The Russian Geographical Society has made a significant contribution to the study of the nature of the eastern regions of our country. A special contribution to this was made by one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society, the outstanding Russian scientist Alexander Fedorovich Middendorf.
A.F. Middendorf immediately after research in the northern part of Siberia in 1843-44. made a difficult journey from Yakutsk to the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk and through the northern Amur region, and then Irkutsk, returned to St. Petersburg in 1845. He spent about 3 years wandering around the territories, which even now continue to be sparsely populated and very poorly developed. Traveling in these parts is now as difficult as it was in the middle of the 19th century. It should be said that in 2014 the number of resident population of the Ayano-Maisky district, through which a significant part of the path of A.F. Middendorf, is 2046 people, and the average density is 0.012 people per square kilometer, or one person per 83 square kilometers. A similar situation is in the Tuguro-Chumikansky region located to the south, to which the Shantar Islands belong, partially studied by the scientist during this expedition.
During our scientific research, we had to visit many places in the Khabarovsk Territory, through which the expedition of A.F. Middendorf. Nature here has been preserved almost in its original form, which allows you to see it the way that the first explorer of this territory observed.
It was not difficult to get from Yakutsk to the settlement of Amga, but further to the east only riding paths led. A caravan of 72 horses set off from Amga on April 11, 1844 (hereinafter, the dates are given according to the old style). The hiking days have begun. The detachment moved along a vast plateau, indented by the valleys of numerous rivers. The expedition entered the territory of the modern Khabarovsk Territory in mid-April, having crossed the low Oleg-Ytabyt ridge, barely expressed in the relief. Its gentle slopes and rounded hilly peaks, slightly rising above the plateau, were covered with monotonous larch woodlands. But in the river valleys, the scientist was constantly attracted by various unusual objects, about which he often writes with admiration. These are tree creases, deep channels, disappearing rivers, ice and rocks. Particularly interesting observations were made in the valleys of the Little Aim and Big Aim rivers. Here, on May 6-8, the scientist observed large ice fields, which at that time were already actively melting and knee-deep water flows cut through the ice to the very foundation. Passing another low Y-Ottuk ridge, the travelers came to the foot of the Ket-Kap ridge, the snow-capped peaks of which rose sharply above the surrounding area.
The Ket-Kap mountain range, despite its low heights, not exceeding 2000 meters above sea level, has the appearance of high peaked mountains. The alpine-type appearance of the ridge is given by high sharp peaks created by ancient glaciers. These mountains would be difficult to overcome, but fortunately they are cut from south to north by a narrow valley of the Yarmarka-Khapchana River, along which the detachment safely crossed the ridge and reached its southern foot.
In the valley of this river, during a daytime rest stop on a lone standing larch, A.F. Middendorf made a notch and carved his initials on it. They were discovered in 1983 by V.P. Smirnov. This larch stood near the old deer trail on the left bank of the Yarmarka-Khapchana River, 2 kilometers from the mouth of the Kurung stream. Correspondent T.N. wrote a note about this in the Pacific Star newspaper. Fonova. In July 2015 A.N. Makhinov tried to find this larch, but it was not possible to find it in a section about 0.5 km long in both directions from the alleged location of its location described by Smirnov. There were no fires in the swampy river valley, but several larches were cut down and taken away. Quite often there were large trees lying on the ground. On some dry, standing and fallen trees, ax cuts were clearly visible without any inscriptions. Probably a tree signed by A.F. Middendorf, unfortunately, has not survived to this day. But perhaps similar inscriptions remained in other places passed by the expedition?
The further way passed along the chain of ice-covered lakes Mar-Kyuel to the sources of the river Selinde. Having descended into its valley, the travelers approached the powerful underground sources of the river, which were knocked out of the bowels by several streams right from the stone sheer wall. High ledges of rocks in the form of towers and fantastic structures surround these springs in a huge amphitheater, turning the area into “... an extremely romantic corner”, perfectly suitable for the mysterious dwelling of spirits.
Having passed the source of the Selinde River, on May 16, the detachment entered its icy valley, the most significant of those encountered before. In the lower reaches of the river, the valley was filled from edge to edge with a thick layer of ice. The size of the icing was about 15 km long, 100 wide, and the thickness of the ice reached 5 m. Middendorf not only described this icing (he also called icing scum), but also revealed the causes and mechanism of its formation. He studied the stratigraphy of the ice sheet, the conditions of its freezing, and noted the presence of layers of sand and gruss up to one inch thick in the ice. In some places on the surface of the icing there were hills up to 3 m high with vents on top, from which water constantly protrudes and freezes on the slopes of ice cones. In addition, interesting observations were made on the effect of icing on the microclimate in the valley, in particular on the air temperature in the surface layer.
