“Broken window”, “missed call”, “events described in this book” - we often hear, see and use such phrases ourselves. But how do you say them in English? And what is hidden under the frightening term "communion"? Let's find out!
What are sacraments?
First, let's see what participles are in Russian.
Sometimes from words denoting action, you can form a certain sign.
In doing so, we can say:
1. That an action was performed on the object (they read the book - it turned out to be a read book).
2. The object is performing an action right now: a falling branch, a running person (from run away), playing music (from play).
There are also adverbs. It's even simpler: they show that someone is performing one action at the same time as another. In Russian, it is easy to recognize these words by -I/-th at the end:
Vedas I car, don't talk on the phone.
Chit and I book, I sometimes take notes.
recollection and I about it, he sighed.
Sometimes they show that an action was completed before another began. We distinguish them by -V at the end. For example:
talk V on the phone, he got behind the wheel.
read V book, don't forget to return it to the library.
Remember V about it, he sighed.
Why do we need to understand how it works? The fact is that in English all the things described can be expressed by participles! Let's deal with them in order.
1. English present participle (-ing)
Sometimes we need to show that an item is performing an action right now ( falling branch, playing music).
In English, this is achieved by adding -ing to the action word: falling ( falling) branch (from fall) playing ( playing) music (from play), running ( running) person (from run).
More examples:
I woke up to the sound of a working lawn mower.
I woke up to the sound working lawn mowers.
This cigarette smoking man is your new boss.
This person, smoking cigarette is your new boss.
The above cases, in general, are similar to Russian ones, aren't they?
However, there are also those that are translated into Russian not with the help of words in -usch / -yushch / -ashch / -yashch (falling, playing, smoking), but by other means.
1. Two simultaneous actions
Remember, we talked about words showing an action performed simultaneously with another? These are gerunds: talking, reading, remembering, etc.
So, in English, simultaneous actions are also expressed using -ing :
Don't drive a car while talking on the phone.
When driving, do not talk on the phone.
Reading a book I sometimes make notes.
When I read a book, I sometimes take notes.
He sighed remembering this.
Remembering this, he sighed.
Please note that both actions are performed by the same person!
2. Explanation of the reason
Often -ing is used to explain the reason for an action or deed. Note that both the act and the cause refer to the same actor!
realizing that I may be late, I decided to take a taxi.
realizing that I might be late, I decided to take a taxi.
Being tired, I decided to go to bed early.
Being tired, I decided to go to bed early.
3. After the verbs of sensory perception (see, smell, notice, etc.)
Also, -ing is often used after sensory verbs (such as hear- hear, see- see, notice- to notice smell- to smell). In this case, we "see", "hear" and so on what the other person or object is doing!
I saw him standing at the station.
I saw him standing at the bus stop. (Literally: I saw him standing at the bus stop.)
I can smell somebody cooking fish.
I can smell someone cooking fish. (Literally: I smell someone cooking fish.)
4. Having ___ed: two consecutive actions
So, we have considered cases of two simultaneous actions (reading a book, I make notes). But how to express in English the actions that went one after the other? For example, after reading a book, I donated it to the library.
For this we need the following formula:
having + third form of the verb
What's happened " third form of the verb"? For correct verbs is a form on - ed, which coincides in appearance with the past tense: paint (draw with paints) - paint ed. For wrong she owns. In the tables of irregular verbs, the third form is the third in a row. That is, when we see bring-brought- brought(bring) or break-broke- broken(break), then we understand that brought and broken are third forms.
having read the book, I returned it to the library.
After reading book, I returned it to the library.
having finished all the work, I went out for lunch.
Having finished all the work, I went to lunch.
English past participle (-ed)
Sometimes we need to say that an action on an object was performed in the past (the book was read - the read book turned out). In Russian, these will be words like: read a book, eaten a cake, bought a phone. In English, it is only about the third form of the verb: read ( read) book eaten ( eaten) cake bought ( bought) telephone.
Accordingly, the English third form can be used in much the same way as Russian words like done, decided, fried, etc., formed from words denoting action (do, decide, fry in our case).
I have made a list of books read by me this year.
I made a list of books read me for a year.
The telephone bought yesterday has already broken.
Telephone, bought yesterday, already broke.
I thought these tasks were already done.
It seemed to me that these tasks were already made.
1. Design with have _______ ed.
In English, when we say that we have been provided with some kind of service related to a specific subject (for example, they gave us a manicure, fixed a computer, washed a car), we use the following construction: have ___ ____ed (where ___ed is the third form of the verb).
For example:
I had my car washed.
They washed my car. (literally: I had your car washed up.)
I have my hair cut every two months.
I get my hair cut every two months. (literally: I I have your hair tonsured.)
You look somewhat different... have you had your hair dyed?
