Moscow's industrial zones cover thousands of hectares. Some of these zones are thriving and functioning, but most of them ceased production many years ago and turned into chaotic warehouses and dumps. Let's see what happens to the "rusty belt" of Moscow using the example of my beloved ZIL.
1. Today, 40% of Moscow's jobs are concentrated in the Central Administrative District, while only 8% of the population lives there. The reorganization of industrial zones is not only a continuous construction of housing (otherwise Moscow will simply burst), but also the construction of office buildings and new production sites that will create jobs near housing on the outskirts of the city.
2. I have special memories with ZIL. Let me remind you that I am a car designer by education, and all our training was in one way or another connected with this plant. Course projects based on ZIL cars, teachers who worked at this plant in the design department, practice and excursions to the workshops of this giant city. Since then I have visited hundreds of similar factories, terrible and terrible, new and modern. I almost don't remember the shop of the old ZIL.
3. With the closure of ZIL, a whole era has passed. The Likhachev plant was the oldest Soviet automobile company. I became a photographer, not a car designer. It's a pity, I don't know who the author of this brilliant shot is.
4. Now most of the workshops of the plant have been dismantled. As far as I understand, part of the production has been preserved at the southern site of the plant, on the territory close to the CHP. But as I read, car production has stopped.
You need to understand what the building of land is, on which soils have been contaminated for decades, waste technical liquids have been poured out and industrial waste has been buried in the ground. Before starting construction, the developers removed and removed all the soil, and brought in a new fertile layer.
5. Now on the territory of the ZIL plant, several complex projects are being built at once: "Park of Legends", "Zilart" and "Technopark".
In addition, today in Moscow, work is underway on the renovation of a dozen industrial zones at once, some of which you probably know. Here are some of them:
- Former Hammer and Sickle Metallurgical Plant - "Symbol"
- Shelepikhinskaya embankment - "Heart of the capital"
- Former territory of Tushino airport - "City on the river 2018"
- "Art-Kvartal" on the Yauza
- "Garden Quarters" in Khamovniki
- Ogorodny passage near Maryina Roscha - "Savelovsky City"
- Grayvoronovo - "Wednesday"
6. Most of these industrial zones I have already visited and filmed in one way or another. And the complexes "Heart of the Capital" and "Symbol" photographers of our photo agency shoot monthly for several years. But today I would like to tell you exactly about the sports and entertainment quarter "Park of Legends", as it is very different from all similar projects.
7. How is it usually done with developers? First, build and sell more housing, and then deal with infrastructure and social and cultural facilities. It's all the other way around, more on that below.
This year, the TEN group of companies has begun construction of the Park Legends residential quarter, which will be located just a couple of minutes from the ZIL MCC station. The photo shows the construction site of the first buildings, where a parking lot and the first floors of the monolith are being built.
8. According to the project, it is planned to build nine 24-storey towers. Under them will be located underground parking for a thousand cars.
9. The main distinguishing feature of the quarter under construction is a large sports component. The developer first of all took care of the creation of social infrastructure and only after that began the construction of housing, which is not at all typical for the residential real estate market. Usually the first years people live literally at the construction site. And here large sports facilities have already been built, around which houses are gradually growing.
In 2015, the Ice Palace was opened, a huge Olympic-level facility. At the beginning of 2017, a water sports complex will open, which will house the Olympic synchronized swimming center of Anastasia Davydova (center in the photo).
10. The Ice Palace is the first sports complex in Russia with three arenas under one roof. This is the first sports facility of this level in Moscow, which was built on the territory that until recently was an industrial zone. Sports infrastructure of the highest level appeared in the quarter much earlier than the first apartments were commissioned. Now the main thing is not to forget about kindergartens and schools)
12. On the other side of the TTK, the superhuman-sized Riviera shopping and entertainment center is open, which, according to my friends, is still mostly empty. I myself have not been there yet.
13. In the future, within the framework of the renovation of the territory of the ZiL industrial zone, it is also planned to expand the transport infrastructure and develop the road network. The photo shows the new station of the MCC "ZIL".
14. At the beginning of 2017, it is planned to commission an energy center, which will solve the issue of optimizing the consumption of energy resources and ensure the smooth operation of all sports facilities.
15. An outdoor skating rink "Park of Legends" was built next to the ice rink. There is another place in Moscow where there is a great opportunity to spend time with your family in the open air, go to a hockey match or play hockey yourself.
16. The street arena will host not only hockey matches, but also mass skating, parties with live music, master classes for children and parents with the opportunity to ride in full hockey equipment, figure skating lessons, meetings with legendary hockey players and much more.
19. And this is a building that will soon be 100 years old. Cultural heritage site "Office of the first Russian automobile plant AMO". Before the reconstruction, the building housed the ZIL Museum, and now it is the first hockey museum in the history of national sports.
20. The plant management building is one of the best examples of the so-called industrial style in classical architecture.
21. And the most interesting object from the point of view of photography is the "Park of Legends". Former body shop of the ZIL plant. A tall, huge box where I once walked among the noisy stamping presses and welding machines.
