Tickets for crawler crane operators. Exam questions for overhead and gantry crane operators. Adjust the brake of the crane rotation mechanism

Choose the correct answer

Question #1: Who can be a crane operator?

1. An experienced crane operator who has passed the medical commission and knows how to operate the crane.

2. An 18-year-old person who is medically fit, holds a crane driver's license, is trained and certified, and is admitted by order.

3. A competent worker who has passed a medical commission, is over 18 years old, is responsible for the good condition of the crane and has a certificate.

Question #2: Steel grade used in the metal construction of the crane bridge.

1. Art.20

2. Art.40X

3. St.0.9G2S

Question #3: Steel grade used in the manufacture of drums, brake pulleys.

1. Art.40

2. St.55L

3. Count 15-32

Question #4: Steel grade used in the manufacture of housings, gearboxes.

1. Count 15-32

2. Art.40x

3. Art. 0.9 H2S

Question #5: What safety precautions should be taken when lifting and lowering a load in the vicinity of a stack or equipment?

1. No people, distance of at least 1 meter of stacks or equipment

2. No people, distance of at least 2 meters of stacks or equipment

3. No people, distance of at least 3 meters of stacks or equipment

Question number 6: The procedure for re-certification of crane operators.

1. A. periodic at least once every 12 months

b. when moving to another shop

B. at the request of Rostekhnadzor

2. a. periodic at least once every 24 months

B. when transferring from one tap to another

V. at the request of the head of the shop.

3. a. periodic at least once every 6 months

B. when transferring from one site to another

B. at the request of engineers for the supervision of pressure vessels (gas pipeline)

Question number 7: The location of the slinger when lifting and lowering the load.

1. At a safe distance.
2. Safe zone determined by the formula A \u003d P + 0.3H
3. In the place specified by experienced workers.

Question number 8: Types of couplings used on the crane.

1. A. overrunning

B. gear

B. friction

2 a. safety

B. promval

B. controller lever

3. a. gear clutch

B. rigid coupling

B. elastic sleeve-finger coupling (MUVP)

Question number 9: Types of technical examination of GPM (hoisting machines).

1. a. partial at least once every 6 months.

2. A. partial at least once every 12 months.

B. complete at least once every 3 years.

3. a. intermediate at least once every 6 months.

B. complete at least once every 2 years.

Question number 10: Storage dimensions.

1. A. from walls, columns not less than 1 meter

G. for the passage of vehicles at least 6 meters.

2 a. from walls, columns not less than 1 meter

b. passage for people at least 1.5 meters

V. at least 2 meters from the rail head

D. for the passage of vehicles at least 4 meters

3. a. from walls, columns not less than 1.5 meters

b. passage for people at least 1.5 meters

V. at least 2 meters from the rail head

D. for the passage of vehicles at least 5 meters

Question number 11: The device of the crane movement mechanism.

1. Electric motor, half-couplings with a brake pulley and mounted on the gearbox shaft, gearbox, couplings, transmission shaft, couplings with a drive wheel with an end gear, a drive wheel, idle ramps.

2 electric motors, coupling halves with a brake pulley and a gearbox mounted on the shaft, clutch gearbox, drive wheel, idle ramps.

1. Electric motor, coupling halves with a brake pulley and mounted on the gearbox shaft, drum, couplings with a drive wheel gearing with an end gear,.

Question # 12: The procedure for transferring the driver from one crane to another and with a break in work for more than one year on this crane.

1. a.training

b. internship

V. work permit

d. test of practical skills

2. a. briefing and painting in the magazine

B. checking the knowledge of the workshop commission

3. there is no need for an internship for a crane operator

Question No. 13: Devices for the movement mechanism of the foundry crane trolley.

1. Electric motor, coupling halves with a brake pulley and mounted on the gearbox shaft, gearbox, couplings, drum, couplings with a drive wheel, a drive wheel, idle ramps.

2. Electric motor, half-coupling with a brake pulley and mounted on the shaft of the gearbox, clutch gearbox, drive wheel, idle ramps. .

3. Electric motor, coupling halves with a brake pulley and mounted on the gearbox shaft, transmission shaft, couplings with a drive wheel with an end gear,

Question number 14: The procedure for tilting the load

1. Work strictly on the command of the slinger
2. Work according to the commands of the person responsible for the safety of work when moving cargo.
3. Avoid swinging of the rope, slack in the rope, as well as falling off the rope from the blocks.

Question number 15: What is the brand key for?

1. To turn off the tap.
2. The key mark is used to prepare the control circuits for operation and clear relationships between maintenance and repair personnel.
3. For the removal of the inspector in case of violations by the crane operator.

Question number 16: The requirement of safety, in particular, pulling the load with a crane.

1. Pulling loads is prohibited

2. The pulling of loads is carried out at the command of the slinger.

3. Pulling loads in progressin the presence of a safety officer.

Question No. 17: Safety requirement in pulling a load with a crane.

1. In the presence of Rostekhnadzor

2. In the presence of the foreman and slinger.

3. With the help of a branch block according to the developed regulations (technological map) and in the presence of a responsible person.

Question number 18: The procedure for lifting cargo for which slinging schemes have not been developed.

1. The presence of a person responsible for the safe movement of goods.

2. The presence of the head of the shop.

3. Presence of the person responsible for the GPM (lifting mechanisms).

Question number 19: The device of the lifting mechanism.

1. Electric motor, coupling half, reducer, open gear, cargo rope, hook suspension, leveling blocks

2.Electric motor, coupling half, brake pulley, reducer, open gear, drum, cargo rope, hook suspension, leveling blocks

3. Electric motor, half-coupling, brake pulley, reducer, drum, cargo rope, hook suspension, leveling blocks.

Question number 20: Who conducts a full, partial examination of the crane?

1. Engineering and technical staff for the supervision of cranes and the person responsible for the serviceability of cranes.

2.Mechanical equipment repairman, electrical equipment repairman.

3. Responsible person for the good condition of the crane and responsible for the safe movement of goods.

Question No. 21: What kind of load is carried out by a statistical test with a crane?

1. Exceeding load capacity by 25%, raised by 100mm and hold for 10 minutes.

2. Exceeding load capacity by 35%, lifted by 200mm and hold for 10 minutes.

3. Exceeding load capacity by 15%, lifted by 300mm and hold for 30 minutes.

Question No. 22: What kind of load is used for dynamic testing?

1. With a load exceeding the carrying capacity by 15%, 7 lifts to a height of 300 mm are made.

2. With a load exceeding the carrying capacity by 10%, 3-6 lifts to a height of 200 mm are made.

1. With a load exceeding the carrying capacity by 40%, 2 lifts are made to a height of 100 mm.

Question #23: The Purpose of a Statistical Test

1. Check the strength of the crane metal structures and identify the presence of residual deformation.

2. Check the reliability of the operation of electric motors, gearboxes, rotation units.

3. Make sure that it is possible to lift a load with a crane that exceeds the capacity of the crane.

Question #24: Purpose of dynamic testing.

1. Check the operation of all crane mechanisms, brakes under load.

2. Verify that there is no permanent deformation of the crane bridge.

3. Check the operation of the protective panel.

Question number 25: The purpose of preventive examination.

1. To clean the faucet from dust and dirt.

2. Make sure there are no people on the crane bridge.

3. Identify and eliminate faults that can lead to a sudden breakdown of the crane.

Question number 26: The procedure for stopping the crane for routine inspection.

1.a Disable key-mark. Pull her out of the castle, turn off the switch and put up a poster.

B. warn the operator of a neighboring crane and protect the crane with dead ends with flags.

B. protect the place under the tap, hang out the poster “No entry”.

2.a. warn the driver of a neighboring crane.

B. make sure there are no people under the tap.

B. turn off the brand key.

3.a. get a team of the master to quickly and efficiently inspect the crane.

B. remove smudges of lubricant from the gearbox.

B. report on the inspection to the driver of a neighboring crane.

Question No. 27: Safety requirement regarding the alignment of loads by the weight of people, as well as the correction of slings for the weight of the load.

1.Permitted with additional security measures.

2. Permitted to persons responsible for the safe conduct of work.

3.Strictly prohibited.

Question #28: What is a crane bridge?

1.Metal structure supported by running wheels. They are made in the form of a lattice or box-shaped truss.

2. A platform for the movement of a locksmith. Electrician, crane operator from one crane track to another.

3. Wooden ceiling between the main beams installed after repair.

Question # 29: The procedure for the examination of removable GZP.

1.Before each load is lifted.

2. After manufacturing or after repair (the container is not tested)

3. When inspected by the person responsible for the safe movement of goods by cranes.

Question No. 30: Condition and procedure for lifting loads with several cranes.

1. According to the developed regulations, responsible for the safe performance of work by cranes.

2. Each crane has a slinger attached.

3. Appointment of an additional signalman.

Question number 31: What is subject to fencing on the crane?

1. Rotating parts of mechanisms.

2. Crane bridge. Crane trolley.

3. All current-carrying and rotating parts of the mechanism on the crane, bridge, trolley.

Question No. 32: Timing and conduct of periodic inspections of the GZP.

1. Slinger, with each slinging of the load.

2. The person responsible for the safe performance of work by cranes during the shift.

3. From among the engineers, he is appointed by order of the head of the workshop, the person responsible for the good condition of the GZP, who inspects

A. slings (chain, rope, hemp), hooks, end links 1 time in 10 days.

b. containers, tongs, traverses, rocker arms - 1 time per month.

Question No. 33: Where is the slinger located when loading and unloading semi-platforms?

1.On a flyover or portable platform.

2. On the platform at a distance of 1 meter from the load to be installed.

3. On the ladder mounted on the car.

Question No. 34: The order of the leveled cargo on the platform and gondola car.

1. About the board of the platform.

2. Hook not less than 2 meters.

3. By hand, provided that the load is no more than 200 mm above the installation site.

Question No. 35: What is prohibited when loading the platform?

1. Loading in the absence of a person responsible for the safety of work with cranes.

2. Loading moving platforms and transferring cargo to a diesel locomotive.

3. Loading platforms not uncoupled from the locomotive.

Question number 36: What is applied to the sling tag?.