You look somehow different... did you dye your hair? (literally: you had hair painted?)
So, we examined what participles are in English. In this article, I have tried mainly to draw a correspondence between Russian and English, and also to present some individual cases of frequent use of participles. Hope the information was helpful!
Tasks for consolidation
Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form.
1. I walked back and forth, ___ figure out what to do. (Try - try)
2. It seems to me that Shannon ____. (Dye - dye, hair - hair)
3. I didn't hear ____. (You - you; come - come)
4. ___ pizza, we sat down to watch a movie. (Order - order)
5. She sat at the window and looked at ___ rain. (Fall - fall)
6. The suggestion, ___ John, was the most successful. (Make - do)
7. ___ in money, he took out a loan. (Need - need)
According to the impersonal forms of the verb, we have only the English participle left for dessert. And now I have 2 news for you. I'll start with a good one: the participle in English can correspond to the Russian participle. The bad news: the English participle can also correspond to the Russian participle. And the news is a bonus: the English participle can easily be confused with the gerund. And in a whisper: the English participle has several forms.
Now don't panic! Once upon a time, you probably confused the letters "G" and "J" in the English alphabet, but this is already a distant past. We’ll figure it all out, put it on the shelves and go to practice.
What is an English participle
This is another impersonal form of the verb that combines the properties:
Verb (denoting action)
brokenheart - broken heart;
Adjective (can answer the question "what")
workingmachine - working mechanism;
Adverbs (can answer the question “how?”, “where?”, “where?”, “when?”, “why?”, “for what purpose?”, “to what extent?”)
He was rather furious asking Ann about the school marks - He was quite angry asking Ann about the school grades. (Been angry when? Asking for grades)
English participle forms
There are two main types:
1. PARTICIPLE I (Participle I), Or present participle (Present Participle):
1.1. Present Participle Simple
This is an analogue of our Russian participle or participle in an imperfect form.
Walking (walking, walking)
Look at that walking man. Look at that walking man.
I can't be serious walking with you in the street. I can't be serious walking down the street with you.
1.2. Present Particle Perfect
This is an analogue of the Russian gerund in its perfect form.
Having done (having done)
Having done the work she went home. Having done her work, she went home.
2. PARTICIPLE II (Participle II), Or Past Communion (Past Participle)
This is an analogue of the Russian passive participle in the past tense.
I don't want to drink from the cracked glass. I don't want to drink from a cracked glass.
How is an English participle formed?
Out of the air. Joke.
In fact, in order not to write too much and show the birth of the sacrament in action, it is better to use the English participle table. For greater clarity, let's denote the word "verb" with the letter V (verb). And also I’ll tell you that III is a verb in the third form (i.e. we add the ending to the correct verb -ed, and you already learned the wrong ones, right?)
| View | Active voice | Passive voice | |
| Participle I | Simple | V + ing (eating - eating, eating) | Being + III (being eaten - eaten, being eaten) |
| Perfect |
Having+III (having eaten) |
Having been + III (having been eaten) | |
| Participle II | — | III (eaten) eaten | |
Don't have deja vu right now? So, you didn’t just read the article about the gerund, but at least thought about it. Indeed, the forms of Participle I seem to coincide suspiciously with those of the gerund. And this is so. But the value does not match. Let's figure out who has what functions.
Differences between the English participle and the English gerund
It will be almost impossible to confuse you if you learn one common truth: the gerund can almost always be translated into a verbal noun (even if clumsily) or replaced by a Russian infinitive, but the participle can never be.
Another important point: the participle is usually stuck to the noun, and the gerund is a boy in itself.
Here are examples of the participle in English and the gerund:
Walking is so pleasant… Walking is so pleasant. (gerund)
As for me I don't like walking people near my house! But I don't like people walking around my house! (participle)
That is why I always feel something special walking near your house. So that's why I always feel something special when I walk around your house. (participle, but translated into Russian as a participle)
being offendedhe ran out of the class. Being offended, he jumped out of the classroom. (participle)
I don't like being offended by you. I don't like that you offend me. (gerund)
Having made
a breakfast she went to bed again. After making breakfast, she went back to bed. (perfect participle)
I can't understand youhaving made
that mistake. I can't understand how you made that mistake. (gerund. You can make a clumsy translation with a verbal noun: I can’t understand that you made that mistake).
I understand that the most responsible readers have already read each sentence of the examples several times, moving their lips and thinking. Congratulations! You are setting the bar high. It's difficult, but possible. Especially in practice. At one time, the reception of a “clumsy” translation helped me a lot. When I was in doubt, a gerund or a participle, I brazenly slipped a verbal noun. And if it worked, then it means that I have gerunds in front of me. For example, in a sentence with I don't like being offended you can make such a "clumsiness": I do not like resentment from you.