22. For some reason, the developer did not begin to demolish everything. All supporting structures were carefully preserved from the workshop. Now a new life awaits him - it will be a complex of apartments, a business center and a multi-level parking lot for 3,500 cars.
24. A huge parking lot occupies the first few floors of the former workshop. The parking lot is now used for visitors to the ice rink, the hockey museum and the outdoor ice rink.
25. The cost of parking is 50 rubles per hour. There is a fixed rate for events - 200 rubles, starting 2 hours before the match / concert and ending 2 hours after the event.
27. Aaa, this is the very tile that remembers the footprints of ZIL workers and the noise of multi-ton machines!
30. I do not know what justifies the preservation of the load-bearing beams. But it's nice that at least something remained from the former workshop.
31. Ready-made decor elements for future apartments)
32. Nearby is the Zilart complex, known to everyone from one dubious advertising clip with Russian stars. I envy everyone who does not know what clip is in question)
34. Industrial beauty of construction projects. I can shoot such objects endlessly)
35. Moscow is under construction!
Dmitry Chistoprudov,
The history of the automobile plant named after I.A. Likhachev (ZIL) begins in August 1960, at the beginning this enterprise bore the name (AMO). On October 1, 1931, after reconstruction, it was renamed into the I.V. Stalin (ZIS), which became the flagship of the domestic truck industry. In its shops, the latest American equipment was installed, which made it possible to increase the annual production of cars by more than 8 times and bring it to a record level for those times of 25 thousand units.
Despite the renaming, at first the plant continued to manufacture the previous AMO-F-15 models, as well as the AMO-2 and AMO-3 trucks, which were based on the American 2.5-ton "Otokar" (Autocar). Since October 1931, the AMO-3, which was now called the ZIS-3, was assembled entirely from domestic parts and was constantly improved. For the first time in the history of the domestic automotive industry, a truck received a hydraulic drive for all brakes, a diaphragm fuel pump and even a tire inflation compressor driven by a gearbox. Work on the modernization and fine-tuning of the car was carried out under the guidance of the chief designer of the ZIS, E.I. Vazhinsky (1889-1938).
As a result, a new truck ZIS-5 was born, as well as its 3-axle version of the ZIS-6, the first copies of which were assembled on June 26, 1933. In December 1933, production of the “three-ton” ZIS-5, which became a legend of the Soviet pre-war automotive industry, began. ... By increasing the diameter of the cylinders, the working volume of the in-line 6-cylinder engine increased from 4882 to 5555 cm 3, and the power - from 60 to 73 hp. The robust, flexible and reliable engine could run on gasoline with an octane rating of 55-60 and even on kerosene. The car received a new 4-speed gearbox and a propeller shaft, but the capricious hydraulic brakes had to be replaced with a simple mechanical one.
The wheelbase was 3810 mm., The curb weight was 3100 kg., The maximum speed was 60 km / h. The simplicity and unpretentiousness of the ZIS-5 became the reason for a long time to consider it a typical Russian car. The truck has been modernized many times and produced for over 30 years. In Moscow alone, 532311 cars of this series were assembled. 1933 was also marked by the participation of factory vehicles in the famous Karakum race and the adoption by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on the second reconstruction of the enterprise with an increase in its annual capacity to 80 thousand cars.
In 1937, the first batch of ZIS-10 truck tractors in the country was manufactured on the ZIS-5 chassis for towing 6-ton semi-trailers. In 1934-39. extended chassis ZIS-11, ZIS-12 and ZIS-14 with a wheelbase of 4420 mm were produced, and in 1936-38. on the ZIS-11 chassis, the first Soviet gas-generating vehicle was produced - the 2.5-ton ZIS-13 with a chrome-nickel steel installation. The car weighed 3850 kg., Developed a speed of 45 km / h. From the end of 1938, it was replaced by a simpler gas generator version of the ZIS-21 with a capacity of 45 hp, which worked on wood chocks and weighed 150 kg. smaller.
On December 7, 1933, the serial production of the 3-axle 4-ton version of the ZIS-6 (6 × 4) began. The car was equipped with axles with main worm gears, and an additional box made it possible to double the number of gears. When equipped, it weighed 4230 kg. and developed a speed of 50-55 km / h. Fire escapes and multi-seat bus bodies were installed on the ZIS-6 chassis, and during the war years - the first BM-13 multiple launch rocket launchers, called “Katyusha”. In the period from 1942 to 1948, a simplified and lightweight ZIS-5V truck was produced at the ZIS. He did not have folding side walls, front brakes, one headlight and a bumper. Its cockpit was made of wood, the rectangular wings were made of the cheapest sheet steel.
Since 1942, the 73-horsepower half-track ZIS-42 and its 85-horsepower version of the ZIS-42M have been produced. The cars weighed 5250 kg, developed a speed of 45 km / h and consumed 55-60 liters. gasoline per 100 km. In the same year, the AT-14 semi-tracked artillery tractor with two 85 hp engines was built. In 1942-44. the production of the ZIS-5V truck was launched at the evacuated enterprises in Ulyanovsk and in the Ural city of Miass, which later became the Ulyanovsk and Uralsk automobile plants. At the end of the war, the third reconstruction of the plant began.