Having visited the site of the annual Uchur fair near the mouth of the Selinde River, and having crossed the Uchur, the detachment began to climb up the valley of the Uyan River to the very Stanovoy Range.
On June 1, 1844, they crossed the Stanovoy Range. This transition, as A.F. Middendorf, was extremely difficult. In some places the horses had to clamber along with packs from rock to rock.
But everything ended well and after eight days the participants of the difficult transition approached the Uda River.
On June 9, the expedition arrived in Udskoy Ostrog (now the village of Udskoye). Here, having built a canoe, on June 28, the detachment went down the river. Good luck. The very next day they reached its mouth, where they had to stand for two weeks, as the sea was clogged with ice. On July 9, they went to sea, but often sat on the shore, waiting for the thick ice to disperse. In late July-early August, A.F. Middendorf visited three islands, the first of which was Bear. They did not find water on it, and ice had to be used for their needs. The second island, which was visited a little later, was Utichy. It was surrounded by many rocks, from one of the cliffs a large stream rushed into the sea. Only on August 4, the travelers were able to reach the island of Bolshoy Shantar, where they stayed for a whole week.
They explored in most detail the southern part of the island adjacent to Yakshina Bay. The main attention was paid to the description of the relief, rivers and lakes.
Returning to the mainland, on August 17, part of the detachment went to Yakutsk along with the collected collections. The remaining members of the expedition on a small boat for the first time explored in detail the shores, bays and rivers of the western coast of the Tugur Bay, including Mamginskaya Bay, which could be a safe harbor. Then the shallow Gulf of Constantine was discovered, to which there was a portage along the isthmus from the Gulf of Tugur. The large water area that A.F. Middendorf named Academy Bay.
Returning by boat to the mouth of the Tugur, and reseeding on deer, A.F. Middendorf traveled to the Ulban Bay. From the tops of the mountains, an eye survey of the nearest bays was carried out. The limiting point of the entire journey was the top of the mountain to the east of Cape Gilyak. Thus, the coast of the southwestern part of the Sea of Okhotsk was surveyed for a considerable length from the mouth of the Uda River to the southeastern coast of the Ulban Bay. In this part, "The edge of the mainland, enclosing the Sea of Okhotsk from the south, consists of steep mountains ... they almost always represent sheer or overhanging rapids ... protruding from the coastline in the form of numerous capes ...". These capes continued into the sea with countless pitfalls that posed a danger to navigation.
The expedition set off on the return journey on September 22, when already a small part of the detachment with 42 pack deer left the mouth of the Tugur River up its valley. The path ran along the right (eastern) bank of the Tugur River. On October 2, the detachment reached the Burukan tract, where the Nimelen River, which flows into the Amgun, comes close to the Tugur River. The expedition members stayed here until 8 October. The detachment then crossed the low marshy watershed between the Tugur and Nimelen rivers, which is only about 8 km wide.
Further, the route ran up the Nimelen valley. A.F. Middendorf was struck by the abundance of chum salmon in the rivers and along the way investigated the features of its spawning. In the area of the Khamykan tract (the modern name is Kamakan), the detachment crossed the Nimelen River, and, following to the south-west, reached the Kerby River along a low pass. Climbing up this river to a tributary - the Luchi River, the researchers moved up the latter, and then along its tributary - the Cross River. This section was one of the most difficult on the way of the expedition. In the upper reaches of the Kerby, the detachment fell into impassable sections of the windblow.
The Bureinsky Range was crossed on October 19. Its northern part, where the route passed, was already in the time of A.F. Middendorf was called Dusse-Alin. The ridge "along its entire length is narrow, high and seated with conical peaks." Then the group moved down the valleys of the Levaya Bureya and Bureya rivers. On October 31, the detachment reached the mouth of the Niman River (the largest right tributary of the Bureya). From here the group went up the Niman River and along its right tributary - the Kebeli River (now Kivili); then, having crossed the Turana ridge, it went to the basin of the Byssa River (a tributary of the Selemdzha River), to the territory of the current Amur Region.