Of course, a good teacher will not use such exercises. But you won't tell anyone about this know-how, will you? :) Just keep in mind the idea that the gerund is a verb in a past life that became a noun. And the sacrament is usually translated by the Russian participle or gerund.
broken heart - broken heart
Participle- This is an impersonal form of the verb, combining the properties of the verb, adjective and adverb. Communion in English corresponds to participle and gerund in Russian.
There are three types of participles in English: present participle, past participle And perfect participle.
Present participle in English
The present participle is formed by adding the ending -ing to the base form of the verb (i.e. the I form), so this participle is also known as "-ing"-form. This form is used:
In a long (continuous) time, for example: I am speaking- I talking;
As an adjective, for example: the film is interesting- movie interesting;
As a gerund, for example: he is afraid of flying- he is afraid fly.
Pay attention to the changes in the letter when forming this form:
| Change | Example |
| If the word ends with one " e", then it is omitted, but if the word ends with a double “ e" (that is -ee), then it does not go down. | com e– com ing But: agr ee-agr eeing |
| If a word ends in a consonant preceded by a short stressed vowel, the consonant is doubled. | si t-si tt ing |
| If the word ends with " l", preceded by a vowel, then " l" is always doubled (note that American English does not follow this rule). | travel l– travel ll ing ( BrE) travel l– travel l ing ( AmE) |
| If the word ends in "ie", That " ie" is replaced by " y". | l ie-l y ing |
The present participle can be used to describe the following verbs: come, go, sit, in which case it is placed directly after these verbs, for example:
The girl sat crying on the sofa.
The girl sat on the couch and cried.
The present participle can also be used after verbs of perception (, etc.) if it is not necessary to emphasize that the action has been completed, but if it is necessary to show that the action has been completed, the infinitive is used.
For example:
I saw him leaving.
I saw him leave. ( That is part of the process, not completely.)
I saw him leave.
I saw that he left. ( The action has been completed.)
In addition, the present participle denotes an action that is simultaneous with the action of the verb and is used to shorten or combine sentences into active pledge with the same subject, for example:
She left the house and whistled. = She left the house whistling.
She left the house whistling.
Past participle in English
The past participle is formed by adding the ending -ed to the base form of the verb (form I) if it is a regular verb. For irregular verbs, see the third column in the list of irregular verbs.
This form is used:
In the completed (perfect) tense, for example: I have spoken- I talked;
In the passive voice, for example: the letter was written- the letter was written;
As an adjective, for example: I was bored to death - I was terrified boring.
Pay attention to the change in the letter when this form was formed:
The past participle is also used to shorten or combine passive sentences with the same subject, for example:
The boy was given an apple. He stopped crying. = Given an apple, the boy stopped crying.
The boy was given an apple and he stopped crying.
Perfect participle in English
The perfect participle can be used for the active and passive voice.
The perfect participle of the active voice is formed as follows:
having + past participle
For example:
having cooked, set the table.
When he finished cooking, he set the table.
The perfect passive participle is formed as follows:
having been + past participle
For example:
Having been cooked, the food looked delicious.
When the food was cooked it looked very tasty.
The perfect participle can be used to shorten or combine sentences with the same subject if:
One action (the action where the perfect participle is used) ends before the next action, for example:
She bought a bike and cycled home. = Having bought a bike, she cycled home.
She bought a bicycle and rode it home.
One action has already been going on for some period of time when another action begins, for example:
He had been living there for such a long time that he didn't want to move to another town. = having lived there for such a long time, he didn't want to move to another town.
Having lived there for so long, he did not want to move to another city.
The use of participial constructions in English
If any part of the sentence is reduced using the participle, then such a construction is called participle turnover, For example:
Watch TV, she forgot everything around her.
She forgot about everything while watching TV. ( In this offer watching TV- participial.)
In English, participial constructions are used mainly in writing, in order to introduce more information in one sentence.
When using participial phrases, keep the following rules in mind:
In a sentence, the participial turnover and the subordinate clauses related to it must have the same subject.
The participial turnover contains a less important part of the sentence. Important information should be contained in the main sentence.
Always check that the correct participle is being used.
Unions such as as, because, since and relative pronouns like who And which, go down.
Unions before And when are not omitted and are always used in participial turnover.
Unions after And while may or may not be used.
Using participial phrases with different subjects
Sometimes participial constructions can be used even if the combined sentences have different subjects. This happens if, for example, in the main clause there is one of the following verbs in combination with an object: feel, find, hear, listen to, notice, see, smell, watch.
For example:
I heard him playing the guitar.
I heard him play the guitar. ( Here the participial phrase must immediately follow the object to which it refers.)
Also, the participial turnover can be used if both subjects are mentioned (in such cases, the union is often put before the subject in the participial turnover with). However, this is a very formal form and is rarely used.