During this period, a simple ZIS-5V received a hydraulic drive for all brakes, a centrifugal-vacuum ignition timing controller and an 85-horsepower base engine. In 1948, the 90-strong version with a 5-speed gearbox had the designation ZIS-50. On the basis of the ZIS-5V since 1946, the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant (MMZ) has organized the production of ZIS-05 dump trucks with a hydraulic lift. The second generation of ZIS vehicles appeared on the eve of the May holidays of 1947. The new basic model was the 4-ton ZIS-150 truck, which outwardly repeated the style of American trucks of the late 1930s.
The basis of its power unit ZIS-120 remained the previous substantially modernized 6-cylinder engine. While maintaining the working volume, it developed a power of 90 hp, was equipped with thin-walled quick-change crankshaft liners, a thermostat in the cooling system, vacuum and centrifugal ignition timing controllers. Important innovations are the 5-speed gearbox and the pneumatic brake drive. In the equipped state, the ZIS-150 weighed 3900 kg., Could tow a trailer with a gross weight of 4.5 tons, developed a maximum speed of 65 km / h and consumed 38 liters. gasoline per 100 km. In 1950, the modernized ZIS-150 received an all-metal cabin and a new carburetor instead of a wood-metal one; in 1952, an intermediate propeller shaft support and a folding windshield were introduced.
Since 1949, MMZ has been manufacturing ZIS-MMZ-585 3.5-ton dump trucks on the ZIS-150 chassis. Since 1952, they have been produced by the Kutaisi Automobile Plant (KAZ) under the designation KAZ-585B. Subsequently, ZIS-MMZ-120N truck tractors were also assembled at MMZ. The base car became the basis for the 3.5-ton modifications of the ZIS-156 (1949) and ZIS-156A (1953), operating on compressed natural and liquefied petroleum gas, respectively. In total, until 1957, 771,615 copies of the ZIS-150 series trucks were manufactured. Influenced by the design of all-wheel drive army trucks that entered the USSR during the war years under Lend-Lease, from October 1948 the 2.5-ton ZIS-151 (6 × 6) with dual-slope rear wheels, in which units from ZIS-150 and drive axles developed at the Gorky Automobile Plant.
The power of its engine was increased to 92 hp, a transfer case was added to the basic 5-speed gearbox, providing the car with 10 forward gears, lever hydraulic shock absorbers were introduced into the suspension of the front wheels. A separate propeller shaft was used to drive each rear axle, so the transmission included 5 shafts with 10 constant velocity joints. As a result of an increase in mechanical losses, fuel consumption increased to 47-55 liters. per 100 km, and the maximum speed was only 55 km / h. Its only modification was the ZIS-151A with a winch.
On June 26, 1956, the plant was named after I.A. Likhachev (1896-1956), a locksmith, and then People's Commissar of Mechanical Engineering, Minister of Automobile Transport of the USSR, director of AMO and ZIS for 23 years. Renaming of the enterprise to I.A. Likhachev (ZIL) marks the beginning of the third stage in its development. It began with the creation on the basis of the ZIS-150 of a new 4-ton truck ZIL-164 with the same 100 hp engine, a heater in the cab and synchronizers in the gearbox. Outwardly, it differed only in the vertical grille of the radiator grille. Since 1960, the ZIL-164A has been manufactured, which received a single-plate clutch (instead of a two-plate one), a modernized gearbox and telescopic hydraulic shock absorbers.
On their basis, gas versions of ZIL-166 and ZIL-166A, truck tractors ZIL-164N, dump trucks ZIL-MMZ-585I and ZIL-MMZ-585L were produced. The hard work to create a simpler and more economical all-wheel drive car was embodied in 1957 in the ZIL-157 (6 × 6) truck with a 104-horsepower engine, synchronized gearbox, rear single wheels with wide-profile tires and a system for regulating air pressure in them. ZIL-157 was developed under the leadership of the new chief designer of ZIL, professor, doctor of technical sciences A.M. Krieger (1910-1984).
Since 1965, a 109-strong version with a modernized chassis was produced under the designation ZIL-157K, and the ZIL-157KE was equipped with two gas tanks. The cars were also offered as ZIL-157V and ZIL-157KV truck tractors. The latest version of the ZIL-157KD appeared in 1978 and was produced for 13 years. For 29 years of production, 797,934 cars of the “157” series were assembled. In 1960, the largest in the history of the plant, the fourth reconstruction began, which ended four years later with the installation of a fundamentally new 5-ton truck ZIL-130 of the third generation, also developed under the leadership of A.M. Krieger.
Its serial production began in December 1964. ZIL-130 marked the transition of the plant to the manufacture of more advanced equipment with high operational properties. For the first time in the practice of the enterprise, a modern 8-cylinder V-shaped overhead valve carburetor engine (5969 cm 3, 150 hp) with a centrifugal oil filter was used on it, the power of which immediately exceeded the same values of the second generation motors by 1.5 times ...