During the expedition A.F. Middendorf collected extensive information about the nature of the unexplored region and its indigenous inhabitants. Geographical science has been replenished with new data on topography, relief, geology, hydrology and hydrography, climatology, botany and plant ecology, zoogeography, animal ecology, ethnography, reindeer breeding, hunting and fishing. Observations and surveys of indigenous people made it possible to obtain valuable information about sable, reindeer, chum salmon (on the Tugur and Nimelen, he caught chum salmon spawning), elk, wild grouse (A.F. Middendorf essentially discovered this species for science, according to his collection, wild grouse was described as a species), Steller's sea eagle ("Bering eagle ..., the greatest eagle in the world"), musk deer and other animals inhabiting the region. For the first time, he presented scientific data on the animal world of the region, emphasizing the unique combination of their northern and southern forms.
A.F. Middendorf wrote: “We constantly rotated in that extremely curious strip of land where sable and tiger meet face to face, where the southern cat fights off the reindeer from the lynx, where its rival, the wolverine, exterminates wild boar, deer, and elk in the same area. and roe deer, where the bear is saturated either with European cloudberries or with pine nuts, where sable yesterday was chasing black grouse and partridges that reach the west of Europe, today it is after the closest relatives of the grouse of East America, and tomorrow it is sneaking after purely Siberian musk deer. This statement, in other words, was repeated more than once in the descriptions of the nature of the southern regions of the Far East - by N. M. Przhevalsky and other researchers.
Below are some quotes about the animal world from his work "Journey to the North and East of Siberia". The basin of the upper reaches of the river. Tugur - "the area richest in sables, of all the areas that I passed"; in “the forks of the ridge where Bureya, Amgun, Tyrma and others originate in 1656, 3,000 sables were mined”; “in full strength, in full development, the reindeer, both wild and tamed, both in Siberia and in America, is found only in the mountains under less northern latitudes. On the coastal ridge of the Sea of Okhotsk, on the Stanovoi ridge, this species reaches its fullest typical development ... ". About the bears on the Shantar Islands: “those familiar with the edge of the face in Yakutsk, having heard that I intend to visit the Shantar Islands, unanimously responded in this way: “this is where the bears go in herds, like sheep.” About the paths of bears and deer: “On the southern coast, as well as on the islands of the Sea of Okhotsk, in the forest thicket or on naked mountain peaks, you will find deeply trodden paths ... These paths are traces of wild animals .... Without bears, it would hardly be possible to get through the thickets of this the edges. Bears are the conductors of culture there, paving the way for people.”
The scientist's notes about the indigenous peoples who met on the expedition's path are interesting: about the reindeer husbandry of the Tungus - "although a resident of the deep north of Asia was known as a savage, he is still more developed than a resident of North America who failed to subdue the reindeer"; about the southern Tungus - “these are mountain people. ... They are full of decency, dexterity, enterprising courage, lively, frank, proud, hunters to dress up, and at the same time, they are physically hardened ... I have not met a single fat man between them ... The life of the Tungus is guided by two considerations: the need to get food, and along with so the sables ... as far as the Tungus bravely enters into battle with a bear, the inhabitants of the tundra, Russians, Samoyeds, Yakuts are so afraid of this animal ... ".
The contribution of A.F. Middendorf and in resolving the issue of joining the Amur region to Russia. He became interested in the "Amur issue" while still in St. Petersburg, collecting materials about Siberia. Examining documents and geographical maps, the scientist came to the conclusion that "Amur is the only significant water artery leading to the ocean, the only way that nature has given from all sides of Siberia." The genius of A.F. Middendorf was that he managed not only to penetrate into the essence of the Amur problem, but also to understand the need for its speedy resolution. During the expedition, it was found that the Chinese boundary markers between Russian and Chinese possessions were set much south of the Stanovoy Range and, ultimately, the expedition of A.F. Midddendorf had not only geographical, but also geopolitical significance. New, detailed data collected by the expedition about the Amur and the Amur region revived interest in this region. Thanks to the expedition, the Amur Question attracted the attention of the Russian government and the public.
Immediately upon the return of A.F. Middendorf in St. Petersburg, he was invited to the Main Military Headquarters, to General F.F. Berg, head of the corps of topographers, where he presented his information about the situation on the Russian-Chinese border. They were taken into account and contributed to the adoption by Emperor Nicholas I of the decision to join the Amur region to Russia. The results of the expedition made it possible to change "the view that exists in Russia on the Amur Territory and served as a pretext for the measures that led to the inclusion of this region within the empire." So wrote in 1877 a contemporary of A.F. Middendorf, the famous Russian economist K.S. Veselovsky. At the conclusion of his book, the scientist wrote: “... in Siberia, of course, it is much emptier than in America. Centuries can go - and they will go to replace this emptiness. As you can see, he was right. And so far, unfortunately, it is not clear how this emptiness of a unique and rich in natural resources territory, preserved until the beginning of the 21st century, will be replaced in the near future.
