Before we move on to the description of the high voltage source proposed for assembly, let us remind you of the need to observe general safety precautions when working with high voltages. Although this device produces an extremely low current output, it can be dangerous and will cause a rather nasty and painful shock if accidentally touched in the wrong place. From a safety point of view, this is one of the safest high-voltage sources, since the output current is comparable to that of conventional stun guns. The high voltage at the output terminals is DC, about 10-20 kilovolts, and if you connect a spark gap, you can get an arc of 15 mm.
High voltage source circuit
The voltage can be adjusted by changing the number of stages in the multiplier, for example if you want it to light neon lights you can use one, if you want spark plugs to work you can use two or three, and if you want a higher voltage you can use 4. 5 or more. Fewer stages means less voltage but more current, which can make the device more dangerous. Paradoxically, the higher the voltage, the less difficult it will be to cause power-related damage as the current drops to negligible levels.
How it works
After pressing the button, the IR diode turns on and the light beam hits the optocoupler sensor, this sensor has an output resistance of about 50 ohms, which is enough to turn on the 2n2222 transistor. This transistor supplies battery energy to power the 555 timer. The frequency and duty cycle of the pulses can be adjusted by changing the ratings of the trim components. In this case, the frequency can be adjusted using a potentiometer. These oscillations, through the BD679 transistor, which amplifies the current pulses, enter the primary coil. An alternating voltage increased by 1000 times is removed from the secondary and rectified by an explosive multiplier.
Parts for assembling the circuit
The microcircuit is any timer of the KR1006VI1 series. For the coil - a transformer with a winding resistance ratio of 8 Ohm: 1 kOhm. The first thing to consider when choosing a transformer is size, as the amount of power they can handle is proportional to their size. For example, the size of a large coin will give us more energy than a small transformer.
The first thing you need to do to rewind it is to remove the ferrite core to access the coil itself. In most transformers, the two parts are glued together, just hold the transformer with pliers over a lighter, just be careful not to melt the plastic. After a minute, the glue should melt and you need to break it into two parts of the core.
Keep in mind that ferrite is very brittle and cracks quite easily. To wind the secondary coil, 0.15 mm enameled copper wire was used. Winding until almost full, so that later there is enough for another layer of thicker wire 0.3 mm - this will be the primary. It should have several dozen turns, about 100.
Why is an optocoupler installed here - it will provide complete galvanic isolation from the circuit; there will be no electrical contact with it between the power supply button, the microcircuit and the high-voltage part. If a high power supply voltage accidentally breaks through, you will be safe.
It is very easy to make an optocoupler; insert any IR LED and IR sensor into a heat-shrinkable tube, as shown in the picture. As a last resort, if you don’t want to complicate matters, remove all these elements and supply power by closing the K-E transistor 2N2222.
Note the two switches in the circuit, this is done because each hand must be used to activate the generator - this will be safe and reduces the risk of accidental activation. Also, while operating the device, you should not touch anything other than the buttons.
When assembling the voltage multiplier, be sure to leave enough clearance between the elements. Trim any protruding leads as they can cause corona discharges which greatly reduce efficiency.
We recommend insulating all exposed contacts of the multiplier with hot melt adhesive or other similar insulating material and then wrapping them in heat shrink tubing or electrical tape. This will not only reduce the risk of accidental impacts, but will also improve the efficiency of the circuit by reducing losses through air. Also, for insurance, they added a piece of foam between the multiplier and the generator.
The current consumption should be approximately 0.5-1 ampere. If more, it means the circuit is poorly configured.
HV generator testing
Two different transformers were tested - both with excellent results. The first had a smaller ferrite core and therefore less inductance, operated at a frequency of 2 kHz, and the other about 1 kHz.
When starting for the first time, first check the NE555 generator to see if it is working. Connect a small speaker to leg 3 - you should hear sound coming from it as the frequency changes. If everything gets very hot, you can increase the resistance of the primary winding by winding it with a thinner wire. And a small heatsink for the transistor is recommended. And the correct tuning frequency is important to avoid this problem.
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My high voltage generator ( H.V.) I use in many of my projects ( , ): 
Elements -
1 - switch
2 - varistor
3 - E/m interference suppression capacitor
4 - step-down transformer from the UPS
5 - rectifier (Schottky diodes) on the radiator
6 - smoothing filter capacitors
7 - voltage stabilizer 10 V
8 - rectangular pulse generator with duty cycle adjustable by variable resistor
10 - IRF540 MOSFETs connected in parallel, mounted on a radiator
11 - high-voltage coil on a ferrite core from a monitor
12 - high voltage output
13 - electric arc
The source circuit is quite standard, based on the flyback converter circuit ( flyback converter):
Input circuits
Varistor serves for overvoltage protection: 
S- disk varistor
10
- disc diameter 10 mm
K- error 10%
275
- max. AC voltage 275 V
Capacitor C reduces interference generated by the generator in the power supply network. It is used as an interference suppression capacitor X type.