The ZIL-130 first featured a power steering and a fairly comfortable cab with efficient ventilation and heating systems, a panoramic windshield, an alligator-type hood, and its design imitated the appearance of most American bonnet trucks of the 1950s. The first release ZIL-130 weighed 4300 kg., could tow a trailer weighing 8 tons, developed a maximum speed of 90 km / h and consumed 28 liters. gasoline per 100 km. The ZIL-130G version had a wheelbase increased from 3800 to 4500 mm. Other versions were dump trucks - agricultural ZIL-MMZ-554 and construction ZIL-MMZ-555, truck tractor ZIL-130V, onboard ZIL-130A for working with trailers and gas cylinder ZIL-138.
The northern version of the ZIL-130S was produced by the Chita car assembly plant. During the production of third-generation cars, their design was constantly modernized, which was reflected in the designations of the models: ZIL-130-76 (1977), ZIL-130-80 (1980) and ZIL-431410 (1986). The frame and chassis were reinforced on them, which made it possible to increase the carrying capacity to 6 tons. The engine was equipped with a head with vortex inlet channels, a transistor ignition system, and a dry air filter. The cars were equipped with a hypoid main gear, a separate pneumatic brake drive, a modified instrument panel, and a new radiator lining.
Until 1994, a total of 3,366,503 machines of the 130th series were manufactured. In the category of all-wheel drive vehicles, the third generation includes the ZIL-131 (6 × 6) 3.5-ton truck, unified with the 130 series and produced since December 1966. The ZIL-131V truck tractor became its version. Then it was replaced by ZIL-131N with a carrying capacity of 3.75 tons, produced until 1986. the production of trucks ZIL-431410 and ZIL-131N was transferred to the Ural Automobile Plant (UAMZ) in Novouralsk near Yekaterinburg. In 1975, ZIL launched the production of a new generation of 3-axle vehicles ZIL-133P (6 × 4) with a carrying capacity of 8 tons, to which, since 1979, a 10-ton model ZIL-133G2 with a total weight of 17.2 tons was added.
They were equipped with a standard 150-horsepower V8 engine, a 5-speed gearbox, a hypoid final drive and a semi-elliptical spring-balanced rear wheel suspension. Since 1979, a KAMAZ-740 V8 diesel engine from the Kama Automobile Plant (10857 cm 3, 210 hp), a 2-disc clutch and a 10-speed gearbox have been installed on the ZIL-133GYa truck. With a total mass of 17.8 tons, it developed a speed of 80 km / h. Back in the early 50s. at the ZIS, a design bureau for special all-terrain vehicles was created, which was headed by the famous designer Vitaly Andreevich Grachev (1903-1978).
There, work began on the creation of powerful multi-axle all-wheel drive vehicles for the army and special purposes. In the 50s. prototypes of the ZIL-157 truck, the ZIS-485 amphibian, as well as the first domestic 4-axle transporters ZIL-134 and ZIL-135 (8 × 8) were created. In 1964, an experienced 5-ton vehicle ZIL-E167 (6 × 6) appeared, equipped with two 7-liter ZIL-375 V8 engines with a capacity of 180 hp each. and the original onboard transmission. At the turn of the 50-60s. the plant began production of 9-ton army transporters ZIL-135K and ZIL-135LM (8 × 8) with front and rear steerable wheels.
They were equipped with two motors with a total power of 360 hp, an onboard transmission, a torsion bar suspension of two pairs of wheels, a power steering, a tire inflation system and 4-seater fiberglass cabins. Since 1966, this production was transferred to the Bryansk Automobile Plant (BAZ). Other original designs of those years include the all-wheel drive road train ZIL-137 (10 × 10), which consisted of a ZIL-131V truck tractor and a 2-axle 10-ton semi-trailer with active axles, a 20-ton amphibious vehicle ZIL-135P (8 × 8), all-terrain vehicle ZIL-132S on four pneumatic rollers.
In 1971, on the basis of ZIL, the production association MosavtoZIL (PO ZIL) was created, which was one of the five largest machine-building complexes in the USSR. It included 17 specialized enterprises located in different regions of the country. In the early 80s. the fifth reconstruction of the headquarters in Moscow was completed. The length of its conveyors reached 60 km, and the production capacity was 200 thousand trucks per year, or 8 times more than the capabilities of the ZIS after the first reconstruction in 1931. The record annual production volume was reached in 1988 - 209650 vehicles.
The development of the next generation began in the late 70s. For the first time, the results of these works were made public in 1981 with the appearance of an experimental vehicle ZIL-169G. The basic model of the new family, the 6-ton ZIL-4331, began to roll off the assembly line in 1985. Its main differences were increased efficiency and economy, a simpler and more modern shape of the hood and a new comfortable cab. The car used a new diesel engine ZIL-645 V8 (8743 cm 3, 185 hp) with volume-film mixture formation and an 8-speed transmission, which included a conventional 4-speed gearbox with a planetary range.