In the name of A.F. Middendorf named several species and subspecies of animals and plants, a number of geographical objects, including a cape on Novaya Zemlya, a bay on the Taimyr Peninsula, a mountain on the Kola Peninsula in the Khibiny, a glacier in the Sayan Mountains. There is Cape Middendorf on the western coast of the Tugur Bay, but it is not shown on all large-scale maps. Unfortunately, on the territory of the Khabarovsk Territory there is still no monument to this outstanding scientist, researcher of our Fatherland, who accomplished a scientific feat in the name of future generations.
In 1840, Middendorf participated in the Lapland expedition of Academician Baer, and he turned out to be not only a good doctor, which was his specialty, but also an excellent hunter, a tireless, experienced sailor and a skilled carpenter. On Baer's recommendation, in 1842 the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences commissioned him to lead an expedition to northern and eastern Siberia. Two tasks were set before her: the study of the organic life of the Taimyr Peninsula and the study of permafrost. The expedition included a 22-year-old non-commissioned officer, military topographer VV Vaganov, who became his closest assistant in scientific research.
At the beginning of 1843, the expedition, having passed from Krasnoyarsk, arrived in Turukhansk and stayed there until the final outfit. Middendorf, meanwhile studying wells, established only seasonal permafrost. From Turukhansk in April, he walked on dogs across the ice of the Yenisei to the mouth of the Dudinka River; from here, moving to the northeast, it reached the lower reaches of the Boganida River (the Khatanga system).
Here, on Boganid, in May 1943, Vaganov joined him. Having traveled “along the Great Lower Tundra” to the north, in July they reached the Upper Taimyr River, that is, they crossed the North Siberian Lowland from south to north and laid the foundation for its exploration. Middendorf opened a chain of heights on it, elongated in a northeasterly direction and bounded from the south by the “river region of Taimyr”; he called their ridges "Shaitan" (on the current maps - Stone-Herbei).
At the beginning of 1844, Middendorf, together with Vaganov, traveled from Krasnoyarsk to Irkutsk, crossed to the Lena and, in early March 1844, descended along it to Yakutsk, where he studied permafrost. Thus, the foundations of permafrost were laid. Having completed the work in Yakutia, Middendorf, at his own risk, decided to extend the expedition in order to explore the then almost unexplored Amur Territory. Together with Vaganov, he traveled by pack to the village of Amgi (on the Amga River, a tributary of the Aldan), where at the end of April he equipped a large detachment. From here, the expedition proceeded to the watershed heights - the eastern spurs of the Stanovoy Range - and, having crossed them in mid-June, reached the upper reaches of the Uda.
Further, the travelers descended on a canoe built by them to the Uda Bay of the Sea of Okhotsk, and Vaganov completed a survey of the entire river. The route from Aldan to Uda was the first route through the southeastern part of the Verkhoyansk-Kolyma region, which was previously completely unknown. From here, on a canoe, they moved east along the seashore.
At the end of January 1845, the expedition went to the Amur. The result of this journey was a description of the southwestern coast of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Shantar Islands. Middendorf offered to single out the Yablonovy Ridge, delivered the first hydrographic information about the southern slopes of the Stanovoy Ridge, and was its first explorer. He laid the foundation for the discovery and exploration of the Bureinsky and Dzhagda ridges, gave the first accurate geological materials about Primorye and the Amur basin, correctly characterizing this basin as a mountainous country. He was the first to determine the southern boundary of the distribution of permafrost in Eastern Siberia. In published in 1860 - 1877. The work "Journey to the North and East of Siberia" was the first to develop a classification of the tundra, provided evidence of the zonal distribution of vegetation in this territory and developed a general description of its climate. According to modern ethnographers, data on the Taimyr Evenks, Nganasans, Dolgans and Northern Yakuts were new to science.
Years of life 1815 - 1894
Alexander Middendorf was born in 1815 in the Baltic States, in southern Estonia. His father was an educated man, he headed one of the gymnasiums in the city where the Middendorfs lived. That is why he was extremely pleased with his son's desire for knowledge, especially the natural sciences.
After graduating from high school, Alexander entered the preparatory courses at the Pedagogical Institute of St. Petersburg. But the love for the natural sciences turned out to be stronger, and in 1932 Alexander Middendorf became a student at the medical faculty of the Dorpat (now Tartu) University. Study and study of zoology and other natural sciences absorb it entirely.