1.Number, load capacity, test date.

2. Number, manufacturer, date of manufacture

1. Number, date of manufacture, expiration date.

Question number 37: Labeling of containers.

1. Tare weight, number, its purpose, cargo weight.

2. Number, weight of the cargo.

3. Tare weight, its purpose,

Question number 38: The action of the crane operator in the event of an accident.

1. Leave the crane immediately.

2. Report to the master and wait for his orders.

3. Take steps to lower the load, if possible. Protect the danger zone, turn off the tap, inform the master.

Question #39: Purpose of heat treatment.

1. For processing the workpiece by forging.

2. Application of bluing on the surface of the workpiece.

3. Giving blanks the necessary properties (strength, elasticity, hardness, wear resistance, etc.)

Question number 40: The procedure and content of applying inscriptions (designations) on the GPM (hoisting machines)

1. Order number, carrying capacity, date of the next partial and full technical examination.

2. Order number, carrying capacity, date of the current partial and full technical examination.

3. Crane number, person responsible for the good condition of the crane and lifting capacity.

Question No. 41: Who takes the crane out for repairs?

1. Crane operator.

2. The person responsible for the good condition of the crane.

3. The person responsible for the safe performance of work.

Question No. 42: What document is issued for crane repair?

1. Written permission of the locksmith in the logbook.

2.One-time permission, responsible for the safe production of work

3. Work permit.

Question No. 43: Under what defects is the hook suspension not allowed to work?

1. Hook nuts are untwisted, wear of block flanges, block stream wear, lack of self-unscrewing devices, wear of the hook throat, lack of rotation of parts around its axis (blocks, hook), wear in the axes, cracks and chips on block flanges, hook deformation.

2. For any defects, work is allowed.

3. Hook nuts are untwisted, wear of the hook mouth, wear in the axles, cracks and chips on the flanges of the blocks, deformation of the hook.

Question No. 44: Frequency of defectoscopy of hooks, suspension axles.

1. Once a year.

2. Once every 2 years.

3.Once every 6 months.

Question No. 45: Permissible wear of block flanges.

1.20%

2.10%

3.5%

Question No. 46: Permissible wear of the hook in the throat.

1.11%

2.10%

3.15%

Question #47: Permissible wear of strand blocks.

1.40%

2.10%

3.15%

Question #48: What prevents the rope from falling off the pulleys?

1. Fender, gap between casing and blocks.

2. The work of the crane operator without oblique tension.

3.Nothing prevents.

Question No. 49: The content of the entries that should be logged.

1. Crane maintenance procedure, shift task for the crane operator.

2. Technical characteristics of the crane, note of the state of the crane, marks on the elimination of remarks of the crane, time and reasons for stopping the crane, records of the stop and start of the crane from repair, full name. crane operator and responsible person for the good condition of the crane.

3. Note to the crane operator about the work of the slinger when lowering and moving the load.

Question No. 50: Where are the malfunctions indicated in which the driver should not start work?

1. Instructions for the crane driver.

2.Technological map.

3. Slinging scheme.

Question No. 51: Appointment of crane tracks.

1. For the movement of locomotives.

2.To move service personnel.

3. For the perception of pressure from the running wheels and the direction of their movement.

Question No. 52: Defects under crane tracks.

1. Cracks of any size, punctures of the rail head or sole, wear of the rail head more than 15% of the original profile, displacement of the rail joints, lack of fasteners (bolts, nuts, kimmers) of the rail.

2. Wear of crane ramps, no flanges.

3. Lack of walk-through galleries.

Question #53: Who can be a slinger, a signalman?

1. An experienced crane operator who has passed a medical commission and knows sign alarms.

2. A slinger, a signalman is appointed a person not younger than 18 years of age, fit for health reasons, having a slinger's certificate, trained and certified and admitted by order.

In cases where the crane service area is not fully visible from the cab, a signalman from among the responsible slingers is appointed responsible for the safe performance of work on moving goods by cranes.

3. Competent employee who has passed the medical commission, over 18 years old.

Question No. 54: The design of the running wheels.

1. a Cylindrical double-bored.

B. Cylindrical beadless.

B. Conical single-board - with a large span and are used for automatic alignment of distortions.

2. With high pressure chambers of at least 50 atmospheres.

3.Cylindrical tribord with platinum coating.

Question number 55: Reboda wear, slope.

Question #56: Rim wear (rolling surface)

1.15-20%

2.25-30%

3.10%

Question No. 57: Safety requirements in terms of pulling the load during lifting or moving the load.

1.With the help of a rope.

2.Not allowed

3.Using a hook at least 2 meters long.

Question No. 58: Safety requirements regarding the turn of long loads.

1. Rope, hook not less than 2 meters.

2. Board not less than 2 meters.

3.Hands, body weight.

Question #59: Tolerable brake pulley wear.

Question No. 60: Permissible wear of fingers, brake holes.

1.5%

2.10%

3.20%

Question No. 61: Permissible wear of brake linings.

1.25%

2.10%

3.50%

Question No. 62: Which document defines the procedure for inspecting the GLM before work.

1.Technological instruction.

2. Instructions for the crane driver.

3. Instructions for the slinger.

Question No. 63: Which persons should be signaled by the crane operator during work.

1. The person responsible for the good condition of the crane.

2. The person responsible for the safe performance of work.

3. A slinger or signalman known to him.

Question No. 64: How can one enter the cabin of an overhead crane?

1. With landing pad, crane bridge, rope ladder.

2. From the car lift through the window into the cab.

3. Through the crane runway, along the crane beams into the cab.

Question No. 65: How to check the lift brake.

1. Take a load exceeding the lifting capacity of the crane by 25%, the load should not fall.

2. When lifting the load to a height of 200-300 mm, slightly lower the load down and set the controller to the zero position. The load must not drop.

3. Drive the hook suspension from zero to the limit switch with 5-6 stops. The hook block must not drop.

Question number 66: The procedure for testing the mechanisms of the crane in idle.

1.a. make sure that there are no people on the crane and crane tracks.

B. make sure that the hatch of the main trolls is locked.

B. close the door leading from the cab to the landing area and the hatch to exit the bridge gallery.

G. will set the handles and handwheels of all controllers to the zero position.

D. give a clear sound signal, turn on the main and emergency switch, insert and turn on the brand key and by pressing the ON button. protective panel

e. inspect the faucet.

2.a. make sure that the hatch of the main trolls is locked.

D. give a clear sound signal, turn on the main and emergency switch, insert and turn on the brand key and by pressing the ON button. Protective panel.

3.a. make sure that there are no people on the crane and crane tracks.

B. close the door leading from the cockpit to the landing area and the hatch to exit the bridge gallery.

B. will set the handles and handwheels of all controllers to the zero position.

d. inspect the faucet

Question number 67: What metals are used for conductors of electric current?

1. Metal black ST- trolleys

Cast iron MF - current collectors

Silver Ag-in the form of refractory alloys for contacts

Aluminum Al-wire.

2. Metal black ST-trolleys

Cast iron MF - current collectors

Copper Cu - wires, contacts, feeders

Titanium Ti-in the form of refractory alloys for contacts

Tin Sn- wires.

3. Tin sn- trolley

Cast iron MF - current collectors

Gold Au- wires, contacts, feeders

Titanium Ti-in the form of refractory alloys for contacts

Aluminum Al-wire.

Question No. 68: Is it allowed to lift or turn over a load whose weight exceeds the weight of the crane.

1.No.

2. Yes.

Question No. 69: Is it allowed to allow persons who do not have a slinger's certificate to strapping or slinging, as well as the use of removable GZP and containers without a tag or marking

1.No.

2.Yes.

Question number 70: Is it allowed to lift an incorrectly slinged load.

1.Yes.

2.No.

Question No. 71: Is it possible to lift a cylindrical load in a vertical position if there is no slinging scheme on them.

1.No.

2.Yes.

Question No. 72: Is it allowed to lift a load in an unstable position or a load hung by one horn of a two-horn hook, as well as in a container filled above the established filling mark.

1.Yes.

2.No.

Question No. 73: It is allowed to lift cargo by crane onto adjacent cranes.

1.No.

2.Yes.

Question number 74. Is it allowed to lift the load with removable devices or devices not intended for this load, as well as slinging the load and hanging it on a grab, magnet, pliers, crampons, etc.

1.Yes.

2.No.

Question number 75: Is it allowedlifting and moving a load with people on it, as well as a load leveled by the weight of people or supported by hands

1.No.

2.Yes.

Question No. 76: Is it allowed to lift a load that is covered with earth or frozen to the ground, embedded with other loads, reinforced with bolts or poured with concrete.

1.Yes.

2.No.

Question No. 77: Responsibility for violation of rules, instructions, technological maps, slinging schemes

1. It is reported at the place of work to relatives, to school, kindergarten at the location of the children of violators.

2. No responsibility is taken.

3. Disciplinary, meteial, criminal.

Question No. 78: Rejection of the rope as a result of surface wear and corrosion.

1. Has a decrease in the diameter of the rope as a result of surface wear or corrosion by 7% or more compared to the nominal diameter of the rope.

2.25%

3.50%

Question No. 79: When is it possible to operate a rope with a damaged core?

1. Always if the load does not exceed the lifting capacity of the crane.

2. Not allowed.

3. It is allowed in the presence of a person responsible for the good condition of the crane.

Question number 80: Duties of a crane operator when repairing a crane.

1. Engaged in maintenance of the crane, participates in the repair, accepts the crane from the repair.

2. Attracted to work in other areas.

3. Studying instructions.

Question number 81: What is the workplace of the crane operator?

1. Crane bridge.

2. Platforms where cargo is stored and moved.

3. Crane cabin.

Question No. 82: How is a long load slinged?

1. Two slings with an angle of not more than 90 *

2. Two slings with an angle of not more than 120 *

3. Two slings with an angle of not more than 60 *

Question No. 83: The action of the crane operator after a break in the operation of the crane.

1. Test the mechanisms and get to work.

2. Make sure there are no people on the crane tracks, check the safety devices.

3. Immediately begin work on the command of the site foreman.

Question No. 84: How is the bearing box checked?