The cabin on a soft suspension was equipped with a sprung driver's seat and a steering wheel adjustable in tilt and height. To simplify maintenance, an integral empennage was introduced, which consisted of a hood block with wings. Reduced number of chassis lubrication points and automatic brake adjustment have contributed to the reduction in service time and costs. The new conditions of the perestroika period in the late 80s and early 90s, the loss of important markets, disruptions in cooperative ties and the actual cessation of the receipt of military orders forced ZIL to radically revise its policy and begin to adapt to market principles of economic management.
At first, this led to a sharp drop in demand for all production trucks and put the plant on the brink of bankruptcy. At the same time, an active search for a way out of this situation began, as a result of which the entire production program was revised and expanded. This was also facilitated by competition from foreign firms, which ZIL had never experienced before. In 1992, PO “MosavtoZIL” was privatized and transformed into the Open Joint Stock Moscow Company “Plant named after I.A. Likhachev ”(AMO ZIL) with the preservation of the“ ZIL ”trademark. In addition to the parent plant, it includes 30 subsidiaries. The Moscow government became one of its shareholders.
The main achievement of ZIL was the prompt creation of a fundamentally new fifth generation of medium-class distribution trucks with a gross weight of up to 7 tons, designed for small entrepreneurs and predominantly used in cities for the delivery of small consignments. The basis of the family in 1996 was the ZIL-5301, a 3-ton semi-hood car, nicknamed by the people “Bull” for its specific appearance. It is equipped with an automobile modification of a tractor 4-cylinder diesel engine D-245 (4750 cm 3, 109 hp).
Minsk Motor Plant (MMZ). The 5-speed synchronized gearbox, power steering and 3-seater cab used on the car are unified with the ZIL-4331 truck. "Bull" is equipped with a hydraulic clutch and brakes, a hypoid final drive, front disc brakes, 16-inch wheels with tubeless tires, a metal loading platform with an awning, has a small turning radius (7 m) and a small loading height. With a relatively high unladen weight of about 4 tons, it has a top speed of 90-95 km / h.
The new family is based on several chassis of the same type with a short, extended or double 7-seater cab and a wheelbase of 3650 and 4250 mm 2.9 and 2.7 tons, as well as several types of universal, isothermal and refrigerated vans, a 3-ton dump truck ZIL-SAZ-1503, and since 1998 - an all-metal van ZIL-5301SS with sliding doors. In 1999, a compact van ZIL-5301NS with a capacity of 10.5 m 3 appeared on a chassis with a wheelbase of 3245 mm .. There is also a 3-axle version of the ZIL-5302 (6 × 2) and the all-wheel drive ZIL-5301FA (4 × 4) ...
The presence of a spar frame and a separate cab provide very great opportunities for using the chassis for mounting special equipment and various bodies. Among them are various dump trucks, cisterns, evacuation vehicles, fire trucks, buses for 15-21 places. In appearance and the power unit, the closest relative of the "bulls" is the all-wheel drive vehicle ZIL-4327 (4 × 4) with a carrying capacity of 2.3 tons, unified on the chassis with the series "131". ZIL-5301 cars, which turned out to be simpler and cheaper than foreign analogues, fully satisfy the needs of Russian buyers. In 1999, 13,745 bulls were manufactured, which accounted for 63.4% of the total production of the plant.
Cardinal reforms in Russia in the 90s. significantly affected the position of ZIL. The initial reliance on close cooperation in the field of heavy trucks and diesel engines with Kenworth, Caterpillar, Volvo and Renault did not bring much success. As a result, the plant was forced to continue to focus on its own forces, that is, the creation of an extensive unified family based on its own serial trucks.
In the 90s. on the basis of ZIL-4331, a wide range of unified vehicles with a total weight of 12 tons with a wheelbase of 3800 and 4500 mm was developed truck tractors ZIL-442100 and ZIL-442300 with short and extended cabins. On the 8-ton onboard ZIL-534330 with a total weight of 14.5 tons and the ZIL-541760 and ZIL-541730 tractors, the YaMZ-236A V6 diesel engine (11149 cm 3, 195 hp) and an 8-speed gearbox are used.
Since 1999, the ZIL-541740 tractor has been produced with a 230 hp YaMZ-236NE turbocharged diesel engine. The greatest demand is for simple 6-ton vehicles ZIL-433110 and ZIL-433360 with an old 150 hp V8 carburetor engine inherited from the ZIL-130. In 1995, the ZIL-131D was replaced by the ZIL-4334 (6 × 6) with a carrying capacity of 3.75 tons, equipped with a multi-fuel 170-horsepower ZIL-6451 diesel engine. The modern series "133" includes a 10-ton onboard version of the ZIL-133G40 (6 × 4) with a total weight of 17.7 tons, dump trucks ZIL-4514 and ZIL-4520, a ZIL-13305A truck tractor with a sleeping cab.
The main engine for them was the new diesel ZIL-6454 V8 (9556 cm 3, 200 hp), working with a 9-speed transmission. Since 1999, a new 10-ton truck ZIL-6309 (6 × 4) and a dump truck ZIL-6409 with a 195-horsepower YaMZ-236A diesel engine have been produced. In 1996, the main truck tractor ZIL-6404 (6 × 4) was presented with a 410-horsepower YaMZ-7511 diesel engine and a sleeping compartment, capable of towing road trains weighing up to 40 tons at a speed of 105 km / h. Several ZIL-4421S truck tractors (power up to 900 hp) with imported units were manufactured to participate in the FIA Cup in road-ring truck races.