Constant voltage source
Transformer - from an uninterruptible power supply: 
Transformer primary winding Tr connected to mains voltage 220 V, and the secondary to a bridge rectifier VD1.
The effective voltage value at the output of the secondary winding is 16 V.
The rectifier is assembled from three cases of dual Schottky diodes mounted on a radiator - SBL2040CT, SBL1040CT:
SBL 2040
C.T.- max. average rectified current 20 A, max. peak reverse voltage 40 V, max. effective reverse voltage 28 V
connected in parallel:
SBL 1040
C.T.- max. average rectified current 10 A, max. peak reverse voltage 40 V, max. effective reverse voltage 28 V
SBL 1640
- max. average rectified current 16 A, max. peak reverse voltage 40 V, max. effective reverse voltage 28 V
The pulsating voltage at the rectifier output is smoothed out by filter capacitors: electrolytic CapXon C1, C2 with a capacity of 10,000 µF at a voltage of 50 V and ceramic C3 with a capacity of 150 nF. Then a constant voltage (20.5 V) is supplied to the key and to a voltage stabilizer, the output of which is a voltage of 10 V, which serves to power the pulse generator.
Voltage stabilizer assembled on a microcircuit IL317:
Throttle L and capacitor C serve to smooth out voltage ripples.
Light-emitting diode VD3 connected through a ballast resistor R4, serves to indicate the presence of voltage at the output.
Variable resistor R2 serves to adjust the output voltage level (10 V).
Pulse generator
The generator is assembled on a timer NE555 and produces rectangular pulses. A special feature of this generator is the ability to change the duty cycle of the pulses using a variable resistor R3, without changing their frequencies. From the duty cycle of the pulses, i.e. The voltage level on the secondary winding of the transformer depends on the ratio between the duration of the switch on and off states. 
Ra = R1+ top part R3
Rb= bottom part R3 + R2
duration "1" $T1 = 0.67 \cdot Ra \cdot C$
duration "0" $T2 = 0.67 \cdot Rb \cdot C$
period $T = T1 + T2$
frequency $f = (1.49 \over ((Ra + Rb)) \cdot C)$
When moving the variable resistor slider R3 total resistance Ra + Rb = R1 + R2 + R3 does not change, therefore the pulse repetition rate does not change, but only the ratio between Ra And Rb, and, consequently, the duty cycle of the pulses changes.
Key and
Pulses from the generator are controlled through the driver by a key on two connected in parallel -ah ( - metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor, MOS transistor ("metal-oxide-semiconductor"), MOS transistor ("metal-insulator-semiconductor"), field-effect transistor with insulated gate) IRF540N in the case TO-220, mounted on a massive radiator:
G- shutter
D- stock
S- source
For transistor IRF540N The maximum drain-to-source voltage is VDS = 100 volts, and the maximum drain current I D = 33/110 amps. This transistor has low on-resistance RDS(on) = 44 milliohms. The transistor opening voltage is V GS(th) = 4 volts. Operating temperature - up to 175° C
.
Transistors can also be used IRFP250N in the case TO-247.
The driver is needed for more reliable control -transistors. In the simplest case, it can be assembled from two transistors ( n-p-n And p-n-p):
Resistor R1 limits gate current when turned on -ah, and a diode VD1 creates a path for the gate capacitance to discharge when turned off.
Closes/opens the circuit of the primary winding of a high-voltage transformer, which is used as a horizontal scan transformer (“linear scan”, flyback transformer (FBT)) from an old monitor Samsung SyncMaster 3Ne:
The circuit diagram of the monitor shows the high voltage output H.V. line transformer T402 (FCO-14AG-42), connected to the anode of the kinescope CRT1:
From the transformer, I only used the core, since the line transformer has built-in diodes that are filled with resin and cannot be removed.
The core of such a transformer is made of ferrite and consists of two halves: 
To prevent saturation in the core using a plastic spacer ( spacer) an air gap is created.
I wound the secondary winding with a large number (~ 500) turns of thin wire (resistance ~ 34 Ohms), and the primary winding with a thick wire with a small number of turns.