1.t of the axle box cover and shaft should not exceed 60*-65*, that is, the back of the hand is applied to the cover or shaft must be bearable feeling. Pyrometers, technical thermometers.

2. Medical thermometer.

3. Curvimeter.

Question number 85: Reasons for heating.

1. Increased atmospheric pressure.

2. Intensive work of mechanisms.

3. Stopping the supply of lubricant, contamination of lubricants, the appearance of scoring on the shaft neck, through the measured tightening of the liners, the destruction of rolling bearings.

Question No. 86: Is it possible to lift reinforced concrete products with cracks?

1.No.

2.Yes.

Question No. 87: How is fire safety ensured on a crane?

1. Fire safety rules posted in the cab.

2. No grease leaks, no flammable objects, a box of sand, a set of fire extinguishers (carbon dioxide, powder, foam).

3. The presence of a fire service.

Question No. 88: What determines the gear ratio of a cylindrical gear?

1. The number of gears.

2.Number of input and output shafts.

3. the ratio of the number of teeth of the driven wheel to the leading one.

Question 89: Who gives permission for the crane operator to leave the crane cab?

1. The person to whom he is subordinate.

2. The operator of a neighboring crane.

3. Mom, wife, children.

Question No. 90: Causes of a skewed crane.

1. Voltage drop in the network.

2. Increased atmospheric pressure.

3.a. Faucet not fixed

B. Out-of-service crane tracks

Question number 91: Where is the key mark?

1. It is handed over to the shifter or handed over to the foreman for storage at the stand with a note in the journal about the issuance of a "key-brand".

2. Taken by the driver with him.

3.Hides in a safe place.

Question #92: When is a shift considered accepted?

1. When the person handing over the shift signed in the logbook.

2. When the shift taker accepted the brand key and signed the logbook.

3. By permission of the site foreman.

Question No. 93: Action of the crane operator upon receipt of the “STOP” command

1. Finish the operation and stop.

2. Do nothing and find out the reason.

3. Upon receiving the “STOP” command, the crane operator must stop moving and set the controllers to the zero position.

Question number 94: Is it allowed to carry cargo over people.

2. Permitted.

3. It is allowed if people in the flight and in the premises are warned in advance.

Question #95: What is used to lubricate gearboxes?

1. Grease.

2. Transmission lubricant.

3. Distilled water at t 60 * with the addition of molybdenum powder.

Question No. 96: When are traverses not allowed to be used in work?

1. Development or wear of loops, hooks, fingers, axles more than 10%; cracks in welded joints, deformation.

2. Development or wear of loops, hooks, fingers, axles more than 20%; cracks in welded joints, deformation.

3. Development or wear of loops, hooks, fingers, axles more than 40%; cracks in welded joints, deformation.

Question #97: When are pincers and other grippers not allowed at work?

1. There is wear or blunting of the notch or core, there is a development in hinged joints of more than 20%, there are cracks, tears and other defects that violate the strength of the original geometric dimensions

2. There is wear or blunting of the notch or core, there is a development in hinged joints of more than 40%, there are cracks, tears and other defects that violate the strength of the original geometric dimensions

3. There is wear or blunting of the notch or core, there is a development in hinged joints of more than 10%, there are cracks, tears and other defects that violate the strength of the original geometric dimensions.

Question No. 98: When are containers not allowed to be used in work?

1. Violation of the integrity of welded and riveted joints, cracks, wear of gripping bodies in places of hooking 20%

2. Violation of the integrity of welded and riveted joints, cracks, wear of gripping bodies in places of hooking 10%

3. Violation of the integrity of welded and riveted joints, cracks, wear of gripping bodies in places of hooking 30%

Question No. 99: The method of attaching the drum shaft to the gearbox shaft.

1. Gear coupling or open gear.

2.By welding the gearbox shaft to the drum axis.

3. Friction clutch.

Question number 100: The amount of filling the container.

1. To prevent spills and falls.

2.Filled out at the request of the person for the safe performance of work.

3. Loose and small piece 100mm to the side or line, liquid - underfilling one third to the side.

1. Safety conditions when transporting goods over ceilings, where are people?

The movement of goods over the ceilings of industrial, residential or service premises in which people may be is not allowed. In some cases, in agreement with the bodies of the Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia, cargo can be moved over the ceilings of industrial or office premises in which people are located, but only after the development of measures to ensure the safe performance of work.

2. Why and where are dead ends and buffers installed, what are the requirements for them?

Dead ends take loads from the crane and prevent it from leaving the end sections of the crane runway in emergency situations and in case of failure of the limiter of movement or the brakes of the crane mechanism.
Currently, three main types of dead ends are used for cranes:
- shock (with wooden, rubber, spring, spring-friction, hydraulic and combined buffers);
- unstressed (gravitational and frictional-gravitational);
- dead-end stops of the combined type.

General view of dead-end stops of unstressed type.
1 - shoe; 2 - handle; 3 - guide; 4 - clamp; 5, 6 - bolt, nut.

Dead-end stop of shock type on a reinforced concrete beam of a crane track.
1 - rack; 2 - limiter of the crane movement mechanism; 3 - elastic shock absorber; 4, 9 - stiffeners; 5 - guide; 6 - reinforced concrete BKP; 7- fixing plate;8 - fixing bolts.

Dead ends are fixed in a section perpendicular to the axis of the crane runway.
For elevated crane tracks on metal (steel) or reinforced concrete beams of crane tracks (BKP), dead ends are fixed at a distance of at least 500 mm from the end of the beam.
For overhead crane tracks on the BKP, a monolithic reinforced concrete base or on wooden and reinforced concrete half sleepers, dead ends are fixed at a distance of at least 500 mm from the end of the beam or the axis of the last half sleeper.
For better visibility from the crane operator's cab, end stops must be painted in a distinctive (preferably red) color.
Operation shows that the most significant factors for impact type dead ends are the destruction of their fastening, and for non-impact type dead ends - the crane moving over the dead end stop.
Supervision and maintenance of end stops in operation is reduced to their correct use and constant monitoring of their condition, for this purpose it is necessary to carry out:
- monthly inspection;
- annual maintenance and inspection without dismantling;
- once every 3 years, maintenance is carried out by the person responsible for maintaining cranes in good condition;
- once every 3 years, a complete technical examination with a detailed disassembly of dead ends is carried out by a specialized organization.
The results of the survey are recorded in the journal.
Scheduled checks of the condition of stops and crane tracks must coincide in time.
During a scheduled inspection, it is necessary to ensure the correct installation of the stops, check their technical condition and tighten the fastenings of the guide to the supporting elements.
After an accident, dead ends are subjected to a full technical examination.
In winter, dead ends should be cleared of snow and ice.
During operation, dead ends, in addition to inspections and surveys, should be periodically subjected to a comprehensive examination.

3. What couplings are installed between electric motors and gearboxes? Design features of these couplings.

The electric motor is connected to the gearbox by means of gear couplings and a non-metallic (rubber) elastic element.
The coupling half is manufactured in accordance with state standards with external teeth. To improve wear resistance, the teeth are heat treated.

4. Fuses and their purpose. Where are they installed on the crane?

A fuse is an electrical element designed to disconnect the protected circuit by melting the protective element. Fusible elements are made from lead, lead-tin alloys, zinc, and copper. Designed to protect electrical equipment from short circuit currents and unacceptable long-term overloads.
Basically, the fuses are installed in the metal switch cabinet. Control fuses are installed in the cabinet of the crane operator's cab, power fuses in the common electrical cabinet of the crane, input fuses are installed in the common main cabinet for switching on the crane.

5. Show stop signal.

6. What work is carried out in the presence of a person responsible for the safe movement of goods by cranes?

When loading and unloading gondola cars;
- when moving cargo with several cranes;
- near power lines;
- when moving cargo for which slinging schemes have not been developed;
- as well as in other cases provided for by the projects for the production of works or technological regulations.

7. Dimensions of cargo storage near the railway. way. How can you determine the weight of a load?

When storing materials and products near railway tracks, the distance between the stacks and the nearest rail must be at least 2 m.
Stowage of goods should be carried out evenly, without violating the dimensions established for warehousing cargo.
To lift a load, its mass and slinging pattern must be known.
If the mass of the load to be transported is unknown, the slinger must stop work and notify the person responsible for the safe operation of cranes.
Moving a load with an unknown mass is unacceptable. To move a load, it is necessary to determine its actual mass.
The approximate weight of the cargo Q, kg, can be determined by the formula Q=pV, where p is the specific weight of the cargo, kg/m3; V is the volume of cargo, m3.
Specific weight, kg/m3, of the most common materials:
Steel, cast iron………………………………………………. 7500…7800
Concrete, reinforced concrete……………………………………. 1800…2500
Brick, sand…………………………………………… 1400… 1800
Glass……………………………………………………….. 2600…2700
Pine:
dry………………………………………………………. 310…760
wet……………………. ……………………………. 400…1100
Birch, oak:
dry…………………………………………………………. 690…1000
wet……………………………………………………. 800…1200

8. The device of the bridge crane of general purpose.

Overhead cranes are installed in factories and warehouses. The bridge of the crane moves along the elevated crane track 2, which is laid on columns, so the crane does not occupy the usable area of ​​the room. Overhead cranes for general purposes can have a lifting capacity of 5 to 50 tons and a span of up to 34.5 m.

Overhead crane
1 - cabin; 2 - crane way; 3 - cargo trolley; 4 - bridge

An overhead crane consists of two main parts: a bridge and a trolley moving along it.
The trolley has a lifting mechanism and a trolley movement mechanism. In addition to the main lifting mechanism, an auxiliary mechanism can be installed on the trolley, the carrying capacity of which is 3 to 5 times less than the carrying capacity of the main mechanism.
Crane mechanisms are electrically driven. They provide three working movements of the crane to move the load to any part of the workshop: lifting and lowering the load, moving the cargo trolley, moving the bridge.

9. What current is called direct and what is variable? Where on cranes is alternating current used and where is direct current?

Alternating current, unlike direct current, continuously changes both in magnitude and in direction, and these changes occur periodically, that is, they are exactly repeated at regular intervals.