In the early 90s. the previously classified production of special all-terrain vehicles was reorganized into OAO Vezdekhod GVA. Its name includes the initials of the creator of all-terrain vehicles V.A. Gracheva. The most interesting are the "Blue Bird" rescue amphibians, which previously had the ZIL-132K index. They were offered in cargo and cargo-passenger versions ZIL-4906 and ZIL-49061 (6 × 6) with gasoline or diesel engines with a capacity of 136-185 hp, an onboard 10-speed transmission, independent torsion bar suspension, disc brakes, fiberglass bodies, equipped with radio navigation devices and rescue equipment.
The gross vehicle weight is 9.6-11.8 tons, the maximum speed on the highway is 75-80 km / h, afloat - 8-9 km / h. Since 1995, in the town of Balakhna, Nizhny Novgorod Region, at the Pravdinsky Radio Relay Equipment Plant (PZRA), the assembly of their land-based 4.5-ton 185 strong versions has begun. Universal chassis ZIL-4972 and ZIL-4975 with an onboard platform and a hydraulic crane have a total weight of 12-13 tons and are equipped with an 18-speed transmission.
By the end of the 20th century, AMO ZIL remained one of the largest manufacturers of trucks in Europe. They are produced in more than 120 versions and are offered with bodies and superstructures, which are produced by 100 enterprises in Russia and the CIS countries, and 800 factories and workshops produce components for them. In 1998-2000. ZIL produced 20-22 thousand trucks each - this is 10 times less than its potential capabilities. Since its inception, AMO, ZIS and ZIL enterprises have produced a total of about 6 million trucks and other types of vehicles.
©. Photos are taken from publicly available sources.
The plant, founded in 1916 as a private enterprise, was nationalized two years later, and three quarters of a century later, in 1992, it again became a private enterprise. In 1996, the plant became almost municipal property, retaining the form of a joint stock company.
In Soviet times, the plant became the firstborn - a giant of the domestic automotive industry and remained the flagship of the industry until privatization. The plant, like everything and everyone in the USSR, experienced the ups and downs of the dramatic XX century. The beginning of the Great Patriotic War put the plant under the threat of destruction, the enterprise was evacuated and four new factories of the industry appeared on its basis. 
Not of its own free will, the plant was determined to produce trucks of the middle class, the most unpopular in the world. And at the same time in huge quantities on the basis of the so-called "hard" automated technology, which was considered cheap, which, in terms of the composition of the equipment, was oriented practically towards one design. And this was considered a virtue. In the transition to a market economy, dignity becomes a stone on the neck of the enterprise. Huge facilities of narrowly specialized capacities with a sharp drop in production led to the unprofitability of the enterprise. Replacing the equipment with the required one, both in terms of objects and in terms of production volumes, cost funds that the plant did not have. 
Today's life of the enterprise continues in these crisis contradictions. Let us recall the history of ZIL, especially the events of the last two decades, which will serve as a clearer understanding of the origins of today's difficult period in the life of the plant. Zhukov, a special design bureau is organized at the plant to create special automotive equipment intended for mobile missile systems 
In 1956 Ivan Alekseevich Likhachev dies and the plant is named after him. At the end of the same year, the first two prototypes of trucks of the second post-war generation were assembled - ZIL-130 and ZIL-131.
The fourth so-called reconstruction of the plant, which began in 1959, made it possible to master the production of ZIL-130 in 1964 and ZIL-131 in 1967.
The line of passenger cars after the ZIS-110 car was continued in 1958 by the government limousine ZIL-111.
Subsequent cars: ZIL-114 (1967), ZIL-117 (1971), ZIL-115 (1976), up to the last ZIL-41041, are regarded as quite stylish and modern.
In 1967, the USSR for the first time took part in the International Bus Week in Nice. However, it was not possible to organize the serial production of the bus. The Yunost bus was produced piece by piece for individual orders.
In the early 70s, the plant began to create a family of the third generation of trucks - ZIL-169 (ZIL-4331).
In 1980, the plant received the right to produce a new truck. 
ZIL 170 
ZIL 43360 
ZIL 170 prototype 
Assembly of ZIL cars
In December 1991, the USSR collapsed, and long-term intra-union ties were severed. In 1992, the era of a market economy began, about which no one had any idea, as well as about privatization, which began at the same time.
ZIL was privatized as the first in the industry and one of the first among the largest enterprises in Russia - on September 23, 1992. Thus, the plant was deprived of budget funding. However, the first General Meeting of Shareholders was held only on April 29, 1994.
The general meeting of shareholders elected a new management body in the history of the plant - the Board of Directors.
Interest in ZIL at that time was based on the former Soviet image of the enterprise. Everyone was counting on good dividends from the shares of the plant, bought for vouchers at a check auction. No one imagined that ZIL's medium-duty trucks would have a miserable demand in the market, which was born on the ruins of the distribution system.