Sudden changes in current in the primary winding of the transformer when turned off -a induce high-voltage pulses in the secondary winding. This consumes the magnetic field energy accumulated as the current in the primary winding increases. The secondary winding leads can either be connected to electrodes to produce an electric arc, for example, or connected to a rectifier to produce a high DC voltage.
Diode VD1 and resistor R(snubber (snubber) chain) limit the self-induction voltage pulse on the primary winding of the transformer when the switch is opened.
High Voltage Generator Simulation
Results of modeling processes in a high voltage generator in the program LTspice are presented below:
The first graph shows how the current in the primary winding increases according to the exponential law (1-2), then abruptly stops at the moment the switch opens (2).
The voltage on the secondary winding reacts slightly to the smooth increase in current in the primary winding (1), but increases sharply when the current is interrupted (2). During the interval (2-3), there is no current in the primary winding (the key is turned off), and then it begins to increase again (3).
Sometimes it becomes necessary to obtain high voltage from scrap materials. The line scan of domestic televisions is a ready-made high-voltage generator; we will only slightly alter the generator.
You need to remove the voltage multiplier and horizontal transformer from the horizontal scan unit. For our purpose, the UN9-27 multiplier was used.
Literally any horizontal transformer will do.
The horizontal transformer is made with a huge margin; TVs use only 15-20% of the power.
The stitcher has a high-voltage winding, one end of which can be seen directly on the coil, the second end of the high-voltage winding is located on the stand, along with the main contacts at the bottom of the coil (13th pin). Finding the high-voltage terminals is very easy if you look at the circuit of the line transformer.
The multiplier used has several pins; the connection diagram is shown below.
Voltage multiplier circuit
After connecting the multiplier to the high-voltage winding of the line transformer, you need to think about the design of the generator that will power the entire circuit. I didn’t bother with the generator, I decided to take a ready-made one. An LDS control circuit with a power of 40 watts was used, in other words, simply LDS ballast.
Ballast is made in China, can be found in any store, the price is no more than $2-2.5. This ballast is convenient because it operates at high frequencies (17-5 kHz depending on the type and manufacturer). The only drawback is that the output voltage has a higher rating, so we cannot directly connect such a ballast to a line transformer. For connection, a capacitor with a voltage of 1000-5000 volts, a capacity of 1000 to 6800 pF, is used. The ballast can be replaced with another generator, it is not critical, only the acceleration of the line transformer is important here.
ATTENTION!!!
The output voltage from the multiplier is about 30,000 volts, this voltage can be fatal in some cases, so please be extremely careful. After turning off the circuit charge remains in the multiplier, short-circuit the high-voltage terminals to completely discharge it. Do all experiments with high voltage away from electronic devices.
In general, the entire circuit is under high voltage, so do not touch the components during operation.
The installation can be used as a demonstration high-voltage generator, with which a number of interesting experiments can be carried out.
From this article you will learn how to get high voltage, high frequency with your own hands. The cost of the entire structure does not exceed 500 rubles, with a minimum of labor costs.
To make it, you will need only 2 things: - an energy-saving lamp (the main thing is that there is a working ballast circuit) and a line transformer from a TV, monitor and other CRT equipment.
Energy saving lamps (correct name: compact fluorescent lamp) are already firmly established in our everyday life, so I think it won’t be difficult to find a lamp with a non-working bulb, but with a working ballast circuit.
The CFL electronic ballast generates high frequency voltage pulses (usually 20-120 kHz) which powers a small step-up transformer, etc. the lamp lights up. Modern ballasts are very compact and easily fit into the base of the E27 socket.
The lamp ballast produces voltage up to 1000 Volts. If you connect a line transformer instead of a lamp bulb, you can achieve amazing effects.
A little about compact fluorescent lamps
Blocks in the diagram:
1 - rectifier. It converts alternating voltage into direct voltage.
2 - transistors connected according to the push-pull circuit (push-pull).
3 - toroidal transformer
4 - resonant circuit of a capacitor and inductor to create high voltage
5 - fluorescent lamp, which we will replace with a liner
CFLs are produced in a wide variety of powers, sizes, and form factors. The greater the lamp power, the higher the voltage must be applied to the lamp bulb. In this article I used a 65 watt CFL.
Most CFLs have the same type of circuit design. And they all have 4 pins for connecting a fluorescent lamp. It will be necessary to connect the ballast output to the primary winding of the line transformer.
A little about line transformers
Liners also come in different sizes and shapes.