For example:
Mrs. Jones went to New York. Mr. Smith took up her position. = (With) Mrs. Jones going to New York, Mr. Smith took up her position.
Since Mrs. Jones had gone to New York, Mr. Smith took over her position.
The participle in English is an impersonal form of the verb that combines verbal and nominal (adjective and adverb) features. The participle in English has forms that are fully consistent with the Russian participle and participle. Like all impersonal forms of the verb, the participle has the category of tense. Only this time is not grammatical - it correlates with the time of the main verb in the sentence. Without participle, the formation of many grammatical tenses and all forms of the passive voice is not possible.
In this topic, we will try to consider the English participle in the most complete way, with all its forms and constructions.
Lesson 1. Communion 1 / Participle 1. Present Participle Active.
Present Participle Active can be easily recognized at the end - ing.
Participle can be Present or Perfect, active or passive.
Present is the tense that is simultaneous with the tense of the main verb, and Perfect is the previous tense. As you already understood, we are not talking about grammatical tense here.
So, Present Participle Active corresponds to the Russian real participle of the present tense, and the imperfect participle.
The Present Particle Active form occurs in grammatical tenses(Continuous group times):
The pupils are playing football.
The same form can have a define function:
We noticed a smoking chimney pipe in one of the houses.
We noticed a smoking chimney in one of the houses.
The main function of the Present Particle Active is the circumstance function. We will consider this function of Communion 1 in detail and, for greater clarity, we will give examples with and without participles.
1. Participle turnovers expressing the circumstance of time. Before Present Participle Active, unions When or While are usually used, which are not translated in any way.
(when) going home I met an old friend of mine. - with the sacrament
Walking home (as I was walking home) I met my old friend.
Let's compare
When I was going home, I met an old friend of mine. - without communion
As I was walking home, I met my old friend.
(While) having dinner we discussed many questions. - with the sacrament
While having lunch (While we were having lunch), we discussed many issues.
Let's compare
While we were having dinner, we discussed many questions. - without communion
While we were having lunch, we discussed many issues.
Note
If the action is ordinary or repetitive, then only When is placed before the participle, and not While.
When driving a car I always fasten the seat belt.. - with the sacrament
When I drive (When I drive) I always fasten my seatbelt.
Let's compare
When I am driving a car, I always fasten the seat belt. - without communion
2. Circumstance of the course of action / accompanying circumstance:
They (were drinking) drank beer, talking about women. - with the sacrament(concomitant)
They drank beer while talking about women.
Let's compare
They drank (were drinking) beer and talked (were talking) about women. - without communion
He (was reading) read the letter nervously laughing. - with the sacrament(the circumstance of the course of action).
He (pro) read the letter nervously laughing.
Let's compare
He (was reading) read the letter and laughed (was laughing). - without communion
3. Circumstance cause
Earning much money he usually stayed in Hilton.- with the sacrament
Earning a lot of money, he stayed at the Hilton.
Let's compare
As he earned a lot of money, he usually stayed in the Hilton.- without communion
Since he was making a lot of money, he usually stayed at the Hilton.
Note
Present Participle I Active can also be in comparative and conditional constructions:
She looked at me as if wanting to say something important. (comparative construction).
She looked at me as if though say something important.
If playing by the rules we shall lose.
If play by the rules, we lose.
The past participle in English (Past Participle / Participle II) for regular verbs is formed by adding the ending to the infinitive -ed or -d: to translate ( transfer) - translated ( translated).
The past participle of irregular verbs is formed in various ways (this is the III form of irregular verbs: to make ( do) - made ( made), to take ( take) - taken ( taken), to bring ( bring) - brought ( brought), to buy ( buy) - bought ( bought).
Past Participle is translated into Russian as a past participle.
Use
The past participle is used:
a) before a noun as a verbal adjective with a passive meaning (it is translated into Russian by participle of the passive voice of the past tense into -ny, -ty, sometimes by participle of the passive voice of the present tense into -im, -y, or with the help of a definitive clause): a stolen bag- stolen bag, and broken glass - broken glass, fallen trees - fallen trees, a desired result - desired result;
The spectators were bored. The audience was bored.
The workers were tired. The workers are tired (= were tired).
(Were bored and were tired are the Past Participle of the verbs to bore and to tire. These past participles show how the spectators were exposed - spectators and workers - workers.)
2. For the formation of Perfect Tenses (perfect tenses) and Passive Voice (passive voice).
Not has translated the text. (Present Perfect)
He translated the text.
The chair was broken. (Passive voice)
The chair was broken.
3. In the function of the circumstance of time, cause, mode of action, conditions for expressing time or reason. Such phrases are often translated into Russian by adverbial adverbial clauses.