Depending on the nature of the supply current and the mode of operation, both AC and DC electric motors are used on cranes.
The most common are single-motor electric drives of three-phase alternating current with a frequency of 50 Hz. Typically, these drives use asynchronous electric motors, which, depending on the rated power, have either a squirrel-cage rotor (for power up to 10 kW) or a rotor with slip rings (for power up to 100-150 kW).
General industrial asynchronous motors are most widely used due to the simplicity of the device. They are used in machines and mechanisms with long-term continuous operation (conveyors, feeders, sorting, etc.).
To drive machines with intermittent operation (construction cranes, excavators), special crane asynchronous electric motors with high overload capacity are used - short-circuited and with slip rings. The first of them allow a short-term overload equal to three times, are easy to control (push-button control), but do not allow speed control and cause significant starting torques, which leads to dynamic loads in the mechanisms. Crane motors with slip rings allow, within certain limits, speed control by including resistance elements in the rotor circuit. Sequential inclusion of resistance in the rotor circuit reduces the speed of its rotation, turning off the resistance increases the speed to the nominal value. On overhead cranes, as a rule, a multi-motor AC electric drive is used using asynchronous crane motors with slip rings.
If it is necessary to regulate the number of revolutions in a wide range, DC electric motors are used, however, the complexity of the device and the absence of widely branched DC networks make it difficult to use.

10. Show the signal "Lift the load".

EXAM TICKETS Ticket 1

1. Dangerous production facilities.

2. The difference between truck cranes and other jib cranes.

3. Appointment and arrangement of safety devices for an automobile crane KS-4572.

4. Load characteristics of the crane KS-5476 on a special chassis of an automobile type.

5. Responsibility of the crane operator for violation of safety requirements.

Ticket 2

1. The procedure for transferring a crane operator from a crane of one design to a crane of another design.

2. Classification of truck cranes by load capacity.

3. Purpose of the load limiter ONK-140.

4. The procedure for maintaining the logbook of the crane operator.

5. The main causes of industrial injuries.

Ticket 3

1. In what cases is the knowledge of crane operators re-tested?

2. The main components and mechanisms of the automobile crane KS-35714.

3. Appointment of the registrar of the parameters of the operation of an automobile crane.

5. The effect of electric current on a person.

Ticket 4

1. The procedure for admission of the crane operator to independent work on the crane.

2. Characteristics of truck crane drives, their advantages and disadvantages.

3. Crane safety devices KS-4572A.

5. Electrical safety measures when servicing a truck crane.

Ticket 5

1. Obligations of the crane operator before the operation of the crane.

2. The main parameters of the truck crane KS-4572.

3. Appointment and arrangement of the load capacity limiter of the crane KS-6476.

5. Rendering first aid to the victim from the action of electric current.

Ticket 6

Fig. 2. Kinematic diagram of an automobile crane with a mechanical drive.

3. The main components and mechanisms of the crane KS-6973 on a special chassis of an automobile type.

4. Features of the operation of truck cranes in winter.

5. Requirements for labor protection during the operation of cranes.

Ticket 7

1. Duties of the crane operator in emergency situations.

Fig. 2. Kinematic diagram of a KS-4572 truck crane with a hydraulic drive.

3. Safety devices of the automobile crane KS-3577.

4. The concept of the system of preventive maintenance of cranes.

5. First aid for injury.

Ticket 8

1. The order of acceptance and delivery of the shift.

2. Kinematic diagram of a truck crane with a diesel-electric drive.

3. The main components and mechanisms of the automobile crane KS-4517K.

4. The concept of maintenance of cranes.

5. Requirements for lifting devices.

Ticket 9

1. Obligations of the crane operator at the end of the work of the crane.

2. Brakes, their purpose, type, device and adjustment.

3. Crane safety devices MKAT-16.

4. Every shift and periodic maintenance of truck cranes.

5. Procedure for inspection and rejection of slings.

Ticket 10

1. The main regulatory documents for the safe operation of the crane, necessary for the crane operator.

2. The design of the slewing device of the automobile crane KS-45719.

3. Purpose and device of the mechanical tilt indicator (inclinometer) of the crane KS-2561D.

4. The concept of current and overhaul of automobile cranes.

5. Safety measures when lifting cargo with two or more cranes.

Ticket 11

1. Responsibilities of the crane operator for the maintenance of the crane.

2. The main defects of the metal structures of automobile cranes.

3. Purpose and device of the electromechanical crane tilt indicator (inclinometer).

4. Works on preparing a truck crane for winter.

5. The main causes of fires.

Ticket 12

1. Conditions for installing a crane on the edge of the slope of the pit (ditch).

2. Design features of the booms of automobile cranes.

3. Appointment of the device for protecting the crane from dangerous voltage of power lines (type "Barrier").

4. Procedure for maintenance (EO and TO-1) of cranes with a mechanical drive.

5. Safety measures when performing loading and unloading operations with cranes.

Ticket 13

1. The procedure for the production of work by a crane near an overhead power line.

2. Tower-boom equipment of automobile cranes.

3. Coordinate protection of cranes.

4. Procedure for maintenance (EO and TO-1) of cranes with hydraulic drive.

5. Obligations of the crane operator when working with flammable goods and when the crane is in a territory dangerous in terms of fire.

Ticket 14

2. Appointment and arrangement of steel ropes.

3. The purpose and arrangement of safety valves installed in the hydraulic lines of automobile cranes and cranes on a special automobile-type chassis.

4. Procedure for maintenance (EO and TO-1) of cranes with electric drive.

5. Safety measures when performing construction and installation works with the help of cranes.

Ticket 15

1. Conditions for the joint operation of two or more truck cranes for lifting bulky goods.

2. Methods for fastening ropes on truck cranes and their rejection rates.

3. Frequency and methods of checking the load capacity indicators of truck cranes.

4. Types of lubricants used in the lubrication of automobile cranes.

5. Providing first aid to victims of electric current.

Ticket 16

1. Procedure for loading and unloading rolling stock and vehicles by crane.

2. Appointment and arrangement of drums, blocks, hook hangers and tackles.

3. Frequency and methods of checking load limiters.

4. Map of lubrication of the automobile crane KS-3574.

5. Requirements for the installation of truck cranes at the work site.

Ticket 17

1. Rules for the safe lifting and movement of goods by cranes.

2. Schemes of rope reeving with different multiplicity of chain hoists.

3. Load characteristics of the crane KS-4573.

4. Rules to be observed when carrying out lubrication work.

5. The procedure for the use of fire extinguishing agents.

Ticket 18

1. Conditions for the performance of construction and installation work by cranes.

2. Purpose and device of the pneumatic control system for automobile cranes.

3. Periodicity and methods of checking the coordinate protection of cranes.

4. The procedure for adjusting the brakes during the maintenance of automobile cranes.

5. Rules of conduct for crane operators in case of fire and their participation in the elimination of the fire.

Ticket 19

1. The procedure for slinging and securing cargo.

2. Apparatus for controlling the hydraulic drive of the crane KS-6973.

3. Frequency and methods of checking the load limiter ONK-140.

4. Faults in which the operation of the crane is not allowed.

5. Safety measures when repairing a crane.

Ticket 20

1. In what cases is the crane operator obliged to stop working with the crane.

2. Apparatus for controlling the electric drive of automobile cranes.

3. Purpose of the crane lubrication system.

4. The main malfunctions of the mechanical limiters of the load capacity of automobile cranes.

5. Actions of the crane operator in emergency situations.

Ticket 21

1. The main duties of the crane operator when the crane is put into operation.

2. Sign signaling when moving goods by cranes.

3. Cabin of the crane operator and the location of the handles and control pedals in it.

4. Appointment of coordinate protection of cranes.

5. The main malfunctions of the electromechanical load limiter (type OGP-1)

Ticket 22

1. The procedure established at the enterprise for the direction of truck cranes to the objects of work.

2. The device of the system of electro-pneumatic control of the crane KS-4562.

3. Lubrication system for hydraulic cranes.

4. The main malfunctions of the electronic load limiter ONK-120.

5. Obligations of the crane operator at the end of the work of the crane.

Ticket 23

1. The duties of the crane operator during the operation of the crane.

2. Control devices for hydraulic drive KS-6476.

3. The lubrication system of automobile cranes with electric drive.

4. The main damage to the metal structures of automobile cranes.

5. Rules for the evacuation of people in case of fire.

Ticket 24

1. Cases when the crane operator must not put the truck crane into operation.

2. The device of the hydraulic system of the crane KS-6973.

3. Electrical equipment of automobile cranes of the SMK type.

4. The main malfunctions of the mechanical equipment of automobile cranes.

5. The procedure for carrying and transporting the victim.

Ticket 25

1. Basic safety measures when moving goods with a crane over the ceilings of buildings where people are located.

2. Appointment and arrangement of hydraulic equipment of the crane KS-3575.

3. Frequency of inspection and maintenance of electrical equipment of a crane with an electric drive (CMK type).

4. The main malfunctions and damage to the cargo and jib ropes of cranes.

5. First aid for fractures, dislocations and sprains.

1. Federal Law "On Industrial Safety of Hazardous Production Facilities" dated July 21, 1999 No. 116-FZ.

2. Federal Law No. 181-FZ dated July 17, 1999 "On the Fundamentals of Labor Protection in the Russian Federation"

3. Rules device and safe operation of cranes (PB 10-283-00). M.: PIO OBT, 2000.

4. Collection standard instructions for the safe operation of cranes. M.: PIO OBT, 1997.

5. New regulatory documents for the safe operation of lifting structures, issues 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. M .: PIO OBT, 1998-2000.