Middendorf completed his studies in 1837 and became a certified doctor. But he decided not to stop there. Alexander went to Europe, where he worked under the guidance of the most eminent naturalists of that time, gaining his own experience, conducting research in the field of zoological, geological, botanical, anthropological and ethnographic sciences.
In 1840, Middendorf became a member of the Lapland expedition, led by Karl Baer, where he proved himself not only as a doctor, but also as an experienced traveler, a fearless hunter and a skilled carpenter.
Research in Siberia
Middendorf managed to make an indelible impression on Baer, with whom they were on the Lapland expedition, which is why he recommended Alexander to the Russian Academy of Sciences as the organizer and leader of the expedition to Siberia. While preparing the expedition, he used as a guide the materials of Chelyuskin and Laptev, well-known explorers.
The date of the beginning of the journey was November 14, 1842. The main purpose of the expedition was to explore the Taimyr Peninsula, as well as permafrost. At the very beginning of 1943, scientists reached Turkhansk, moved further along the Yenisei to the mouth of the Dudinka River, and reached the Putorana Plateau. The expedition was the first to reach these territories (Norilsk is now located there) and describe them.
Scientists-researchers managed to cross the North Siberian lowland, thereby starting its detailed study. In the course of the journey, Middendorf discovered the mountains, which he named Barrynga, and by the end of 1943, the expedition reached the Taimyr Bay of the Kara Sea.
February 1844 was the time when scientists returned to Yakutsk. Here all the time of Alexander and his colleagues was devoted to the study of permafrost. Actually, it was Middendorf who became the founder of permafrost studies as such.
The next expedition led by the naturalist was to the shores of the Sea of Okhotsk. Here, on his journey, he was accompanied by the Yakuts. The researchers along the way made maps of the area along which they passed, fixing rivers and ridges. Also, on this journey, they first described Selenda, an icy valley located in Eastern Yakutia. In the summer of 1844, namely in June, scientists managed to reach their goal - the Sea of Okhotsk. But the weather made adjustments to the timing of the expedition, and the scientists had to stay here, but they did not waste time studying the fauna of this area and collecting a zoological collection.
Middendorf devoted August 1944 to studying the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk. Then, on reindeer sleds, the expedition sets off through the Bureya Mountains, reaching the Bureya River and the Inkan tract. At the beginning of 1945, Middendorf and other naturalists reached the Amur River, where he carefully explored both the Amur Region and the Primorsky Territory.
Results of the Siberian expedition
The duration of the expedition in Siberia was 841 days. During this time, the members of the scientific group managed to cover about 30 thousand kilometers through the most inaccessible areas of the Siberian region.
Unique studies of permafrost, flora and fauna were carried out. The expedition also collected rich ethnographic material, which allowed scientists to begin extensive work in this area.
The last years of life and activity
Alexander Middendorf was a member of many more expeditions, and not only to the North. He devoted 1860-70s to the study of the Black and Mediterranean Seas. He studied sea currents in the North Seas, became the man who discovered the North Cape Current in the Barents Sea.
He also explored the Baraba steppe and the Ferghana Valley, and also closely studied the north of Russia in its European part. Alexander Middendorf became the scientist who laid the foundation for great journeys with the aim of developing Russian lands by various scientists.
Born in the Estonian province of the Russian Empire (according to other sources, in St. Petersburg).
Educated at the Medical Faculty of the University of Derpt (1832-1837), he graduated with the rank of doctor.
For two years he worked in Austria and Germany, where he specialized in zoology, ethnography, and anthropology.
In 1839 he was appointed adjunct at the Department of Zoology at the University of St. Vladimir (Kyiv).
In 1840, Middendorf participated in the Lapland expedition of K. M. Baer, collected materials on ornithology, malacology and geology of Lapland.
In 1842, on the recommendation of K. M. Baer, the Academy of Sciences instructed Middendorf to organize an expedition to Northern and Eastern Siberia. During the preparation of the expedition, Middendorf compiled a map of Taimyr using the work of S. I. Chelyuskin and Kh. P. Laptev.
During his expedition to Northern Siberia and the Far East in 1842-1845, he discovered the Putorana Plateau, became the first explorer of the Taimyr Peninsula, the North Siberian Lowland, the Amur-Zeya Plain, the Stanovoy Range, the lower part of the Amur basin, the southern coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, the Uda Tugursky Okhotsk, Shantar Islands. Middendorf's report on the expedition was for its time the most complete natural-historical description of Siberia.