The main problem when connecting a line reader is to find the 3 pins we need out of the 10-20 they usually have. One terminal is common and a couple of other terminals are the primary winding, which will cling to the CFL ballast.
If you can find documentation for the liner, or a diagram of the equipment where it used to be, then your task will be significantly easier.
Attention! The liner may contain residual voltage, so be sure to discharge it before working with it.
Final design
In the photo above you can see the device in operation.
And remember that this is constant tension. The thick red pin is a plus. If you need alternating voltage, then you need to remove the diode from the liner, or find an old one without a diode.
Possible problems
When I assembled my first high-voltage circuit, it worked immediately. Then I used ballast from a 26-watt lamp.
I immediately wanted more.
I took a more powerful ballast from a CFL and repeated the first circuit exactly. But the scheme did not work. I thought the ballast had burned out. I reconnected the lamp bulbs and turned them on. The lamp came on. This means it was not a matter of ballast - it was working.
After some thought, I came to the conclusion that the electronics of the ballast should determine the filament of the lamp. And I used only 2 external terminals on the lamp bulb, and left the internal ones “in the air”. Therefore, I placed a resistor between the external and internal ballast terminals. I turned it on and the circuit started working, but the resistor quickly burned out.
I decided to use a capacitor instead of a resistor. The fact is that a capacitor passes only alternating current, while a resistor passes both alternating and direct current. Also, the capacitor did not heat up, because gave little resistance to the AC path.
The capacitor worked great! The arc turned out to be very large and thick!
So, if your circuit does not work, then most likely there are 2 reasons:
1. Something was connected incorrectly, either on the ballast side or on the side of the line transformer.
2. The electronics of the ballast are tied to working with the filament, and since If it is not there, then a capacitor will help replace it.
Powerful high voltage generator (Kirlian apparatus), 220/40000 volts
The generator produces voltages up to 40,000 V and even higher, which can be applied to the electrodes described in previous projects.
It may be necessary to use a thicker glass or plastic plate in the electrode to avoid serious electrical shock. Although the circuit is powerful, its output current is low, reducing the risk of fatal shock if it comes into contact with any parts of the device.
However, you should be extremely careful when handling it, as the possibility of electric shock cannot be ruled out.
Attention! High voltages are dangerous. Be extremely careful when working with this circuit. It is advisable to have experience with such devices.
You can use the generator in experiments with Kirlian photography (electrophotography) and other paranormal experiments, such as those involving plasma or ionization.
The circuit uses conventional components and has an output power of about 20 W.
Below are some characteristics of the device:
- power supply voltage - 117 V or 220/240 V (AC mains);
- output voltage - up to 40 kV (depending on the high-voltage transformer);
- output power - from 5 to 25 W (depending on the components used);
- number of transistors - 1;
- operating frequency - from 2 to 15 kHz.
Principle of operation
The diagram shown in Fig. 2.63, consists of a single-transistor generator, the operating frequency of which is determined by capacitors C3 and C4 and the inductance of the primary winding of the high-voltage transformer.
Rice. 2.63 Kirlian apparatus
The project uses a high-power silicon npn transistor. To remove heat, it should be mounted on a sufficiently large radiator.
Resistors R1 and R2 determine the output power by setting the transistor current. Its operating point is set by resistor R3. Depending on the characteristics of the transistor, it is necessary to experimentally select the value of resistor R3 (it should be in the range of 270...470 Ohms).
The horizontal output transformer of the TV (horizontal transformer) with a ferrite core is used as a high-voltage transformer, which also determines the operating frequency. The primary winding consists of 20...40 turns of ordinary insulated wire. A very high voltage is generated on the secondary winding, which you will use in experiments.
The power supply is very simple; it is a full-wave rectifier with a step-down transformer. It is recommended to use a transformer with secondary windings providing voltages of 20...25 V and currents of 3...5 A.
Assembly
The list of elements is given in table. 2.13. Since the assembly requirements are not very strict, Fig. Figure 2.64 shows the installation method using a mounting block. It contains small parts, such as resistors and capacitors, interconnected by hinged mounting.
Table 2.13. List of elements
Large parts, such as a transformer, are screwed directly to the housing.
It is better to make the body plastic or wooden.
Rice. 2.64. Device installation
The high-voltage transformer can be removed from a non-working black-and-white or color TV. If possible, use a TV with a diagonal of 21 inches or larger: the larger the kinescope, the greater the voltage the TV’s line transformer should generate.
Resistors R1 and R2 - wirewound C1 - any capacitor with a nominal value of 1500...4700 µF.