6. Shishkov N.A. Manual for technical supervision of the safe operation of cranes. M.: PIO OBT, 1995.

7. Shishkov N.A. Ensuring safety in the production of work with cranes. M.: PIO OBT, 1999.

8. Shishkov N.A. Handbook for crane operators (drivers) of automobile cranes. M.: PIO OBT, 1997.

9. Directory on maintenance, repair and diagnostics of cranes, volume 1 and 2. M .: PIO OBT, 1996.

Ticket number 1 1. Lifting mechanism p / c "Ganz". Device, management, maintenance, requirements. 2. The device of the DC motor, the principle of its operation. 3. Bolted and riveted joints: purpose, defects, repair. 4. Persons supervising the safe operation of lifting machines. Their rights. 5. Providing first aid to the victim of electric current. Ticket number 2 1. The mechanism for turning p / c "Ganz". Device, management, maintenance, requirements. 2. Types of DC motors, their quality, where are they used in ports? 3. Materials used in the manufacture of metal structures of cranes. Steel marking. 4. What hoisting machines, load-handling bodies and devices are subject to the rules of Gosgortekhnadzor? 5. Types of electrical injuries. Ticket number 3 1. Slewing device with a rotating column: design and maintenance. 2. The device of the DC generator and the principle of obtaining current. 3. Welded joints: purpose, defects, repair. 4. What is the procedure for putting into operation new hoisting machines and machines, the operation of which was prohibited by the supervisory authorities. 5. What is protective grounding and grounding? What is the difference? 2 Ticket No. 4 1. The mechanism for changing the departure of the s / c "Ganz": device, control, maintenance, requirements. 2. Direct and alternating current. Frequency, current period. Electrical measuring instruments: types and purpose. 3. Band brake: device, purpose, adjustment, requirements. 4. What are (briefly) the main responsibilities of the person responsible for the safe operation of cranes? 5. What are the protection against electric shock? Ticket number 5 1. The mechanism of movement of the s / c "Ganz": device, management, maintenance, requirements. 2. The concept of a three-phase current. How does it work in industry. Phase and line voltage. 3. Shoe brake: device, purpose, adjustment. brake requirements. 4. When and by whom are the regular and extraordinary tests of knowledge of the rules, norms and instructions on labor protection carried out? 5. Causes of electric shock to a person? Ticket number 6 1. Slewing device on a turntable: design and maintenance. 2. Three-phase electric device. motor with a squirrel-cage rotor, the principle of its operation, advantages and disadvantages, where it is used. 3. Thread systems, their designation on the drawings. Threading tools. Threading rules. 4. What are the requirements for winches for lifting people? 3 5. Classification of premises according to the degree of electrical safety. Ticket number 7 1. Albrecht scissor lifting mechanism: device, control, maintenance, requirements. 2. The device of a three-phase electric motor with a phase rotor, the principle of its operation, advantages and disadvantages, where it is used. 3. Drilling holes. Drilling tool. Rules for drilling holes on drilling machines. 4. What are the parameters of a portal crane? 5. In what cases is it necessary to use dielectric gloves? The procedure for testing and terms of testing. Ticket number 8 1. The main components of portal cranes and their purpose. 2. What equipment do you know for starting electric motors with a squirrel-cage rotor? 3. Non-ferrous metals, their properties. Examples of the use of non-ferrous metals in the crane industry. 4. Permission to put the cranes into operation. 5. Basic and additional means of protection against electric shock. Test periods. Ticket number 9 1. Albrecht swivel mechanism: device, control, maintenance, requirements. 2. What equipment do you know for starting an electric motor with a phase rotor? 3. Gears: types, purpose, maintenance and repair. 4. Types of stability of cranes. Which cranes are rated for stability? 4 5. Production of repair work on the crane. Ticket number 10 1. Cable reels of portal cranes: device, purpose, requirements. The order of switching the portal crane from one column to another. 2. Types and purpose of time relays on cranes, their designation on the diagrams. 3. Cable: types, purpose, rejection. 4. In what cases is the crane operator not entitled to start working on the crane? 5. Safety precautions for loading and unloading cranes of open rolling stock and vehicles. Ticket No. 11 1. Mechanism for changing the departure of the s / c "Ganz": device, control, maintenance, requirements. 2. Device and purpose of the contactor, designation on the diagrams. 3. Rolling bearings: types, device, malfunctions. 4. Types of ropes used on cranes. In what cases and how is it necessary to check the rope for strength? 5. Overloading of long lengths, heavyweights, metal structures. Ticket number 12 1. Anti-theft rail grips of portal cranes: device, purpose, maintenance, requirements. 2. The device and principle of operation of the electro-hydraulic pusher, purpose. 3. Cargo chains: types, purpose, rejection. 4. Causes of rope breakage, measures to prevent rope damage. 5 5. What is prohibited for a crane operator during work? Ticket number 13 1. Types of cranes: their purpose, the main differences. 2. Device and principle of operation of zero protection. 3. Drums and blocks: types, purpose. Requirements for drums and blocks. 4. What kind of brakes are used on crane mechanisms? What are the signs of brake failure? 5. Paired operation of cranes. Ticket number 14 1. The movement mechanism of the s / c "Albrecht": device, management, maintenance, requirements. 2. Start-up resistances: purpose, material, main faults, operating rules. 3. Couplings: types, device, purpose. 4. What devices and safety devices are used on cranes? Requirements for the installation of limit switches. 5. Rules for warehousing goods (dimensions, aisles, driveways, etc.). Ticket number 15 1. Lifting mechanism p / c "Falcon": device, management, maintenance, requirements. 2. The operation of the lifting mechanism of the portal crane "Ganz". 3. Lubricants and their main properties. 4. What is the design of the load limiters used on cranes. Their adjustment, timing of verification. 6 5. Requirements for a gantry crane operator. Ticket number 16 1. The mechanism of rotation p / c "Falcon": device, control, maintenance, requirements. Adjustment of rotary rollers. 2. The operation of the lifting mechanism of the portal crane "Aist". 3. Reducers: types, purpose, device, maintenance. 4. Partial examination of cranes: when, to what extent, by whom is it carried out and by what document is it drawn up? 5. Requirements for hand tools, electric drills, carrying. Ticket number 17 1. The mechanism for changing the outreach of the arrow p / c "Falcon": device, requirements. Adjustment of the pressure roller of the gear rack. 2. The device and purpose of the brake electro-hydraulic pusher. 3. Location of projections on the drawing. Scales and lines of the drawing. Sketches: construction, dimensions. 4. Full inspection of cranes: when, to what extent, by whom is it carried out and by what document is it drawn up? 5. Rules for working on emery and drilling machines. Ticket number 18 1. The mechanism of movement of the s / c "Sokol": device, management, maintenance, requirements. 2. Appointment of the clamshell machine. Setting up the grab machine of the portal crane "Aist". 3. Reaming, countersinking and countersinking of holes: a tool and for what purposes it is performed. Hole reaming rules. 4. Periodic and operational inspection of cranes: when, to what extent, how are they carried out and how are they issued? 7 5. Requirements for labor protection when reloading coal. Ticket number 19 1. The lifting mechanism of the s / c "Condor": device, control, maintenance, requirements. 2. Reversal of electromagnets p / c "Falcon": device, control. 3. Hardening of steels: purpose and types. 4. Conditions under which work on the crane is prohibited? 5. Classification of premises according to the degree of electrical safety. Ticket number 20 1. Portal crane boom devices: types, advantages, disadvantages. 2. The procedure for including the p / c "Falcon" in the work. 3. Measuring tool: types and purpose. 4. Obligations of the crane operator at the beginning and at the end of work with the crane. 5. Labor protection requirements when working with an electromagnet. Ticket number 21 1. The turning mechanism of the s / c "Albatross": device, control, maintenance, requirements. 2. The order of inclusion of the s / c "Ganz" in the work. 3. Scraping and lapping: purpose and tool. Rules for performing scraping and lapping. 4. Operation of cranes in strong winds and low temperatures. 5. Requirements for the working area of ​​the crane. 8 Ticket number 22 1. The turning mechanism of the s / c "Condor": device, control, maintenance, requirements. 2. Device and purpose of the central current collector of portal cranes. 3. Cutting of metals. Purpose and tool. Rules for cutting metals according to the level of vise jaws and risks. 4. Requirements for crane runways: dimensions, tolerances for track width and different heights of rails in one cross section. 5. Types of liability for violation of safety regulations. Ticket number 23 1. The mechanism for changing the outreach of the s / c "Condor": device, control, maintenance, requirements. 2. Methods of electric braking used on the Sokol s/c: purpose, on what mechanisms it is used. 3. Organization of the locksmith's workplace. A set of locksmith tools. Requirements for the maintenance and storage of the instrument. 4. Requirements for grabs, hooks and chains. 5. Common causes of crane accidents and accidents. Ticket number 24 1. The movement mechanism of the s / c "Condor": device, management, maintenance, requirements. 2. The operating procedure of the mechanism for changing the boom departure p / c "Sokol" according to the provisions of the controller. 3. Belt drives: types, purpose, repair, maintenance. 4. In what cases is the crane operator not allowed to start work? 5. Safety precautions when working with a crane at high wind loads (at a wind speed of 15 to 18 m/s). 9 Ticket No. 25 1. Re-equipment of the Albrecht substation for operation with an increased carrying capacity of up to 20 tons inclusive. 2. The purpose of the limit switches and the brake motor of the mechanism for changing the reach of the arrow p / c "Falcon" 3. Chain drives: types, purpose, repair, maintenance. 4. Conditions and procedure for the paired operation of cranes. 5. What types of containers are handled at the port? Safety precautions in the processing and storage of containers. Ticket No. 26 1. Re-equipment of the Sokol substation for operation with an increased carrying capacity of up to 32 tons inclusive. 2. Differences in the methods of braking the turning mechanism of the s / c "Sokol" by year of manufacture. 3. Plain bearings: types, advantages and disadvantages compared to rolling bearings. 4. What are the general requirements for the safe movement of goods by cranes. 5. Switching the tap from one column to another. Ticket number 27 1. Grab stabilizer: device, maintenance, procedure for attaching to the grab. 2. Cable drum device. Causes of breakage of the counterweight of the cable drum. 3. Connection of parts with a shaft, axis: types of connections, defects, repairs. 4. Who manages the work of moving goods with cranes and what are his responsibilities? 5. Factors contributing to the overturning of the crane and the overturning of the boom. 10 Ticket number 28 1. The lifting mechanism of the s / c "Albatross": device, control, maintenance, requirements. 2. Operation of portal cranes in clamshell and hook modes. 3. Rules for filing metals. Tools and types of files. 4. Requirements for trolleys for the movement of portal cranes. 5. Braking reserve factor, its value on the mechanisms of lifting and changing the reach of the boom. Ticket number 29 1. The mechanism for changing the outreach of the boom p / c "Albatross": device, control, maintenance, requirements. 2. The main malfunctions of the electric motor, in which its further operation is prohibited. Maximum and thermal protection of electric motors. 3. Rejection of cargo hooks, shackles, chains. 4. Purpose and content of the working technological map (for example, goods in metal drums transported with installation on the end). What are VTIPs (Temporary Processing Overload Instructions) used for? 5. Signs of arterial bleeding and first aid to the victim. 11 Ticket No. 30 1. The movement mechanism of the s / c "Albatross": device, control, maintenance, requirements. 2. Name the reasons why the main machine of the portal crane may not turn on. 3. Gears: types, purpose, maintenance and repair. 4. What are (briefly) the main duties of the person responsible for the technically sound condition of the cranes. 5. Providing first aid to the victim in case of a fall from a height. Note: the commission is obliged to ask each examiner the following additional questions: - signaling; - selection of slings depending on the mass of the lifted load and the type of slinging; - proposals and measures to ensure the safety of the rolling stock.

