics, customs statistics, export and import statistics; improving the system of economic and statistical education in Russia, creating introductory courses and much more; improvement of state and corporate systems of statistical monitoring of social and economic conditions in Russia; development of Russian websites for the purpose of implementing programs in international organizations for domestic statistical information. Thus, we can say that statistics is a science that is an integral part of the life of every society; it determines the dynamics of development, decline, and growth of social phenomena. This is a science that solves certain goals thanks to the presence and development
statistical methods, as well as thanks to developing information technologies. And its subject is the quantitative and qualitative assessment of mass social processes, as well as the quantitative expression of the basic patterns of development in specific conditions of place and time. Only in statistics the following most important tasks are solved: collecting data on all economic processes and phenomena of social life with the subsequent calculation of general indicators of the socio-economic development of industries and firms; tracking and monitoring new phenomena of socio-economic life; increasing economic and statistical education through statistical reference books, articles, collections; conducting an international comparison of the levels of socio-economic development of countries.
Conclusion
Thus, the following parts are distinguished in statistical science: general theory of statistics, economic statistics and its branches, social statistics and its branches.
The general theory of statistics develops general principles and methods of statistical research of social phenomena, the most general categories (indicators) of statistics.
The task of economic statistics is the development and analysis of synthetic indicators that reflect the state of the national economy, the interconnections of industries, features of the location of productive forces, the availability of material, labor and financial resources, and the achieved level of their use. Branches of economic statistics - statistics of industry, agriculture, construction, transport, communications, labor, natural resources, environmental protection, etc.; their task is to develop and analyze statistical indicators of the development of relevant industries. Statistics of large industries can be divided into smaller industry statistics: for example, industrial statistics - into statistics of mechanical engineering, metallurgy, chemistry, etc.; agricultural statistics - into statistics of agriculture and livestock farming, etc.
Social statistics forms a system of indicators to characterize the lifestyle of the population and various aspects of social relations; its branches are statistics of population, politics, culture, health care, science, education, law, etc.
Industry statistics are compiled on the basis of economic indicators
or social statistics, and both are based in turn on categories (indicators) and methods of analysis developed by the general theory of statistics.
The general theory of statistics is the academic discipline from which the formation of the necessary professional knowledge begins for economists, managers, and business executives.
The study of the economic and social development of the country, its individual regions, industries, associations, firms, and enterprises is carried out by bodies specially created for this purpose, the totality of which is called the statistical service. In the Russian Federation, the functions of the statistical service are performed by state statistics bodies and departmental statistics bodies.
This paper makes an attempt to reveal the theoretical basis of the issue. Obviously, due to the excessive breadth of this topic, it is impossible to consider in detail all aspects of this problem in one work. However, based on all of the above, in conclusion we made some conclusions, summarizing the analysis of the issue considered.
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