Among the scientific achievements of Alexander Middendorf, the first ethnographic description of a number of Siberian peoples and the first scientific characterization of the climate of Siberia, the definition of the southern border of the distribution of permafrost, the definition of vegetation zonation, the formulation of the so-called. "Middendorf's law", which explains the reasons for the sinuosity of the northern border of the forests.
In 1852, Alexander Middendorf was elected an ordinary academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, and in 1855 - the indispensable secretary of the Academy.
In 1867, Middendorf accompanied Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich on a trip to Russia, and in 1869, Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich.
In 1870, accompanying Aleksey Alexandrovich on a journey across the White Sea and to Novaya Zemlya, he made important observations on the Gulf Stream east of the North Cape, and discovered the North Cape Current in the Barents Sea.
In 1870 he explored the Baraba steppe, in 1878 - the Fergana valley.
Middendorf took an active part in the Proceedings of the Imperial Free Economic Society and served as president of the VEO from 1859 to 1860, when he was forced to give up this title due to illness.
Middendorf was vice-president of the Russian Geographical Society.
Middendorf was engaged in agriculture, took a great part in the organization of agricultural exhibitions; mainly, he was interested in replacing the local low-dairy cattle with a more profitable breed in the Baltic region. Of the many breeds of European cattle studied by him, Middendorf settled on the Holstein breed and on crossing it with local cattle.
The Ministry of State Property put Middendorf at the head of a special expedition (1883), whose task was to investigate the current state of cattle breeding in Russia. Middendorf in the second year of the expedition fell seriously ill and could no longer continue his useful activities.
From the practical activities of Middendorf in agriculture, one can also point out that, in addition to the improvement of his two vast estates near Yuryev (modern Tartu) and Pernov (modern Pärnu), for many years he was at the head of a vast farm in the famous Karlovka, Poltava province, owned by Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna.
No less famous is Middendorf as a hippologist, which is why back in the 1850s he was instructed to introduce both cavalrymen and artillerymen closer to horse breeding. He took part in the arrangement of Russian state stud farms. In the "Journal of Horse Breeding" Middendorf owns articles on horse breeding: "On the question of determining the thoroughbred of the Oryol horse" (1865), "On the selection of producers" (1866) and many others. In 1869, he tried to draw the attention of the Russian government to the possible benefits of domesticating and breeding moose.
His health, which was upset during the Siberian expedition, forced Middendorf to spend the last ten years of his life in Estonia on his estate Hellenurme (now Valgamaa County).
Printed works:
- Bericht uber die ornithologischen Ergebnisse der naturhist. Reisen in Lappland wahrend d. Sommers 1840 (Baer und Helmersen. Beitrage z. Kenntniss des Russischen Reiches, Bd. VIII);
- Middendorf A.F. Journey to the North and East of Siberia: The North and East of Siberia in Natural History. St. Petersburg: Printing house of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. - Ch. 1, sec. 1: Geography and hydrography. - 1860; Ch. 1, sec. 2: Orography and geognosy. - 1861; Ch. 1, sec. 3: The climate of Siberia. - 1862; Ch. 1, sec. 4: Vegetation of Siberia. - 1867; Ch. 2, sec. 5: Siberian fauna. - 1869; Ch. 2, sec. 5: Siberian fauna (end). Domestic and draft animals, wagons, ships, fishing and hunting. - 1877; Part 2. otd. 6: Indigenous inhabitants of Siberia. (End of the whole essay). - 1878.
- Beitrage zu einer Malacozoologia Rossica, 1848-1849.
- Die Isepiptesen Russlands. - 1855.
- Middendorf A.F. Analysis of the essay by Mr. Severtsov entitled: “Periodic phenomena in the life of animals, birds and reptiles of the Voronezh province”, compiled by Academician A. Middendorf // 25th award of awards established by P.N. Demidov. - St. Petersburg, 1856. - S. 191-212.
- Middendorf A.F. About Siberian mammoths // Bulletin of natural sciences. - 1860. - No. 26-27. - S. 1-28.
- Middendorf A.F. The Gulf Stream to the East of the North Cape // Notes of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. 1871. - T. 19, book. 1. - S. 1-29.
- Die Baraba // "Memoires de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St.-Petersbourge", 1870.
- Einblicke in das Ferghana Thal // "Memoires de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St.-Petersbourge", VII serie, vol. XXIX, No. 1, 1881.