TO Category:

Crane operators and slingers

Training, certification and re-testing of knowledge of crane operators

Who should be assigned to. management and maintenance of cranes?

According to the “Rules for the Construction and Safe Operation of Cranes”, the management of an enterprise or construction site that owns cranes is obliged to appoint crane operators and mechanics to operate and maintain cranes with a machine drive, and electricians are also required to service cranes with an electric drive.

In addition, slingers must be assigned to hang the load on the crane hook.

Who can work as a crane operator, assistant crane operator, mechanic, electrician and slinger?

A crane operator, an assistant crane operator, a mechanic and an electrician for the maintenance of cranes, as well as a slinger may be employed by persons at least 18 years old, trained and certified in vocational schools or in courses and technical schools established by non-enterprises with a basis for practical training according to curricula approved by the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for vocational education or ministries and departments.

All these persons who have passed the exams after training are issued a certificate signed by the chairman of the commission, and crane operators and assistant crane operators - signed by the chairman of the commission and a representative of technical supervision, since the participation of a representative of technical supervision in the work of the commission for certification of crane operators, as well as assistant drivers of steam cranes is mandatory .

The crane operator's license must indicate the type of crane he is authorized to operate.

The admission to work of crane operators, assistant crane operators, locksmiths, electricians and slingers, the administration is obliged to issue an order for an enterprise or organization indicating the category assigned to them.

Should the certificates of crane operators, locksmiths, electricians and slingers be supplied with a photo card?

The certificates of crane operators and slingers must be supplied with a photo card.

It is not necessary to supply the identity cards of the rest of the service personnel with a photo card.

During work, crane operators and slingers must have these certificates with them. Crane operators and slingers who do not have a certificate with them are prohibited from being allowed to work independently.

What should the administration of an enterprise or construction site ensure before allowing crane operators, their assistants, locksmiths and electricians servicing cranes, and slingers to work?

The administration of the enterprise or construction site, before allowing crane operators, their assistants, locksmiths and electricians servicing cranes, and slingers, to work, must provide instructions defining their rights, obligations and the procedure for safe work, taking into account the type of crane and the requirements contained in the section "Production of work » "Rules for the design and safe operation of cranes".

When do crane operators and their assistants need to be retrained and certified?

Crane operators and their assistants must be retrained and certified in cases where they are transferred from one type of crane to another, for example, from a tower crane to an overhead crane. In these cases, before they are allowed to work, they must be trained and certified in accordance with Art. Art. 313-314 "Rules for the design and safe operation of cranes." Training in this case can be carried out according to an abbreviated program. Should crane operators and their assistants be trained and certified again in accordance with Art. Art. 313 and 314 of the "Rules for the Design and Safe Operation of Cranes" when transferring them from one crane to another of the same type, but of a different model or with a different drive?
When transferring crane operators and their assistants from one crane to another of the same type, but of a different model or with a different drive, train and certify them in accordance with Art. Art. 313 and 314 "Rules for the design and safe operation of cranes" does not follow.

In this case, the administration of the enterprise or construction site is obliged to familiarize them with the features of the device and maintenance of such a crane and provide an internship, after which they organize a test of the practical skills of these persons. Only after checking the practical skills of the crane operators and them. assistants may be allowed to work independently.

Is it always necessary to train and certify according to Art. Art. 313 and 314 "Rules for the design and safe operation of cranes"?

Not always. When transferring crane operators and their assistants to a crane with a steam drive from a crane with a different drive, they must be trained in the appropriate program and certified in accordance with Art. Art. 313 and 314 "Rules for the design and safe operation of cranes."

Should crane operators and their assistants be trained and arrested in accordance with Art. Art. 313 and 314 of the Rules for the Design and Safe Operation of Hoisting Cranes after a break in work in the specialty for more than one year?

No, it shouldn't. In this case, they must pass a knowledge test in the commission of the enterprise or construction site, and if the crane operator or assistant crane operator shows satisfactory knowledge, they can be admitted to an internship to restore the necessary skills in practical work.

In what cases, crane operators, their assistants, locksmiths, electricians and slingers must be re-tested knowledge?

Crane operators, their assistants, locksmiths, electricians and slingers must pass a re-test of knowledge:
periodically at least once every 12 months; when moving from one enterprise to another; at the request of the engineer for the supervision of cranes or the inspector.

Re-testing the knowledge of these persons should be carried out by the commission of the enterprise or construction site in the scope of the instructions, and the participation of the inspector in the re-testing of knowledge is not necessary.

Who should be on the commission when re-testing the knowledge of crane operators, their assistants, locksmiths, electricians and slingers?

The commission, when re-testing the knowledge of crane operators, their assistants, locksmiths, electricians and slingers, should include:
chief engineer of the enterprise (organization) or his deputy (chairman);
chief mechanic or chief power engineer (deputy chairman);
the head of the relevant workshop (section) or the person responsible for the good condition and safety of the facilities of this workshop (section);
representative of the safety department or technical supervision of the enterprise; head of technical training; the person who conducted the training.

How should the results of certification and knowledge checks of crane operators, their assistants, locksmiths, electricians servicing cranes, and slingers be drawn up?

The results of certification of crane operators, their assistants, locksmiths, electricians and slingers should be documented in a protocol, and the results of repeated and periodic knowledge tests should be recorded in the log of repeated and periodic knowledge tests.

Is it necessary to train and certify workers of the main professions who serve cranes operated from the floor or from a stationary console and hook loads on the hook of such cranes?
According to Art. Art. 317-323 "Rules for the construction and safe operation of cranes", these workers are not required to be trained according to special programs, but they can be allowed to manage and hook the load on the hook of such cranes only after appropriate instruction and testing of skills in operating the crane and hooking loads in in the manner prescribed by the company. These workers must be re-instructed at least once every 12 months.

In what cases is it allowed to admit workers of the main professions trained under the reduced slinger program to hooking loads?

The admission of workers of the main professions trained under the reduced slinger program to hooking loads is allowed in cases where the industrial enterprise suspends the load on the crane hook without prior strapping (load having eyes, pins, loops, as well as being in buckets, tubs, containers or other containers) or when the cargo is picked up by semi-automatic grippers.

Moreover, these workers should be subject to the same requirements of the "Rules for the Construction and Safe Operation of Hoisting Cranes" as for slingers. Who can work as a signalman?

Only a worker from among certified slingers can work as a signalman. He is appointed by the person responsible for the safe production of work on the movement of goods by cranes.

What should a trained and certified crane operator know?

A trained and certified crane operator must know: – the design of a crane4 and its mechanisms, as well as the interaction of its parts; - rules for the technical operation of the crane and crane tracks, technical description and instructions for the operation of cranes and crane tracks; - rules for inspecting the crane, the main types and causes of its malfunctions, ways to prevent and eliminate them; - rules for the production of rigging, the device of slings and methods of slinging various goods, as well as grabs used when working with bulk cargo and timber; – rules and methods for inspection of ropes and their lubrication; ways of performing work on loading, unloading and storing materials; - norms and rules of warehousing of bulk cargoes; basics of the organization of construction production; basic information on the mechanization and automation of construction; - the procedure for carrying out scheduled preventive maintenance and repair of cranes, the rules and procedure for disassembling, repairing a crane, the rules and procedure for disassembling, repairing and assembling components and mechanisms of cranes, locksmith work in the scope of requirements for a locksmith of the 3rd category; - tools, fixtures and measuring instruments used in the operation and repair of cranes; - the appointment of various lubricants, the installation of devices for lubricating units and mechanisms of cranes; - rules for the construction and safe operation of cranes, standard instructions for crane operators; – rules and alarm system when performing work with cranes; – Fundamentals of the economics of labor and production in the scope of the requirements provided for by the “General Provisions” of the Unified Tariff and Qualification Guide (Issue 1); – norms and rules of labor protection, labor hygiene and industrial sanitation, fire safety and internal regulations.

What should a trained and certified crane operator be able to operate a crane?

A trained and certified crane operator for crane control must be able to: - operate a crane equipped with various load handling devices when performing construction, installation, loading and unloading and other works; – dismantle, load cranes onto vehicles and assemble them; - perform locksmith work during the current repair of cranes (together with a team of fitters), carry out maintenance and current repairs of the crane; - repair, fasten, adjust and lubricate the crane mechanisms before start-up, during the work shift and after it; - determine by appearance the name, main dimensions and weight of the load being lifted, the correctness and reliability of slinging, as well as the reliability of the slings and knots, braids and connections; – detect and timely eliminate malfunctions arising during the operation of cranes; - determine the suitability of lubricants by external signs and store them; - read drawings, understand kinematic and electrical diagrams, make sketches of parts to be repaired or manufactured; - keep records of the operation of the crane in the prescribed form; - accept and give shift; – handle tools and machinery with care; - apply advanced methods of work performance, organization of labor and workplace, comply with established production standards; – comply with the requirements of labor safety, labor hygiene and industrial sanitation, fire safety and internal regulations.

What should be guided by the crane operator in his work?