As for the automotive theme, by the end of 1991, the technical management of the plant and the chief designer's office were looking for ways to create new designs of cars demanded by the market: low-tonnage and heavy-duty.
On December 30, 1994, the day when the last ZIL-130 (ZIL-4314) truck rolled off the assembly line at ASK, the first low-tonnage vehicle ZIL-5301 "Bychok" rolled off the same assembly line, the name of which, by the way, was given by Yu.M. ... Luzhkov. 
ZIL 133-Gya 
ZIL-MMZ-555 
Army version of the ZIL-130 truck with a special body and awning. 1964 year. 
echelon loading 
Zil dump trucks are produced in a wide variety of modifications. These can be articulated dump trucks, as well as semi-trailers, but all of them are so high-quality in their characteristics and versatile in terms of equipment that they were used to create truck cranes, fire trucks, vans, and also tank trucks. The ZIL truck is effective both on off-road terrain and in tight urban environments. At the height are such important indicators for a vehicle as load capacity and economy.
Popular modifications
The following modifications of trucks are made on the platform of the ZIL car. The ZIL car model range is quite diverse:
- Freight ZIL-130G - transportation of oversized cargo and towing of trailers with a total weight category of up to 8 tons.
- ZIL-130V1 is a truck-type tractor, which was originally designed for towing cargo weighing up to 14 tons.
- ZIL-130D1 is a special platform for building dump trucks ZIL-MMZ-4502 and ZIL-MMZ-555.
- ZIL-130B2 is a platform with a special pneumatic outlet designed for building a tractor used in agriculture.
- Freight ZIL-130G is a platform vehicle with special 2-sectional sides. There is a wheelbase of 4,500 mm and a unique motor.
- ZIL model 130D is a platform for a narrow construction dump truck with a short wheelbase of 33 cm.
- ZIL-130B – platform for special agricultural machinery with a total wheelbase of 3 800 mm.
Without exception, all models are distinguished by optimal configuration and the ability to perfectly function in different climatic conditions.
ZIL body - dimensions and characteristics
ZIL the body of this vehicle can be not only cargo, but also passenger. For this purpose, there are folding benches and the possibility of installing an awning.
As for the average overall dimensions of the ZiL, its length is 6 672 mm, width - 2,500 mm, total height - 2,400 mm. The volume of the platform is 5.10 cubic meters and the floor area is 8.72 square meters.
Salon
At ZIL, the cabin is a three-seater saloon, which is located immediately behind the engine. The seat can be adjusted in height, length and backrest inclination. Among the main options of the salon are:
- Wiper;
- Heater;
- Special device for glass washing;
- The interior roof is equipped with two ventilation hatches.
The cockpit is made of solid metal and the seats are made of soft materials. Everything in it is thought out to the smallest detail, which makes the interior as comfortable as possible for drivers and passengers. The main instruments and control mechanics are ergonomically located here.
The vehicle is equipped with hydraulic power steering, which significantly increases the overall ease of driving and its safety. In the event of an accidental rupture of the front wheel, it will be easy for the truck to stay on the road.
Main technical characteristics
The vehicle is equipped with a 4-stroke eight-cylinder engine. The ZIL truck has a powerful engine, this parameter is 3000 rpm. The total displacement of the engine reaches 6 liters. Particularly noteworthy is the special lubrication system, which is characterized as combined with the possibility of splashing and different pressure indicators. The power supply system of the installed engine belongs to the forced category; there is also a built-in liquid cooling system.
Brake system
The truck has a special braking system that is present on all wheels. These are brakes of a special drum type, which function under the influence of a modern pneumatic system. The main reserve of air mass is in a special reservoir under sufficiently strong pressure. The brakes are activated by a water pump and an installed gear. The compressor operates at two thousand revolutions per minute. There are only two air cylinders in total, each 20 liters.
Positive and negative properties
An increasing number of car enthusiasts decide to buy these trucks for cargo purposes. From this tool, you can make a unique car, since there is the possibility of an optimal upgrade. Among other positive factors, one can note such important indicators as the affordable cost of the vehicle, small dimensions, optimal maintainability and maneuverability of the device. If necessary, you can easily find the necessary parts for the repair. The high cross-country ability of the machine is based on the presence of a built-in steering booster, and the motor also works perfectly.
Among the shortcomings of the machine, one can note the low speed that all-terrain vehicles are able to develop, the imperfect engine and the carrying capacity are also not a record. Due to the old year of production, parts often fail. Despite the sufficient comfortable conditions of the cabin, it is slightly inferior by the standards of the present time. The seats can be adjusted, but they are not very comfortable for modern drivers. The engine in the cab of ZIL cars is not audible, the car and its main modifications move quietly. Over its 40-year history, these vehicles have established themselves as durable and very reliable freight transport, relatively easy to operate and repair. And now on the roads of the country you can find the ZIL and ZIS recognizable by all, which are purchased as a means that solves a large number of different tasks.