The crane operator in his work must be guided by the instruction that defines his rights, obligations and the procedure for the safe performance of work, taking into account the type of crane and the requirements contained in the section "Production of Works" of the "Rules for the Construction and Safe Operation of Load-Lifting Cranes". The instruction must be approved by the administration of the enterprise or construction site and issued to the crane operator before he is allowed to work.

What are the duties of a crane operator before putting the crane into operation?

Before putting the crane into operation, the crane operator is obliged to: familiarize himself with the entries in the log of acceptance and delivery of the shift; inspect in accessible places the condition of the metal structures of the crane and ropes, paying special attention to the connection of the boom with the rotary part of the crane and the connection of the boom sections, as well as to the fastening of the ropes on the winch drums and in other places.

Further, he is obliged to check: - the condition of the cargo and boom-lifting winches, the rotation mechanism of the rotary part of the crane and their brakes; - crane chassis, traction and buffer devices, condition of additional supports and counterweight fastening, for truck cranes, in addition, check the condition of the stabilizers; - the presence and serviceability of safety devices on the crane (limit switches, load capacity indicator depending on the boom reach, crane tilt indicator, load limiter, signaling device, etc.), as well as serviceability of crane lighting, buffer lights and headlights.

Inspect the hook and its fastening in the hook block traverse, the grapple or lifting magnet, as well as the chains and rings of its suspension.

When accepting an electric crane: check by external inspection (without removing casings and disassembly) the condition of circuit breakers, controllers, starting resistors, brake electromagnets;
inspect the rings or collectors of electrical machines and their brushes, the rings supplying voltage to the tap, as well as the current collector, if any; at the same time, the switch in the crane operator's cab must be turned off;
check the condition of the crane runways and their grounding and make sure that they are in good condition;
when the switch is turned off at the connection point, check the incoming switch by external inspection, as well as the condition of the flexible current-carrying cable;
check the presence and serviceability of mechanism guards, dielectric gloves and mats;
together with the slinger, check the serviceability of the lifting equipment and containers, as well as the presence of stamps or tags on them.

During the inspection, lubricate the mechanisms, if necessary. Inspection of the crane before the start of the shift, and, if necessary, in the process of work, should be carried out only with the mechanisms inoperative, inspection of the electric crane - with the switch in the crane operator's cabin turned off; in this case, a portable lamp with a voltage of no more than 12 V should be used.

What should the crane operator do after inspecting the crane?

After making sure that there are no visible defects that prevent the safe operation of the crane, the crane operator must check all mechanisms, safety devices and electrical equipment (if the crane is electrically driven) at idle. If, when checking the crane mechanisms, the crane operator did not find defects that could interfere with normal operation, he must make an entry in the shift acceptance and delivery log and, after receiving instructions and tasks for the production of work from the person responsible for the safe production of work on moving goods by cranes, start work .
If during the inspection and testing of the crane faults that impede safe operation are detected, and if it is impossible to eliminate them on their own, the crane operator, without starting work, reports this to the person responsible for the good condition of the crane, and informs the person responsible for safe production - work on the movement of goods by cranes, and makes an appropriate entry in the shift log.

When should a crane operator not start work?

The crane operator must not start work in the following cases: - if the brakes of the lifting or boom lifting winch are faulty;
if the brakes of the rotation mechanisms of the rotary part of the crane, or the trolley stroke, or the crane stroke are faulty; – if oil gets on pulleys of brakes; if devices and safety devices are faulty; - if the stabilizers of the truck crane or additional supports are faulty (when working on supports); - if cracks or deformations are found in the metal structure of the crane or boom; - if the boom or cargo rope has a broken strand, local damage or wear, or broken wires in excess of the established norm; - if the wear of the hook in the throat exceeds 10% of the initial section height, or the device that closes the hook mouth is faulty, or the fastening of the hook in the hook cage is faulty; - if the fencing of mechanisms or bare current-carrying parts of the crane is faulty; – if the crane runways or rail clamps are faulty; – if the crane runways or the casing of the inlet switch are not grounded or the flexible current supply cable is faulty; - if the work area is not lit or poorly lit.

During the operation of the crane, the crane operator has no right to be distracted from his direct duties. He must carefully follow the signals of the slinger and follow them accurately; but if the slinger gives a signal contrary to the instructions, then the crane operator must not perform the required crane maneuver. The crane operator must remember that giving the wrong signal to the slinger can lead to an accident, for which he will be severely punished.

Before making any movement with the crane (lifting or lowering a load, raising or turning the boom, moving the crane), the crane operator must give a signal and make sure that no one is near the crane, and the slinger is out of the danger zone. During the operation of the crane, the crane operator can use only two controllers at the same time, on which both his hands must be; an exception can only be allowed when it is necessary to prevent an accident or injury to a worker.

When moving a ladle with liquid metal, liquid slag, or bulky cargo, it is not allowed to switch on more than one mechanism.
Before transporting a ladle with molten metal or liquid slag (of any weight) or a weight limit load (beams, columns, crossbars, building material), the crane operator must raise the load to a height of no more than 100 mm and check the operation of the brakes.

When two overhead cranes move in the opposite direction, the crane operator must warn the other crane operator with signals and in no case allow the cranes to collide with the buffers, since such a collision can lead to an accident. When entering the workshop of a self-propelled jib crane and when moving inside the workshop, the crane operator should not move the crane at a speed of more than 3 km / h, and in places with narrow passages, the crane operator must ensure that they do not touch objects encountered on the way. When moving the jib crane (whether with or without a load), the jib must be positioned along the path.

When moving in a horizontal position, the load must first be lifted less than 0.5 m above the objects encountered on the way.
Before turning or moving the crane, the crane operator must make sure that there are no people near the crane or its platform, and when lifting or lowering a load located near a stack, railway car, wall or column, he must also make sure that between the load being lifted and the stack (wagon, wall, column) there is no one and that the crane boom or load cannot hit the wall or stack.

In order to avoid loss of stability of the jib crane during operation, do not make sudden shocks when lifting and lowering the load, as well as when turning and stopping. All movements of the crane should be made smoothly, without jerks, with due care. Crane mechanism controllers should be switched on gradually, step by step, with small pauses. Switching off the controller to the zero position should be done quickly. When passing the controller handwheel through the zero position, no counter current can be given. The counter current can be given only in exceptional cases, when without it an accident or an accident can occur, but even so, only up to a certain position of the controller.

If during the operation of the crane with an electric drive, for any reason, there was a power outage to the main shield of the crane, the crane operator must immediately set all controllers to the zero position and report the incident to the slinger; the latter must inform the person responsible for the movement of goods by cranes about the stop of the crane. It is allowed to turn on the crane mechanism controllers only when the crane operator is convinced by the signal light that the main switchboard (protective panel) is energized.

If during operation breakage of individual parts of the crane occurs or defects are found (for example, cracks in the welds, breakage of a rope strand, unacceptable heating of the bearing), the crane operator is obliged to lower, if possible, the load and stop the crane, and set the controllers of the electric crane to zero position and inform the person responsible for the movement of goods about the stop of the crane.

If, due to a malfunction of the mechanism or equipment, the load cannot be lowered, the crane operator must protect the place of a possible fall of the load. Moreover, each forced stop of the crane must be recorded in the operational log of the crane operator. Work on the crane can only be resumed after the troubleshooting.

While the crane is operating, the crane operator must not use the limit switches for normal stops of the lifting mechanism, boom, trolley or crane travel. Limit switches are used* not for normal crane stops, but for cases where an accident or an accident may occur due to a malfunction of the controllers or other starting equipment or due to the oversight of the crane operator. During the operation of the crane, the load must not be moved over people. If people are in the way of the movement of the load and do not pay attention to the signals, the crane operator must immediately stop the crane.

During the operation of the crane, the crane operator does not have the right to allow unauthorized persons into his cabin, as well as to transfer control of the crane to someone without the written permission of the person responsible for the good condition of the crane. If a trainee works on the crane, he has the right to operate the crane only in the presence and under the supervision of the crane operator. When the crane operator leaves the cab, it is strictly forbidden for the trainee to operate the crane. Moreover, neither the crane operator nor the trainee have the right to leave the crane even for a short time without warning each other.

If the crane operator works without a trainee, then when leaving the crane, he must set all controllers to zero, turn off the switch in the crane operator's cab, lock the cab door, tower or
put the gantry crane on the grips and turn off the introductory switch.
If the crane operator has been given an order, the execution of which, in the opinion of the crane operator, may lead to an accident or an accident, he must refuse to comply with the order and inform his supervisor about this.

During the operation of the crane, the crane operator must ensure that there are no people between the lifted or lowered load and the crane, as well as between the lifted and lowered or transported load and the wall, stack, column, motor vehicle or railway car; - so that there are no people in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe possible fall of the boom or lowering the load; - so that slingers do not hang untested, unmarked and faulty slings and containers on hooks; - so that slingers do not hook on an incorrectly slinged load; - so that slingers do not hook containers filled with cargo above the sides; - so that on two-horned hooks the load is suspended evenly on both horns; – so that when the hook is lowered to the lowest position, at least 1.5 turns of the rope always remain on the rope drum; – that there is no excessive tension or twisting of the supply cable of the tower or gantry crane; - so that there are no runs over the supply cable.

During the operation of the crane, the crane operator is prohibited from: - transferring control of the crane to persons who are not related to the operation of the crane; - allow students or trainees to self-manage without supervision; - leave the crane even for a short time, if the crane engine that drives its mechanisms is running; – to clean and lubricate the crane mechanisms; use limit switches to stop the crane, except when the crane
approaches the landing site arranged at the end of the building; – disable safety devices and brakes, as well as work with faulty brakes and without safety devices; - lower the boom until the departure, at which the lifting capacity of the crane is less than the weight of the load being lifted; - lay the load on electric cables or pipelines, as well as on the edge of a slope or ditch, if the laid load can slide or tip over; lift people in a container or on a load; lift a load that is incorrectly tied, suspended by one horn of a two-horned hook, as well as in a container filled above the sides; – use a crane to release hoist ropes or chains pinched by the load;
unhook loads covered with earth, laid by another load, filled with concrete, bolted to another load, frozen to the ground or under water; - to produce a sharp braking when turning the boom with a load;
jam the contactors of electric cranes, both due to a malfunction of electrical circuits, and in other cases; - drag the load along the ground; install a crane under the power line; lift a load that exceeds the capacity of the crane;
allow untrained and non-certified slingers to hitch or sling; - simultaneously move the crane and turn the boom (an exception is allowed for railway grab cranes operating on a straight section of the track).

The crane operator is obliged to stop working with the crane, lower the load and inform the person responsible for the movement of goods by cranes in all cases when any malfunctions are found in the crane and its equipment: if there is no protection of mechanisms or bare current-carrying parts; if the container or slings are faulty; if slingers are not trained and certified; if the work area is not lit.

The operation of the crane is also prohibited if the wind is above six points, during heavy rain, thunderstorms, fog and snowfall.

After the crane stops working, the crane operator is obliged to: - put the crane in the place intended for parking; - raise the hook to the upper position, and lower the lifting electromagnet, grab and other similar device to the floor in the area designated for this; - set the boom of the jib crane and the hook in the position provided for in the crane operating instructions; – turn the handwheels and handles of all controllers and command controllers to the zero position; turn off the switch in the crane operator's cab; turn off the inlet switch and switch at the connection point (before the flexible cable) and lock it, and if the valve is powered by an internal combustion engine, stop the engine; - in the cold season, drain water from the radiator and the entire cooling system; - inspect the crane, clean all its equipment; a crane operating in the open air should be securely secured with wind-stealing safety devices; - the crane operator must write about all malfunctions in the operation of the crane in the log of the acceptance and delivery of shifts and, at the end of work, report them to his shift; – close the cab windows and lock the door.

When does a crane operator have the right to leave the crane after his working day?

When the crane is operating in several shifts, the crane operator has the right to leave the crane after his working day only after the crane is handed over to the crane operator replacing him, and if the latter has not left, only with the permission of his boss.

What should a trained and certified slinger know?

A trained, certified and admitted to independent work slinger must: - have an idea about the structure of the crane he serves and know its load capacity, and for jib cranes - a change in load capacity depending on the length of the boom, the position of additional supports, etc .;
be able to select the slings necessary for work in accordance with the weight and dimensions of the load being transported, the number of branches of the pulling device and their angle of inclination to the vertical; - be able to determine the suitability of slinging ropes, chains and other auxiliary devices used for tying loads; - be able to properly tie and hang the load on the hook;
know the procedure for exchanging signals with the crane operator and instructions for the safe movement of goods established at the enterprise, construction site.

What should be guided by the slinger in his work?

The slinger in his work must be guided by the instructions that define his rights, obligations and the procedure for the safe production of work, taking into account the type of crane and the requirements contained in the section "Production of Works" of the "Rules for the Construction and Safe Operation of Load-Lifting Cranes".

The instruction must be approved by the administration of the enterprise or construction site and issued to the slinger before he is allowed to work.

Responsibilities of the slinger before starting work

Before starting work, the slinger must check the condition of the working platform, slings and other lifting equipment necessary for the production of work, as well as the condition of the container.

The working platform must be level, cleared of construction debris, and in winter from snow and ice.

Slings and other lifting devices (traverses, pincers, etc.) must be in good condition, tested and marked, the container must also be in good order and marked.

After inspecting the working platform, slings and containers, the slinger must check the hooks, the crane hook frame and make sure that they are in good condition and the hook rotates freely in the traverse socket. Next, he should receive a list of the most frequently encountered weights, indicating the weight and diagram of the correct tying or hold, if they are not posted on the job site.

Responsibilities of a slinger when servicing a crane

When servicing the crane, the slinger must be guided by the production instruction, which the administration of the enterprise or construction site is obliged to give him in his hands before starting work; at the same time, the slinger must remember that he is fully responsible for accidents or damage that occurred as a result of giving the wrong signal to the crane operator or incorrect slinging of the transported goods, so he must use only serviceable slings, traverses, tongs and containers that have stamps or tags with the designation numbers, dates of survey and carrying capacity.

During the maintenance of the crane, the slinger must ensure that there are no people who are not directly related to the operation of the crane at the place of work on lifting and moving the load. He must also ensure that the crane hoisting ropes are in a vertical position before lifting the load, and prevent the load from being pulled by the hook when the ropes are pulled obliquely.

When tying the load with hoist ropes or chains (Fig. 1), the slinger must impose them on the main array, while the load must be tied in such a way that the possibility of the load or part of it falling out is excluded and the stable position of the load is ensured when it is moved. Hoist ropes and chains must be laid without knots and loops, and under the sharp corners of the load, linings must be placed to protect the rope from damage.

Rice. 1. The scheme of slinging steel sheets

Rice. 2. Slinging scheme for loops:
a - fundamental element; b - block of a heating well

Slinging of reinforced concrete and concrete products, as well as other products with loops or eyes, should be carried out for all existing loops or eyes (Fig. 2).

The container should be filled in such a way that the possibility of the cargo falling out of the container is excluded; it cannot be filled to the brim, but only 10 cm lower.

When hanging a load on two-horn hooks, hoist ropes and chains must be superimposed so that the load is distributed evenly on both hook horns.

Before lifting a load installed near a wall, column, stack, railway car, machine and other equipment, the slinger must make sure that there are no people between the load being lifted and the wall, column, stack, railway car or machine; after that, he himself must also leave this zone. This requirement must also be met when lowering the load. Before lifting machines, machine tools, metal structures and other loads installed on foundations, the slinger must make sure that all nuts securing the load to the foundation are unscrewed and the load being lifted is not held by anything; lifting should be done with short movements, avoiding fractures, grazing and horizontal movement of the load until it is completely removed from the foundation bolts.

Before lifting a load with mobile jib cranes, the slinger must check using the boom reach and load capacity indicator that the boom reach set by the crane operator corresponds to the weight of the load being lifted.

Each time a load needs to be lifted, lowered or moved, the slinger must personally give the appropriate signal to the crane operator; before giving a signal to lift the load, the slinger must make sure that the load is securely gripped by the slings, is not held by anything and cannot be caught on anything during lifting.

He must also make sure that there are no people near the load, and when moving loads with jib cranes, make sure that there are no people near the crane, on the fixed part of the crane or in the zone of a possible fall of the boom.

In addition, the slinger must make sure that there are no loose parts or tools on the load that could fall when lifting and moving the load, and if pipes are lifted, he must check if there is earth or ice in the pipes; making sure that there are no objects on the load that could fall out during its movement, that the load is securely strapped and cannot be hooked on anything, that there are no people between the crane and the load and between the load and the wall, column, stack or wagon, the slinger must give the command about lifting the load; before moving the load, he must first raise it by 200-300 mm and check the uniform tension of the slings, as well as the reliability of the slinging. If the slinger notices that the slinging needs to be corrected, he should signal to lower the load and proceed to correct the slinging only after the load has been lowered and the slings have been loosened. If the slinger, when checking the slinging, did not find any defects, the load can be moved to the right place (Fig. 3).

Before moving the load horizontally, the slinger must make sure that the load is raised at least 0.5 m above the objects encountered on the way,
and above the scaffolding - above 1 m. When moving the load, the slinger must accompany the load and make sure that there are no people under the load, while the slinger should not hold on to the load with his hands, but walk away from it in a safe area. The slinger may not escort the cargo if the cargo and the path along which it moves are visible from one place or when it is impossible to escort the cargo. In this case, the load must be monitored by a crane operator or a signalman.

The slinger does not have the right to unfold the load, as well as prevent spontaneous reversal of a long load with his hands during lifting or moving; when performing these operations, it is necessary to use special rope braces or gaffs.

Before lowering the load, the slinger must first inspect the place where the load is to be lowered and make sure that the dimensions between the load and the wall, stack, column or road will be observed, and the load cannot slide or tip over; at the same time, strong linings must be preliminarily laid at the place of unloading so that the pull ropes or chains can be easily and without damage removed from under the load. It is not allowed to install the load in places not intended for this, as well as to lean the load against fences and elements of temporary and permanent structures.

Rice. 3. The scheme of slinging the channel in the girth

The slinger must carry out the stacking and dismantling of cargoes only in accordance with the norms and rules for warehousing cargoes, observing the dimensions between stacks, buildings and structures.

The slinger has the right to remove the slings from the load or hook only when the load is securely in place.

If during operation the slinger notices a malfunction of the crane or crane runway, he must immediately report this to the crane operator and the person responsible for the production of work on the movement of goods, and the slings or other load-handling devices that have become unusable during operation must be handed over to the person in charge of the load-handling facilities; it is forbidden to leave faulty slings or other load-handling devices, as well as faulty containers at the workplace.

During the operation of the crane, the slinger is prohibited from: - starting work without receiving instructions from the person responsible for the safe movement of goods by cranes before starting work; - use worn, faulty, unbranded or tagged slings and other lifting devices and containers; – to carry out work on slinging and hitching cargo during rain, thunderstorms, heavy snowfall, as well as during strong winds (over 6 points) and during icy conditions; - to hook on the crane hook a load whose weight exceeds the crane's carrying capacity, a load of unknown weight, a load covered with earth, frozen to the ground, laid by another load, filled with concrete, bolted to another load, in the water, reinforced concrete products that are not marked with an indication of the weight, weighing more than 500 kg, as well as the cargo in an unstable position and in a container filled above the permitted level;
hold with hands or correct with blows of a hammer, crowbar, etc. pull ropes and chains with which the load being lifted is tied; - be yourself or someone under the lifted or moved load, as well as on the lifted or moved load, and during the operation of jib cranes - in the zone of a possible fall of the boom; - be on your own or allow people to be on a railway platform, in a gondola car, etc. when loading or unloading them with a grab or a magnetic crane; - load onto a vehicle if the driver is in the cab; - pull the load with your hands while it is being lifted, moved or lowered;
lay the load on steam, gas, water pipes, on electric cables, on railway lines, on the edge of a slope, in the zone of a collapse prism, etc.; - Work in a poorly lit or cluttered area.

TO Category: - Crane operators and slingers