AMO ZIL, the oldest car company in Russia, is going through the worst times in its history today. This is the largest Moscow plant in terms of area, and its territory attracts unflagging interest from the city authorities and developers. Last year Sobyanin reported that instead of a factory there will be another elite residential area. Most of the shops are currently being dismantled and are being prepared for demolition.
This recording shows one of the smallest workshops, which was engaged in the repair of electric cars and forklifts. ZiL was so grand that only this relatively small workshop had five floors, two elevators, its own electrical substation, an assembly hall, a trade union committee, and two baths. Let's take a look at this whole economy.
1. Having crossed the perimeter, we immediately went up to the unfinished workshop. From here a panorama of the plant opened up. Abandoned workshops are on the right. On the left, behind the ring railway, ZiL continues, and stretches far, far away. 
2. My companion, notorious MSh, shoots video for his channel. 
3. Entering through the hospitably open gates, we assessed the scale of production. 
4. Previously, electric cars came here from all over the plant for routine inspections, repairs and battery charging. 
5. And now the time was said "Stop!" 
6. Behind the door we find a tire workshop. Small tires are still scattered everywhere. By the way, we did it here - later we found whole stacks of rubber blanks and boxes filled to capacity with ready-made tires. 
7. On the wall - instructions for lifting machines during repairs. 
8. And under the ceiling - traditional TB posters. 
10. We find souvenirs: a molded body of a toy car, a tin airplane and a number - internal, ZiLovsky.
13. Nearby - a compartment for ventilation. 
14. Finding the stairs down, we went down to the heat point under the building. The corridor of the heating main leaves in the distance, directed towards the already demolished workshops. 
15. Since the workshop consumed a large amount of electricity, it had its own substation. We went out into the hall where the transformers stood. 
16. One of the two ladders for accessing the upper elements. 
17. These colored tires once flowed a huge current. 
18. I was amazed by the look of the VM oil switch. For arc extinguishing, a whole vat of oil is provided here, suspended by ropes. And I counted about a dozen such switches. 
19. The control panel was also striking in scale. 
20. At the same time, it amazed with its antiquity. 
21. Looked inside the console. 
22. Climbing to the second floor, we walk through the small and cozy departments: winding and electrical installation. 
23. A couple of machines have been preserved here. 
24. Grinding machine. 
25. Drilling unit. 
26. On the walls of the wrapping department - slogans, posters on safety, a portrait of Lenin and the Trinity Tower of the Kremlin. 
27. There was an apparatus with soda water for the workers. On the glass there is a "scratch" from the times of the last Olympics. 
28. Posters on TB, always relevant. 
29. I was interested in the electricians' employment board on the door of the cabins. 
30. We looked into the warehouse, looked at a lot of cabinets for spare parts, now completely empty. 
31. Finally we reached the battery manufacturing shop. 
32. Since the batteries were made here lead-acid, there was a small chemical laboratory at the shop. 
33. The sun hits the dusty windows. 
34. This is just one room, but it is jam-packed with equipment, various utensils, cans of reagents. 
35. Ceramic oven. 
36. Some kind of incomprehensible device. 
37. Standard Soviet scales. 
38. A lot of chemicals, salts, acids were thrown in the cupboard ... 
39.
40.
41. Although the area of the electric car shop is ten times inferior to some foundry or press, here the floors were connected by two elevators, not counting the many stairs. This speaks volumes about the entire factory, which was a “city within a city”. 
42. The window overlooks the roof of the workshop. 
43. On the floor above there were changing rooms and showers for workers. 
44. These signs caught my attention. 
45. There was also a sauna, very tiny, you can't turn around. 
46. And here is the sauna for guidance. A completely different volume, there is where to lie down. And there were also premises for psychological relief and the use of alcoholic beverages nearby. 
47. Since we are talking about the bosses, let's move to the administrative part. 
48. The corridors are decorated with numerous posters. This one hangs from the labor protection department. 
49. A real rarity for connoisseurs is the 1996-1998 metro map. 
50. Government limousines were once the pride of the plant. 
51. And now only dried plants. 
50. Time has stood still. 
53. In the engineering department, the drawing board ruler is forever frozen. 
54. MSH got stuck for a long time, looking at a stand with historical photographs near the office of the head of the shop. 
55. There was also a meeting room in the workshop. MSh read from the rostrum an appeal to the viewers of his channel. 
56. Unfortunately, people looking at us from these old photos will never return to their factory. They are also unlikely to live in the microdistrict built in its place. 
57. Having finished inspecting the electric car shop, we rushed into a neighboring building, and, as it turned out, not in vain. 
58. It turned out to be a compressor station at the second foundry. 
59. The equipment has been partially preserved. 
60. All compressors are elevated. Their platforms rest on springs that dampen vibrations during operation. 
61. Compressors and gearboxes have survived. Unfortunately, it was not possible to find powerful electric motors. 
62. The thick-walled compressor casing made a strong impression on me. 
63. A girder crane worked under the roof. 
64. Two compressors managed to be cut and taken out, the same fate awaits the rest. 
65. And while they are, we could enjoy their view. For me it was doubly joyful, because I did not have time to catch similar units in
